Дисертації з теми "Glaciolgia"
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ROMMELAERE, VINCENT. "Trois problèmes inverses en glaciologie." Grenoble 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10166.
Повний текст джерелаBremer, Ulisses Franz. "Morfologia e bacias de drenagem da cobertura de gelo da Ilha Rei George, Antártica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/1395.
Повний текст джерелаLindau, Filipe Gaudie Ley. "Variabilidade do conteúdo iônico da neve e do firn ao longo de um transecto Antártico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/128022.
Повний текст джерелаFive ice cores collected during the 2004–2005 Chilean-Brazilian Antarctic traverse, from Patriot Hills (80º18’S, 81º21’W) to the South Pole, had their uppermost layers chemically analyzed. The ion chromatography technique measured Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, MS-, Cl-, NO3- and SO42- concentrations. The mass spectrometry measured δD ratios. In order to interpret the spatial and the temporal variability of these parameters, this work dated the ice cores by counting the annual layers, using Na+, nssSO42- and δD profiles. Then it determined the net mean accumulation rates for each sampling site. The Na+ registers identified sea salt aerosols and sea ice aerosols only for the three sites located closer to the cost. The acid species produced on troposphere by reactions with sea spray predominated at the most inland sites. The biogenic contributions (expressed by MS- registers) as the NO3- concentrations responded to both physical and chemical post depositional processes.
Junior, Ivo Trosdtorf. "Geologia glacial Permo-Carbonífera (Subgrupo Itararé) no flanco sul do arco de Ponta Grossa, PR." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44136/tde-29092015-110747/.
Повний текст джерелаLandforms of glacial erosion of micro to meso-scale(striae, furrows, flutes)occur on sandstone of the Furnas Formation, and on Fluvio-glacial and subglacial tillite from the Itararé Subgrupo. They make up two superposed extense landscapes of glacial abrasion of over 1.5000Km² of area, exthumed and preserved, on the southern flanck of the Ponta Grossa arch. Features on the Furnas sandstone have been eroded by a glacier flowing on a hard (consolidated) bed, the substratum was soft or inconsolidated on the Paleozoic sediments. The different reologic behavior of the glacier bed is reflected on differences of features present on the two types of glacial substrata. Glacialplowing was the predominant erosional process in both cases, associated to a warm based glacier and presence of subglacial meltwater. In spite its hardness, positive glacial erosional features, as roches moutonnées, whale backs, etc, do not occur on the Devonian sandstone. This is due to the glacier having displaced on a previourly existing peneplain formed during a pre-Itararé Subgroup regional erosional phase, plus the homogenous lithology and horizontal disposition of beds.Striations are rectilinear and parallel on each abraded landscape. Intersection of striae with different directions was not found, indication a single erosional event in each case. The mean direction of striations vary from N12°W to N20°E on the Devonian and late Paleozoic rocks respestively. Sense of glacier movement was toward north. The two glacial erosional events have been assigned to two different successive \"glaciations\", named Rio do Salto and Cancela, but correspond most probably to events of glacier advance.Two exposures of striated surfaces on the fluvio-glacial and glacial-marine beds an on lodgement tilite of Itararé Subgroup in Palmeira and São Luis de Purunã, respectively, exhibit a variety of features and bear special importance in terms of Glacial Geology. In the later outcrop depositional glacial landsforms similar to glacial flutes have also been found. This is the first record of such features in the pre-Pleistocene succession. Correlation between these surfaces and those on top of Itararé elsewhere on the Ponta Grossa arch rocks is not entirely clear. In the two cases above the surfaces are multiple, reflecting oscilation of the glacier margin and alternating conditions of fast flow and erosion and slow flow and deposition. In spite of their subglacial origin, no evidence of strong shear deformation was found. Features were preserved from further erosion by a cover of subglacial till or of a bed of silt eposited on top of striated surfaces. Excellent exposures of Itararé Sbgroup rocks at Witmarsum contain several diamictite successions made up of subglacial and supraglacial tillites resulting from at least seven episodes of advance and retreat of the glacier. During one of those phases periglacial conditions occurred as documented by sand wedges and frost shattered clasts. Intercalation of shallow marine sandstone beds in the diamictite section indicate post-glacial, marine transgressive events. Hill-like deposits of deformed diamictite found in the studied area were interpreted as seasonal push moraines, resulting from oscilation of the glacier margin. Preservation of this type of proglacial landform is unique in pre-Pleistocene glaciogenic successions. The several stratigraphic cycles recognized in the Itararé Subgroup in the study area, have probably been controlled by a combination of advance and retreat of the Paraná glacial lobe and associated glacio eu- and isostatic movements. These movements occurred in the context of larger scale tectonic events, that look place during the tectonic evolution of the Ponta Grossa arch in the late Paleozoic.
