Статті в журналах з теми "GLM cleaning"

An advanced hyperbolic divergence cleaning scheme based on "generalized Lagrange multiplier" (GLM) for the equations of "shallow water magnetohydrodynamics" (SMHD) is presented. This scheme is based on the two-step method which is comprised of the standard finite-volume updating step for the nonlinear genuine SMHD system and the divergence cleaning step for the linear GLM-based Maxwell subsystem. The divergence cleaning step can be applied several times per each computational time step, in order to accelerate the transports of the divergence error out of the computational domain. The presented two-step method is compared with the standard GLM method based on operator splitting. It is shown that the standard operator-splitting based method has the shock dissipation problem, particularly when the multiple subcycles of the divergence cleaning step is performed per each time step. On the contrary, the introduction of the multiple subcycles for the new GLM–Maxwell subsystem does not suffer from the dissipation of the shocks, and produces better shock resolution. The presented method can be further applied to the full magnetohydrodynamics equations.

The aim of this study is to assess the surface alterations of four reciprocating instruments before and after the shaping of four resin-simulated root canals. The following four different reciprocating instruments are selected: 10 Reciproc Blue (RB25), 10 WaveOne Gold (WOG), 10 EdgeOne Fire (EOF) and 10 recently introduced instruments OneRECI (OR), for a total of 40 new instruments. Before root canal shaping, each instrument is mounted on a stub in a standardized position and observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to detect any surface alteration, such as microfractures, metal defects, deformations, blunt and disruption of cutting edges, debris, pitting and tip flattening. Micrographs are acquired at the level of the tip, 4 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm from it. After that, each instrument is used in four simulated resin root canals. SEM observation was repeated after the simulated clinical use to assess the wear resistance of the instruments. Surface alterations are registered before and after instrumentation and statistical analysis is performed using a Chi-Square test to verify homogeneity of defects distribution and GLM to evaluate the differences of RMS at baseline and after use for both groups (α level 0.05). Before simulated clinical uses, no alterations are found except for three cases of EOF with metal strips in correspondence to the tip, disruption of the cutting edge of WOG and oily spotting on two different OR. After simulated clinical use, EOF shows a statistically significant difference in terms of spiral distortion and flattening of the cutting edges. The OR shows the highest presence of debris despite the ultrasonic cleaning procedures. No instrument fractures are observed. EOF should be discarded after four clinical uses and carefully inspected after each insertion into root canals. Moreover, tough attention should be paid during disinfection and cleaning procedures after instrumentation considering the copious debris detected in each instrument, particularly in OR.

Mineral supplementation is very important in high producing farm animals. The estimation of exact mineral intake is very difficult in forage eating animals, like sheep. Accessing of long term mineral status seems to be possible using wool mineral analysis. However several factors can affect the results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effect of breed and sampling location on the mineral content of sheep wool. 20 Dorper and 20 Tsigai sheep were chosen from the same farm. Samples were obtained from 3 locations (withers, side and quarter) and tested for 8 elements: Ca, Mg, Na, Co, Cu, P, S, Se , Zn. The samples were cleaned with ethyl alcohol from organic contamination, then after adding nitric acid were mineral analized using ultrasonic cleaning unit. The samples were analysed with ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer, Optima 3300 DV). Statistical analyses were carried out by GLM procedure of SAS statistical analyses software. Differences between means were checked with Tukey-test. Significant breed differences were detected in the case of Mg, Na, S, Se in spite of the same feeding regime. The wool mineral content were within the reference range. The sampling location had no effect on the mineral content of wool.

The wool of sheep is suitable to test the mineral supply; however, a number of factors could affect the results. The growth rate and length of staple can be very different according to season, physiological state and individual variation. These factors are likely to affect the quantity of minerals accumulated into the wool. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine whether there is a difference between the mineral content of wool nearly reached the full staple length and the freshly grown wool using the same feeding regime.10 Tsigai pregnant sheep have been selected randomly from the same farm. Wool samples were obtained from the withers, side and quarter with bended scissors. Samples were mineralized using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide using ultrasonic cleaning unit. P, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Cu,Se and Zn content were determined by ICP-OES. Statistical analyses were carried out by SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) GLM procedure.Differences between means were tested by Tukey test. Significantly lower Ca, Na, P, Zn values were found in case of intensively grown wool. Sampling location did not affect the mineral content. Herd mineral supply was adequate. Our results suggest that intensively grown wool samples have to be used for mineral analyses.

In tissue culture it is necessary to use seeds of good quality and free of pathogens in order to avoid damages in the work to be carried out in the laboratory. Therefore, strict cleaning of the seeds intended for in vitro cultivation is essential. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate fruit biometry, germination and morphogenesis of 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck) and Persia Lima (Citrus aurantium) seeds in vitro submitted to different concentrations of NaClO for asepsis. Fruits of 'Cravo' lemon and Lima of Persia. Subsequently, they were transported to the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Goiano Federal Institute Campus Urutaí-GO, where they performed the biometric characterization of the fruits. The seeds of these fruits were submitted to treatment with sodium hypochlorite solution in different concentrations: 0,0; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 2.5% for 10 minutes, constituting then five treatments for each variety and placed in an acclimatized growth room to analyze the results. The variables evaluated were: biometry of fruits and seedlings; oxidation indexes; germination; contamination; and types of contamination. NaClO doses were compared from 95% confidence intervals. The analyzes were performed using the glm () function of software R version 3.4.1. It was verified that the aseptic treatment with NaClO for lime and lemon was promising for the morphological processes of germination and development of seedlings, as well as for the control of contaminating agents in vitro.

Microbiological risk assessment (MRA) is an emerging tool for evaluating the safety of food and water supplies. In this study, identification of microbial hazards in selected samples and their association with food safety practices were seen. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) through the General Linear Models (GLM) procedure of the statistical analysis system software (SPSS version-11.5, 2003). The least significant differences were used to test means at p<0.05. Odds ratio (OR) values with 95% CI were computed to obtain the risk of the presence of the foodborne pathogen in a particular food. Analysis of 600 food samples indicated that (50%) was high in raw chicken samples followed by carrot salad (41%). The other emerging foodborne pathogens like (MRSA), , and were not detected in any of the food samples. Pathogens like (73.5%) in khoa, (45%) and (62.7%) in paneer were detected. A total of (n=143) cultures were analyzed for enterotoxin and coagulase enzyme. Nine cultures (6.3%) showed a positive result for enterotoxin production. For the risk assessment of contamination in foods, coagulase test and toxin production of isolates have to be evaluated. A significant association was found between the type of storage and log concentration of in khoa, whereas, with water for washing hands, the status of nails, and cleaning cloth were contributing to foodborne pathogens in other products. There is a need to provide food safety training to food handlers to improve food safety.

Currently, there are still many people who are not aware of their disaster-prone areas. This is exacerbated by the lack of maximum community empowerment in disaster prevention and management. This study aims to determine the effect of the implementation of community-based disaster risk reduction (CB DRR) on the knowledge and skills of the community in disaster mitigation. This research is a quasi-experimental study, with a non-randomized control group pre-test - post-test design. The population and sample in this study were all community administrators who were aware of the disaster. The instrument used is a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. Research procedures include administrative procedures and technical procedures. Data processing is done through the process of editing, coding, scoring, processing, and cleaning. Data analysis techniques include univariate analysis, bivariate analysis (paired t-test), and multivariate analysis (General Linear Model Repeated Measure or GLM-RM). The p-value on the knowledge and skills variables were both 0.000 (<0.05). The value of the Greenhouse-Geisser sig analysis on the knowledge and skills variables has the same p-value of 0.000 (<0.05) or there is a difference in the average knowledge and skills of respondents after being given CB DRR training. Conclusion: The CB DRR program training influences the knowledge and skills of the community in carrying out disaster mitigation with a changing trend seen from the first measurement to the last measurement.

