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Статті в журналах з теми "GLOBAL IMPACT INVESTING"
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Siniahovska, I. Yu, and K. O. Sherstiuk. "ASSETS UNDER MANAGEMENT AS A MECHANISM OF IMPACT INVESTMENT IMPLAMENTATION." Visnyk of Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mykhailo Tugan-Baranovsky, no. 1 (72) 2020 (2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4819-2020-72-1-49-56.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective. The objective of the article is to investigate the concept of impact investing, its features and place among the directions of investment, to identify trends in the amount and share of assets under management as a mechanism for the implementation of the investigated investing type. Methods. In the process of research are used the following general scientific methods and techniques of cognition: theoretical generalization and comparison (to find the generalized concept of impact investment among various definitions), analysis and synthesis (for a comprehensive study of the impact investing's intension), abstract-logical method (for linking impact investing with different directions of investing), induction and deduction, grouping and classification etc. Results. The article explores the concept of impact investing as a global trend in the context of globalization, which, in addition to receiving economic benefits from investing money, makes a positive social and environmental impact. It has been found that impact investing is formed at the intersection of economic, social and environmental directions of investment and is characterized by the following features: intentionality, financial return, variability of asset classes and impact measurement. It is stated that the Global Impact Investor Network (GIIN) is an international organization that systematically monitors the processes of this investment activity. Assets under management (AUM) have been investigated as a mechanism for impact impacting, dynamics have been analyzed and the main trends of AUM amounts and shares have been determined according to the criteria of the organization type, geography, spheres and instruments of investment, etc.
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Klopper, Susan. "Website review: Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN)." Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 25, no. 1-2 (December 26, 2019): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08963568.2019.1708143.
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Verkerk, Maarten J. "SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND IMPACT INVESTING." Philosophia Reformata 78, no. 2 (November 17, 2013): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90000553.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The financial crisis and accounting scandals in large companies have stimulated a thorough assessment of the contribution of enterprises and financial institutions to the greater public good and economic prosperity. This assessment has led to a revaluation of the ideas of social entrepreneurship and impact investing. In this article we explore the nature and character of these ideas by a philosophical analysis and by comparison with profit-driven organizations and corporate social responsibility. We show that social entrepreneurs and impact investors distinguish themselves by their social and environmental objectives, their focus on the justified interests of all stakeholders, and their values and world view. We also make a reasonable case that in the coming decade social entrepreneurs and impact investors will play an important role in the development of the global world.
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Espinosa, Shirlita. "From philanthropy to impact investing." Regions and Cohesion 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2018.080102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
English abstract:This article analyzes diaspora philanthropy by Filipino migrants in Luxembourg. It shows the evolution of migrant organizations’ established philanthropic practices as reflected in the history and profile of Filipino immigration to Luxembourg. Recently, however, direct remittances have been challenged by the philanthro-capitalist orientation of Meso Impact Finance, securing capital investment for small enterprises. Luxembourg’s impact investing in the Philippines is a result of intersecting social forces: dominance of migration-development discourse, ideological appeal of philanthro-capitalism, strong financial institutions in Luxembourg, and the tight-knit Filipino community. However, traditional philanthropy remains popular despite the undermining of direct, non-profit remittances of migrants as shortsighted, unsustainable development tool. It remains to be seen whether Meso Impact Finance will gain a stronger hold in the market and replace direct philanthropic remittances.Spanish abstract:Este artículo analiza la filantropía de la diáspora realizada por inmigrantes filipinos en Luxemburgo. Usando métodos etnográfi cos se muestra la evolución de las prácticas filantrópicas establecidas por las organizaciones de migrantes y como éstas se refl ejan en la historia y el perfi l de la inmigración filipina a Luxemburgo. Recientemente, las remesas directas han sido cuestionadas por la orientación filantro-capitalista de meso impacto financiero, asegurando inversiones de capital para pequeñas empresas. No obstante, la filantropía tradicional sigue siendo popular a pesar del debilitamiento de las remesas directas y sin fines de lucro de los migrantes, como una herramienta de corta visión, insostenible e irracional. Queda por observarse si el meso impacto financiero obtendrá un mayor control en el mercado y reemplazará las remesas filantrópicas directas.French abstract:Cet article présente des données ethnographiques et des analyses critiques liées à la philanthropie de la diaspora philippine au Luxembourg. Il montre que l’évolution des organisations migrantes établit des pratiques philanthropiques comme le reflètent l’histoire et le profil de l’immigration philippine au Luxembourg. Récemment cependant les transferts d’argent directs ont été concurrencés par l’orientation philantrocapitalistique de la mésofinance à impact social qui sécurise l’investissement de capitaux pour les petites entreprises. Pourtant, malgré l’ébranlement des transferts d’argent directs et non-lucratifs des migrants comme outil de développement à court terme et non pérenne la philanthropie traditionnelle reste populaire. Il reste à voir si la mésofinance à impact social gagnera un ancrage plus fort sur les marchés et si elle remplacera les transferts d’argent philanthropiques directs.
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Avramenko, E. "Universal milestone: the Global Impact Investing Network’s approach to assessing social impact." Positive changes 2, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55140/2782-5817-2022-2-1-22-43.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Management representatives and investors often ask: “Is there a unified, tested and widely spread methodology for assessing the social and economic impact of non-profit projects?” The question is legitimate, because each project has a broad, multifactor and not infrequently unique impact. How to fit all this diversity into a standard evaluation framework? And is it possible, by expressing the results of several projects in monetary terms, to obtain indicators that are comparable with each other? Turns out it is — with the help of a systematic methodology created by the Global Impact Investing Network.