Monnier, Sébastien Fouache Eric Kaiser Brigitte. "Les glaciers-rocheux, objets géographiques." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2006. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0245655.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMartin, Nathan. "Modélisation directe et inverse d'écoulements géophysiques viscoplastiques par méthodes variationnelles - Application à la glaciologie." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920189.
Повний текст джерелаMartin, Nathan. "Modelisation directe et inverse d'ecoulements geophysiques viscoplastiques par methodes variationnelles : Application a la glaciologie." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0021/document.
Повний текст джерелаSeveral geophysical flows, such as ice flows or lava flows, are described by a gravity-driven low Reynolds number movement of a free surface viscoplastic fluid over a bedrock. Their modeling involves constitutive laws, typically describing their rheological behavior or interactions with their bedrock, that lean on empirical parameterizations. Otherwise, the thorough observation of this type of flows is rarely possible; data associated to the observation of these flows, mainly remote-sensed surface data, can be sparse, missing or uncertain. They are also generally indirect : unknown parameters such as the basal slipperiness or the rheology are difficult to measure on the field.This PhD work focuses on the direct and inverse modeling of these geophysical flows described by the power-law Stokes model, specifically dedicated to ice flows, using variational methods.The solution of the direct problem (Stokes non-linear) is based on the principle of minimal dissipation that leads to a variational four-field saddle-point problem for which we ensure the existence of a solution. In this context, the incompressibility condition and the constitutive rheological law represent constraints associated to the minimization problem. The critical points of the corresponding Lagrangian are determined using an augmented Lagrangian type algorithm discretized using three- field finite elements. This algorithm provides an important time and memory saving compared to classical algorithms.We then focus on the inverse numerical modeling of these fluids using the adjoint model through two main associated tools : sensitivity analysis and data assimilation. We first study the rheological modeling through the two principal input parameters (fluid consistency and rheological exponent). Sensitivity analyses with respect to these locally defined parameters allow to quantify their relative weights within the flow model, in terms of surface velocities. Identification of these parameters is also performed. The results are synthetized as a methodology towards “virtual rheometry” that could help and support rheological measurements.The basal slipperiness, major parameter in ice dynamics, is investigated using the same approach. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate an ability to see beyond the ”filtered” and non-local transmission of the basal variability to the surface. Consequently these sensitivities can be used to help defining areas of interest for observation and measurement. This basal slipperiness, empirical modeling of a multiscale complex process, is then used to carry on a comparison with a so called “self-adjoint” method, common in glaciology (neglecting the dependency of the viscosity on the velocity, i.e. the non-linearity). The adjoint model, obtained by automatic differentiation and evaluated by reverse accumulation, leads to define this approximation as a limit case of the complete inverse method. This formalism allows to generalize the process of the numerical evaluation of the adjoint state into an incomplete adjoint method, adjustable in time and accuracy depending on the quality of the data and the level of detail required in the identification.All this work is associated to the development of DassFlow-Ice software dedicated to the direct and inverse numerical simulation of free-surface viscoplastic fluids. This bidimensional prospective software, distributed within the glaciological com- munity, serves as a model for the current development of the tridimensional version
Zana, Fabrice. "La glaciologie : évolution du manteau nival, origine et devenir de l'eau de fonte des neiges." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P107.
Повний текст джерелаMichel, Rémi. "Les mesures de mouvements par imagerie sar et leur exploitation en glaciologie et en sismotectonique." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112449.
Повний текст джерелаCosti, Juliana. "Estimativa do derretimento e descarga de água na porção norte da Península Antártica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32625.
Повний текст джерелаA 21-year time series of glacier surface melt and runoff was reconstructed for the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Surface air temperature from the ERA-Interim reanalysis project, carried out by the European Center for Medium Range and Weather Forecast (ECMRWF), was the main source of data for these estimates. 18 Envisat ASAR images, obtained during the summer of 2006/2007, were classified on wet and dry snow and, then, compared with the melt area obtained by the model. A linear regression was performed between both wet snow and melt area, and the equation was used to correct the annual melt area, melt and runoff. These corrected values were 8% and 22% higher than the model results. This percentage increases as model results values diminish. Melt (M) and runoff (R) maxima were found in 1998/1999, with respectively values of 7.75 Gt and 3 Gt. The minima were found in 2009/2010 (1.5 Gt and 0.15 Gt, respectively). Both variables showed high interannual variability. Melt and runoff highest means and standard deviations were detected in January and February (M=1.4± 0.3 and 1.5± 0.6 Gt, R=1.4± 0.3 and 1.3± 0.6). Maximum and minimum values of M and R, follow those patterns observed in the mean summer temperature measured on the available meteorological station. In the west side of the Peninsula, melt and runoff are restricted to coastal areas and islands. The former ice shelves Larsen A and B and Prince Gustav and their vicinity were the most continuous and largest melt and runoff areas observed.