Oil palm production is gaining importance in Central and South America. However, the main species Elaeis guineensis (Eg) is suffering severely from bud rod disease, restricting the potential cultivation areas. Therefore, breeding companies have started to work with interspecific Elaeis oleifera × Eg (Eo × Eg) hybrids which are tolerant to this disease. We performed association studies between candidate gene (CG) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and six production and 19 oil quality traits in 198 accessions of interspecific oil palm hybrids from five different origins. For this purpose, barcoded amplicons of initially 167 CG were produced from each genotype and sequenced with Ion Torrent. After sequence cleaning 115 SNP remained targeting 62 CG. The influence of the origins on the different traits was analyzed and a genetic diversity study was performed. Two generalized linear models (GLM) with principle component analysis (PCA) or structure (Q) matrixes as covariates and two mixed linear models (MLM) which included in addition a Kinship (K) matrix were applied for association mapping using GAPIT. False discovery rate (FDR) multiple testing corrections were applied in order to avoid Type I errors. However, with FDR adjusted p values no significant associations between SNP and traits were detected. If using unadjusted p values below 0.05, seven of the studied CG showed potential associations with production traits, while 23 CG may influence different quality traits. Under these conditions the current approach and the detected candidate genes could be exploited for selecting genotypes with superior CG alleles in Marker Assisted Selection systems.

To improve the laser cleaning efficiency of Q235 carbon steel, an imaging analysis-based intelligent technique is proposed. Both offline and online computations are designed. Regarding the offline procedure, first, the corrosion images are accumulated to compute the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and the concave-convex region features. Second, different laser cleanings are performed to obtain various cleaned images. Third, a new cleaning performance evaluation method is developed: a metal color difference feature and a dynamic weight dispatch (DWD) corrosion texture are computed. Finally, a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-support vector machine (SVM) is utilized to forecast the laser process parameters. The corresponding laser parameters include power, linear velocity, and line spacing. For the online computation, after the GLCM and the concave-convex region features are computed, an iterative computation is used to tune the process parameters: the random laser parameters are generated constantly, and the iteration is performed and terminated only if the PSO-SVM output is positive. The experimental results have shown that the cleaning efficiency of this method can be improved, and the qualified rate is 92.5%.

Online product reviews have become a valuable source of information which facilitate customer decision with respect to a particular product. With the wealthy information regarding user's satisfaction and experiences about a particular drug, pharmaceutical companies make the use of online drug reviews to improve the quality of their products. Machine learning has enabled scientists to train more efficient models which facilitate decision making in various fields. In this manuscript we applied a drug review dataset used by (Gräβer, Kallumadi, Malberg,& Zaunseder, 2018), available freely from machine learning repository website of the University of California Irvine (UCI) to identify best machine learning model which provide a better prediction of the overall drug performance with respect to users' reviews. Apart from several manipulations done to improve model accuracy, all necessary procedures required for text analysis were followed including text cleaning and transformation of texts to numeric format for easy training machine learning models. Prior to modeling, we obtained overall sentiment scores for the reviews. Customer's reviews were summarized and visualized using a bar plot and word cloud to explore the most frequent terms. Due to scalability issues, we were able to use only the sample of the dataset. We randomly sampled 15000 observations from the 161297 training dataset and 10000 observations were randomly sampled from the 53766 testing dataset. Several machine learning models were trained using 10 folds cross-validation performed under stratified random sampling. The trained models include Classification and Regression Trees (CART), classification tree by C5.0, logistic regression (GLM), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS), Support vector machine (SVM) with both radial and linear kernels and a classification tree using random forest (Random Forest). Model selection was done through a comparison of accuracies and computational efficiency. Support vector machine (SVM) with linear kernel was significantly best with an accuracy of 83% compared to the rest. Using only a small portion of the dataset, we managed to attain reasonable accuracy in our models by applying the TF-IDF transformation and Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) technique to our TDM.

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify biosecurity practices associated with antimicrobial usage (AMU, mg/live body weight, BW) in pig farms. Biosecurity practices were assessed using the Biocheck.UGentTM questionnaire in 54 Irish farrow-to-finish pig farms. For each farm, information on antimicrobial usage in-feed and water and critically important antimicrobials (CIA) usage was collected. Data were analysed using univariable general linear models in PROC GLM of SAS v9.4. Results are presented as least square means ± SE. In-feed AMU was lower in farms where farm staff wore farm specific clothing and shoes, and washed their hands before entering the stables (55.1±19.12 vs. 159.4±31.49 mg/BW; P=0.007) and it tended (P&lt; 0.10) to be lower in farms where animals were loaded for transport from a centrally located corridor, rather than from separately located corridor (69.5±18.79 vs. 148.4±41.07 mg/BW) and had a maximal density of 0.7 m2/pig in the finisher stage (66.5±29.819.152 vs. 145.1±36.98 mg/BW). Similarly, in water AMU was 14.6 mg/BW lower in farms where farm staff wore farm specific clothing and shoes, and washed their hands before entering the stables and 11 mg/BW lower in farms where carcass storage was regularly cleaned (P&lt; 0.05) compared with farms that did not carry out these practices. Wearing gloves when manipulating carcasses (0.3±0.14 vs. 1.0±0.25 mg/BW having footbaths at the entrance of each building (0.2±0.17 vs. 0.7±0.17 mg/BW), loading animals for transport from a central corridor (0.3±0.13 vs. 1.2±0.28 mg/BW) and a maximal density of 0.7 m2/pig in the finisher stage (0.3±0.13 vs. 1.1±0.25 mg/BW) were associated with lower CIA usage (P&lt; 0.05). The implementation of biosecurity practices was associated with lower AMU. Many of these practices could easily be implemented on farms with relatively low costs. Our results highlight the usefulness of cleaning, disinfections and farm compartmentalization to reduce AMU in pig farms.

Aim: To compare the influence of prophylaxis with sodium bicarbonate and amino acid glycine powder on the bond strength of bovine teeth enamel and on the properties of two adhesive systems. Methods: Thirty-six extracted bovine incisors were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6) according to the prophylactic treatment received: no prophylactic treatment (NT), sodium bicarbonate powder (SB), and glycine powder (GL). Each group was subdivided into 2 groups based on what adhesive systems were used: conventional system (A) and universal system (B). Composite resin was applied on the buccal surface of the teeth in a block measurement 8x8x6 mm. The specimens were cut to obtain beams measuring 1.0 x 1.0 mm and were subjected to microtensile bond strength tests. Results were compared using two-way ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05). Results: The GLA group obtained the highest bond strength value for the conventional adhesive (18.97 MPa), but the GLB group obtained a lower strength value than the SBB group (GLB: 21.05 MPa and SBB: 22.29 MPa) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Cleaning of the enamel surface increases the adhesive properties of restorative materials, and the bond strength was more effective in the group that received glycine prophylaxis and the conventional adhesive system.

In this study, three gravity-driven membrane (GDM) reactors with flat sheet membrane modules and various biocarriers (synthetic fibers, lava stones, and sands) were operated for municipal wastewater treatment. The effects of water head, periodically cleaning protocol, and operation temperature on the GDM reactor performance were illustrated in terms of membrane performance and water quality. The results indicated that: (1) the cake layer fouling was predominant (>~85%), regardless of reactor configuration and operation conditions; (2) under lower water head, variable water head benefited in achieving higher permeate fluxes due to effective relaxation of the compacted cake layers; (3) the short-term chemical cleaning (30–60 min per 3–4 days) improved membrane performance, especially when additional physical shear force was implemented; (4) the lower temperature had negligible effect on the GDM reactors packed with Icelandic lava stones and sands. Furthermore, the wastewater treatment costs of the three GDM reactors were estimated, ranging between 0.31 and 0.37 EUR/m3, which was greatly lower than that of conventional membrane bioreactors under lower population scenarios. This sheds light on the technical and economic feasibility of biocarrier-facilitated GDM systems for decentralized wastewater treatment in Iceland.

The gravity-driven membrane filtration (GDM) process is very suitable for decentralized drinking water or rainwater treatment due to low maintenance (no backwashing, physical flushing and chemical cleaning) and low energy consumption.

Abstract Various types of gravity-driven membrane (GDM) systems have been developed to solve household water treatment problems. A gravity-driven free-end membrane (E-GDM) system was developed to mitigate the deposition of cake on the membrane more effectively than other commercialized GDM systems. The E-GDM system was manually operated with permeability of 12.94 and 1.75 L/m2/h/kPa for a kaolin suspension and a wastewater treatment plant influent sample, respectively, showing the highest average permeability and flow rate among all GDM systems. The GDM systems tested in this study met the daily minimum water requirement of a five-person family, except for a case in which wastewater treatment plant influent is filtered using a commercialized GDM system. According to permeability data from an accelerated cleaning test, the E-GDM system can be expected to guarantee 79,858 L of safe drinking water during its lifetime. The annual cost of the E-GDM system was assessed to be US$5.71 per household, which allows household water treatment in low- and middle-income countries.

