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1
Zhang, Wenfu, Cuicui Wang, Shaohua Gu, Haixia Yu, Haitao Cheng, and Ge Wang. "Physical-Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fiber Composites Using Filament Winding." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 29, 2021): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172913.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to study the performance of the bamboo fiber composites prepared by filament winding, composites reinforced with jute fiber and glass fiber were used as control samples. The structure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated by scanning electric microscope (SEM), tensile testing, bending testing, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results demonstrated that the bamboo fiber composites exhibited lower density (0.974 g/cm3) and mechanical properties in comparison of to fiber composite and glass fiber composite, because the inner tissue structure of bamboo fiber was preserved without resin adsorbed into the cell cavity of fibrous parenchyma. The bamboo fibers in composites were pulled out, while the fibers in the surface of composites were torn, resulting in the lowest mechanical performance of bamboo fiber composites. The glass transition temperature of twisting bamboo fiber Naval Ordnance Laboratory (TBF-NOL) composite (165.89 °C) was the highest in general, which indicated that the TBF circumferential composite had the best plasticizing properties and better elasticity, the reason being that the fiber-reinforced epoxy circumferential composite interface joint is a physical connection, which restricts the movement of the molecular chain of the epoxy matrix, making the composite have a higher storage modulus (6000 MPa). In addition, The TBF-NOL had the least frequency dependence, and the circumferential composite prepared by TBF had the least performance variability. Therefore, the surface and internal structures of the bamboo fiber should be further processed and improved by decreasing the twisting bamboo fiber (TBF) diameter and increasing the specific surface area of the TBF and joint surface between fibers and resin, to improve the comprehensive properties of bamboo fiber composites.
2
Anwar, Miftahul, Indro Cahyono Sukmaji, Wisnu R. Wijang, and Kuncoro Diharjo. "Application of Carbon Fiber-Based Composite for Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 896 (February 2014): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the present work, we study how to improve mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) in order to increase crashworthiness probability. Experimentally, hybrid carbon /glass fiber composite was made in order to get higher mechanical properties. As a results, with increasing carbon fiber volume fraction (% vol.), tensile strength and flexural strength of the composite are increased. Simulation of impact testing is also performed using data properties taken from the experiment with variation of impact forces on front bumper structure. By varying external load to the bumper, the result shows that higher thickness of hybrid carbon/glass fiber composite has always smaller stress values than thinner one. On the other hand, the displacement of hybrid carbon/glass car bumper increases linearly with increasing external load.
3
Anjana, R., Asha Krishnan, Tresa Sunitha George, and K. E. George. "Polypropylene/High Density Polyethylene/Glass Fibre/Nanokaolinite Clay Composites - A Novel Material for Light Weight Manufacturing Systems." Advanced Materials Research 816-817 (September 2013): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.816-817.96.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (PE) and are two widely used standard plastics which can be combined to give attractive properties. In this study a selected blend of these plastics is further modified by incorporating nanokaolinite clay and e-glass fibre into the matrix, thereby converting the blend into a fibre-nanomaterial-reinforced-plastic (FNRP). In this manner the PP-PE blend can be upgraded for more critical applications requiring strength and light weight. Melt compounding technique was used to prepare FNRP and samples for testing were prepared by injection molding. Most reports suggest that kaolinite clay, though cheap and abundantly available is difficult to disperse in polymer matrix compared to costly montmorillonite clay. This difficulty is overcome by surface modification of nanokaolinite clay by an organic group and the effect is studied using mechanical properties, thermal stability, dynamic mechanical and rheological behavior. Morphological characterization is done by scanning electron microscopy. This study shows that nanoclay and e-glass fibre synergistically modify PP-PE blend. The resulting composite can be preferentially utilized for manufacturing parts of space crafts, ships, submarines etc.
4
Spina, Roberto, and Bruno Cavalcante. "Hygromechanical Performance of Polyamide Specimens Made with Fused Filament Fabrication." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152401.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The material performance of polyamide (PA) samples made with fused filament fabrication (FFF) was analyzed. The authors implemented a well-structured framework to identify the filaments main properties before processing them and characterizing the printed samples. Unfilled and glass-fiber reinforced PA were investigated, focusing on moisture absorption and its effects on dimensional stability and mechanical performance. The properties were collected using differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, whereas the specimens were characterized by employing compression tests. This framework allowed for the moisture determination, as well as the influence of the moisture absorption. A significant impact was detected for the glass-fiber reinforced PA, with a decrease in the dimensional and mechanical performance. The novelty of this study was to define a well-structured framework for testing the moisture influence of FFF components.
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Rajmohan, T., K. Mohan, and K. Palanikumar. "Synthesis and Characterization of Multi Wall Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Filled Hybrid Banana-Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.193.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite (NFRC) are used by replacing Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Composites (SFRC) because of its poor reusability, recycling, bio degradability. Even though NFRC are lack in thermal stability, strength degradation, water absorption and poor impact properties. The hybridization and nanoparticles mixed in different polymers are used to improve mechanical and wear properties of the polymer composites. In the present investigation Multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) dispersed in Epoxy resin using ultrasonic bath sonicator are used as matrix face for hybrid banana-Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics composite materials which is manufactured by compression molding processes. As per ASTM standards tensile, compression tests are carried out by using Universal Testing Machine. Microstructure of samples are investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDS). SEM shows the homogeneous distribution of the fiber in the modified polymer matrix. The results indicated that the increase in weight % of MWCNT improves the mechanical properties of MWCNT filled hybrid natural fiber composites.
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Кычкин, А. А., А. Г. Туисов, Е. М. Максимова, А. К. Кычкин, М. П. Лебедев, and П. Н. Тарасова. "Effect of silicon carbide reinforcement of polymer matrix com-posite on properties of glass fiber reinforced plastic rods." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 2(42) (April 30, 2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2022.42.2.006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Для исследования влияния модифицирования полимерной матрицы карбидом кремния (КК) на свойства стеклопластиков были изготовлены стержни диаметром 5,5мм на базе ООО «Бийский Завод Стеклопластиков» (ООО «БЗС»). Стержень, армированный стекловолокном, изготавливался методом протяжки согласно ТУ 2296-009-20994511-2011. В качестве полимерной матрицы использовали связующее на основе эпоксидной смолы с добавлением дисперсного порошка карбида кремния от 0,25% до 1% масс/частиц. Для определения физико-механических характеристик стеклопластиковых стержней проводились испытания на растяжение и сдвиг вдоль волокон. Исследования микроструктуры проводили с помощью растровой электронной микроскопии. Полученные результаты испытаний были проанализированы и показали, что образцы стеклопластиковых стержней, полученные с использованием модифицированной полимерной матрицы добавкой карбидом кремния (КК), показывают увеличение напряжения сдвига вдоль волокон, предела прочности и модуля упругости при растяжении. To study the effect of silicon carbide (SiC) reinforcement of polymer matrix composite, 5.5 mm glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) rods were manufactured at the LLC Bijsk Fiberglass Factory (LLC BFF). Glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite (PMC) was manufactured by pultrusion according to the technical specifications TU 2296-009-20994511-2011. The polymer matrix composite used to manufacture sample glass fiber plastic rods is an epoxy resin, an amine accelerator, an isomethyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride hardener with 0.25 to 1 wt.% dispersed silicon carbide particles. The tensile and longitudinal shear strength testing was performed to determine physico-mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced rods. Microstructure was studies using scanning electron microscopy. The analysis of testing results showed that the sample glass fiber reinforced plastic rods manufactured using silicon carbide reinforced polymer matrix composite demonstrate increased longitudinal shear stress, ultimate tensile strength, and the modulus of elasticity in tension.