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Bespalyy, S. "Investment areas and their impact on sustainable development goals (SDGs)." ECONOMIC SERIES OF THE BULLETIN OF THE L.N. GUMILYOV ENU, no. 3 (2022): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2789-4320-2022-3-187-197.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global investment in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) falls short of the target of reducing the $ 2.5 trillion annual funding gap for developing countries. The fallout from COVID-19 has exacerbated existing constraints to the achievement of the SDGs, and this could undermine the progress made over the past 6 years in investing in the SDGs. The purpose of this article is to assess global trends in both investing and financing the SDGs, including the financial instruments launched to respond to the COVID-19 health crisis and its economic and social impact. The article proposes practical ways and means of implementing policy options for investing in the SDGs. It is important to note that any strategy for investing in sustainable development must include an emphasis on promoting investment in the various economic and social sectors of the SDGs.
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Jabłoński, Adam, and Marek Jabłoński. "Impact Investing in Digital Business Models." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185785.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, the role of digital enterprises in the global economy has been growing. The issue of assessing their impact on social aspects is noticeable. The aim of the article is to show social impact as a key factor in the development of digital business models. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method used and the criteria for social impact assessments based on heuristic methods allowed for the components of business models that relate to social impact to be ranked, and subsequently for socially oriented enterprises functioning in the digital economy to be ranked. The companies selected for the research are understood by the authors as digital business models, the concept of which is embedded in a pro-social management intention. Purposive sampling, which in this situation was considered to be the most effective in terms of the objective of the paper, was applied. The literature review, analyses and heuristic research have demonstrated that the social factor in modern applications is a driver of value creation and is conducive to social profit. The ranking of the criteria responsible for shaping the social impact of digital business models showed that the most important ones are value proposition (pro-social), social profit and economic profit. This means a strong relationship between social and economic aspects.
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Izhar, Hylmun, and Gokhan Dikmener. "I for Impact : Blending Islamic Finance and Impact Investing for the Global Goals." Islamic Economic Studies 25, no. 2 (July 2017): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0038224.
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Kish, Zenia, and Madeleine Fairbairn. "Investing for profit, investing for impact: Moral performances in agricultural investment projects." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, no. 3 (October 30, 2017): 569–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17738253.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The recent global boom in agricultural investment has spurred much normative critique of “land grabbing,” but amidst this critical scrutiny investor morality has remained a black box. This article examines the role of ethical narratives in advancing the financialization of nature by comparing how agricultural investment projects are pitched and implemented among two different groups of investors: mainstream agricultural investors and impact investors. We analyze the different discursive strategies used by these distinct financial communities to position themselves as ethical investor-subjects while also showing that, within both groups, some form of moral performance is necessary to maintaining legitimacy and profitability. Mainstream agricultural investors, we argue, perform morality primarily through economic and agricultural productivity, while explicit claims of socially or environmentally responsible investing serve mostly to mitigate reputational risk and preempt the value destruction of potential bad publicity. For impact investors, on the other hand, moral storytelling is essential to value generation. Their solicitation of capital involves persuading potential investors of both the value of their individual projects and the ethical framework guiding the entire sector. Finally, we present two case studies—a large-scale farmland acquisition in Mozambique and an impact investment farming project in Ghana—which demonstrate how moral performances can falter when put into practice. These case studies shed light on the co-creation of economic and moral value in markets by demonstrating how—beyond formal evaluative metrics—the everyday moral narratives of investors play a pivotal role in expanding the financial penetration of nature.
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Kumar, Sunil Chenichery Thazhath, Varun Chotia, Swati Soni, and Vinay Khandelwal. "Impact investing in action: A framework for sustainability." International Journal of Management and Sustainability 12, no. 2 (May 4, 2023): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/11.v12i2.3353.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of goals designed to be a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.” Despite being meticulous about achieving the SDGs, India’s overall SDG score is 61.9 out of 100. While multiple models and frameworks have been developed, a new concept that has gained currency is impact investing. Content analysis of academic journal articles was employed to analyze the terminology, definition, and similarities and differences in the use of the term impact investing. Impact investing helps to benefit society and the environment without the need to sacrifice financial returns. It attempts to address the global challenges of access to energy, potable water, basic hygiene, nutrition, health, and education by exploring innovative commercial solutions. The degree of sustainability achieved through impact investing depends upon the efficiency of the multidisciplinary team formed to conduct the due diligence to achieve the social and financial goals by paying equal attention to risk, value addition, impact, and investor expectations. This study builds a case for India, suggesting the execution strategy of impact investing as an answer to India’s sustainability conundrum.
Дисертації з теми "GLOBAL IMPACT INVESTING"
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Luckscheiter, Jochen. "Impact investing in South Africa: identifying the global and local forces shaping this emerging investment market." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Triggered by the negative economic and social consequences of the 2008/09 global financial crisis, critical questions about how financial markets operate and how they benefit society have received renewed attention. In response to these questions, new investment strategies whose objectives go beyond pure financial return have emerged. Impact investing, a concept which closely co-exists with investment strategies such as socially responsible investing and responsible investing, is the latest attempt to combine financial return with a contribution to the sustainable development of society. Although still in the early days of its development, impact investing is a maturing field to the extent that it has developed into a global phenomenon with an emerging global support structure. While impact investing still occupies a tiny niche in South Africa's investment market, there is, at least compared to other developing countries on the African continent, a large community of South African impact investors who are looking to invest locally and beyond. This research investigates how far the understanding and practice of impact investing in South Africa is influenced by global efforts to build the field and to what extent context specific factors are shaping the way in which it is currently evolving. In other words, how both global convergence and local divergence mechanisms interplay to form what is the South African impact investing market. The research findings suggest that while the international movement towards the standardisation of impact investing practices has reached South Africa, context specific factors such as, among others, the social, racial and political legacy of apartheid and the existence of a sophisticated financial system are central to the way in which the field is taking shape.