In order to evaluate the effect of laser cleaning, a new method of workpiece surface roughness estimation is proposed. First, a Cartesian robot and visible-light camera are used to collect a large number of surface images of a workpiece after laser cleaning. Second, various features including the Tamura coarseness, Alexnet abstract depth, single blind/referenceless image spatial quality evaluator (BRISQUE), and enhanced gray level co-occurrence matrix (EGLCM) are computed from the images above. Third, the improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) is used to improve the training parameters of support vector regression (SVR). The learning factor of SVR adopts the strategy of dynamic nonlinear asynchronous adaptive adjustment to improve its optimization-processing ability. Finally, both the image features and the IPSO-SVR are considered for the surface roughness estimation. Extensive experiment results show that the accuracy of the IPSO-SVR surface roughness estimation model can reach 92.0%.

Studies have been carried out on the topic of obtaining ceramic materials for construction purposes with an anorthite phase. Clay and blast-furnace gas cleaning sludge were used as raw materials. The chemical compositions of raw materials for their use in the production of ceramic products have been studied. The calcium- and iron-containing compounds included in the composition of the gas cleaning sludge contribute to a decrease in the temperature of the formation of solid solutions and the anorthite phase. It has been established that with the addition of sludge up to 80 wt.% into the composition of the ceramic mixture increases the likelihood of an anorthite phase formation. The physico-mechanical parameters of the obtained ceramic samples have been studied. It has been established that the amount of gas cleaning sludge in the composition of the charge is 10 – 40 wt.% allows to obtain products with compressive strength 18 % higher than the control sample. The improvement in physical and mechanical properties is associated with an increase in the amount of the formed anorthite phase, which is confirmed by the data of X-ray phase analysis.

The CMS Collaboration plans to equip the very forward muon system with triple-GEM detectors that can withstand the environment of the High-Luminosity LHC. This project is at the final stages of R&D and moving to production. An unprecedented large area of several 100 m2 are to be instrumented with GEM detectors which will be produced in six different sites around the world. A common construction and quality control procedure is required to ensure the performance of each detector. The quality control steps will include optical inspection, cleaning and baking of all materials and parts used to build the detector, leakage current tests of the GEM foils, high voltage tests, gas leak tests of the chambers and monitoring pressure drop vs. time, gain calibration to know the optimal operation region of the detector, gain uniformity tests, and studying the efficiency, noise and tracking performance of the detectors in a cosmic stand using scintillators.

Ultra-low-pressure membrane (ULPM) filtration has emerged as a promising decentralized water and wastewater treatment method. It has been proven effective in long-term filtration under stable flux without requiring physical or chemical cleaning, despite operating at considerably lower flux. The use of ultra-low pressure, often simply by hydrostatic force (often called gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration), makes it fall into the uncharted territory of common pressure-driven membrane filtration. The applied polymeric membrane is sensitive to compaction, wetting, and fouling. This paper reviews recent studies on membrane compaction, wetting, and fouling. The scope of this review includes studies on those phenomena in the ULPM and how they affect the overall performance of the system. The performance of GDM systems for water and wastewater treatment is also evaluated. Finally, perspectives on the future research direction of ULPM filtration are also detailed.

This study evaluated the influence of apical patency, root filling removal technique and cleaning of the apical foramen, concerning the amount of debris extruded during root canal retreatment. Forty mandibular incisors were randomly assigned to 4 groups - GIM (n=10), GIIM (n=10), GIPT (n=10) and GIIPT (n=10), which were named according to leaving (I) or not (II) apical patency during canal preparation and filling removal technique (manual - M or ProTaper system - PT). After filling material removal, each specimen of each group had the apical foramen cleaned by sizes 15, 20 and 25 instruments, generating 12 subgroups: GIM15, GIM20, GIM25, GIIM15, GIIM20, GIIM25, GIPT15, GIPT20, GIPT25, GIIPT15, GIIPT20 and GIIPT25. Extruded filling debris was collected by a Milipore filtration system, an HV-durapore, 0.45 µm pore filter with a 25 mm diameter. The filters were weighed before and after the collection on an analytical scale (10–5 g), and the difference was calculated. The mean weight of extruded filling debris was analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman ANOVA tests (α=0.05). The mean values found in the groups (in mg) were: GIM (0.95±0.94), GIIM (0.47±0.62), GIPT (0.30±0.31) and GIIPT (0.32±0.44). There was no statistically significant difference among any of the groups or subgroups (p>0.05). ProTaper provided the smallest amount of extruded filling material, regardless of presence or absence of apical patency, followed by manual technique, without and with apical patency. Additional amounts of debris were collected during cleaning of the apical foramen, regardless of the instrument, presence/absence of patency or root filling removal technique.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify core keywords and topic groups in the ‘Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and Breastfeeding’ field of research for better understanding research trends in the past 20 years.Methods: This was a text-mining and topic modeling study composed of four steps: 1) collecting abstracts, 2) extracting and cleaning semantic morphemes, 3) building a co-occurrence matrix, and 4) analyzing network features and clustering topic groups.Results: A total of 635 papers published between 2001 and 2020 were found in databases (Web of Science, CINAHL, RISS, DBPIA, RISS, KISS). Among them, 3,639 words extracted from 366 articles selected according to the conditions were analyzed by text network analysis and topic modeling. The most important keywords were 'exposure', ‘fetus’, ‘hypoglycemia’, 'prevention' and 'program'. Six topic groups were identified through topic modeling. The main topics of the study were ‘cardiovascular disease' and 'obesity'. Through the topic modeling analysis, six themes were derived: ‘cardiovascular disease’, ‘obesity’, ‘complication prevention strategy’, ‘support of breastfeeding’, ‘educational program’ and ‘management of GDM’.Conclusion: This study showed that over the past 20 years many studies have been conducted on complications such as cardiovascular diseases and obesity related to gestational diabetes and breastfeeding. In order to prevent complications of gestational diabetes and promote breastfeeding, various nursing interventions, including gestational diabetes management and educational programs for GDM pregnancies, should be developed in nursing fields.

The present work develops a multidisciplinary approach for evaluating the air pollution and economic impact from ships operating in the port of Varna. The work collects and analyses automatic identification system (AIS) data of the arriving and queuing dry cargo ships in the seaport of Varna in identifying the statistical descriptors of the length of the ships, gross tonnage (GT), and ship engine power. The queueing theory (QT) is employed to analyse the ship operations in a single queue and is processed by three parallel terminals, satisfying the port regulations. The Gaussian dispersion model (GDM) is adopted to predict the pollution concentration from ships arriving at the seaport, queuing, approaching, waiting, processing at the berth, and departing. The gas emission is estimated as a function of the ship movement trajectory, and the time duration at any stage is defined by QT for the most critical surrounding areas, considering the wind speed, as well as horizontal and vertical dispersion as a function of the location of the ship, accounting for the effective emission height, weather conditions, and speed. To mitigate the potential impact on health, the gas emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and air-borne particles (PM10) generated by ships during the queuing and port operation are evaluated. Potential cleaning measures for any ship are implemented to satisfy the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) in surrounding areas. The implemented ship pollution cleaning measures and overall ship and terminal operating costs are minimised to identify the most efficient berth operation. The developed approach is flexible and can be used for any particular conditions for ships operating in ports.