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Mühlich, Mona, Edith A. González, Larissa Born, Axel Körner, Lena Schwill, Götz T. Gresser, and Jan Knippers. "Deformation Behavior of Elastomer-Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastics in Dependence of Pneumatic Actuation." Biomimetics 6, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6030043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper aims to define the influencing design criteria for compliant folding mechanisms with pneumatically actuated hinges consisting of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). Through simulation and physical testing, the influence of stiffness, hinge width as well as variation of the stiffness, in the flaps without changing the stiffness in the hinge zone, was evaluated. Within a finite element model software, a workflow was developed for simulations, in order to infer mathematical models for the prediction of mechanical properties and the deformation behavior as a function of the aforementioned parameters. In conclusion, the bending angle increases with decreasing material stiffness and with increasing hinge width, while it is not affected by the flap stiffness itself. The defined workflow builds a basis for the development of a predictive model for the deformation behavior of FRPs.
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Bhedasgaonkar, Rahul. "Manufacturing and Mechanical Properties Testing of Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 2390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43877.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: A composite material is a materials system made up of two or more micro or macro elements with different forms and chemical compositions that are largely insoluble in one another. It basically comprises of two phases: matrix and fiber. Polymers, ceramics, and metals such as nylon, glass, graphite, Aluminium oxide, boron, and aluminium are examples of fibres. In the present research work epoxy is used as matrix and Bamboo, Sugarcane Bagasse and Coconut fibre are used as fibres for preparing the composites. In the preparation of specimen, the fibre as taken as a continuous fibre. The fibre is treated with NaOH solution. Hybrid natural fibre reinforced composites of bamboo, sugarcane baggase and coconut coir has been prepared using hand lay-up process of composite manufacturing. These hybrid composites were tested for determining their tensile and impact strengths. Results of mechanical testing reveals that the tensile strength of Bamboo- Bagasse hybrid composite is more compared to other composites. Taking into consideration of enhanced tensile and impact strength of bamboo-bagasse hybrid natural fibre polymer composite, we recommend the use of hybrid bamboo-bagasse composite in manufacturing of automotive bodies. Because of their unique characteristics of recyclability, waste utilization, biodegradability, good strength, and a viable alternative to plastics, these composites can be used for a variety of applications
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Worku, Biruk Gedif, and Tessera Alemneh Wubieneh. "Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials from Waste Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Reinforced with Glass Fibers and Waste Window Glass." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021 (September 29, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3320226.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After primary uses of the plastic product, most developing countries like Ethiopia are facing a shortage of postconsumer disposal waste sites and it became a very serious problem on environmental pollution due to its nonbiodegradable nature. For this reason, regenerating and using the waste product as resources and reducing environmental pollutions are a great opportunity. This research is aimed at the manufacturing of composite materials from waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles reinforced with glass fibers and filled with waste glass powder for floor tile applications. The tile composites were prepared by the melt-mixing method followed by compression molding. The effect of filler, fiber, and PET matrix loading on the composite was investigated using their tensile, compression, and flexural strength tests. The sample was characterized using a universal testing machine. PerkinElmer FTIR instrument was also used. For this, eleven samples prepared by varying the glass fiber weight % from 0 to 10, PET matrix weight % from 70 to 85, and glass powder filler weight % from 5 to 20. The measurement results of the composite were maximum tensile strength (81.625 MPa) and flexural strength (1067.59 MPa) recorded at 10%weight of glass fiber, 85% weight of PET matrix, and 5%weight of window glass filler. The maximum compressive strength is 1876.14 MPa at 10% weight glass fiber, 70 wt% PET matrix, and 20 wt% window glass filler. Based on this, the tensile strength and flexural strength increased with increased weight % of glass fiber and decreased with increased window glass filler. The FTIR spectrum shows some of the groups that have been removed from the recycled PET; this explains the brittleness of the recycled PET as compared to the waste bottle PET. The microstructure was uniformly distributed, and the material became opaque, probably because the decrease in chain length improves chain packing, increasing the crystallinity degree and crystal size.
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Song, You, Jiangang Deng, Zhuolin Xu, Yu Nie, and Zhenbo Lan. "Effect of Thermal Aging on Mechanical Properties and Color Difference of Glass Fiber/Polyetherimide (GF/PEI) Composites." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research study is aimed at evaluating the mechanical characteristics in terms of tensile strength and flexural strength of glass fiber reinforced Polyetherimide (GF/PEI) under different thermal aging. Tensile testing and bending testing were performed on the thermally aged polyetherimide composites. The mechanical properties of the thermally aged samples were also correlated with their color difference. The experimental results showed that both the tensile strength and flexural strength of the GF/PEI composite samples decreased with increasing aging temperature. However, the elastic modulus of the composite samples is nearly independent on the thermal aging. The thermally aged samples exhibited brittle fracture, resulting in low strength and low ductility. The loss in strength after thermal aging could be also linked to the change of their color difference, which can indirectly reflect the change of the strength for the composites after thermal aging.
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Fan, Wei, Jia-lu Li, Shun-hou Fan, Xu Liu, Run-jun Sun, Jia-guang Meng, and Cheng-kun Liu. "Random process model of mechanical property degradation in carbon fiber-reinforced plastics under thermo-oxidative aging." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 9 (October 13, 2016): 1253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316672089.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics used in aerospace are vulnerable to degradation under thermo-oxidative aging conditions. However, it is hard to establish a mechanical property prediction model for carbon fiber-reinforced plastics from thermo-oxidative aging mechanism point of view since the thermo-oxidative aging degradation processes are very complex. A mathematical model was proposed based on the theory of stochastic processes for predicting mechanical property degradation of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics under thermo-oxidative aging conditions in the present work. However, the predicted values calculated by the “random process model” were not in good agreement with experimental data. And then a “modified random process model” (namely a wider random process model) was established through Box–Cox transformation for random process model. The verification of the evaluation model showed that the modified random process model can nicely describe the mechanical performance degradation of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics with the increasing of aging time under certain aging temperatures. As the modified random process model was established without limiting the reinforced structure of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics, the described method provides an opportunity to rapidly predict the mechanical properties and the lifetime of any carbon fiber-reinforced plastics by testing the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics before and after aging for a short period of time.
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Sabarinathan, P., VE Annamalai, K. Rajkumar, and K. Vishal. "Effects of recovered brown alumina filler loading on mechanical, hygrothermal and thermal properties of glass fiber–reinforced epoxy polymer composite." Polymers and Polymer Composites 29, no. 9_suppl (September 23, 2021): S1092—S1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911211046780.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigates the efficiency of recovered brown alumina (RBA) particles filled in epoxy glass-fiber composites. The RBA particles were obtained from grinding wheel rejects with the help of the mechanical crushing process. Recovered particles finer than 120 grit were used as particulate filler for composite preparation. Composites were processed through a hand-layup technique by varying RBA filler loading percentages (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) in a glass fiber–reinforced epoxy matrix. Physical, mechanical, water absorption, and thermal properties of the composites were tested experimentally. By suitable addition of RBA, it is possible to tailor the shore-D hardness, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and maximum degradation temperature. The 20%-filled RBA composite shows the maximum flexural strength of 382 MPa, and the shore-D hardness value was 85. The fracture surface shows a failure mechanism dominated by matrix cracking and debonding of fiber/particles from the interface. Hygrothermal testing of the RBA20-filled composite reveals 9% and 4% reduction in tensile and flexural properties. The thermal stability of the glass fiber–reinforced composite improves as the filler percentage increases. Maximum thermal stability of 435°C was observed in 20%-filled RBA polymer composite.