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Clerie, Isabelle. "Considerations for Global Development and Impact using Haiti as a Case Study." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062914/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the world becomes more connected, issues surrounding sustainable development are coming to the fore of global discussions. This is exemplified in strategies such as the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), released in 2015, which created a framework for global development that defines specific goals for issues like poverty, climate change, and social justice. To complement the analysis that went into defining the SDGs, capital allocations around the world are becoming more impact focused so that the paradigm of development is shifting from donations to impact investments. The push for impact, however, has led to a homogenization of global challenges like reproductive health and poverty. This, in turn, has led to a standardization of information resulting in agencies designing interventions based on data and information that is misguided because of incorrect assumptions about a specific context. This paper explores how the decision-making mechanisms of global development agencies and investors could apply more anthropological processes to mitigate negative impact. As the development sector becomes more and more standardized, anthropologists can act as translators between affected communities and the institutions deciding how best to help them.
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Smola, Filip. "Vybrané aspekty hospodářských vztahů Evropské unie a Čínské lidové republiky na prahu 21. století a jejich reálný dopad na světovou ekonomiku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main aim of this dissertation is to analyze selected economic activities and economic relations occurring between the European Union and China. This dissertation is divided into four main chapters to ensure coherence and continuity throughout the research. The first chapter deals with the historical development of mutual cooperation between Europe and China. This chapter emphasizes recent events. The most extensive part of this work, the second section, addresses key areas of cooperation between the EU and China. Most of the research focus is devoted to trade economic relations and investment relations. Further, the second chapter addresses controversial areas within the mutual EU-China relations. In contrast with the second chapter, which looks at the mutual relations from the perspective of the whole EU, the third chapter distinguishes bilateral relations between two EU countries and China. The purpose of the third chapter is therefore to highlight the different approach of individual EU member countries. In the last chapter, I try to assess the growing influence of both the EU and China within the global economy. Finally, I outline the possible future development of the research topic.
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SHARMA, PARTH. "RETROSPECTS AND PROSPECTS OF IMPACT INVESTING IN INDIA." Thesis, 2020. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Impact Investing if taken an opportunity it can create wealth while creating a social
and environmental impact, especially in developing countries. This research paper
addresses the dearth of Impact Investing research catering to India and the way can
be capitalised as a method of growing this country to heights of development in
coming years. This study seeks to define what Impact Investing is, how has it
evolved, seeking opportunities in India, existing Impact Investors and their diversification and answers how can it contribute to Indian Economy. Review of existing literature on Impact Investing worldwide and India is the backbone of this description.
Secondary data was collected from official websites to compare India with its European counterpart. India’s population surpasses Europe’s population with a massive
chunk falling in Bottom of Pyramid, opening up new vistas which can be used as opportunities for Impact Investing in India. A lot of gap was there to address these concerns. This article brings the need for research and efforts in Impact Investing in India to fill the gap.
Книги з теми "GLOBAL IMPACT INVESTING"
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Impact Investing and Social Enterprises: Global Progress and Challenges. Unknown Publisher, 2022.
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Rodin, Judith, and Margot Brandenburg. Power of Impact Investing: Putting Markets to Work for Profit and Global Good. Wharton School Press, 2014.
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Herman, R. Paul, and Elsa De Morais Sarmento. Global Handbook of Impact Investing: Solving Global Problems Via Smarter Capital Markets Towards a More Sustainable Society. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2020.
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Herman, R. Paul, and Elsa De Morais Sarmento. Global Handbook of Impact Investing: Solving Global Problems Via Smarter Capital Markets Towards a More Sustainable Society. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2020.
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Herman, R. Paul, and Elsa De Morais Sarmento. Global Handbook of Impact Investing: Solving Global Problems Via Smarter Capital Markets Towards a More Sustainable Society. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2021.
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The Power of Impact Investing: Putting Markets to Work for Profit and Global Good. Wharton School Press, 2014.
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Kull, Daniel, Corinne Graessle, and Barzin Aryan. Strengthening National Hydrometeorological Services through Cascading Forecasting: Investing for Sustainability and Impact across Global, Regional, and National Centers. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7609.
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Roger, Mccormick, and Stears Chris. Part II The Financial Crisis of 2007–2011, 7 The Initial Impact of the Financial Crisis on Financial Markets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749271.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter discusses the initial impact of the global financial crisis, covering the seize-up of the inter-bank market; the run on Northern Rock in September 2007; the ‘regulatory failure’ in the UK and proposed changes; other UK financial institution failures, near failures, and rescues; and US financial market problems. It argues that throughout history, there have been episodes of over-eager lending, reckless investing and poor risk management, leading to financial failure and calls for help. Although the recent crisis was supposedly different because the securitization of debt gave the appearance of liquidity and sophisticated risk management, it also had the same common themes of greed and stupidity.
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Santamaría, Gerardo del Cerro. Iconic Urban Megaprojects in a Global Context. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With a focus on the exemplary Bilbao case, this chapter shows how iconic architecture plays a fundamental role in the deployment of contemporary globalized urbanization and the increased desire of urban elites to surrender to the promise, and discontents, of iconic urban megaprojects (IUMPS). The chapter contends that the key to understanding the intensification and spreading of the belief by many urban elites worldwide that iconic architecture alone can revitalize an urban economy is to be found not in the financial feasibility and economic impacts of IUMPs, but rather in the force of iconic architecture to transform a city’s image. This explains why the planning and construction of IUMPs has grown into a standard policy choice by urban and regional elites in globalizing cities, and why politicians, business leaders, and others in local and regional growth machines fulfill their personal and professional ambitions by investing in and promoting IUMPs.