Applications of ultra-low-pressure filtration systems are increasing as they offer enhanced sustainability due to lower energy input, almost no use of chemicals, and minimum operational expenditure. In many cases, they operate as a decentralized system using a gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration process. These applications are relatively new; hence, the fundamental knowledge of the process is still limited. In this study, we investigated the phenomenon of polymeric membrane compaction under an ultra-low-pressure system. The compaction phenomenon is well-recognized in the traditional pressure-driven system operating at high transmembrane pressures (ΔPs > 200 kPa), but it is less documented in ultra-low-pressure systems (ΔP < 10 kPa). A simple GDM filtration setup operated under a constant-pressure system was employed to investigate the compaction phenomena in a polymeric hollow fiber membrane for clean water filtration. Firstly, a short-term pressure stepping test was performed to investigate the occurrence of instantaneous compaction in the ΔP range of 1–10 kPa. The slow compaction was later investigated. Finally, the compaction dynamic was assessed under alternating high and low ΔP and relaxation in between the filtrations. The findings demonstrated the prominence of membrane compaction, as shown by the decreasing trend in clean water permeability at higher ΔPs (i.e., 3240 and 2401 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 at ΔPs of 1 and 10 kPa, respectively). We also found that the intrinsic permeability of the applied polymeric membrane was significantly higher than the apparent one (4351 vs. 2401 L m−2 h−1 bar−1), demonstrating >50% loss due to compaction. The compaction was mainly instantaneous, which occurred when the ΔP was changed, whereas only minor changes in permeability occurred over time when operating at a constant ΔP. The compaction was highly reversible and could be restored (i.e., decompaction) through relaxation by temporarily stopping the filtration. A small fraction of irreversible compaction could be detected by operating alternating filtrations under ΔPs of 1 and 10 kPa. The overall findings are essential to support emerging GDM filtration applications, in which membrane compaction has been ignored and confounded with membrane fouling. The role of compaction is more prominent for high-flux GDM filtration systems treating less-fouling-prone feed (i.e., rainwater, river water) and involving membrane cleaning (i.e., relaxation) in which both reversible and irreversible compaction occurred simultaneously.

Abstract Introduction The NovoTTF-100A System (NovoTTF™ Therapy, Optune®, Novocure Inc.) is approved for use as a combination therapy with adjuvant temozolomide after postoperative chemo-radiation for newly diagnosed supratentorial glioblastoma (GBM). In our experience, dermatologic adverse events (dAEs) due to the continuous contact between the array and the scalp is not infrequently occurred, and we believe that the addition of skincare strategy is vital to maximize adherence to the NovoTTF™ Therapy. In Wakayama Medical University Hospital (WMUH), “WOC nurses,” certified Nurses in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, cooperate with neurosurgeons for the skincare of the patients.In this presentation, we review our dAE experience and introduce our skincare strategy by WOC nurse. Methods We collected and analyzed clinical information of GBM patients treated with NovoTTF™ Therapy in WHUH and focused on the dAEs of the patients. Results Total 7 patients (Male, 6; Female, 1). Median age, 64.4 (38-78). dAEs occurred in 6/7 cases (86%). dAEs includes contact dermatitis 5 (71%), erosion 3 (43%), ulcers 0, foliiculitis 3 (43%). CTCAE grading of dAEs, 1 or 2. Two cases (29%) abandoned NovoTTF™ Therapy due to dAEs. Based on our skincare strategy, which consists of three essential rules of scalp care (cleansing, moisturization, protection), WOC nurses have close contact with the patients and their caregivers from the beginning of the therapy. Conclusion The addition of skincare strategies to the NovoTTF-100A System would be vital for the adherence to NovoTTF therapy, which contribute to the therapeutic benefit of the Therapy. Not only neurosurgeons and patients but also nurses and caregivers must cooperate in scalp care and dAE treatment.

AbstractThe design and construction of lexical resources is a critical issue in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Real-world NLP systems need large-scale lexica, which provide rich information about words and word senses at all levels: morphologic, syntactic, lexical semantics, etc., but the construction of lexical resources is a difficult and costly task. The last decade has been highly influenced by the notion of reusability, that is, the use of the information of existing lexical resources in constructing new ones. It is unrealistic, however, to expect that the great variety of available lexical information resources could be converted into a single and standard representation schema in the near future. The purpose of this article is to present the ELHISA system, a software architecture for the integration of heterogeneous lexical information. We address, from the point of view of the information integration area, the problem of querying very different existing lexical information sources using a unique and common query language. The integration in ELHISA is performed in a logical way, so that the lexical resources do not suffer any modification when integrating them into the system. ELHISA is primarily defined as a consultation system for accessing structured lexical information, and therefore it does not have the capability to modify or update the underlying information. For this purpose, a General Conceptual Model (GCM) for describing diverse lexical data has been conceived. The GCM establishes a fixed vocabulary describing objects in the lexical information domain, their attributes, and the relationships among them. To integrate the lexical resources into the federation, a Source Conceptual Model (SCM) is built on the top of each one, which represents the lexical objects concurring in each particular source. To answer the user queries, ELHISA must access the integrated resources, and, hence, it must translate the query expressed in GCM terms into queries formulated in terms of the SCM of each source. The relation between the GCM and the SCMs is explicitly described by means of mapping rules called Content Description Rules. Data integration at the extensional level is achieved by means of the data cleansing process, needed if we want to compare the data arriving from different sources. In this process, the object identification step is carried out. Based on this architecture, a prototype named ELHISA has been built, and five resources covering a broad scope have been integrated into it so far for testing purposes. The fact that such heterogeneous resources have been integrated with ease into the system shows, in the opinion of the authors, the suitability of the approach taken.

The electrical conductivity of powder media depends on the composition, impurities, oxide films, morphology and the nature of the contact surface. We present the results of studying the electrical resistance of powder materials and their compounds under continuous loading by the four-contact method. The electrical resistance is determined using a special experimental cell. Industrial powders Al (ASD-1), Ti (PTK), Hf (GFM-1), soot and their mixtures, as well as TaC and HfC powders obtained by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis were studied. It is shown that an increase in the mechanical pressure up to 80 MPa leads to a decrease in the electrical resistance of the materials under study. The morphology of the particles (spherical or fragmentary shape), their dispersion affects the quality of the contact surface and, accordingly, the magnitude of the electrical resistance. Moreover, the electrical resistance of the material depends on the degree of cleaning of the particle surface from oxide films. The proposed method in combination with other analytical methods used for studying powder media allows us to reveal the regularities of this relationship, characteristic of all morphological features, composition and electrophysical properties of powders of various compositions under loading conditions. The results obtained can be used to select the optimal characteristics of consolidation by electric current depending on the initial pressure, as well as in case of high-voltage electric pulse consolidation of powder materials by spark plasma sintering and electrothermal explosion methods.

Tebuconazole is a triazole fungicide used in agriculture to treat pathogenic fungi. It is listed as a possible carcinogen and it shows a potential risk for the environment at very low concentration. Therefore, the detection and monitoring of tebuconazole in food and environment play an important role. The current methods for the analysis of tebuconazole employ gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after sample extraction with organic solvents and column cleaning. Besides the advantages of these methods such as efficiency, repeatability, and accuracy, they are still time-consuming and costly. Herein, we report a simple, sensitive platform for the fast detection of pesticides with a low cost. The detection technique exploits a pesticide-specific DNA aptamer as the bioreceptor of an optical biosensor. Instead of trying to capture the pesticide on the sensor surface, our method allows the DNA aptamers, which are adsorbed on the nanoparticle’s surface, to detach from the nanoparticles when interacting with the pesticide. This leads to the pesticide-induced aggregation and the change of the absorption spectrum of metallic nanoparticles upon high-salt concentrations, which can be monitored with unaided eye or absorbance measurement. Using tebuconazole as a model analyte for detection of pesticide, the designed aptasensor showed a high sensitivity and selectivity with a detection limit of ~10 nM and reaction time within ~20 min. In the case of tebuconazole detection in spiked rice samples, the average recoveries were in the range of 89.90–110.86% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of 3.11–4.32%. These results indicate that our sensing platform can be exploited for the rapid detection of pesticides in real samples.