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Jamshaid, Hafsa, Rajesh Mishra, Muhammad Zeeshan, Bilal Zahid, Sikandar Abbas Basra, Martin Tichy, and Miroslav Muller. "Mechanical Performance of Knitted Hollow Composites from Recycled Cotton and Glass Fibers for Packaging Applications." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142381.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research deals with the development of knitted hollow composites from recycled cotton fibers (RCF) and glass fibers (GF). These knitted hollow composites can be used for packaging of heavy weight products and components in aircrafts, marine crafts, automobiles, civil infrastructure, etc. They can also be used in medical prosthesis or in sports equipment. Glass fiber-based hollow composites can be used as an alternative to steel or wooden construction materials for interior applications. Developed composite samples were subjected to hardness, compression, flexural, and impact testing. Recycled cotton fiber, which is a waste material from industrial processes, was chosen as an ecofriendly alternative to cardboard-based packaging material. The desired mechanical performance of knitted hollow composites was achieved by changing the tube diameter and/or thickness. Glass fiber-reinforced knitted hollow composites were compared with RC fiber composites. They exhibited substantially higher compression strength as compared to cotton fiber-reinforced composites based on the fiber tensile strength. However, RC fiber-reinforced hollow composites showed higher compression modulus as compared to glass fiber-based composites due to much lower deformation during compression loading. Compression strength of both RCF- and GF-reinforced hollow composites decreases with increasing tube diameter. The RCF-based hollow composites were further compared with double-layered cardboard packaging material of similar thickness. It was observed that cotton-fiber-reinforced composites show higher compression strength, as well as compression modulus, as compared to the cardboard material of similar thickness. No brittle failure was observed during the flexural test, and samples with smaller tube diameter exhibited higher stiffness. The flexural properties of glass fiber-reinforced composites were compared with RCF composites. It was observed that GF composites exhibit superior flexural properties as compared to the cotton fiber-based samples. Flexural strength of RC fiber-reinforced hollow composites was also compared to that of cardboard packaging material. The composites from recycled cotton fibers showed substantially higher flexural stiffness as compared to double-layered cardboard material. Impact energy absorption was measured for GF and RCF composites, as well as cardboard material. All GF-reinforced composites exhibited higher absorption of impact energy as compared to RCF-based samples. Significant increase in absorption of impact energy was achieved by the specimens with higher tube thickness in the case of both types of reinforcing fibers. By comparing the impact performance of cotton fiber-based composites with cardboard packaging material, it was observed that the RC fiber-based hollow composites absorb much higher impact energy as compared to the cardboard-based packaging material. The current paper summarizes a comparative analysis of mechanical performance in the case of glass fiber-reinforced hollow composites vis-à-vis recycled cotton fiber-reinforced hollow composites. The use of recycled fibers is a positive step in the direction of ecofriendly materials and waste utilization. Their performance is compared with commercial packaging material for a possible replacement and reducing burden on the environment.
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Saidane, El Hadi, Gilles Arnold, Pascal Louis, and Marie-José Pac. "3D printed continuous glass fibre-reinforced polyamide composites: Fabrication and mechanical characterisation." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 41, no. 7-8 (October 31, 2021): 284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07316844211051746.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fused Filament Fabrication is a very common additive manufacturing technology and several manufacturers have developed commercial 3D-printers that enable the use of fibre-reinforced filaments in order to improve the mechanical properties of the printed parts. The obtained material is a composite that exhibits complex mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to characterize the mechanical behaviour of 3D-printed continuous glass fibre-reinforced polyamide composites. In a first step, we focus on the reinforced filament: the heterogeneity of its microstructure is evidenced as well as its brittle elastic tensile behaviour. In a second step, parts of different fibre orientations and fibre volume contents are manufactured using a Mark Two 3D-printer (MarkForged®), their microstructure is analysed and tensile, flexural and short beam bending tests are performed. As expected, the results show a significant influence of fibre volume content and fibre orientation. Standard homogenization methods are used to compare the predicted mechanical behaviour to the experimental results. Regarding the elastic stiffness, a good correlation is observed when the material is loaded in the direction of the fibres. Regarding the tensile strength, the results show that no benefit is obtained above a fibre volume content of about 11%. These results highlight the importance of choosing an optimised stacking sequence prior to the printing process, in order to obtain composites with the desired mechanical properties. The mechanical results are analysed in the light of Scanning Electron Microscopy observations of specimen cross-sections before and after testing.
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Lin, Jeng-Shyong. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Tensile Strength of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 5 (July 2003): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100503.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Improvement of the interfacial adhesion by heat treatment of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composite was studied. Polypropylene blended with glass fibres was injection-molded. The molded parts were heat treated at various temperatures for various times. Characterization of the mechanical properties of the resulting samples was performed including measurement of the critical fibre length, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the critical fibre length increases while the tensile strength decreases with increasing testing temperature. At 25 and 80°C, heat treatment can improve the tensile strength. At or above 120°C, certain treatment conditions cause the tensile strength to drop significantly.
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Khalili, Pooria, Mikael Skrifvars, and Ahmet Semih Ertürk. "Fabrication: Mechanical Testing and Structural Simulation of Regenerated Cellulose Fabric Elium® Thermoplastic Composite System." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 2969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172969.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Regenerated cellulose fibres are an important part of the forest industry, and they can be used in the form of fabrics as reinforcement materials. Similar to the natural fibres (NFs), such as flax, hemp and jute, that are widely used in the automotive industry, these fibres possess good potential to be used for semi-structural applications. In this work, the mechanical properties of regenerated cellulose fabric-reinforced poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) (Elium®) composite were investigated and compared with those of its natural fibre composite counterparts. The developed composite demonstrated higher tensile strength and ductility, as well as comparable flexural properties with those of NF-reinforced epoxy and Elium® composite systems, whereas the Young’s modulus was lower. The glass transition temperature demonstrated a value competitive (107.7 °C) with that of other NF composites. Then, the behavior of the bio-composite under bending and loading was simulated, and a materials model was used to simulate the behavior of a car door panel in a flexural scenario. Modelling can contribute to predicting the structural behavior of the bio-based thermoplastic composite for secondary applications, which is the aim of this work. Finite element simulations were performed to assess the deflection and force transfer mechanism for the car door interior.
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Van den Abeele, F., and M. Di Biagio. "Design of crack arrestors for ultra high grade gas transmission pipelines: material selection, testing and modelling." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 2, no. 2 (November 6, 2011): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v2i2.20527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the major challenges in the design of ultra high grade (X100) gas pipelines is the identification of areliable crack propagation strategy. Recent research results have shown that the newly developed highstrength and large diameter gas pipelines, when operated at severe conditions, may not be able to arrest arunning ductile crack through pipe material properties. Hence, the use of crack arrestors is required in thedesign of safe and reliable pipeline systems.A conventional crack arrestor can be a high toughness pipe insert, or a local joint with higher wall thickness.According to experimental results of full-scale burst tests, composite crack arrestors are one of the mostpromising technologies. Such crack arrestors are made of fibre reinforced plastics which provide the pipewith an additional hoop constraint. In this paper, the material selection, testing and modelling for the designof composite crack arrestors is presented.First, an overview of the most commonly used (integral and non-integral) crack arrestors is given, indicatingthat fibre reinforced devices are one the most promising solutions to arrest running fractures. Then, materialcharacterization of unidirectional fibre glass reinforced epoxy is addressed to measure the orthotropicproperties of this composite material. Traditional mechanical characterization is compared with a nondestructive testing method to measure the elastic constants of the composite material. In the end,micromechanics of fibre reinforced plastics is applied to predict the material properties. The theoreticalpredictions are compared with experimental values.In an accompanying paper, numerical tools to simulate crack initiation, propagation and arrest for this typeof crack arrestors are introduced. The combination of numerical simulation and experimental researchallows deriving design guidelines for composite crack arrestors.
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Li, Zhaoqian, Xiaodong Zhou, and Chonghua Pei. "Effect of Sisal Fiber Surface Treatment on Properties of Sisal Fiber Reinforced Polylactide Composites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/803428.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mechanical properties of composites are strongly influenced by the quality of the fiber/matrix interface. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of polylactide (PLA) composites as a function of modification of sisal fiber with two different macromolecular coupling agents. Sisal fiber reinforced polylactide composites were prepared by injection molding, and the properties of composites were studied by static/dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results from mechanical testing revealed that surface-treated sisal fiber reinforced composite offered superior mechanical properties compared to untreated fiber reinforced polylactide composite, which indicated that better adhesion between sisal fiber and PLA matrix was achieved. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations also showed that surface modifications improved the adhesion of the sisal fiber/polylactide matrix.