Petsch, Carina. "Sensoriamento remoto da calota de gelo da ilha Renaud – Antártica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/94737.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation surveyed and defined the glaciology of the Renaud Island ice cap, off the Antarctic Peninsula, using remote sensing tools. For this, it was created a geographical data base with slope, hypsometric, orientation of slopes, flow direction, glacial drainage basins limits, thematic classification and main place names. Using the GLIMS (Global Land Ice Measurements from Space) methodology, we evaluated the dynamics of glaciers front variations in the period 1986–2007. The database used the Antarctica Digital Database (ADD), Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project Digital Elevation Model - RAMP DEM, two images of LANDSAT5 TM sensor obtained on 08/February/1986 and 23/February/1997, and other two from sensor LANDSAT 7 ETM+ from 07/March/2007 and 27/September/1999, and an ASTER sensor image from 13/April/2004. The estimated surface temperature (EST) data, obtained from the Landsat images thermal band, were validated using information from the Rothera (67°34’S, 68°08'W) weather station, located on Adelaide Island, and the EST derived from an ASTER image of the Renaud Island. We used supervised and unsupervised methods for the thematic classification, base on targets reflectance and visual interpretation, differentiating four classes (wet snow, saturated snow, superimposed ice and sea water). To obtain the glaciers front line, we used semiautomatic and manual methodologies, with an average horizontal error of 43 m. The methodology used to validate the EST data obtained on the Adelaide island is valid, considering that the temperature recorded by the remote sensor is on average 4°C lower than the Rothera weather station data. The unsupervised classification produced unsatisfactory results, being difficult to delimit the superimposed ice zone. The supervised classification using the MAXVER classifier generated results consistent with the Landsat image band 3 reflectance, and agreeing with the visual classification. The glacial drainage basins delimitation was performed based on different cartographic products, in decreasing order of importance: Landsat image, glacier flow direction, contour lines and slope. The total area of the Renaud Islandis 511 km², with 10 glacial drainage basins with similar characteristics, maximum altitude of 145 m and maximum slope of 9%. All are calving glaciers (tide water), simple basins with regular longitudinal profile, and without debris cover in their terminal parts. Whereas was possible to analyse all glacial basins only from 1999 onwards, it was possible to calculate the total ice cap advance or retreat only for 13 years (1986–1999). So, during this period the Renaud Island ice mass lost approximately 18 km², while the was overall gain of only 0.5 km², resulting in a total net decrease of 17.5 km² (i.e., a 3.4% total area loss). The largest losses (4 km² each) occurred in glacial basins named 1 and 9,on the ice cap northern and southwestern slopes, respectively, from 1986 to 1999.
Monnier, Sébastien. "Les glaciers-rocheux, objets géographiques : analyse spatiale multiscalaire et investigations environnementales : application aux Alpes de Vanoise." Paris 12, 2006. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002456550204611&vid=upec.
Повний текст джерелаThe goal of the thesis is understanding how the rockglaciers have been set up in the Alps of Vanoise. The approach is a multiscale one from the scale of the massif to the scale of individual rockglaciers. Quantitative methods are used at the scale of the massif and geomorphologic mapping, ground penetrating radar and climatic monitoring are applied to the individual cases. Quantitative approach leads to an understanding of the apparition of an almost-160 rockglaciers population. Multivarious analysis and modelisation highlight several dynamic and chronologic elements. Rockglaciers are mainly seen as morphodynamic adaptations in spaces abandoned by glaciers ; they are entered in a subsequence to the deglaciation. At a large scale, results of mapping and ground penetrating radar investigations show complex spatial compositions ; the idea of rockglaciers built up in several stages and by several processes is the most important conclusion. In a last part, focus is made on the environmental evidence of the rockglaciers. A chronologic positioning is attempted and gives ages of many millenia, even until the end of the last glaciation. Finally, the study of the thermic regime in the surface layer of three rockglaciers highlights the function of the rockglaciers surface morphology in preserving the internal cryosphere
Zickerman, Linnéa. "Vetenskapen : - En Forskningsstation i Tarfala." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-182212.