Abstract - Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is one method of atomic emission spectroscopy using laser ablation as an energy source. This method is used to characterize the type of amethysts that originally come from Sukamara, Central Kalimantan. The result of amethyst characterization can be used as a reference for claiming the natural wealth of the amethyst. The amethyst samples are directly taken from the amethyst mining field in the District Gem Amethyst and consist of four color variations: white, black, yellow, and purple. These samples were analyzed by LIBS, using laser energy of 120 mJ, delay time detection of 2 μs and accumulation of 3, with and without cleaning. The purpose of this study is to determine emission spectra characteristics, contained elements, and physical characteristics of each amethyst sample. The spectra show that the amethyst samples contain some elements such as Al, Ca, K, Fe, Gd, Ba, Si, Be, H, O, N, Cl and Pu with various emission intensities. The value of emission intensity corresponds to concentration of element in the sample. Hence, the characteristics of the amethysts are based on their concentration value. The element with the highest concentration in all samples is Si, which is related to the chemical formula of SiO2. The element with the lowest concentration in all samples is Ca that is found in black and yellow amethysts. The emission intensity of Fe element can distinguish between white, purple, and yellow amethyst. If Fe emission intensity is very low, it indicates yellow sample. Thus, we may conclude that LIBS is a method that can be used to characterize the amethyst samples.Key words: amethyst, impurity, laser-induced, breakdown spectroscopy, characteristic, gemstones

Strawberry is a member of the rose family (Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, tribe Potentilleae) in the genus Fragaria. The cultivated varieties of commercial strawberries usually were designated as Fragaria ananassa. Root, leaf, flower and fruit have the healing properties. The strawberry leaves extract is used for blood cleaning, for treatment of oral inflammation, diarrhea, various gastro-intestinal inflammation, and hemorrhoids, as well as a diuretic. So far, many positive biological effects of strawberries (anticancer, antioxidant and anticoagulant effect) have been proven. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract from cultivated strawberries (Fragariae folium, varieties Senga Sengana) by using different antioxidant assays (DPPH, FRAP, FIC, H2O2 and TBA-MDA). Ethanolic extract from strawberry leaves was obtained by reflux extraction at the boiling temperature. Total phenols and total flavonoids content was determined spectrophotometrically by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu and by method with AlCl3, respectively. In the extract was determined high content of total phenols, while the total flavonoid content is much lower. The concentrations of extract required to neutralize 50% of the initial concentration of DPPH radicals (EC50) after 20 minutes incubation and immediately after adding DPPH radical solution were 7,91 and 19,46 ?gcm-3, respectively. Extract was achieved the maximum iron ions chelating ability (67.89%) at a concentration of 2 mgcm-3. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation of 70% was achieved by extract concentration of 0.03125 mgcm-3, while the maximum neutralization of H2O2 (30.47%) was achieved by extract concentration of 0.5 mgcm-3. FRAP value of the investigated extract is 284.51 mgFe/g of dry extract. Presented results of the antioxidant activity show that the obtained extract from the cultivated strawberry leaves is a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Nanofiltration, used in the Méry-sur-Oise water treatment plant (90 MGD) provides a softened water with a low organic matter content from which micropollutants and microorganisms have been removed. The experience acquired on the site since 1992 has revealed that the use of a crystal formation inhibitor is essential to slow down the clogging of the nanofiltration membranes, essentially on the third stage. Given the complexity of the action of the antiscalants (threshold effect, metal ion sequestration capacity, particle dispersion capacity), it is difficult to theoretically define the type of product to be used and its optimal dosing level. In addition to laboratories or modelling studies, pilot experiments are needed to assess antiscalants and optimise their doses. Nanofiltration cycles being long (1-2 months), it is nevertheless difficult to compare results of cycles, and the objective of the project was to develop a methodology for sequestering agent testing. To carry out strictly comparative studies of commercially available products as well as studies using the same product but at several different dosage levels, a pilot unit comprising three parallel nanofiltration trains was built. The pilot unit is fed with 2nd stage concentrate, produced without sequestering agent, and each trains has its own separate antiscalant injection point. The first cycle aimed to provide answers to the following: (i) choice of the antiscalant best adapted to the treatment of water from the river Oise, (ii) identification of the clogging agents, (iii) the efficiency of the chemical regeneration procedure. A production cycle using the same antiscalant at three different doses (0, 1 and 3 g.m-3) demonstrated that this product acted through a threshold effect. Analysing the cleaning waters provided further information on the type of clogging agents deposited on the membrane. Although for all the cycles the overall nature of the clogging is identical, essentially composed of organic matter and mineral elements (calcium, phosphorus, aluminium, etc.). The similarity of the water permeability and salt rejection at the beginning of two consecutive cycles tends to demonstrate that the chemical regeneration procedure (caustic soda/citric acid) is efficient.

The Schultz Collection is a group of over 1500 display-quality minerals which was donated to the University of California, Riverside Earth Sciences Museum last year. The collector was very systematic in assembling it, emphasizing a breadth of taxonomy, crystal forms, and uniqueness. A broad sample of mineral classes are present. Mineral species with a wide variety of forms, such as calcite, are represented by numerous diverse samples. Some of the species and gem forms, such as charoite, are only found in one location worldwide. In strictly monetary terms, it has been appraised at over $113,000 (USD; $155,000 NZD). But the true value of this collection lies in the excellent learning opportunities it has proven to hold for students, professionals, and visitors alike. Unlike nearly all collections assembled by enthusiasts, Henry Schultz made sure his collection was both well-labelled and catalogued, with locality information available for nearly all. Coupled with the various needs it requires and the small number of specimens compared to other collections already in our possession, this makes it an ideal source of many student projects. No institution in the Inland Empire of Southern California has a formal museum studies program that includes natural history. The creation of a volunteer program in the museum and an interdepartmental Natural History Museum Club in the Natural History Collections Care Network (NHCCN) are steps towards rectifying this. Projects run the gamut across most museum studies activities. Curation and registrar-work includes: handwriting new University of California, Riverside (UCR)-specific labels with archival ink as a group activity during club meetings; turning Schultz’s spreadsheet into a relational database and filling in information gaps when possible; and rehousing all specimens in acid-free trays. An additional outcome is the creation of a time-saving relational database of the Dana classification system (shareable upon request). Conservation and preparation include: cleaning dust and packing material off of specimens; attempting to halt the pyrite disease in one specimen; and discussing the special care needs for certain minerals. Exhibit design and fabrication include: brainstorming exhibit sections; selecting specimens for display; and exhibit installation. Exhibit sections will in part be used to give a behind-the-scenes peek, educating the public on museum studies, with one section devoted to care of minerals and another discussing how much work students and staff have put into fully processing the collection. Education and outreach include progress updates on social media, which have a reach comparable to those discussing departmental research.

Background: Perinatal asphyxia (PNA) remains a significant cause of death and disability despite the important advances in perinatal care in the past decades. Early neonatal mortality within the first 24 hours contributes substantially to overall neonatal mortality rates. Estimates of the incidence of perinatal asphyxia vary, in resource-rich countries is about 1/1000 live births and in resource-poor countries is probably much more common, an incidence of 5–10/1000 live births and represents the second most common cause of neonatal death (24%) after preterm birth related complications (35%). About one quarter of all neonatal deaths globally are caused by PNA & an equal number of serious neurological consequences ranging from cerebral palsy & mental retardation to epilepsy. Objective: To determine how well neonatal arterial blood pH and base deficit predict immediate outcome (survival to discharge) following perinatal asphyxia. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in the delivery room and adjacent neonatal area (NICU) of Ad-din Medical College Hospital (AMCH), over 6 months from 1st June and 30th November, 2017. Research assistants were trained to observe and record events related to labor and neonatal resuscitation. Patient information was obtained which included patient characteristics (gender, birth weight & gestational age) and APGAR scores at and beyond 5 minutes. Within one hour of delivery all admitted neonates were subjected to an arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis by GEM Premier 3000 blood gas analyzer and pH and base deficit were noted. All the neonates were classified according to GA, BW and Gender. After proper cleaning the collected data were analyzed thoroughly. Descriptive analyses were performed; differences in outcome by GA, BW, Gender, APGAR scores and ABG (pH and base deficit) status were determined using analysis of variance. Analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version (Chi-Square test). Results: A total 50 neonates were studied in this period of which 72% survived & 28 % expired. Death was mostly observed in neonate who had very high level of base deficit (> 20mmol/L) & very low pH (pH <7.0) in 1st hour postnatal ABG. Survival rate was higher, 94.7% in >35 - <37 weeks GA group in comparison of >37 weeks (58%) of GA (p = 0.0050). The neonates with birth weight (BW ) >2000 - <2500 gm were observed 77.78% survival and 68.75% in neonates with BW >2500gm (p = 0.494). In this study most of the neonates were male (70%) & recovery rate was relatively better among baby boys (74.3%) than baby girls (66.67%) (p = 0.582). High APGAR score neonates had better rate of recovery than poor APGAR score neonates. The neonates with APGAR score 4-6 beyond 5 minutes were observed 88.33% survival & the neonates with APGAR score 0-3 beyond 5minutes were 55% survival (p= 0.028). High pH value neonates in 1st hour ABG were found higher rate of survival in comparison to low pH value neonates. It was 83.33% in pH 7.10- <7.20 neonates, 72.73% in pH 7.0- <7.10 neonates and 33.33% in pH <7.0 neonates respectively (p=0.0136). The neonates with high level of base deficit in 1st hour ABG showed lower rate of survival than low level of base deficit neonates. It was 12.5% in base deficit > 20mmol/L neonates, 33.33% in base deficit > 15 - 20mmol/L neonates & 87.18% in base deficit > 12 -15mmol/L neonates respectively (p=0.00003). Conclusion: From this study it is concluded that initial pH and base deficit of 1st hour ABG of neonates along with APGAR score at or beyond 5 minutes is a good predictor of risk & immediate outcome following perinatal asphyxia. A good percentage of neonates recover due to early diagnosis, meticulous nursing care and timely intervention. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(2) 2019 p.238-243