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Lin, Jeng-Shyong. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Impact Strength of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene." Polymers and Polymer Composites 10, no. 8 (November 2002): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110201000804.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The improvement of the interfacial adhesion of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composites by heat treatment was studied. Polypropylene blended with short glass fibres was injection moulded. The moulded specimens were heat treated at various temperatures and for various times. Characterization of the mechanical properties of the samples was performed, including measurement of the critical fibre length. Impact tests were performed. The fracture surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the impact strength increased with the testing temperature. At 25°C, the impact strength was dominated by the fibre fracture mechanism. At temperatures above 120°C, it was strongly influenced by the PP matrix. At higher temperatures, the impact strength increased significantly because of the formation of extra cracks.
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Bakošová, Dana, and Alžbeta Bakošová. "Testing of Rubber Composites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted growing interest as a filler in rubber nanocomposites due to their mechanical and electrical properties. In this study, the mechanical properties of a NR/BR/IR/SBR compound reinforced with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), tensile tests, hardness tests, and a dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA). The tested materials differed in SWCNT content (1.00–2.00 phr) and were compared with a reference compound without the nanofiller. AFM was used to obtain the topography and spectroscopic curves based on which local elasticity was characterized. The results of the tensile and hardness tests showed a reinforcing effect of the SWCNTs. It was observed that an addition of 2.00 phr of the SWCNTs resulted in increases in tensile strength by 9.5%, Young’s modulus by 15.44%, and hardness by 11.18%, while the elongation at break decreased by 8.39% compared with the reference compound. The results of the temperature and frequency sweep DMA showed higher values of storage and loss moduli, as well as lower values of tangent of phase angle, with increasing SWCNT content.
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Jiang, Ming, Feng Shen, Jinhai Guo, Bin Dong, Guanghui Wang, and Guangjun Zhang. "Design, molding, manufacturing and testing of wave-transparent functional composite missile wings." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2383, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2383/1/012029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, a fiber-reinforced resin matrix composite missile wing with a wave-transparent function is studied, which has the function of wave-transparent and meets the requirements of the mechanical properties of the missile during flight, and the missile wing structure is made of aluminum alloy, carbon fiber composite material, and glass fiber composite material, and the weight reduction is about 30.3% compared with the overall aluminum alloy structure of the missile wing. In the design process, the finite element simulation method is used, the plastic deformation of aluminum alloy is fully considered, and the antenna is built into the airfoil of glass fiber composite material, which successfully realizes the wave-transparent function of the missile wing and provides a new design idea for the composite wing.
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Zhang, Xingguo, Bin Ya, Bingkun Huang, Bingwen Zhou, Leizhen Pei, and Fei Jia. "Study on preparation and properties of carbon nanotubes/hollow glass microspheres/epoxy syntactic foam." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2016-0001.
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Abstract Hollow glass microspheres (HGMs)/epoxy syntactic foam reinforced by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was prepared in this study. The effect of MWCNTs on the density, mechanical properties and water absorption of HGMs/epoxy syntactic foam was investigated. Because of the low density and low content of MWCNTs, the density of HGMs/epoxy syntactic foam does not change much with adding MWCNTs. In addition, the compression strength of HGMs/epoxy is enhanced by 17–25% when adding 0.3 wt% MWCNTs. The fracture surfaces of specimens were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and results indicated that the bridging effect of MWCNTs is the reinforcement mechanism. Analyzing the water absorption testing results, it is concluded that MWCNTs may decrease the water absorption content due to the hydrophobicity. Bigger inorganic ions in salt water could prevent the water diffusion, which results in a decrease of water absorption. In addition, the water absorption rate decreases with the extension of testing time.
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Mayana, Pachakhan, G. Kavyasree, P. Lakshmi Narasimhulu, SG Althaf Hussain, E. Maheshwar Reddy, and N. Syman. "Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization of Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy with CFA and SiC." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract From early history, builders, manufacturers, and engineers continued to develop composites of wide assortments of materials. Furthermore, chemical upheaval changed the composite development of plastics such as polyvinyl, polystyrene, etc., and reinforcement was reinforced essential to provide strength and rigidity. At present composites finds many applications in every aspects of day to day life. The utilization of raw materials like coal, baggase and agricultural wastes are used in large scales in industries for power generation and food production. The utilization of these fuels causing huge environmental pollution liberating in the form of ashes. These ashes can be utilized in effective way for manufacturing and structural applications with their incorporation in polymer matrix composites. To enhance the mechanical properties and in reducing the manufacturing cost, these industrial wastes plays a major role. The present research work mainly focuses on the influence of Coal Fly Ash (CFA), Silicon Carbide (SiC) and a mixture of CFA & SiC as filler materials on the mechanical behavior of Epoxy Glass fiber composite. Various types of composites are fabricated by manual hand lay-up process with varying weight percentages of the filler materials and epoxy resin as matrix material. The filler materials weight proportions are taken as 5%, 10% and 15%. The prepared composites are cut into tests specimen as per the ASTM standards of mechanical characterization. The mechanical properties of the composites (like Tensile strength (ASTM D3039/D3039M: 2017), Flexural strength (ASTM D790: 2015), Impact strength (ASTM D 229 el: 2019), Interlaminar shear strength (ASTM D2240: 2015), Hardness (ASTM D2240: 2015)) are determined by using corresponding testing machines and it is observed that the properties exhibited by the composites are enhanced with the incorporation of CFA, SiC & mixture of CFA and SiC when compared with the unfilled composites. So, these composites are considered a multifunctional composite material where the individual fillers are used in some applications and the combined proportions are used in different applications. They replace the existing materials that are very high in cost and cause more pollution at the time of manufacturing. These composites give the ability to improve and increase the efficiency, autonomy, and life expectancy of a structure.
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Zhu, Jihua, Yangjian Deng, Piyu Chen, Gang Wang, Hongguang Min, and Wujun Fang. "Prediction of Long-Term Tensile Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites under Acid-Base and Salt Environments." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 3031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153031.
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This study investigates the effects of deionized water, seawater, and solutions with various concentrations (5% and 10% by mass) of HCl and NaOH on the physical and mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRPs) through aging tests at 20 °C, 50 °C, and 80 °C. The tensile properties of GFRP were assessed by tensile testing at room temperature, and the strain during the tensile process was observed using digital image correlation. Additionally, the degradation mechanism was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, and long-term tensile properties were predicted based on the Arrhenius model. The results indicated that the tensile strength of the GFRP decreased by 22%, 71%, and 87% after 56 d of exposure to 5% NaOH solutions at 20 °C, 50 °C, and 80 °C, respectively. The alkaline solutions had a more severe effect on the GFRP than deionized water, seawater, and acidic solutions. The experimental values and Arrhenius model predictions were found to be in good agreement with each other.
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Niranjan, Raja R., S. Junaid Kokan, R. Sathya Narayanan, S. Rajesh, V. M. Manickavasagam, and B. Vijaya Ramnath. "Fabrication and Testing of Abaca Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Automotive Applications." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.63.
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The natural fibre composite materials are nowadays playing a vital role in replacing the conventional and synthetic materials for industrial applications. This paper proposes a natural fiber composite made of Abaca fibre as reinforcing agent with Epoxy resin as the matrix, manufactured using Hand Lay-up method. Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (woven rovings) are used to improve the surface finish and impart more strength and stiffness to natural fibers. In this work, the fibers are arranged in alternative layers of abaca in horizontal and vertical orientation. The mechanical properties of the composite are determined by testing the samples for tensile and flexural strength. It is observed that the tensile strength of the composite material is dependent on the strength of the natural fiber and also on the interfacial adhesion between the reinforcement and the matrix. The composite is developed for automobile dashboard/mudguard application. It may also be extended to biomedical, electronics and sports goods manufacturing. It can also be used in marine products due to excellent resistance of abaca to salt water damage since the tensile strength when it is wet.