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Knoop, Todd A. Stocks and Bonds. Greenwood, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216019053.
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This engaging book offers a primer on stocks and bonds, using easy-to-understand language to explain how they function and why they are important. It will be a valuable resource for both economics students and readers interested in investing. Although news outlets provide daily updates on stock market performance, many Americans have little understanding of how stocks and stock exchanges work. Yet stocks, along with government and corporate bonds, represent two key cornerstones of modern economics. While the average American may think of them as simply two types of investments, stocks and bonds have impacts on the economy that go far beyond the realm of personal finance. The latest volume in Greenwood's new Student Guides to Business and Economics series, Stocks and Bonds gives readers an in-depth yet reader-friendly look at these integral components of the U.S. and global economy. It explores the different types of bonds, how stocks and stock exchanges work, and why periodic crashes and crises occur. It explains fundamental concepts such as risk versus return, interest rates, and behavioral economics, using real-world examples to illustrate key points. It also provides practical tried-and-true recommendations for investing in stocks and bonds.
Частини книг з теми "GLOBAL IMPACT INVESTING"
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Bose, Satyajit, Guo Dong, and Anne Simpson. "Sustainable Investing and Asset Allocation at Global Scale." In Palgrave Studies in Impact Finance, 225–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05624-7_10.
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Ball, Stephen J. "Serial Entrepreneurs, Angel Investors, and Capex Light Edu-Business Start-Ups in India: Philanthropy, Impact Investing, and Systemic Educational Change." In Researching the Global Education Industry, 23–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04236-3_2.
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Silvola, Hanna, and Tiina Landau. "Global Investment Trends and Impacts on Sustainable Investing." In Sustainable Investing, 231–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71489-5_12.
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Laborde, David, and Maximo Torero. "Modeling Actions for Transforming Agrifood Systems." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 105–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_7.
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AbstractWe modeled six interventions to study the scenarios’ impact on agrifood systems, undernutrition, access to healthy diets, and the environment. We also assessed the interventions as a group to consider the impact of synergies and complementarities. Our baseline showed that 690 million people were undernourished, and 3 billion people could not afford healthy diets in 2019. The first finding confirmed that ending chronic hunger at a 5% level by 2030 is possible, with key structural interventions to ramp up agrifood systems’ efficiency. Through increased farm productivity and reduction of food loss and waste, the number of chronically hungry people could be cut by 314 million. In addition, 568 million people would be able to afford healthy diets by 2030. The cost of ending hunger represents 8% of the size of global food markets, a sum that can be mobilized and invested to generate impact through food value chains, national economies, and social safety nets. Furthermore, the use of well-targeted social safety nets could provide an additional 2.4 billion people with access to healthy diets. The second critical finding was that various interventions could create synergies. This would become apparent through addressing different causes of hunger. Moreover, aiming to minimize the total cost of interventions and seeking, at the same time, the highest return interventions in terms of reduction of undernourishment and an increase in access to healthy diets could create significant trade-offs in regard to sustainability. Countries would have to redistribute $1.4 trillion annually to fill the income gap of the 3 billion people who cannot afford healthy diets. However, by investing in various interventions, countries can drive down the cost of their safety nets by about two thirds or $428 billion globally, in 2030. Combined interventions can also address environmental trade-offs that are bound to occur.
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Chichaibelu, Bezawit Beyene, Maksud Bekchanov, Joachim von Braun, and Maximo Torero. "The Global Cost of Reaching a World Without Hunger: Investment Costs and Policy Action Opportunities." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 625–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_34.
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AbstractThis study developed a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) to identify a mix of least-cost investment options with the highest potential for hunger reduction, hunger here defined by the undernourishment concept of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Twenty-two different interventions are considered for reducing undernourishment relying on information drawn from best available evidence-based literature, including model- and large-scale intervention studies. Ending hunger by 2030 would require annual investments of about US$ 39 to 50 billion until 2030 to lift about 840 to 909 million people out of hunger, which is the 2020 estimate of hunger projection in 2030, also considering the effects of COVID-19. Investing in agricultural R&D, agricultural extension services, information and communication technologies (ICT) – agricultural information systems, small-scale irrigation expansion in Africa and female literacy improvement are low cost options that have a relatively large hunger reduction potential. To achieve the goal of ending hunger by 2030, not only is it urgent not to lose any more time, but also to optimally phase investments. Investments that have more long-term impacts should be frontloaded in the decade in order to reap their benefits soon before 2030. A balanced approach is needed to reach the hungry soon – including those adversely affected by COVID-19 with social protection and nutrition programs.
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Bauch, Martin. "Geoengineering and the Middle Ages: Lessons from Medieval Volcanic Eruptions for the Anthropocene." In Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises, 111–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_8.
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AbstractThe existential challenge of mitigating anthropogenic climate change encouraged serious discussions on geoengineering approaches. One of them, Solar Radiation Management (SRM), would mean inserting aerosols into the atmosphere, thus imitating and perpetuating the cooling effects of large volcanic events, such as the 1815 Tambora eruption. However, artificially inserting sulphur aerosols into the atmosphere is connected with considerable uncertainties. One of them, pointed out by several climate scientists, is the different effects on temperature and precipitation in different parts of the globe. These are not the only ones, though. As the largest volcanic eruptions have taken place during the medieval times (ca 500–1500 CE), historical research can reveal further uncertainties in dating these eruptions and their connected socio-environmental effects, and hence on the actual climate and social impacts we might expect from SRM. A combination of humanist and scientific research on past volcanic eruptions therefore has the potential to produce a more precise understanding of past volcanic eruptions and their climatic consequences. As long as we do not acquire a consistent multi-disciplinary perspective on past volcanic eruptions, extreme caution should be taken before investing in geoengineering measures that include the artificial injection of sulphur aerosols in the atmosphere.