AbstractThis paper is on arbitrary high order fully discrete one-step ADER discontinuous Galerkin schemes with subcell finite volume limiters applied to a new class of first order hyperbolic reformulations of nonlinear dispersive systems based on an extended Lagrangian approach introduced by Dhaouadi et al. (Stud Appl Math 207:1–20, 2018), Favrie and Gavrilyuk (Nonlinearity 30:2718–2736, 2017). We consider the hyperbolic reformulations of two different nonlinear dispersive systems, namely the Serre–Green–Naghdi model of dispersive water waves and the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The first order hyperbolic reformulation of the Schrödinger equation is endowed with a curl involution constraint that needs to be properly accounted for in multiple space dimensions. We show that the original model proposed in Dhaouadi et al. (2018) is only weakly hyperbolic in the multi-dimensional case and that strong hyperbolicity can be restored at the aid of a novel thermodynamically compatible GLM curl cleaning approach that accounts for the curl involution constraint in the PDE system. We show one and two-dimensional numerical results applied to both systems and compare them with available exact, numerical and experimental reference solutions whenever possible.

In today’s world, every individual wish for a house that suits their lifestyle and provides amenities according to their needs and budget. On today’s world prices of houses are keep on changing very frequently which proves that house prices are often overstated. There are various factors that must be taken into deliberation for predicting house prices such as number of rooms, carpet area, and other basic local amenities. By using XGBoost, Light GBM and CatBoost Boosting algorithm to predict house prices based on real-time data which is extracted using Robotic Process Automation. Automate the tasks of data extraction can be done by Robotic Process Automation. The data generated by RPA is inconsistent, hence data is get cleaned and made consistent before feeding to appropriate Machine Learning model. After data cleaning process model is created and accuracy is get achieved [1].

Abstract Background Up to 50 % of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) will receive a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) within a decade after pregnancy. While excess postpartum weight retention exacerbates T2DM risk, lifestyle changes and behavior modifications can promote healthy postpartum weight loss and contribute to T2DM prevention efforts. However, some women have difficulty prioritizing self-care during this life stage. Efficacious interventions that women can balance with motherhood to reduce T2DM risk remain a goal. The objective of the Moms in Motion study is to evaluate the efficacy of a simple, novel, activity-boosting intervention using ankle weights worn with daily activities during a 6-month postpartum intervention among women with GDM. We hypothesize that women randomized to the 6-month intensity-modifying intervention will (1) demonstrate greater weight loss and (2) greater improvement in body composition and biomarker profile versus controls. Methods This study will be a parallel two-arm randomized controlled trial (n = 160). Women will be allocated 1:1 to an ankle weight intervention group or a standard-of-care control group. The intervention uses ankle weights (1.1 kg) worn on each ankle during routine daily activities (e.g., cleaning, childcare). Primary outcomes include pre- and post-assessments of weight from Visit 2 to Visit 3. Secondary outcomes include body composition, glycemia (2-h, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test), and fasting insulin. Exploratory outcomes include energy expenditure, diet, and psychosocial well-being. Discussion Beyond the expected significance of this study in its direct health impacts from weight loss, it will contribute to exploring (1) the mechanism(s) by which the intervention is successful (mediating effects of energy expenditure and diet on weight loss) and (2) the effects of the intervention on body composition and biomarkers associated with insulin resistance and metabolic health. Additionally, we expect the findings to be meaningful regarding the intervention’s effectiveness on engaging women with GDM in the postpartum period to reduce T2DM risk. Trial registration The ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, is NCT03664089. The trial registration date is September 10, 2018. The trial sponsor is Dr. Sarah A. Keim.

TThe filter cake removal is of primary concern in a horizontal oil producer. It has been highlighted in many publications that the cleanup process in long horizontal and multilateral wells is a challenging task. Many chemical solutions have been used to remove the polymeric and bridging agents in oil producers. Due to their nonspecific characteristics, the chemical solutions have their limitations and in some cases have affected the well productivity. Thus an enzyme treatment using Pullulanase had been applied to degrade the mud filter cake of drill-in fluids, which comprised starch and xanthan gum. In this research work, static fluid loss and soaking tests were performed at temperatures ranging from 75°F to 250°F. The experimental results revealed that the efficiency of the cleaning solution comprising Pullulanase in degrading starch and xanthan gum was influenced by solution temperature and its concentration. For 6% concentration of Pullulanase, the highest degrading efficiencies experienced were 63%, 74%, 87%, 66% and 59% at temperatures of 75°F, 100°F, 150°F, 200°F, and 250°F respectively. In terms of concentration, it was found that 6% of Pullulanase gave the optimum efficiency as compared to 7% and 8% concentrations at temperature of 150°F. The experimental results also proved that enzyme stabilizer and viscoelastic surfactant could prevent the deactivation of enzyme activity at temperatures above 150 °F. Penyingkiran kek turas menjadi perhatian utama dalam pengeluar mendatar minyak. Permasalahan ini telah diketengahkan dalam banyak penerbitan yang menyatakan bahawa proses pembersihan telaga mendatar yang panjang dan telaga berbilang sisi ialah suatu tugas yang mencabar. Pelbagai larutan kimia telah digunakan untuk menyingkir agen polimer dan agen penitian dalam pengeluar minyak. Berikutan ciri-cirinya yang tak khusus, larutan kimia mempunyai penggunaan yang terbatas dan dalam kes tertentu telah menjejaskan kebolehpengeluaran telaga. Sehubungan itu, rawatan enzim yang menggunakan Pullulanase telah diaplikasi untuk menurunkan kek turas bendalir gerudi yang mengandungi kanji dan gam xantan. Dalam penyelidikan ini, ujian kehilangan bendalir statik dan ujian rendaman telah dilaksanakan pada suhu yang berjulat dari 75°F hingga ke 250°F. Hasil kajian membuktikan bahawa kecekapan larutan pembersih yang mengandungi Pullulanase dalam menurunkan kanji dan gam xantan adalah dipengaruhi oleh suhu larutan dan kepekatannya. Untuk kepekatan 6% Pullulanase, kecekapan penurunan tertinggi yang dialami ialah 63%, 74%, 87%, 66%, dan 59% masing-masing pada suhu 75°F, 100°F, 150°F, 200°F, dan 250°F. Dari segi kepekatan, Pullulanase dengan kepekatan 6% telah memberikan kecekapan optimum yang lebih baik berbanding kepekatan 7% and 8% pada suhu 150 °F. Hasil kajian turut membuktikan bahawa penstabil enzim dan surfaktan likat-anjal berupaya mencegah daripada berlakunya penyahaktifan aktiviti enzim pada suhu yang melebihi 150°F.

