Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Glassware mold"

The author studies the collection of glassware of the 8th–10thcenturies, found in the medieval town of Shamkir, which is located in the western region of the Republic of Azerbaijan. On a functional basis, this collection is represented by tableware, perfumery and drugstore dishes. Drinking vessels prevail among tableware. Perfumery and pharmaceutical utensils are represented mainly by samples of bottles. In the manufacture of glassware, various manufacturing techniques were used, in particular, blowing into a mold and free blasting. The techniques of stretching, welding, polishing, grinding were also used. Glassware of Shamkir belongs to the chemical class Na–Ca–Si with a predominance of the type Na (K)–Ca(Mg)–Al–Si. Most of the glass vessels were decorated with relief geometric ornaments in the form of ovals, circles, and radiating figures, "vortical rosette", "honeycomb" ornaments. The rich raw material resources, professional traditions and innovations which existed here created favorable conditions for the development of glassware production. In the everyday life glassware for various purposes was widely used. Material evidences testify to a great shift in the glass production of Shamkir in the 8th–10th centuries and the production of glassware had a prominent role in the city's economy.

Slumping molds or sagging molds are utilized for shaping glassware containers and many kinds of slumped glass products from glass plates. In Thailand, a large number of slumped glass factories use such molds in their production because slumping process is easy and cheap; however, the major cost of this process is slumping molds. They are imported from other countries and are expensive. In this research, slumping molds are created from local raw materials using the basic method to reduce the cost of the production. One of proper materials for making slumping mold is refractory mortar which can be easily formed into various shapes and sizes. Consequently, it is interesting to prepare slumping molds from refractory mortar. In this study, the effect of different sources of alumina (calcined alumina and aluminum sludge) and soaking time on the properties of the refractory mortar were investigated. Dolomite clay, milled sand and white portland cement were mixed with sources of alumina in distilled water to form pastes. Super plasticizer was added to the pastes to adjust flow ability. Plastic containers were used as molds for specimen forming. Specimens were cured at room temperature for 24 hours and dried in air for 24 hours. After that specimens were dried in an oven at 110 °C for 24 hours and then fired at 1100 °C. The result showed that the suitable condition for making slumping mold is to use calcined alumina as a source of alumina with soaking temperature of 1100 °C for 4 hours. The physical properties, chemical properties and thermal properties were discussed.

A unique find of four clay molds for making glass vessels was found during archaeological researches of the site on the Naberezhno-Khreshchatitska str., 21 (Kyiv Podil) in 2007. The excavations both on the street itself and on the bordering areas revealed the existence here of a large handicraft quarter with economic and production objects dated to the 11th and 12th centuries. Location of the studied site near the waterway (Dnieper River) was convenient for placing here fire-hazardous productions, such as glass-making workshops. On the site, remains of the construction of the furnace in the form of large pieces of vitrified clay and fragments of plinth form bricks were fixed. Numerous pieces of glass were found, as well as fragments of glassware, mainly those of bracelets and vessels. Among another finds there were such glass ornaments as beads and rings, and one inset for the ring. Among the ceramic material from the investigated complex, there were four clay molds for forming glass vessels. The molds were of bowl-like form and had a ribbed inner surface, made by hand. It is worthy to note that among the products there were two fragments of glass bottoms with ribbed outer surfaces, which could be made in such molds. Vessels with ribbed walls appear on the territory of Ancient Rus’ from the second half of the 12th century. Chemical analyzes of glass mass taken from the complex showed that samples could be identified as lead-potassium Ancient Rus’ glass. Glassware, certain materials (molds for glass vessels, crucibles, pieces of lead), allow to connect the excavated complex with glass-making production.

Abstract The sources of hydrocarbons in crude palm kernel oil were investigated by a series of laboratory-controlled oil extractions of kernels of varying quality. Site examinations of palm kernel-crushing plants were also conducted to determine possible sources of hydrocarbon contamination of palm kernels throughout the process of kernel extraction. Parallel to these studies, a random survey of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) produced by different kernel crushers was also carried out to determine the range of hydrocarbon concentrations in locally produced CPKO. This study showed that hydrocarbons can be picked up from sources such as glassware, extracting apparatus, and plastic containers and stoppers. Extraction of oil from low-quality kernels that were both moldy and rancid, broken kernels, and kernels plus added shells also resulted in a higher hydrocarbon level in the final CPKO. Overheating and cooking of the kernels before extraction also contributed to the overall hydrocarbon content. The random survey of hydrocarbon level showed a range of 0.6–7.1 ppm.