Повний текст джерелаIn the beginning of the 20th century the glaciers in the world got smaller. Scientists couldn’t explain why but tried to find a connection between climate change and melting glaciers. One of them, V. Schytt, made a ski journey between Abisko and Kebnekaise to find the most suitable glacier in Sweden for measuring mass balance. He faced the windy, rough but beautiful valley “Tarfaladalen”. He viewed over ”Storglaciaciaren” and realized that this site is optimal for a glacier research center. Since 1946 the Stockholm University founded a research station where both national researcher as well as international visits and uses as a platform. The data that is collected around this area is important information for glacier studies around the world. We are facing huge climate changes in the world and the Department of Geological Science in Tarfala are in need of a more complex building adapted to the extreme environment that gives the best support to practise science and research at an international high level. During my thesis project I have analyzed the site, the wind and the organisation Department of Geological Science in Tarfala.
Arias, Vargas Víctor Hugo. "Simulación del balance de masa distribuido de verano (2011-2012) del Glaciar Tapado, valle del Elqui, Chile, y análisis e incorporación del efecto de los penitentes en el intercambio energético." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/152418.
Повний текст джерелаEl presente trabajo tiene como objetivo la simulación del balance de masa distribuido del glaciar Tapado, para el periodo de verano 2011-2012, ubicado en el valle del Elqui, norte de Chile. Se utiliza un modelo con bases físicas, analizando e incorporando el efecto de los penitentes en el balance de energía asociado. Esto sirve para mejorar el entendimiento de este tipo de morfologías en el intercambio energético de un glaciar y para evaluar el estado de salud del glaciar Tapado. El glaciar Tapado presenta una gran cantidad de penitentes en su superficie durante el periodo de ablación, los cuales son muy heterogéneos tanto espacial como temporalmente, lo que constituye la principal dificultad para parametrizar las diferentes partes del balance energético. Pese a lo anterior, se analiza la morfología de estos y se realizan aproximaciones de su forma con una evolución temporal y espacial. La radiación solar es calibrada y es en el albedo donde se incluye el efecto de los penitentes, incorporando a la parametrización un factor de atenuación de albedo que estos producen; se analiza de manera adicional una parametrización de albedo a escala subpíxel. Sin embargo, todas estas ya calibradas, no simulan bien las nevadas debido, principalmente, a la calidad y cantidad de datos disponibles. La radiación de onda larga es calibrada y gracias al cálculo de un factor de visibilidad aérea dentro del glaciar, en base a relaciones morfométricas de los penitentes y la pendiente de la superficie, se le incorpora la radiación que proviene desde las superficies de los penitentes adyacentes y se disminuye un porcentaje de la proveniente desde el cielo. La rugosidad se parametriza mediante el bulk method, incorporando una altura de cero desplazamiento, y se analizan las relaciones entre los valores de las distintas alturas de rugosidad, calibrando las parametrizaciones para estas últimas y para la rugosidad en general. La simulación del balance de masa distribuido del glaciar Tapado, entre el 3 de diciembre del 2011 y el 11 de abril del 2012, incorporando el efecto de los penitentes, indica que el glaciar está perdiendo masa en toda su superficie, sin embargo sobrestima las pérdidas. Además, se simula un balance con los parámetros de un glaciar con superficie suave y lisa, la cuál simula menores pérdidas respecto al caso de estudio previo, de lo que se concluye que la presencia de penitentes produce un incremento de las pérdidas, pero también se sobrestima la ablación, con lo que se deduce que los principales errores provienen desde el módulo del albedo. Por lo anterior, se propone realizar el balance con su respectiva calibración en un periodo de tiempo más extenso y con una mejor calidad de datos disponibles, de esta manera se podrá obtener una simulación que represente de forma más exacta la realidad del glaciar Tapado.
Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por "Le programme des futurs leaders dans les Amériques" (PFLA) otorgado por el Gobierno de Canadá y llevado a cabo en la Université du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres
Nagostinis, Maria. "Cambiamento dei ghiacciai dell'Alto Adige centro-occidentale dalla Piccola Età Glaciale al 2014." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19424/.
Повний текст джерелаAguiar, Marília Pulito de. "A Bacia de Água Bonita, uma passagem marinha eopaleozoica no Brasil Central." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44141/tde-03062015-100836/.