Neil Jordan’s Breakfast on Pluto (2005) reconceives transience and domesticity together. This queer Irish road film collapses opposition between mobility and home by uncoupling them from heteronormative structures of gender, desire, and space—male/female, public/private. The film’s protagonist, Patrick “Kitten” Braden (Cillian Murphy), wanders in search of a loved one without whom she does not feel at home. Along the way, the film exposes and exploits the doubleness of both “mobility” and “home” in the traditional road narrative, queering the conventions of the road film to convey the desire and possibilities for an alternative domesticity. In its rerouting of the traditional road plot, Breakfast on Pluto does not follow a hero escaping the obligations of home and family to find autonomy on the road. Instead, the film charts Kitten’s quest to realise a sense of home through trans-domesticity—that is, to find shelter in non-heteronormative, mutual care while in both transient and public spaces.I affix “trans-” to “domesticity” to signal both the queerness and mobility that transform understandings of domestic spaces and practices in Breakfast on Pluto. To clarify, trans-domesticity is not queer assimilation to heteronormative domesticity, nor is it a relegation of queer culture to privatised and demobilised spaces. Rather, trans-domesticity challenges the assumption that all forms of domesticity are inherently normalising and demobilising. In other words, trans-domesticity uncovers tensions and violence swept under the rugs of hegemonic domesticity. Moreover, this alternative domesticity moves between and beyond the terms of gender and spatial oppositions that delimit the normative home.Specifically, “trans-domesticity” names non-normative homemaking practices that arise out of the “desire to feel at home”, a desire that Anne-Marie Fortier identifies in queer diasporic narratives (1890-90). Accordingly, “trans-domesticity” also registers the affective processes that foster the connectedness and belonging of “home” away from private domestic spaces and places of origin, a “rethinking of the concept of home”, which Ed Madden traces in lesbian and gay migrant narratives (175-77). Building on the assumption of queer diaspora theorists “that not only can one be at home in movement, but that movement can be one’s very own home” (Rapport and Dawson 27), trans-domesticity focuses critical attention on the everyday practices and emotional labour that create a home in transience.As Breakfast on Pluto tracks its transgender protagonist’s movement between a small Irish border town, Northern Ireland, and London, the film invokes both a specifically Irish migration and the broader queer diaspora of which it is a part. While trans-domesticity is a recurring theme across a wide range of queer diasporic narratives, in Breakfast on Pluto it also simultaneously drives the plot and functions as a narrative frame. The film begins and ends with Kitten telling her story as she wanders through the streets of Soho and cares for a member of her made family, her friend Charlie’s baby.Although I am concerned with the film adaptation, Patrick McCabe’s “Prelude” to his novel, Breakfast on Pluto (1998), offers a useful point of departure: Patrick “Pussy” Braden’s dream, “as he negotiates the minefields of this world”, is “ending, once and for all, this ugly state of perpetual limbo” and “finding a map which might lead to that place called home” (McCabe x). In such a place, McCabe’s hero might lay “his head beneath a flower-bordered print that bears the words at last ‘You’re home’”(McCabe xi). By contrast, the film posits that “home” is never a “place” apart from “the minefields of this world”, and that while being in transit and in limbo might be a perpetual state, it is not necessarily an ugly one.Jordan’s film thus addresses the same questions as does Susan Fraiman in her book Extreme Domesticity: “But what about those for whom dislocation is not back story but main event? Those who, having pulled themselves apart, realize no timely arrival at a place of their own, so that being not-unpacked is an ongoing condition?” (155). Through her trans-domestic shelter-making and caregiving practices, Kitten enacts “home” in motion and in public spaces, and thereby realises the elision in the flower-bordered print in McCabe’s “Prelude” (xi), which does not assure “You are at home” but, rather, “You are home”.From Housed to Trans-Domestic SubjectivitySelf and home are equated in the dominant cultural narratives of Western modernity, but “home” in such formulations is assumed to be a self-owned, self-contained space. Psychoanalytic theorist Carl Jung describes this Ur-house as “a concretization of the individuation process, […] a symbol of psychic wholeness” (225). Philosopher Gaston Bachelard sees in the home “the topography of our intimate being”, a structure that “concentrates being within limits that protect” (xxxii). However, as historian Carolyn Steedman suggests, the mythic house that has become “the stuff of our ‘cultural psychology,’ the system of everyday metaphors by which we see ourselves”, is far from universal; rather, it reflects “the topography of the houses” of those who stand “in a central relationship to the dominant culture” (75, 17).For others, the lack of such housing correlates with political marginalisation, as the house functions as both a metaphor and material marker for culturally-recognised selfhood. As cultural geographer John Agnew argues, in capitalist societies the self-owned home is both a sign of autonomous individuality and a prerequisite for full political subjectivity (60). Philosopher Rosi Braidotti asserts that this figuration of subjectivity in “the phallo-Eurocentric master code” treats as “disposable” the “bodies of women, youth, and others who are racialised or marked off by age, gender, sexuality, and income” (6). These bodies are “reduced to marginality” and subsequently “experience dispossession of their embodied and embedded selves, in a political economy of repeated and structurally enforced eviction” (Braidotti 6).To shift the meaning of “home” and the intimately-linked “self” from a privately-owned, autonomous structure to trans-domesticity, to an ethos of care enacted even, and especially in, transient and public spaces, is not to romanticise homelessness or to deny the urgent necessity of material shelter. Breakfast on Pluto certainly does not allow viewers to do either. Rather, the figure of a trans-domestic self, like Braidotti’s “nomadic subject”, has the potential to challenge and transform the terms of power relations. Those now on the margins might then be seen as equally-embodied selves and full political subjects with the right to shelter and care.Such a political project also entails recognising and revaluing—without appropriating and demobilising—existing trans-domesticity. As Fraiman argues, “domesticity” must be “map[ped] from the margins” in order to include the homemaking practices of gender rebels and the precariously housed, of castaways and outcasts (4-5). This alternative map would allow “outsiders to normative domesticity” to “claim domesticity while wrenching it away from such things as compulsory heterosexuality […] and the illusion of a safely barricaded life” (Fraiman 4-5). Breakfast on Pluto shares in this re-mapping work by exposing the violence embedded in heteronormative domestic structures, and by charting the radical political potential of trans-domesticity.Unsettling HousesIn the traditional road narrative, “home” tends to be a static, confining structure from which the protagonist escapes, a space that then functions as “a structuring absence” on the road (Robertson 271). Bachelard describes this normative structure as a “dream house” that constitutes “a body of images that give mankind proofs or illusions of stability” (17); the house functions, Henri Lefebvre argues, as “the epitome of immobility” (92). Whether the dream is to escape and/or to return, “to write of houses”, as Adam Hanna asserts, “is to raise ideas of shelters that are fixed and secure” (113).Breakfast on Pluto quickly gives lie to those expectations. Kitten is adopted by Ma Braden (Ruth McCabe), a single woman who raises Kitten and her adopted sister in domestic space that is connected to, and part of, a public house. That spatial contiguity undermines any illusion of privacy and security, as is evident in the scene in which a school-aged Kitten, who thought herself safely home alone and thus able to dress in her mother’s and sister’s clothes, is discovered in the act by her mother and sister from the pub’s street entrance. Further, the film lays bare the built-in mechanisms of surveillance and violence that reinforce heteronormative, patriarchal structures. After discovering Kitten in women’s clothes, Ma Braden violently scrubs her clean and whacks her with a brush until Kitten says, “I’m a boy, not a girl”. The public/house space facilitates Ma Braden’s close monitoring of Kitten thereafter.As a young writer in secondary school, Kitten satirises the violence within the hegemonic home by narrating the story of the rape of her biological mother, Eily Bergin (Eva Birthistle), by Kitten’s father, Father Liam (Liam Neeson) in a scene of hyper-domesticity set in the rectory kitchen. As Patrick Mullen notes, “the rendition of the event follows the bubble-gum logic and tone of 1950s Hollywood culture” (130). The relationship between the ideal domesticity thereby invoked and the rape then depicted exposes the sexual violence for what it is: not an external violation of the double sanctity of church and home space, but rather an internal and even intrinsic violence that reinforces and is shielded by the power structures from which normative domesticity is never separate.The only sense of home that seems to bind Kitten to her place of origin is based in her affective bonds to friends Charlie (Ruth Negga) and Lawrence (Seamus Reilly). When Lawrence is killed by a bomb, Kitten is no longer at home, and she leaves town to search for the “phantom” mother she never knew. The impetus for Kitten’s wandering, then, is connection rather than autonomy, and neither the home she leaves, nor the sense of home she seeks, are fixed structures.Mobile Homes and Queering of the Western RoadBreakfast on Pluto tracks