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Tefera, Getahun, Sarp Adali, and Glen Bright. "Mechanical Behavior of GFRP Laminates Exposed to Thermal and Moist Environmental Conditions: Experimental and Model Assessment." Polymers 14, no. 8 (April 9, 2022): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081523.
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This paper presents an experimental and analytical study about the mechanical response at a different temperature on glass fiber-reinforced polymer laminates. The effect of different environmental conditions on compressive, tensile, stiffness, and viscoelastic behavior (storage modulus, loss modulus and damping ratio) of laminates were investigated. Before testing, laminates were preserved in a deep freezer at −80 °C, −20 °C, 0 °C, and room temperature (25 °C) for up to 60 days. Results confirmed that temperatures ranging from −80 to 50 °C, which were below the glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin, did not significantly affect the compressive, tensile, and stiffness performance of all laminates. When the testing temperature increased to 100 °C, the properties were decreased significantly due to the damaging of the fiber/matrix interface. Additionally, results obtained from dynamic mechanical analyses tests showed a drop-in storage modulus, high peaks in loss modulus and high damping factor at the glass transition region of the epoxy resin. The highest storage modulus, two phases of glassy states and highest damping ratio on the −80/G group of laminates were obtained. The accuracy of experimental results was assessed with empirical models on the storage modulus behavior of laminates. The empirical model developed by Gibson et al. provided accurate estimates of the storage modulus as a function of temperature and frequency. The remaining empirical models were less accurate and non-conservative estimations of laminates stiffness.
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Luo, Chengqiang, Bin Yang, Fu-Zhen Xuan, Liang He, and Kang Yang. "Experimental investigation of double-lap bolted composite joints with different outer plates subjected to bending loads." Polymers and Polymer Composites 26, no. 7 (September 2018): 408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391118809233.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A double-lap bolted composite joint was designed. In the joint, the base material was woven glass fibre–reinforced epoxy (WGF/Epoxy) composite, and the outer plates were WGF/Epoxy, woven carbon fibre–reinforced epoxy (WCF/Epoxy) and WGF/WCF/Epoxy hybrid composite laminates, respectively. Fundamental mechanical properties of the composite panels were determined. Flexural testing of the designed bolted joints was performed. Scanning electron microscopy was used to compare the damage modes. The interlaminar curves could be divided into different stages. The flexural load–displacement curves had progressive damage characteristics. The strengths of joints with hybrid composite panel as outer plates were between those of pure specimens, and hybrid composites with WGF as contact surface had a positive hybrid effect.
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Knight, Jonathan T., Alaa A. El-Sisi, Ahmed H. Elbelbisi, Michael Newberry, and Hani A. Salim. "Mechanical Behavior of Laminated Glass Polymer Interlayer Subjected to Environmental Effects." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 5113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is known that weathering action has a significant impact on polymer interlayer materials, and previous studies have evaluated certain aspects of weathering such as temperature, humidity, and UV radiation. In this paper, the environmental effect on the mechanical properties of the virgin and cured/processed polymer interlayer materials will be studied. Three polymer interlayer materials were focused, i.e., Polyvinyl butyral (PVB), Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), and Ionomer (SG), due to their industrial interest. Testing setups were designed to apply the environmental effects and perform mechanical testing on the polymeric materials. Four environmental effects were studied, including water submersion (E1), constant high temperature (E2), cyclic temperature with low relative humidity (E3), cyclic temperature, and relative humidity (E4). After the exposure of these materials to these environmental effects, the samples were prepared and mechanically tested. Uniaxial tests were performed under static and high strain rates (around 45−1). It was found that under dynamic load, the properties of EVA such as the strength, maximum strain, and the toughness were not significantly affected by the environmental effects. SG5000 properties were significantly affected.
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Sherwani, S. F. K., E. S. Zainudin, S. M. Sapuan, Z. Leman, and K. Abdan. "Mechanical Properties of Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata Wurmb. Merr)/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Poly(lactic acid) Hybrid Composites for Potential Use in Motorcycle Components." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research aims to determine the mechanical properties of sugar palm fiber (Arenga pinnata Wurmb. Merr) (SPF)/glass fiber (GF)-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) hybrid composites for potential use in motorcycle components. The mechanical (hardness, compressive, impact, and creep) and flammability properties of SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites were investigated and compared to commercially available motorcycle Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic components. The composites were initially prepared using a Brabender Plastograph, followed by a compression molding method. This study also illustrated the tensile and flexural stress–strain curves. The results revealed that alkaline-treated SPF/GF/PLA had the highest hardness and impact strength values of 88.6 HRS and 3.10 kJ/m2, respectively. According to the results, both alkaline and benzoyl chloride treatments may improve the mechanical properties of SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites, and a short-term creep test revealed that the alkaline treated SPF/GF/PLA composite displayed the least creep deformation. The findings of the horizontal UL 94 testing indicated that the alkaline-treated SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites had good flame resistance. However, alkaline-treated SPF/GF/PLA composites are more suitable materials for motorcycle components.
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Chopra, Ravindra, Mukesh Kumar, and Nahid Akhtar. "Experimental Study on Fabrication and Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Plain Weave Copper Mesh Embedded Hybrid Composite with E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy GFRP Composite." Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology 1, no. 02 (August 17, 2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijaset.v1i02.14.
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This paper presents the experimental study on on GFRP (Glass-Fiber Reinforced Plastic) composite which is fiberglass reinforced with epoxy matrix and find its mechanical properties that can be compared with other hybrid composite which include plain weave copper strips mesh in between the layers of fiberglass in GFRP composite. Both type of composites are made using hand layup technique i.e., placing of chopped fiberglass sheet and then epoxy resin layer by layer, after filling of epoxy and fiberglass at 20% fiber loading which is measured by digital scale, then a pressure is also applied on this sandwich. After 24 hours it is ready to be demolded and after 48 hrs. samples was cuts as per ASTM standards then testing was done on both GFRP and Hybrid composites to find their Mechanical & Physical Properties. Results shows improvement as we introduce plain weave copper strips mesh in between the GFRP laminate to make it hybrid.
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Kwon, Junbeom, Jaeyoung Choi, Hoon Huh, and Jungju Lee. "Evaluation of the effect of the strain rate on the tensile properties of carbon–epoxy composite laminates." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 22 (December 12, 2016): 3197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316683439.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is concerned with evaluation and prediction of the tensile properties of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics laminates considering the strain rate effect at intermediate strain rates. Uniaxial tensile tests of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics laminates were conducted at various strain rates ranging from 0.001 s–1 to 100 s–1 using Instron 8801 and a high speed material testing machine to measure the variation of the elastic modulus and the ultimate tensile strength. Tensile test specimens were designed based on the ASTM standards and stacked unidirectionally such as [0°], [90°] and [45°] to predict the elastic modulus of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics laminates with various stacking sequences. The axial strain was measured by the digital image correlation method using a high speed camera and ARAMIS software to enhance the accuracy of the strain measurement. A prediction model of the elastic modulus of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics laminates is newly proposed in consideration of the laminate theory and the tensile properties of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced plastics laminates. The prediction model was utilized to predict the tensile properties of [0°/90°]s laminates, [±45°]s laminates, and [0°/±45/90°]T laminates for validation of the model. The elastic moduli predicted were compared with the static and dynamic tensile test results to confirm the accuracy of the prediction model.
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Grigorescu, Ramona Marina, Paul Ghioca, Lorena Iancu, Madalina Elena Grigore, Ramona Elena Andrei, Rodica Mariana Ion, Cristian Andi Nicolae, and Raluca Gabor. "Composites of Styrene-butadiene Block-copolymers Reinforced with WEEE Polystyrene Fraction." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.3.5219.