Повний текст джерелаThe Água Bonita Basin is located in central Brazil, halfway between the large Paraná and Parnaíba intracratonic basins. With about 10 Km wide and 90 Km long, the basin follows the general NE-oriented trend of the Transbrasiliano Lineament (TBL). It was previously considered as a post-sedimentary graben or as a left-lateral strike-slip basin associated with the TBL. A recent investigation of the basin has revealed facies distribution consistent with a marine incursion from northeast to southwest, an idea corroborated by paleocurrent data, which preferred orientation parallels the orientation of the basin suggesting that sediment transport followed a trough controlled by the TBL. Although no faults were identified limiting the basin, the presence of clastic dykes and other soft-sediment deformation structures - interpreted as seismites - and of NE-SW-oriented syn-sedimentary faults within the basin indicate that tectonics was active during sedimentation. The sedimentary fill of the basin was divided into two units: the Água Bonita Formation, a basal, essentially rudaceous-psamitic unit with aeolian, transitional and marine deposits, partly under glacial influence; and the overlying , pelitic, Vereda Verde Formation, with deltaic and marine deposits. In the region of the basin occurs the Araguaçu Formation, with glacial diamictites, which are also related to the new description of the occurrence of a subglacial pavement. The two units of the Água Bonita Basin were considered as correlated to the sequences of the Ordovician-Silurian cycle of the Paraná (Rio Ivaí Group) and Parnaíba (Serra Grande Group) basins, while the Araguaçu Formation as a record of the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation, as suggested by the sense of movement of the glacier. The data presented in this study allows the proposition of a model to the origin of the basin as an area of subsidence controlled by basement faults of the TBL. The presence of marine sediments corroborates the idea that this tectonic depression in central Brazil has been a transcontinental seaway which connected the north and south coasts of Gondwana during the Llandoverian marine transgression, in congruence with previous models supported by paleofaunistic data.
Engqvist, Linus. "Volymändringar i Sareks och Kebnekaises glaciärer sedan lilla istiden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-276846.
Повний текст джерелаBrochu, Michel. "Recherches en aménagement du territoire, en glaciologie fluviale, marine et continentale, sur le quaternaire (glaciaire et périglaciaire), en géomorphologie et en techtonique." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375945352.
Повний текст джерелаDavoudi, Mohammad Hadi. "Evolution of permeability in earth dam cores made of compacted till." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 1999. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1702.
Повний текст джерелаFeniet, Catherine. "L'acide méthanesulfonique dans la précipitation antarctique : implications pour le cycle du soufre aux hautes latitudes." Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10009.
Повний текст джерелаJacques, Caroline. "Methane at the ocean-atmosphere interface, from temperate to polar regions: an isotopic approach." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/325149.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en Sciences
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Saint-Hilaire, Patrick. "Étude de la saturation progressive des noyaux de barrages en till compactes." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2001.
Знайти повний текст джерелаMarches, Elodie Mulder Thierry. "Le système contouritique de la marge de l'Algarve processus sédimentaires et enregistrement au cours du Quaternaire /." S. l. : Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://ori-oai.u-bordeaux1.fr/pdf/2008/MARCHES_ELODIE_2008.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаFourteau, Kévin. "Physique de la fermeture des pores dans le névé polaire, implications pour la compréhension des rétrocations passées entre cycle du carbone et climat." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU018/document.
Повний текст джерелаAs they contain air from past atmospheres, ice cores are unparalleled climate paleo-archives. The study of the gases enclosed in ice cores from the arid region of East Antarctica allows to infer the past compositions of the atmosphere back to 800,000 years ago. Gases are trapped during the compaction of the snow deposited on top of the ice sheet. In the near-surface snow, also referred to as firn, the interstitial porous network shrinks until it eventually pinches and traps gases in the ice. However, the very process of gas trapping has impacts on the gas signals recorded in ice cores. The interpretation of gas records requires to characterize how ice core and atmospheric signals differ. The aim of this PhD is to study two effects altering ice core gas records, namely gas layered trapping that creates stratigraphic irregularities and firn smoothing that removes fast variability from the record. A specific focus is put on low-accumulation East Antarctic ice cores.This inquiry starts with the multi-tracer study of a firn core drilled at the Lock-In site, East Antarctica. The results show that the bottom of the firn can be seen as a stack of heterogeneous strata that densify following the same porous network evolution with density. In this vision, the stratification simply reflects the fact that some strata are in advance (or late) in their densification, but that pore closure happens in a similar fashion in all strata. This notably means that all strata contain nearly similar amounts of gases, as supported by direct measurements. High-resolution chemistry data indicate that denser strata are characterized by a high liquid conductivity, suggesting that deep firn stratification is due the impurity-induced preferential densification.This knowledge is then used to explain abrupt spikes observed in ice core methane records. For this PhD we rely on 6 new high-resolution methane records, measured in several East Antarctic ice cores at IGE. We show that the abrupt variations are layering artifacts due to stratigraphic irregularities caused by dense firn strata closing in advance. A simple model is developed to simulate the irregular occurrence of layering artifacts.A novel technique is proposed to estimate the age distributions of gases in ice cores, that are responsible for the smoothing of fast atmospheric variations. It can notably be applied to glacial records, and for the first time provides quantitative insights on the smoothing of very low-accumulation records. Our results show that in East Antarctica, the firn smoothing is weakly sensitive to the accumulation rate, meaning that more information than previously thought is preserved.Finally, we present the development of a new type of micro-mechanical firn model. Its ambition is to simulate the evolution of the porous network of a firn stratum. Such a model could be used to better constrain the enclosure of gases in polar ice under glacial conditions