Dans les procédés soufflé-soufflé et pressé-soufflé de fabrication du verre creux (principalement les bouteilles et flacons), les moules ébaucheurs et finisseurs sont lubrifiés régulièrement et manuellement avec une graisse graphitée pour améliorer l'insertion de la paraison et limiter le collage entre le verre visqueux et le moule métallique. Le dépôt d'un revêtement autolubrifié en composite sur les surfaces des moules est envisagé par la société Chpolansky pour protéger le moule de l'oxydation, améliorer le contact verre/métal et réduire, voire supprimer le graissage, source de défauts, rebus et pollution environnementale. La projection sur un substrat en fonte à graphite lamellaire, par cold spray, d'un revêtement composite à matrice métallique NiCr-TiO2 est étudiée. Les analyses microstructurales et mécaniques confirment que le revêtement respecte le cahier des charges industriel. L'additif TiO2 est correctement retenu dans la matrice NiCr et le revêtement ne présente pas de défauts rédhibitoires (fissures ou porosités) dans son état brut de projection. Des essais de vieillissement ont montré que l'environnement d'air chaud (T entre 500°C et 900°C) n'altère pas la qualité du revêtement et empêche l'oxydation du substrat. C'est une protection efficace dans l'environnement verrier. Dans la couche NiCr-TiO2, les essais de vieillissement provoquent l'oxydation de la matrice, des effets de carburation et la recristallisation des splats de NiCr. L'analyse de l'étalement de gouttes de verre sur deux lots d'échantillons avec des qualités de surfaces différentes a démontré que les défauts du revêtement, générés par le procédé cold spray, sont très limitant pour le contact verre/métal. Avec un état de surface correct, à ce niveau d'étude, les performances d'étalement du verre sur le revêtement cold spray restent légèrement inférieures à celle de la référence, c'est-à-dire la fonte graissée
Nowadays, glassware molds (blank or final) for container manufacturing by blow and blow process or press and blow process are frequently and manually lubricated with graphite-based grease in order to facilitate the glass gob insertion onto the molds and avoid glass sticking on the metallic glass walls. Chpolansky Company studies the feasibility of self-lubrification composite coating mold surface to protect the mold from oxidation, to improve metal/glass contact and reduce or stop greasing. This greasing is poorly controlled and causes defects in production, and environment contamination. Cold spray coating of a Metallic Matrix Composite NiCr-TiO2 onto cast iron substrate is the material of study. Analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties showed that the coating respects industrial requirements. TiO2 additive is correctly inserted into the NiCr matrix. Small amount of porosity and no cracks are observed in as-sprayed condition. Ageing treatment at temperature between 500°C and 900°C does not modify coating quality but causes oxidation of NiCr, carburation, and recrystallisation of NiCr splats. This coating can protect glassware molds in glass container production process. Glass drop spreading analysis is lead on two batches of coated samples with two different surface quality. Tests put in evidence the limiting effect of defects generated by the cold spray process for glass/metal contact. With a good surface condition, glass spreading results on the cold spray layer remains inferior to spreading on greased cast iron reference

Hundreds of fragmentary glass cups preserve labeled representations of the empire’s leading sports stars, especially charioteers and gladiators. This mold-blown glassware illustrates how imagery common on popular terracotta plaques and lamps was adapted for upright translucent vessel walls. Comparing scenes reveals an important difference: whereas chariots are shown racing around the track’s monument-filled dividing line, gladiators compete without any indication of setting. When the cups are glimpsed at a utilitarian angle (45 degrees), they represent the events as they appeared from inclined stands and conjure the visual experience of spectacular entertainment. Most examples have been documented in the northwest provinces; in funerary, religious, and domestic contexts; and in places that did necessarily possess sports venues. Previously considered tools of Romanization or mementoes brought home from games, they were more likely commodities that found success in a competitive market for tableware by offering virtual experiences of the games in miniature.