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Villiers, Charlotte, and Ida Levine. "Impact investing." In Research Handbook on Global Capital Markets Law, 251–68. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781800379305.00025.
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Stolz, Dennis, and Karen P. Y. Lai. "Impact Investing, Social Enterprise and Global Development." In The Routledge International Handbook of Financialization, 288–300. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315142876-24.
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Thakur, Anusha. "Cultural Impact on Global Trade." In Handbook of Research on the Empirical Aspects of Strategic Trade Negotiations and Management, 196–210. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7568-0.ch010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As in any international business relation, factors such as political, economic, social, technological, and legal dimensions are expected to significantly impact trade activities. Social factors include the cultural aspects of exports and imports along with the differences among foreign markets. Culture poses to be complementary to FDI and exports. Cultural components include food, language, clothing, values, traditions, and beliefs, which differ from region to region across the world. When the countries are culturally different, investing and trading becomes a risk. Hence, in today's scenario, it is very important for the organizations to understand cultural differences in order to compete with their competitors. Understanding these cultural differences owes the opportunity to make or break the success of a foreign trade opportunity. The global businesses need to adhere to the demands and perceptions of different cultures in the countries when they purchase different products.
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Vasiliu-Feltes, Ingrid. "Role of Impact Investing in the Digital Era." In Impact of Women's Empowerment on SDGs in the Digital Era, 158–78. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3637-0.ch007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The complexity of interactions between the global economy, social trends, cultural aspects, human behavior economics, and their impact on capital markets demand a new approach to investing for future generations. Social innovation, social entrepreneurship, and next generation impact investment models will likely be the trifecta of our post-pandemic economic recovery journey and the foundation for the 5th Industrial Revolution era. Gender disparity represents a prime target for impact investments along climate crisis, economic inequality, racial injustice, and other crises that have been plaguing our society. The pandemic has only accelerated these, and we have noticed an upward impact investing trend that has reached new heights. Ensuring diversity and inclusion in investments is a powerful trend that will persist in the post-pandemic era, promote economic growth, and lead to empowerment of future generations of young women.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "GLOBAL IMPACT INVESTING"
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Kamp, Maximilian, Eric Rinke, Elias Poggemann, and Nina Baal. "Impact Investing in China: Making sustainable money." In The 3rd Global Virtual Conference of the Youth Environmental Alliance in Higher Education. Michigan Technological University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.yeah-conference/april2021/all-events/38.
Повний текст джерела
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Al Blooshi, Khalfan Qasem, and Kishore Mishra. "Implementation of Digital Technologies and Automation: Key Strategy of Improving Project Efficiency During Challenging Phase." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22550-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The current outbreak and the financial crisis occurred due to Coronavirus (COVID-19); the global economy is melting like an ice-cream. This current pandemic and the market condition have affected not only the human but also greatly impacted the commodities prices, demand & supply especially into the industry those which believes on the traditional way of working such as oil & gas and other energy sectors. If I will talk about only the oil and Gas or Petroleum industry, then based on the current market information and statistics then the short team impact is nearly 25% to 30% decrease in the petroleum consumptions, but the long-term impact can be even more than 35% to 40%. The CAPEX and OPEX investment for research and development have been slashed like anything. When the world started investing into the other source of energy then it has started forcing oil and gas industry to think out of the box and industry must change rapidly prior to losing a substantial market share because of orthodox thinking in terms of utilizing the available technology or investing in the future technologies. This paper will discuss about the way how to shift the whole industry from man oriented to machine oriented, uses of traditional technologies to the modern technologies and implementation of digitization and automation of running plant as well as upcoming projects starting in the earliest phase e.g., Feasibility study, Pre-Feed, FEED and EPC stage (including Pre-Commissioning/ Commissioning) and the operation phase of the projects.
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Đurović, Andrea. "Implementacija nove tehnologije u osiguranju na primeru parametarskog osiguranja." In Onlajn konferencija pravnika u privredi Republike Srbije. Udruženje pravnika u privredi Srbije, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55836/zbornik_pip_2107a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Having in mind numerous global problems that befell us in the previous year, we have certainly been convinced of how unpredictable the world is today. Therefore, the development of insurance should focus on such an uncertain future, by creating a reliable infrastructure that can quickly and efficiently settle damages in the event of the most unforeseen events, by implementing modern technology, i.e., smart contracts (these are stand-alone programs that automatically execute the conditions, without the participation of a third party). Also, investing in the development of parametric insurance would provide solutions to a number of problems that traditional insurance encounters. In her paper, the author explains the impact of modern technology on insurance, focusing on the concept and characteristics of parametric insurance, as well as the potential of smart contracts in parametric insurance.
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Alghamdi, Nawaf, and Hamad Alghenaim. "The Value of Seismic Data in Conventional and Unconventional Fields." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204715-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The paper illustrates the value of seismic data in different environments after assessing the benefits and costs of processes such as seismic acquisition, seismic processing and seismic interpretation. Global examples from conventional and unconventional fields are discussed to show how seismic data plays a significant role in determining low-risk and high-reward wells and also eliminating the high-risk and low-reward wells. This paper shows an example of a conventional field in the state of Kansas, USA, where the net present value (NPV) increased by more than 17 times when 3D seismic data was acquired, while in an unconventional field the commercial success rate rose from 30% to 70% due to 3D seismic acquisition. However, two offshore fields in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago are discussed to show that the NPV as impacted by advanced seismic processing was more than 111 ($M). Another example comes from Viking Field, a conventional field in Canada, where the NPV was increased from 3800 ($M) to 5000 ($M) when the seismic data was re-processed. Furthermore, the value of investing in seismic data was investigated and quantified by comparing two synthetically modeled scenarios in Saudi Arabia. Overall, the four examples from North America, Central America and Saudi Arabia illustrate that investment in seismic data has a positive impact on both conventional and unconventional fields. That provides strong evidence to encourage more investments in geophysical technologies.