how the oppositions that seem to structure traditional road films—such as that between home and mobility, and between domestic and open spaces—continually collapse. The film invokes the “cowboy and Indian” mythology from which the Western road narrative descends (Boyle 19), but to different ends: to capture a desire for non-heteronormative affective bonds rather than “lone ranger” autonomy, and to convey a longing for domesticity on the trail, for a home that is both mobile and open. Across the past century of Irish fiction and film, “cowboy and Indian” mythology has often intersected with queer wandering, from James Joyce’s Dubliners story “An Encounter” (1914) to Lenny Abrahamson’s film Adam & Paul (2004). In this tradition, Breakfast on Pluto queers “cowboy and Indian” iconography to convey an alternative conception of domesticity and home. The prevailing ethos in the film’s queered Western scenes is of trans-domesticity—of inclusion and care during transience and in open spaces. After bar bouncers exclude Kitten and friends because of her transgenderism and Lawrence’s Down syndrome, “The Border Knights” (hippie-bikers-cum-cowboys) ride to their rescue and bring them to their temporary home under the stars. Once settled around the campfire, the first biker shares his philosophy with a cuddled-up Kitten: “When I’m riding my hog, you think I’m riding the road? No way, man. I’m travelling from the past into the future with a druid at my back”. “Druid man or woman?” Kitten asks. “That doesn’t matter”, the biker clarifies, “What matters is the journey”. What matters is not place as fixed destination or gender as static difference, but rather the practice of travelling with open relationships to space, to time, and to others. The bikers welcome all to their fire and include both Kitten and Lawrence in their sharing of jokes and joints. The only exclusion is of reference to political violence, which Charlie’s boyfriend, Irwin (Laurence Kinlan), tries to bring into the conversation.Further, Kitten uses domesticity to try to establish a place for herself while on the road with “Billy Hatchett and The Mohawks”, the touring band that picks her up when she leaves Ma Braden’s. As Mullen notes, “Kitten literally works herself into the band by hand sewing a ‘squaw’ outfit to complement the group’s glam-rock Native American image” (Mullen 141). The duet that Kitten performs with Billy (Gavin Friday), a song about a woman inviting “a wandering man” to share the temporary shelter of her campfire, invokes trans-domesticity. But the film intercuts their performance with scenes of violent border-policing: first, by British soldiers at a checkpoint who threaten the group and boast about the “13 less to deal with” in Derry, and then by members of the Republican Prisoners Welfare Association, who throw cans at the group and yell them off stage. A number of critics have noted the postcolonial implications of Breakfast on Pluto’s use of Native American iconography, which in these intercut scenes clearly raises the national stakes of constructions of domestic belonging (see, for instance, Winston 153-71). In complementary ways, the film queers “cowboy and Indian” mythology to reimagine “mobility” and “home” together.After Kitten is forced out by the rest of the band, Billy sets her up in a caravan, a mobile home left to him by his mother. Though Billy “wouldn’t exactly call it a house”, Kitten sees in it her first chance at a Bachelardian “dream house”: she calls it a “house of dreams and longing” and cries, “Oh, to have a little house, to own the hearth, stool, and all”. Kitten ecstatically begins to tidy the place, performing what Fraiman terms a “hyper-investment in homemaking” that functions “as compensation for domestic deprivation” (20).Aisling Cormack suggests that Kitten’s hyper-investment in homemaking signals the film’s “radical disengagement with politics” to a “femininity that is inherently apolitical” (169-70). But that reading holds only if viewers assume a gendered, spatial divide between public and private, and between the political and the domestic. As Fraiman asserts, “the political meaning of fixating on domestic arrangements is more complex […] For the poor or transgendered person, the placeless immigrant or the woman on her own, aspiring to a safe, affirming home doesn’t reinforce hierarchical social relations but is pitched, precisely, against them” (20).Trans-Domesticity as Political ActEven as Kitten invokes the idea of a Bachelardian dream house, she performs a trans-domesticity that exposes the falseness of the gendered, spatial oppositions assumed to structure the normative home. Her domesticity is not an apolitical retreat; rather, it is pitched, precisely, against the violence that public/private and political/domestic oppositions enable within the house, as well as beyond it. As she cleans, Kitten discovers that violence is literally embedded in her caravan home when she finds a cache of Irish Republican Army (IRA) guns under the floor. After a bomb kills Lawrence, Kitten throws the guns into a reservoir, a defiant act that she describes to the IRA paramilitaries who come looking for the guns as “spring cleaning”. Cormack asserts that Kitten “describing her perilous destruction of the guns in terms of domestic labor” strips it “of all political significance” (179). I argue instead that it demonstrates the radical potential of trans-domesticity, of an ethos of care-taking and shelter-making asserted in public and political spaces. Kitten’s act is not apolitical, though it is decidedly anti-violence.From the beginning of Breakfast on Pluto, Kitten’s trans-domesticity exposes the violence structurally embedded in heteronormative domestic ideology. Additionally, the film’s regular juxtaposition of scenes of Kitten’s homemaking practices with scenes of political violence demonstrates that no form of domesticity functions as a private, apolitical retreat from “the minefields of this world” (McCabe x). This latter counterpoint throws into relief the political significance of Kitten’s trans-domesticity. Her domestic practices are her means of resisting and transforming the structural violence that poses an existential threat to marginalised and dispossessed people.After Kitten is accused of being responsible for an IRA bombing in London, the ruthless, violent interrogation of Kitten by British police officers begins to break down her sense of self. Throughout this brutal scene, Kitten compulsively straightens the chairs and tidies the room, and she responds to her interrogators with kindness and even affection. Fraiman’s theorisation of “extreme domesticity” helps to articulate how Kitten’s homemaking in carceral space—she calls it “My Sweet Little Cell”—is an “urgent” act that, “in the wake of dislocation”, can mean “safety, sanity, and self-expression; survival in the most basic sense” (25). Cormack reads Kitten’s reactions in this scene as “masochistic” and the male police officers’ nurturing response as of a piece with the film’s “more-feminine-than-feminine disengagement from political realities” (185-89). However, I disagree: Kitten’s trans-domesticity is a political act that both sustains her within structures that would erase her and converts officers of the state to an ethos of care and shelter. Inspector Routledge, for example, gently carries Kitten back to her cell, and after her release, PC Wallis ensures that she is safely (if not privately) housed with a cooperatively-run peep show, the address at which an atoning Father Liam locates her in London.After Kitten and a pregnant Charlie are burned out of the refuge that they temporarily find with Father Liam, Kitten and Charlie return to London, where Charlie’s baby is born soon after into the trans-domesticity that opens the film. Rejoining the story’s frame, Breakfast on Pluto ends close to where it begins: Kitten and the baby meet Charlie outside a London hospital, where Kitten sees Eily Bergin with her new son, Patrick. Instead of meeting where their paths intersect, the two families pass each other and turn in opposite directions. Kitten now knows that hers is both a different road and a different kind of home. “Home”, then, is not a place gained once and for all. Rather, home is a perpetual practice that does not separate one from the world, but can create the shelter of mutual care as one wanders through it.The Radical Potential and Structural Limits of Trans-DomesticityBreakfast on Pluto demonstrates the agency that trans-domesticity can afford in the lives of marginalised and dispossessed individuals, as well as the power of the structures that militate against its broader realisation. The radical political potential of trans-domesticity manifests in the transformation in the two police officers’ relational practices. Kitten’s trans-domesticity also inspires a reformation in Father Liam, the film’s representative of the Catholic Church and a man whose relationship to others transmutes from sexual violence and repressive secrecy to mutual nurturance and inclusive love. Although these individual conversions do not signify changes in structures of power, they do allow viewers to imagine the possibility of a state and a church that cherish, shelter, and care for all people equally. The film’s ending conveys this sense of fairy-tale-like possibility through its Disney-esque chattering birds and the bubble-gum pop song, “Sugar Baby Love”.In the end, the sense of hopefulness that closes Breakfast on Pluto coexists with the reality that dominant power structures will not recognise Kitten’s trans-domestic subjectivity and family, and that those structures will work to contain any perceived threat, just as the Catholic Church banishes the converted Father Liam to Kilburn Parish. That Kitten and Charlie nevertheless realise a clear contentment in themselves and in their made family demonstrates the vital importance of trans-domesticity and other forms of “extreme domesticity” in the lives of those who wander.ReferencesAgnew, John. “Home Ownership and Identity in Capitalist Societies.” Housing and Identity: Cross Cultural Perspectives. Ed. James S. Duncan. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982. 60–97.Bachelard, Gaston. The Poetics of Space. 1957. Trans. Maria Jolas. 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