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The high global production of electric and electronic equipment increases in the same manner the amount of the waste that needs to be recycled. Special attention is given to the plastics recycling from the waste in addition to the metals recovery that brings economic advantages. Considering that the plastic amount contains about 80% polystyrene polymers, the paper presents a recycling study of this fraction as reinforcing agent for a styrene-butadiene block copolymer. In order to reduce the melt viscosity, some of the composites were extended with paraffin-naphthenic �heavy white oil�. The blends were characterized by mechanical testing, thermal and dynamo-mechanical analysis. Based on the resulted properties, it can be concluded that the extended and reinforced composites can be used as material for shoe soles.
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Butt, Javaid, Yasasween Hewavidana, Vahaj Mohaghegh, Shabnam Sadeghi-Esfahlani, and Hassan Shirvani. "Hybrid Manufacturing and Experimental Testing of Glass Fiber Enhanced Thermoplastic Composites." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3040096.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is gaining enormous attention from academic and industrial sectors for product development using different materials. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a popular AM method that works with thermoplastics. This process offers benefits of customisation both in terms of hardware and software in the case of desktop-based FDM systems. Enhancement of mechanical properties for the traditional thermoplastic material is a widely researched area and various materials have been added to achieve this goal. This paper focuses on the manufacture of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites using Hybrid Fused Deposition Modelling (HFDM). Commonly available polylactic acid or polylactide (PLA) material was inter-laced with 0.03 mm thick glass fiber sheets to manufacture GFRP products followed by tensile testing. This was done to investigate whether adding more layers increases the tensile strength of the GFRP products or not. Furthermore, the maximum number of glass fiber layers that can be added to the 4 mm thick specimen was also identified. This was done to demonstrate that there is an optimal number of glass fiber layers that can be added as after this optimal number, the tensile strength start to deteriorate. Microstructural analysis was undertaken after tensile testing followed by ultrasonic testing to assess the uniformity of the GFRP composites.
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Bonsu, Alex Osei, Comfort Mensah, Wenyan Liang, Bin Yang, and Yunsheng Ma. "Mechanical Degradation and Failure Analysis of Different Glass/Basalt Hybrid Composite Configuration in Simulated Marine Condition." Polymers 14, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 3480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173480.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work aims to evaluate the failure mechanisms of plain glass and basalt fiber reinforced composites and a selected glass/basalt hybrid composite sequence subjected to artificial seawater conditions. Sets of plain and five hybrid composite configurations were fabricated by vacuum assisted resin injection technique (VARI), and subjected to seawater aged for 258 days at 30 °C and 70 °C followed by tensile, flexural and charpy impact testing, respectively. Failure analysis for dry and seawater-aged composites were undertaken using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that some hybrid laminates with sandwich-like and alternating sequencing exhibited superior mechanical properties and ageing resistance than plain laminates. GB3 ([B2G2]S) type hybrid composite with basalt fiber outer plies retained 100% tensile strength and 86.6% flexural strength after ageing, which was the highest among all the laminates. However, GB4 ([BGBG]S) type specimen with alternating sequencing retained the highest residual impact strength after ageing. SEM analysis on the failed specimens showed fiber breaking, matrix cracking and debonding caused by fiber–matrix interface degradation due to seawater exposure. However different hybrid configurations to a considerable extent prevented crack propagation across specimens, hence altering the overall damage morphology among different specimens.
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Anggono, Agus Dwi, Zaennal Muttaqiem, Agung Setyo Darmawan, Tri Widodo Besar Riyadi, Agus Yulianto, Bibit Sugito, Judha Purbolaksono, and Ebrahim Mustafa Abdullah. "Mechanical Properties of Concrete Block Reinforced with Recycle HDPE and Coal Bottom Ash." Materials Science Forum 961 (July 2019): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.961.51.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Garbage is a serious problem if it is not managed properly, both organic and non-organic. Inorganic waste, for example, plastic, metal, glass, and charcoal from coal combustion are difficult to decompose in the soil. HDPE (high-density polyethylene) plastic is one type of inorganic waste that is difficult to decompose, but this plastic can be recycled. The objective of the study is to develop light cement blocks by using the waste of HDPE, coal bottom ash and cement. The research guide was referred to SNI (Indonesian National Standard). The SNI-03-6825-2002 is for testing of the compressive strength and SNI 03-0349-1989 for the testing of the water absorption. The size of the specimen was 5 x 5 x 5 cm. In this study, the compositions of HDPE: coal bottom ash were varied by 70%: 0%, 60%: 10%, 50%: 20%, and 40%: 30%. The Holcim cement was 30% of the volume fraction. Testing was conducted after the specimens stay in 7 and 28 days. For the 7 days old of specimens, the highest compressive strength has resulted from 50%:20% composition with the value of 5.88 N/mm2. For the 28 days old specimens, the highest compressive strength was 8.34 N/mm2. The lowest water absorption test was delivered by the more coal bottom ash in the composition of 40%:30%. It was 16.971%. The more coal bottom ash, the less water absorption. The mean of specimens density was 1.076 gr/cm3. The result of the research shows that recycles HDPE and coal bottom ash as concrete block meet the required strength.
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Baba, Nor Bahiyah, Ahmad Syakirin Suhaimi, Muhamad Asyraf Mohd Amin, and Alias Mohd. "Study on Mechanical and Physical Behaviour of Hybrid GFRP." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/138965.
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The paper discusses the mechanical and physical behaviour of hybrid glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP). Hybrid GFRP was fabricated by three different types of glass fibre, namely, 3D, woven, and chopped, which were selected and combined with mixture of polyester resin and hardener. The hybrid GFRP was investigated by varying three parameters which were the composite volume fractions, hybrid GFRP arrangement, and single type fibre. The hybrid GFRP was fabricated by using open mould hand lay-up technique. Mechanical testing was conducted by tensile test for strength and stiffness whereas physical testing was performed using water absorption and hardness. These tests were carried out to determine the effect of mechanical and physical behaviour over the hybrid GFRP. The highest volume fraction of 0.5 gives the highest strength and stiffness of 73 MPa and 821 MPa, respectively. Varying hybrid fibre arrangement which is the arrangement of chopped-woven-3D-woven-chopped showed the best value in strength of 66.2 MPa. The stiffness is best at arrangement of woven-chopped-woven-chopped-woven at 690 MPa. This arrangement also showed the lowest water absorption of 4.5%. Comparing the single fibre type, woven had overtaken the others in terms of both mechanical and physical properties.
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Pan, Zonghu, Shuhao Han, Jianhua Wang, Shengli Qi, Guofeng Tian, and Dezhen Wu. "Polyimide fabric-reinforced polyimide matrix composites with excellent thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties." High Performance Polymers 32, no. 10 (June 22, 2020): 1085–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008320928387.
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Two types of thermosetting polyimide (PI) resin were prepared using a polymerization monomeric reactant method, and high performance PI fabric/PI resin composites were fabricated through a wet infiltration and thermoforming process. The properties of a PI fabric, PI resin, and PI/PI composites were comprehensively analyzed. The experimental results indicate that a resin end-capped with phenylacetylene achieves a better processability and heat resistance. The two composites exhibit excellent thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties. They achieve a glass transition temperature of higher than 320°C and a 5% weight loss temperature of over 600°C under an air atmosphere. During mechanical testing, an interlaminar shear strength exceeding 35 MPa was achieved, whereas the maximum flexural strength was found to be greater than 400 MPa. Moreover, their dielectric constant at 1 MHz was below 3.4, with a dielectric loss of no more than 0.01.