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Coatanéa, Eric, Sarayut Nonsiri, Francois Christophe, and Faisal Mokammel. "Graph Based Representation and Analyses for Conceptual Stages." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35652.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What is the fundamental similarity between investing in stock of a company, because you like the products of this company, and selecting a design concept, because you have been impressed by the esthetic quality of the presentation made by the team developing the concept? Except that both decisions are based on a surface analysis of the situations, they both reflect a fundamental human’s cognitive feature. Human brain is profoundly trying to minimize the efforts required to solve a cognitive task and is using when possible an automatic mode relying on recognition, memory, and causality. This mode is even used in some occasion without the engineer being conscious of it. Such type of tendencies are naturally pushing engineers to rush into known solutions, to avoid analyzing the context of a design problem, to avoid modelling design problems and to take decision based on isolated evidences. Those behaviors are familiar to experience teachers and engineers. This tendency is magnified by the time pressure imposed to the engineering design process. Early phases in particular have to be kept short despite the large impact of decisions taken at this stage. Few support tools are capable of supporting a deep analysis of the early design conditions and problems regarding the fuzziness and complexity of the early stage. The present article is hypothesizing that the natural ability of humans to deal with cause-effects relations push toward the massive usage of causal graphs analysis during the design process and specifically during the early phases. A global framework based on graphs is presented in this paper to efficiently support the early stages. The approach used to generate graphs, to analyze them and to support creativity based on the analysis is forming the central contribution of this paper.
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Gharib, Mohamed, Tala Katbeh, G. Benjamin Cieslinski, and Brady Creel. "An Integrated Engineering Agriculture STEM Program." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23584.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Pre-college project-based learning programs are essential means to increase the students’ interest toward STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines and careers. Engineering-based projects have shown significant impact on the students’ interests. Therefore, developing countries are investing strategically in their emphasis to attract students to careers in STEM fields, specifically engineering and medicine. That resulted in a steady expansion of their educational pipeline in STEM; and while that emphasis remains, there is a new and urgent need for expertise in agriculture, environmental science, life sciences and sustainability to support the agriculture industry, which is working to secure independent sources of food for their population. New interventions must be devised to stimulate broader interest in STEM fields while also increasing students’ academic readiness for advanced studies in those areas. To target the requirement of increasing people’s competencies in STEM fields, various programs have been created and designed to inspire and broaden students’ inquisitiveness toward STEM. This paper presents an integrated science-engineering program, called Qatar Invents, designed to support and enhance students’ learning of science concepts while also increasing students’ understanding of global challenges in food and water security. This goes with close connection to the desire to increase in the domestic production of agricultural resources in developing countries in recent years. Qatar Invents would engage students into learning and applying fundamental engineering skills onto relatable real-world issues: namely, in the design of hydroponics systems. Qatar Invents challenges students to develop critical thinking and problem solving skills in solving modern problems through the use of the engineering design process. With hands-on challenges, modeling, and communication training, students are motivated to tackle problems related to food security where they create hydroponics projects. Qatar Invents’ learning objectives included: teamwork, using proper toolbox skills, understanding what is engineering, the process of brainstorming, creating successful innovative designs, building prototypes, and developing presentation skills. Throughout this program, the participants were equipped with hands-on knowledge and critical thinking skills that helped them achieve their objectives. Utilizing the engineering design process, the students worked in small teams to brainstorm ideas and create inventions. The topics covered during the program included the importance of an engineering notebook and documentation, principals of engineering graphics, basics of agricultural science, foundations of hydroponics, the brainstorming practice, generating a decision matrix, proof of concept, and pitching ideas. At the end of the program, the students came up with novel solutions to serious problems wherein unique hydroponics projects were produced and presented to a panel of experts. This program attempts to build bridges between developing countries’ STEM education pipeline and the new demand of talent in the agriculture sector. All pertinent details including the preparation, instructional materials, prototyping materials, and case studies are presented in this paper.
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Borges, Gabriel Ribeiro, and Fabiano Rogerio Correa. "Internet das coisas para canteiros de obras e cadeia produtiva - rumo aos gêmeos digitais." In XIX ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIA DO AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO. UFRGS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/entac.v19i1.2089.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A indústria da construção tem grande importância na representatividade no PIB global e nos impactos socioambientais. Com os avanços na implementação de tecnologias digitais, visando o aumento de produtividade e eficiência de seus processos, diretrizes de implementação são necessárias. Essa pesquisa investiga os efeitos de aplicação da tecnologia de Internet das Coisas na fase de execução da obra. Através da metodologia de pesquisa-ação é apresentada uma dinâmica de aplicação e visão de evolução para um Gêmeo Digital, demonstrando impactos diretos e indiretos nos ganhos financeiros e otimização de recursos, envolvendo a cadeia produtiva.