Gauthier, Francis. "LES GLACES DE PAROI. Glaciologie, thermodynamique et prévision des chutes de blocs de glace sur les routes du nord de la Gaspésie (Québec, Canada)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29924/29924.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe growth of rockwall icings result from the gradual freezing of runoff on a cliff. In northern Gaspésie (Québec, Canada), sixty of these sometimes voluminous ice formations (over 3000 m3) were located near roads. Between 2000 and 2012, 440 interventions to remove ice blocks from the road were conducted by the “Ministère des Transports du Québec” (M.T.Q.). A better understanding of the growth, melt and collapse dynamics of rockwall icings is needed to improve the management of this natural hazard. Ice samples were collected and their microstructure analyzed by computed tomography and under cross polarized light. The ice volume evolution of four rockwall icings was studied using various thermodynamic models and validated from ice volume measurements made with LiDAR imaging. An ice blocks fall forecasting method was developed by comparing the timing of M.T.Q. interventions with meteorological data. The results were used to describe the growth mechanisms of four different types of ice formation found on rockwalls. The models showed that freezing of the water to cold air convection is the main process responsible for their growth. In spring, the melting rate of the ice cascade or frozen waterfall clearly depends on the sensible heat carried by the increasing water flow. The melting of the ice walls formed from the freezing of seeping water coming from underground water resurgences rather is the result of air convection and the radiation heat budget (Qrad). A simple model based on the calculation of the freezing, or melting, degree-hours was also effective for simulating the evolution of the north facing ice walls. Including Qrad to this model improved its performance and allowed accurate modeling of the south facing ice wall. Finally, the effects of meteorological variables on the occurrence of ice blocks falls were simulated using logistic models. By following the trends of the melting degree-days and the best statistical model, it is possible to forecast the collapse of some of the most problematic rockwall icings and target the most hazardous periods along northern Gaspésie roads. This study is an important step towards a more effective management of this natural hazard.
De, Bronac de Vazelhes Victor, and Bronac de Vazelhes Victor De. "Étude de la dispersion d'un gisement d'or dans les sédiments glaciaires : le cas d'Amaruq (Nunavut, Canada)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37057.
Повний текст джерелаLa minéralisation aurifère de la propriété Amaruq (Nunavut, CA) est recouverte par divers sédiments glaciaires ayant formé des traînées de débris minéralisés sur des surfaces importantes. Ce projet a pour objectif de caractériser la signature minéralogique et géochimique du gisement aurifère dans le till de surface afin de développer des méthodes de prospection pour les travaux d’exploration. 61 échantillons de till ont été récoltés le long de quatre transects pour déterminer les variations de composition dans la direction principale de l’écoulement glaciaire (NNO). Quatre profils verticaux d’ostioles, un par transect, ont été échantillonnés pour documenter la variation de la signature géochimique avec la profondeur. La signature chimique de la scheelite dans le gisement est comparée à celle retrouvée dans le till et permet de tester son utilisation comme outil de prospection glacio-sédimentaire. Trois des quatre profils d’ostioles présentent des concentrations stables des éléments traces avec la profondeur, indiquant une bonne homogénéisation du till par les processus cryogéniques. Les ostioles sont donc un milieu d’échantillonnage pertinent en région de pergélisol. Les analyses en composantes principales (ACP) de la géochimie des échantillons d’une campagne de till fournie par Mines Agnico Eagle ltée (AEM), et les données des transects, décrivent la variance de la roche encaissante mafique/ultramafique et de la minéralisation aurifére (CP1 et CP2 respectivement). Le krigeage des scores de la CP1 et CP2 indiquent des trains de dispersion vers le NNO, en aval glaciaire des zones minéralisées. Les comptages des minéraux indicateurs (MI : or et scheelite) augmentent de façon importante à environ 1.4 km en aval de la minéralisation dans le secteur est de la propriété, dans un till distal formant des formes drumlinoides. Dans le secteur ouest, recouvert d’un till proximal formant des crêtes morainiques, les comptages des MI et les scores de la CP1 augmentent directement en aval de la minéralisation. Les différences de distance de transport entre ces deux secteurs reflètent un changement de la dynamique glaciaire et démontrent l’importance du contexte local dans les travaux de prospection glaciaire. La comparaison de la signature géochimique de la scheelite entre le gisement et et des échantillons de till du transect de Whale Tail, grâce à des diagrammes discriminants et spectres des terres rares, montrent d’importantes similitudes, démontrant sa potentielle utilisation en prospection glacio-sédimentaire pour des gisements de type orogéniques.