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Chicos, Lucia-Antoneta, Mihai Alin Pop, Sebastian-Marian Zaharia, Camil Lancea, George Razvan Buican, Ionut Stelian Pascariu, and Valentin-Marian Stamate. "Fused Filament Fabrication of Short Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites: Infill Density Influence on Mechanical and Thermal Properties." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 4988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224988.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is one of the frequently used material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing processes due to its ability to manufacture functional components with complex geometry, but their properties depend on the process parameters. This paper focuses on studying the effects of process parameters, namely infill density (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), on the mechanical and thermal response of the samples made of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) reinforced with short glass fibers (GF) produced using FFF process. To perform a comprehensive analysis, tensile, flexural, compression, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) tests were used. The paper also aims to manufacture by FFF process of composite structures of the fuselage section type, as structural elements of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and their testing to compression loads. The results showed that the tensile, flexural and compression strength of the additive manufactured (AMed) samples increased with the increase of infill density and therefore, the samples with 100% infill density provides the highest mechanical characteristics. The AMed samples with 50% and 75% infill density exhibited a higher toughness than samples with 100% infill. DSC analyses revealed that the glass transition (Tg), and melting (Tm) temperature increases slightly as the infill density increases. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) show that PLA-GF filament loses its thermal stability at a temperature of about 311 °C and the increase in fill density leads to a slight increase in thermal stability and the complete degradation temperature of the AMed material. The compression tests of the fuselage sections manufactured by FFF made of PLA-GF composite showed that their stiffening with stringers oriented at an angle of ±45° ensures a higher compression strength than the stiffening with longitudinal stringers.
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Galán-Marín, C., C. Rivera-Gómez, and F. Bradley. "Ultrasonic, Molecular and Mechanical Testing Diagnostics in Natural Fibre Reinforced, Polymer-Stabilized Earth Blocks." International Journal of Polymer Science 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/130582.
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The aim of this research study was to evaluate the influence of utilising natural polymers as a form of soil stabilization, in order to assess their potential for use in building applications. Mixtures were stabilized with a natural polymer (alginate) and reinforced with wool fibres in order to improve the overall compressive and flexural strength of a series of composite materials. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and mechanical strength testing techniques were then used to measure the porous properties of the manufactured natural polymer-soil composites, which were formed into earth blocks. Mechanical tests were carried out for three different clays which showed that the polymer increased the mechanical resistance of the samples to varying degrees, depending on the plasticity index of each soil. Variation in soil grain size distributions and Atterberg limits were assessed and chemical compositions were studied and compared. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) techniques were all used in conjunction with qualitative identification of the aggregates. Ultrasonic wave propagation was found to be a useful technique for assisting in the determination of soil shrinkage characteristics and fibre-soil adherence capacity and UPV results correlated well with the measured mechanical properties.
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Austermann, Johannes, Alec J. Redmann, Vera Dahmen, Adam L. Quintanilla, Sue J. Mecham, and Tim A. Osswald. "Fiber-Reinforced Composite Sandwich Structures by Co-Curing with Additive Manufactured Epoxy Lattices." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3020053.
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In this paper, a new process of joining additive manufactured (AM) lattice structures and carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) to manufacture hybrid lattice sandwich structures without secondary bonding is investigated. Multiple variations of lattice structures are designed and 3D printed using Digital Light Synthesis (DLS) and a two-stage (B-stage) epoxy resin system. The resulting lattice structures are only partially cured and subsequently thermally co-cured with pre-impregnated carbon fiber reinforcement. The mechanical properties of the additive manufactured lattice structures are characterized by compressive tests. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of hybrid lattice sandwich structures are assessed by flexural beam testing. From compressive testing of the additive manufactured lattice structures, high specific strength can be ascertained. The mechanical behavior shows these lattice structures to be suitable for use as sandwich core materials. Flexural beam testing of hybrid lattice sandwich structures shows high strength and stiffness. Furthermore, the strength of the co-cured bond interface is high enough to surpass the strength of the lattice core.
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Wang, Li, Wen Fu, Wenlong Peng, Haotuo Xiao, Shenglin Li, Jianning Huang, and Cuiwen Liu. "Enhancing Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyurethane Rubber Reinforced with Polyethylene Glycol-g-Graphene Oxide." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (August 5, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2318347.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper attempted to achieve the purpose of increasing the tensile strength and toughness of polyurethane rubber (PUR) simultaneously by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto the surface of graphene oxide (GO) to introduce hydrogen bond interactions into the PUR-GO system. GO was grafted with PEG and added to PUR by mechanical blending. The polyethylene glycol-g-graphene oxide (MGO) was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The PUR/MGO composites were tested by tensile testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that PEG was successfully grafted onto the surface of GO and the grafting rate was about 37%. The grated PEG did not affect the crystalline structure of GO. The addition of MGO could improve the thermal stability of PUR vulcanizate. After the addition of GO, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of vulcanizate was shifted to higher temperature. However, the Tg of vulcanizate reinforced by MGO was shifted to lower temperature. The strength and toughness of vulcanizate were significantly improved by adding MGO. The reason was that the hydrogen bond interactions between MGO and PUR were destroyed and the hidden length was released during the strain process. A lot of energy was consumed, and thus the strength and toughness of PUR vulcanizate were improved.
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Han, Lu, Fangwu Ma, Shixian Chen, and Yongfeng Pu. "Effect of short basalt fibers on durability, mechanical properties, and thermal properties of polylactic acid composites." Polymers from Renewable Resources 10, no. 1-3 (February 2019): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041247919863631.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effect of basalt fiber (BF) content on the properties of BF-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites was investigated. Composites with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 wt% BF were fabricated. The results revealed that (1) the mechanical properties improved with increasing BF content. The maximum tensile strength and modulus of the composites (i.e. 140 and 5050 MPa, respectively) occurred at a BF content of 50%. The maximum flexural strength, that is, 159.5 MPa was two times larger than that of the pure PLA and was obtained at a BF content of 40%. However, the mechanical properties deteriorated at BF contents >50%. (2) BF can stop storage modulus loss and are effective in improving the crystallinity, as revealed by dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The crystallinity improved from 34.6% to 54.6% with BF addition. (3) After the accelerated aging test, pure PLA was too weak for testing. However, high values of the tensile modulus (i.e. 60% that of the nonaged samples) were maintained by the BF-reinforced PLA. This resulted possibly from the high crystallinity of the PLA composites. Therefore, suitable amounts of BF as reinforcements can yield improvements in the performance of PLA composites.
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Kutz, Philipp Werner, Jan Werner, and Frank Otremba. "Testing of Composite Material for Transport Tanks for LNG." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.625.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To reduce the emission of carbondyoxide (CO2) of combustion engines, liquefied naturalgas (LNG) is used as an alternative fuel. LNG is transported via truck, ship or railway for longdistances. Double walled stainless steel tanks are used for transportation, which are heavy and expensive.The vacuum insulation between the two walled structure ensures that the LNG stays liquid overthe transportation time (boiling point of LNG: −162 °C). This causes a high temperature differencebetween the transported good and the ambient air. A simplified tank construction is used to reduce the weight and price of the tank. Instead of stainlesssteel, glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) is used. The designed is changed to a single walledconstruction with a solid insulation material outside on the GFRP structure. Goal of this work is the characterization of a suitable insulation material and configuration as wellas the analysis of the mechanical properties of GFRP under cryogenic conditions. Several experimentsare carried out. Numerical models of these experiments can then be used for parameter studies.
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Ralph, Calvin, Patrick Lemoine, John Summerscales, Edward Archer, and Alistair McIlhagger. "Relationships among the chemical, mechanical and geometrical properties of basalt fibers." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 15 (October 15, 2018): 3056–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518805376.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We investigated the chemical, mechanical and geometrical properties of basalt fibers from three different commercial manufacturers and compared the results with those from an industry standard glass fiber. The chemical composition of the fibers was investigated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, which showed that basalt and glass fibers have a similar elemental composition, with the main difference being variations in the concentrations of primary elements. A significant correlation between the ceramic content of basalt and its tensile properties was demonstrated, with a primary dependence on the Al2O3 content. Single fiber tensile tests at various lengths and two-way ANOVA revealed that the tensile strength and modulus were highly dependent on fiber length, with a minor dependence on the manufacturer. The results showed that basalt has a higher tensile strength, but a comparable modulus, to E-Glass. Considerable improvements in the quality of manufacturing basalt fibers over a three-year period were demonstrated through geometrical analysis, showing a reduction in the standard deviation of the fiber diameter from 1.33 to 0.61, comparable with that of glass fibers at 0.67. Testing of single basalt fibers with diameters of 13 and 17 µm indicated that the tensile strength and modulus were independent of diameter after an improvement in the consistency of fiber diameter, in line with that of glass fibers.