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Zuanon, Rachel, and Barbara Faria. "Paisagismo-Arquitetura-Neurociências: aplicação de parâmetros homeodinâmicos do paisagismo em ambientes CAISM-UNICAMP." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.137.g265.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Esta pesquisa baseia-se na cooperação entre as áreas de Arquitetura e Neurociências Cognitivas e Comportamentais, apoiada, principalmente, no conceito de Ambientes e Produtos Homeodinâmicos [1]. Analisa a ação do paisagismo sobre o ser humano, visando a homeostase biológica. As Neurociências Cognitivas e Comportamentais oferecem evidências concretas de que o caráter e a qualidade dos ambientes exercem uma influência mensurável sobre os cérebros humanos [2], uma vez que a Neurociência Cognitiva aborda as complexas capacidades mentais do indivíduo, como autoconsciência e memória, e a Neurociência Comportamental investiga as estruturas neurais que produzem comportamentos e outros fenômenos psicológicos, como emoções [3]. Assim, o espaço construído — como mediador da relação entre corpo e ambiente — pode alterar a disposição fisiológica do corpo humano e, portanto, influenciar os estados emocionais [4]. Tais mudanças podem ser verificadas em ambientes hospitalares, onde o espaço deve ser orientado para apoiar a recuperação, tratamento ou reabilitação e oferecer condições saudáveis para garantir o bem-estar e manutenção do equilíbrio interno do corpo humano. Políticas de humanização para projetos hospitalares, como o “Humaniza SUS” (2003), enfocam as necessidades globais do indivíduo, o que implica uma abordagem transdisciplinar e tem diretrizes voltadas ao bem-estar e ao envolvimento saudável entre corpo e meio ambiente. Estudos relacionados à humanização da arquitetura [5, 6] apresentam contribuições consistentes a respeito de elementos e estratégias de design. Neste cenário, destacam-se técnicas que valorizam elementos naturais, como a luz solar e a vegetação. Isto reforça a relação benéfica e intrínseca entre o ser humano e a Natureza, proposta pela teoria da “Biofilia” [7]. Esta conexão inerente oferece uma plataforma eficaz para a regulação interna do corpo humano, especialmente quando ele está desequilibrado. Nesta perspectiva, esta pesquisa enfoca as contribuições do projeto paisagístico para o equilíbrio homeodinâmico do corpo das profissionais de enfermagem do Centro de Atenção Integral à Mulher [CAISM-UNICAMP]. Baseia-se na intensidade das cargas diárias — físicas e mentais — que enfrentam durante longos períodos de exposição em ambientes hospitalares, com os impactos adicionais da pandemia de COVID-19. A revisão da literatura aponta estudos que abordam os interesses desta pesquisa. Porém, a maioria deles advém apenas do campo do conhecimento em saúde. Além disso, faltam fontes de pesquisa em língua portuguesa sobre o tema deste estudo. Além disso, a relevância desta pesquisa reside também em suas contribuições para recomendações de projetos paisagísticos que integram parâmetros específicos do clima, dos espécimes e da cultura brasileira, uma vez que o escopo disponível na literatura não atende às características mencionadas. A abordagem metodológica desta investigação inclui a revisão da literatura; pesquisa de campo; a aplicação de um protocolo experimental; a análise, interpretação e sistematização dos dados coletados; bem como a elaboração de diretrizes de projeto de paisagismo visando a homeostase biológica de profissionais de enfermagem em cenários de pandemia e pós-pandemia.
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Zuanon, Rachel, and Barbara Faria. "Diseño de paisaje-Arquitectura-Neurociencias: aplicación de parámetros de diseño de paisaje homeodinámico en entornos CAISM-UNICAMP." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.137.g264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Esta investigación se basa en la cooperación entre la arquitectura y los campos de las neurociencias cognitivas y del comportamiento, apoyada especialmente en el concepto de productos y entornos homeodinámicos [1]. Analiza la acción del diseño del paisaje sobre el ser humano, orientada a la homeostasis biológica. Las neurociencias cognitivas y conductuales ofrecen evidencia concreta de que el carácter y la calidad de los entornos ejercen una influencia medible en el cerebro humano [2], ya que la neurociencia cognitiva aborda capacidades mentales complejas del individuo, como la autoconciencia y la memoria, y la neurociencia conductual investiga las estructuras neuronales que producen conductas y otros fenómenos psicológicos como las emociones [3]. Así, el espacio construido —como mediador de la relación entre cuerpo y medio ambiente— puede cambiar la disposición fisiológica del cuerpo humano y, por tanto, influir en los estados emocionales [4]. Tales cambios se pueden verificar en ambientes hospitalarios, donde el espacio debe estar orientado a apoyar la recuperación, el tratamiento o la rehabilitación y ofrecer condiciones saludables para asegurar el bienestar y el mantenimiento del equilibrio interno del cuerpo humano. Las políticas de humanización para proyectos hospitalarios, como “Humaniza SUS” (2003), se enfocan en las necesidades globales del individuo, lo que implica un enfoque transdisciplinario, y tiene pautas orientadas al bienestar y la implicación saludable entre cuerpo y entorno. Los estudios relacionados con la humanización de la arquitectura [5, 6] presentan contribuciones consistentes en cuanto a elementos y estrategias de diseño. En este escenario destacan las técnicas que valoran elementos naturales como la luz solar y la vegetación. Esto refuerza la relación beneficiosa e intrínseca entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza, como propone la teoría de la “Biofilia” [7]. Esta conexión inherente ofrece una plataforma eficaz para la regulación interna del cuerpo humano, especialmente cuando está desequilibrado. Desde esta perspectiva, esta investigación se centra en los aportes del proyecto de paisaje al equilibrio homeodinámico del cuerpo de profesionales de enfermería del Centro de Atención Integral a la Mujer [CAISM-UNICAMP]. Se basa en la intensidad de las cargas diarias —físicas y mentales— que enfrentan durante largos períodos de exposición en ambientes hospitalarios, con los impactos adicionales de la pandemia de COVID-19. La revisión de la literatura señala estudios que tocan los intereses de esta investigación. Sin embargo, la mayoría de ellos surgen únicamente del campo de conocimiento de la salud. Además, faltan fuentes de investigación en lengua portuguesa sobre el tema de este estudio. La relevancia de esta investigación también reside en sus contribuciones a las recomendaciones de diseño del paisaje, que integran parámetros específicos del clima, los especímenes y la cultura brasileña, ya que el alcance disponible en la literatura no cumple con las características mencionadas. El enfoque metodológico de esta investigación incluye la revisión de la literatura, la investigación de campo, la aplicación de un protocolo experimental y el análisis, interpretación y sistematización de los datos recolectados, así como la elaboración de pautas de diseño para paisajismo orientadas a la homeostasis biológica de profesionales de enfermería en escenarios pandémicos y pospandémicos.