On the Amaruq property (Nunavut, CA), the gold mineralization is covered by a patchwork of glacial sediments, including trains of mineralized debris dispersed over large surfaces. This project aims to define the deposit mineralogical and multi-elemental signatures in surface sediments to guide exploration in the area. A total of 61 samples were collected from frost boils along four NNW transects, parallel to the major ice flow direction, in order to assess the spatial variability of the deposit signature using till matrix geochemistry and indicator minerals. Four profiles in frost boils were sampled, one in each transect, in order to document trace elements depth variation. The scheelite geochemical signature from the deposit is compared to that in till from the Whale Tail transect to test its applicability in drift prospecting. Three out of four frost boil profiles exposed constant trace elements concentrations at depth, reflecting a good till homogenization by cryoturbation. Therefore, frost boils are a suitable medium of sampling for exploration purpose in permafrost terrain. Principal component analysis (PCA) of a previous till survey by Agnico Eagle Mines ldt (AEM) and transect samples define the ultramafic/mafic host rock of the mineralization and a pathfinder element suite characteristic of lode gold deposits (PC1 and PC2, respectively). Kriging of PC1 and PC2 defines a dispersal train oriented NNW, down ice of known mineralization. In the eastern part of the property, covered mostly by a distal till forming drumlinoid ridges, indicator mineral counts (IM: gold and scheelite) increase to a maximum approximately 1.4 km down ice from the outcropping zone. Western transects, largely covered by a proximal till forming morainal ridges, show a sharp increase of counts directly down-ice of mineralization. The difference in glacial transport between these two sectors represents a local change of ice dynamic and shows the importance of understanding the local context in exploration when interpreting glacial dispersal patterns. The comparison of the trace element signature between the deposit and the till scheelite using discriminant diagrams and REE abundance shows similarities, supporting its usefullness in drift prospecting for orogenic gold deposits.
On the Amaruq property (Nunavut, CA), the gold mineralization is covered by a patchwork of glacial sediments, including trains of mineralized debris dispersed over large surfaces. This project aims to define the deposit mineralogical and multi-elemental signatures in surface sediments to guide exploration in the area. A total of 61 samples were collected from frost boils along four NNW transects, parallel to the major ice flow direction, in order to assess the spatial variability of the deposit signature using till matrix geochemistry and indicator minerals. Four profiles in frost boils were sampled, one in each transect, in order to document trace elements depth variation. The scheelite geochemical signature from the deposit is compared to that in till from the Whale Tail transect to test its applicability in drift prospecting. Three out of four frost boil profiles exposed constant trace elements concentrations at depth, reflecting a good till homogenization by cryoturbation. Therefore, frost boils are a suitable medium of sampling for exploration purpose in permafrost terrain. Principal component analysis (PCA) of a previous till survey by Agnico Eagle Mines ldt (AEM) and transect samples define the ultramafic/mafic host rock of the mineralization and a pathfinder element suite characteristic of lode gold deposits (PC1 and PC2, respectively). Kriging of PC1 and PC2 defines a dispersal train oriented NNW, down ice of known mineralization. In the eastern part of the property, covered mostly by a distal till forming drumlinoid ridges, indicator mineral counts (IM: gold and scheelite) increase to a maximum approximately 1.4 km down ice from the outcropping zone. Western transects, largely covered by a proximal till forming morainal ridges, show a sharp increase of counts directly down-ice of mineralization. The difference in glacial transport between these two sectors represents a local change of ice dynamic and shows the importance of understanding the local context in exploration when interpreting glacial dispersal patterns. The comparison of the trace element signature between the deposit and the till scheelite using discriminant diagrams and REE abundance shows similarities, supporting its usefullness in drift prospecting for orogenic gold deposits.
Rémy, Frédérique. "Etude des calottes polaires par altimétrie satellitaire." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30223.