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Sobotova, Lydia, Miroslav Badida, Ľudmila Dulebová, and Zdenka Dzoganova. "The Experimental Verification of the Impact of Regrind on Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics." Advanced Materials Research 816-817 (September 2013): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.816-817.13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Concerning with an actual situation in the exploitation of technological waste, this contribution deals with the properties analysis of moulded parts made of thermoplastics containing added regrind. The aim of the experiments was to analyze mechanical properties of plastics with various percentage of added regrind into basic material. Material PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), mineral composite with 30% glass fiber, was used for experimental testing. The plastics specimens were made by injection moulding and tested by chosen mechanical properties. The yield of tested material had tendency to decline with added amount of regrind. Addition of regrind had no impact on change of tensile strength and hardness of tested materials with regrind. The values of Charpy impact test had decreasing tendency with increasing rate of regrind. The utilization of regrind at the production of new moulded parts is important from aspect of reduction plastics waste and pollution abatement of environment.
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Zeng, Shaohua, Mingxia Shen, Pengpeng Duan, Fengling Lu, Shangneng Cheng, and Ziyuan Li. "Properties of MWCNT–glass fiber fabric multiscale composites: mechanical properties, interlaminar adhesion, and thermal conductivity." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 23 (September 7, 2017): 2712–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517729387.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, multiscale MWCNT–glass fiber fabric (MGFf) preforms with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed onto commercial E-glass fiber fabric (GFf) was used to fabricate the MGFf multiscale composites. The mechanical properties, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), dynamic viscoelasticity and thermal conductivity of MGFf multiscale composites were investigated using a universal material testing machine, dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer and transient plane source method. Furthermore, the reinforcing mechanisms of MWCNTs on interlaminar adhesion of MGFf multiscale composites were explored using scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Compared with the GFf composite, the ILSS and thermal conductivity of MGFf multiscale composites were increased by 40.5% and 55.3%, respectively; both of the tensile and flexural properties of MGFf multiscale composites were significantly enhanced; the glass transition temperature of MGFf multiscale composites was also raised. In addition, the interface thickness was increased with the addition of MWCNTs, and MWCNTs in MGFf multiscale composites behaved as hooked fibers to improve the interlaminar adhesion. The work demonstrates the great promise of MGFf preforms toward practical industrial application in manufacturing multifunctional fiber composites with high strength and modulus, high shear resistance and good thermal conductivity.
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Patel, Himanshu V., and Harshit K. Dave. "The effect of stacking sequence and fiber orientation on tensile and flexural strength of fiber reinforced composite fabricated by VARTM process." Engineering Solid Mechanics 11, no. 1 (2023): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2022.9.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, Carbon, Glass, and Aramid fiber reinforced composite and their hybridized forms were fabricated using five different stacking sequences of the fabrics. Using the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) procedure, epoxy resin was injected into these fabrics and allowed to cure at room temperature. From these five stacking sequences, a standard specimen with four different orientations viz. 0/90°, 15/75°, 30/60°, 45/-45° orientations were obtained using the Abrasive Water Jet Machining(AWJM) Process. The influence of stacking order and fiber orientation on tensile and flexural properties of composite was investigated. From the result of tensile testing, the highest and lowest tensile strength values were observed for neat carbon fiber reinforced composite at 0/90° orientation and at 45/-45° orientation respectively. The highest flexural strength was achieved in a hybrid combination of two layers of carbon, glass and aramid fabric for 0/90° whereas the lowest flexural strength was found in glass reinforced composite for the 45/-45° orientation.
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Gu, Gaosheng, Jincheng Dong, Zhongyu Duan, and Binyuan Liu. "Construction of Mechanically Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane from Carbon Dioxide-Based Poly(ether carbonate) Polyols via Coordination Cross-Linking." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162765.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using carbon dioxide-based poly(propylene ether carbonate) diol (PPCD), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimethylolbutyric acid (DMBA), ferric chloride (FeCl3), and ethylene glycol (EG) as the main raw materials, a novel thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is prepared through coordination of FeCl3 and DMBA to obtain TPU containing coordination enhancement directly. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, UV−Vis spectroscopy, tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were explored to characterize chemical structures and mechanical properties of as-prepared TPU. With the increasing addition of FeCl3, the tensile strength and modulus of TPU increase. Although the elongation at break decreases, it still maintains a high level. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that the glass-transition temperature moves to a high temperature gradually along with the increasing addition of FeCl3. X-ray diffraction results indicate that TPUs reinforced with FeCl3 or not are amorphous polymers. That FeCl3 coordinates with DMBA first is an effective strategy of getting TPU, which is effective and convenient in the industry without the separation of intermediate products. This work confirms that such Lewis acids as FeCl3 can improve and adjust the properties of TPU contenting coordination structures with an in-situ reaction in a low addition amount, which expands their applications in industry and engineering areas.
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Mattner, Tobias, and Dietmar Drummer. "Usability of dielectric properties for evaluation and research of deconsolidation of endless fiber-reinforced thermoplastics." Journal of Polymer Engineering 38, no. 8 (August 28, 2018): 749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2017-0395.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Understanding the deconsolidation behavior of endless fiber-reinforced thermoplastics is essential for reliable predictions of parts behavior and advancements in the corresponding processing technologies. Deconsolidation is usually described by an increasing void ratio of the part volume arising due to fiber relaxation effects, which can strongly affect the mechanical performance. Most methods for measuring the degree of deconsolidation are destructive and require long testing or preparation times. As the dielectric permittivity of a material is usually proportional to its porosity, often reported in foam-related research, dielectric measurements are evaluated as a nondestructive alternative to identify the degree of deconsolidation of endless fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. Polypropylene and glass-woven–based organo-sheets are deconsolidated and density measurements are compared with dielectric measurements for their effect strength and measurement deviations. A relative permittivity in the range of 5–20 MHz was found to allow for a proper differentiation of different degrees of deconsolidation with a ratio of measurement deviation to sample deviation of 26.31% for a single-layer composite (42.96% for a four-layer composite). Additional research is required to identify all relevant influences and to further qualify the method for the research of the deconsolidation behavior or quality control.
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Mrzljak, Selim, Alexander Delp, André Schlink, Jan-Christoph Zarges, Daniel Hülsbusch, Hans-Peter Heim, and Frank Walther. "Constant Temperature Approach for the Assessment of Injection Molding Parameter Influence on the Fatigue Behavior of Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 6." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101569.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Short glass fiber reinforced plastics (SGFRP) offer superior mechanical properties compared to polymers, while still also enabling almost unlimited geometric variations of components at large-scale production. PA6-GF30 represents one of the most used SGFRP for series components, but the impact of injection molding process parameters on the fatigue properties is still insufficiently investigated. In this study, various injection molding parameter configurations were investigated on PA6-GF30. To take the significant frequency dependency into account, tension–tension fatigue tests were performed using multiple amplitude tests, considering surface temperature-adjusted frequency to limit self-heating. The frequency adjustment leads to shorter testing durations as well as up to 20% higher lifetime under fatigue loading. A higher melt temperature and volume flow rate during injection molding lead to an increase of 16% regarding fatigue life. In situ X-ray microtomography analysis revealed that this result was attributed to a stronger fiber alignment with larger fiber lengths in the flow direction. Using digital volume correlation, differences of up to 100% in local strain values at the same stress level for different injection molding process parameters were identified. The results prove that the injection molding parameters have a high influence on the fatigue properties and thus offer a large optimization potential, e.g., with regard to the component design.