Звіти організацій з теми "GLOBAL IMPACT INVESTING"
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Banerjee, Onil, Martin Cicowiez, Marcia Macedo, Žiga Malek, Peter H. Verburg, Sean Goodwin, Renato Vargas, et al. An Amazon Tipping Point: The Economic and Environmental Fallout. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003385.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Amazon biome, despite its resilience, is being pushed by unsustainable economic drivers towards an ecological tipping point where restoration to its previous state may no longer possible. This is the result of self-reinforcing interactions between deforestation, climate change and fire. In this paper, we develop scenarios that represent movement towards an Amazon tipping point and strategies to avert one. We assess the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of these scenarios using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform linked with high resolution spatial land use land cover change and ecosystem services modeling (IEEMESM). This papers main contributions are developing: (i) a framework for evaluating strategies to avert an Amazon tipping point based on their relative costs, benefits and trade-offs, and; (ii) a first approximation of the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of movement towards an Amazon tipping point, and evidence to build the economic case for strategies to avert it. We find that a conservative estimate of the cumulative regional cost through 2050 of an Amazon tipping point would be US$256.6 billion in Gross Domestic Product. Policies that would contribute to averting a tipping point, including strongly reducing deforestation, investing in climate-adapted agriculture, and improving fire management, would generate approximately US$339.3 billion in additional wealth. From a public investment perspective, the returns to implementing strategies for averting a tipping point would be US$29.5 billion. Quantifying the costs, benefits and trade-offs of policies to avert a tipping point in a transparent and replicable manner can pave the way for evidence-based approaches to support policy action focusing on the design of regional strategies for the Amazon biome and catalyze global cooperation and financing to enable their implementation.
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Brice, Jeremy. Investment, power and protein in sub-Saharan Africa. Edited by Tara Garnett. TABLE, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/d8817170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The place of protein in sub-Saharan Africa’s food system is changing rapidly, raising complex international development, global health and environmental sustainability issues. Despite substantial growth in the region’s livestock agriculture sector, protein consumption per capita remains low, and high levels of undernourishment persist. Meanwhile sub-Saharan Africa’s population is growing and urbanising rapidly, creating expectations that demand for protein will increase rapidly over the coming decades and triggering calls for further investment in the expansion and intensification of the region’s meat and dairy sector. However, growing disquiet over the environmental impacts of further expansion in livestock numbers, and growing sales of alternative protein products in the Global North, has raised questions about the future place of plant-based, insect and lab-grown proteins in African diets and food systems. This report examines financial investment in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa. It begins from the position that investors play an important role in shaping the development of diets and food systems because they are able to mobilise the financial resources required to develop new protein products, infrastructures and value chains, or to prevent their development by withholding investment. It therefore investigates which actors are financing the production in sub-Saharan Africa of: a) animal proteins such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products; b) ‘protein crops’ such as beans, pulses and legumes; and c) processed ‘alternative proteins’ derived from plants, insects, microbes or animal cells grown in a tissue culture. Through analysing investment by state, philanthropic and private sector organisations – as well as multilateral financial institutions such as development banks – it aims to establish which protein sources and stages of the value chain are financed by different groups of investors and to explore the values and goals which shape their investment decisions. To this end, the report examines four questions: 1. Who is currently investing in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa? 2. What goals do these investors aim to achieve (or what sort of future do they seek to bring about) through making these investments? 3. Which protein sources and protein production systems do they finance? 4. What theory of change links their investment strategy to these goals? In addressing these questions, this report explores what sorts of protein production and provisioning systems different investor groups might be helping to bring into being in sub-Saharan Africa. It also considers what alternative possibilities might be marginalised due to a lack of investment. It thus seeks to understand whose priorities, preferences and visions for the future of food might be informing the changing place of protein in the region’s diets, economies and food systems.
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Breakthrough RESEARCH—Social and Behavior Change Costing Community of Practice Series Brief #4: Social and behavior change costs associated with insecticide treated bed net distribution for malaria prevention. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2021.1079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Breakthrough RESEARCH is gathering, analyzing, and sharing evidence on the costs and impact of social and behavior change (SBC) interventions to support the case that investing in SBC is crucial for improving health and advancing development. A review of the SBC costing literature identified 147 studies on SBC costs, methodological shortcomings, and knowledge gaps that can be addressed in new SBC costing studies. To address these gaps, Breakthrough RESEARCH issued the “Guidelines for Costing of Social and Behavior Change Health Interventions,” which lays out 17 principles for conducting high-quality costing studies. This brief complements the guidelines and highlights important issues and practices for SBC costing. Ensuring access to malaria prevention, such as insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), is an important pillar in the global strategy to eradicate malaria. By promoting uptake and continued and correct use of ITNs, SBC interventions play a critical role during ITN distribution. Understanding the SBC costs embedded within broader program costs is useful for program planners to ensure that enough funding is allocated for SBC. This brief reviews the existing knowledge on SBC costs within ITN distribution campaigns and provides guidance for future costing studies.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.