Повний текст джерелаRosa, Kátia Kellem da. "Dinâmica glacial, sedimentológica e variações ambientais em geleiras na enseada Martel, Ilha Rei George, Shetlands do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/61917.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis investigates the glacial and proglacial dynamics related to glacier retreat processes in Martel Inlet, Admiralty Bay, King George Island (KGI). Geomorphic, hydrological, geophysics, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System data sets reveal the local glacial and sedimentary dynamics as a reflection of the climate variability. A reconstruction map of past glacial extension indicates that glaciers lost nearly 13.2% of its area from 1979 to 2011 (50.3 km² total). Dobrowolski, Wanda, Dragon and Professor glaciers, in Martel Inlet, presented the highest annual losses (up to 75 m² a-1). Retreat processes generated perceptive environmental changes, for example sedimentary dynamics in the study area. The Wanda Glacier shows significantly suspended sediment discharge for a glaciomarine environment (19.4 x 10-3 kg s-1). GPR (Ground Penetration Radar) data (100 MHz) provided information about internal structure, drainage system development and liquid water storage in the Wanda Glacier. The strong scattering of the radio waves are attributed to supraglacial, englacial and subglacial meltwater channels and constitutes further evidence that the ice in the ablation area of this glacier is temperate. As a consequence of the general glacier retreat, large glaciarized areas became ice-free, exposing glacially eroded and deposits landforms (U shaped valleys, lateral and end moraines, flutings, aretes, morainal bank). This work presents a geomorphologic mapping, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (0.7 m of the resolution), morphometric maps and topographic profiles for the study area. The application of several filters in COSMO-SkyMed images, at HH and VV polarizations, was suitable for recognizing glacial geomorphological features and monitoring of paraglacial processes. A spatial distribution mapping of glacial landforms is important to infer about glaciarized former areas, ice retreat pattern and glacial dynamics (e.g. ice flow direction and basal thermal conditions) of the Admiralty Bay glaciers. Recent environmental changes are also observed in deglaciated areas as paraglacial activities (e.g. flow debris).
MAZZOLA, CLAUDIA MARIA GABRIELLA. "Il pleistocene medio-superiore nella carota di ghiaccio di Talos Dome (antartide orientale): riscostruzione ad alta risoluzione del record delle polveri fini atmosferiche e loro significato paleoclimatico." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/7573.
Повний текст джерелаSeroussi, Hélène. "Modélisation des calottes polaires par des formulations multi-modèles." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697005.
Повний текст джерелаCaillon, Nicolas. "Composition isotopique de l'air piégé dans les glaces polaires : outil de paléothermométrie." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066279.
Повний текст джерелаBuglio, Sánchez Franco Ignacio. "Reanálisis de las series de mediciones del balance de masa del glaciar Echaurren Norte, Región Metropolitana, Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/144466.
Повний текст джерелаLos glaciares son una de las principales reservas de agua dulce y representan un significativo aporte a los recursos hídricos, actuando como agentes reguladores del agua disponible en las cuencas andinas. Estudios relacionados con cambios en el balance de masa en los glaciares de montaña son fundamentales para el entendimiento del funcionamiento del sistema hídrico. Asimismo, posibilitan la comprensión de los efectos del cambio climático, del aumento del nivel del mar y manejo de reservas de agua, proporcionando información más precisa al momento de la toma de decisiones sobre el manejo presente y futuro de los recursos hídricos del país. El objetivo principal de este estudio es aplicar la metodología de reanálisis del balance de masa glaciar propuesta por Zemp (2013) para las series registradas en el glaciar Echaurren Norte (1982-2015), validando así la metodología para el hemisferio sur. Las prestaciones de esta metodología permiten su aplicación en un amplio número de glaciares de Chile. Las series de datos obtenidas mediante métodos de observación glaciológicos se acoplan a las series de datos independientes de métodos geodésicos (2009-2015) con el fin de determinar los errores sistemáticos y aleatorios de cada método, eliminando los errores sistemáticos. Se cuantifican los principales errores sistemáticos y aleatorios de cada método, y se realiza el testeo estadístico para la validación de los balances de masa glaciológico y geodésico. Una de las principales fuentes de error sistemático encontradas es la generada por la extrapolación de la acumulación y ablación a año hidrológico, la cual se corrige mediante el modelo del grado-día (Hock, 2003). Se determina que el balance de masa glaciológico acumulado no es estadísticamente igual al geodésico. A pesar de esto, no se realiza el proceso de calibración debido a que existen fuentes de error sistemático asociado a la serie glaciológica que no han sido cuantificadas todavía. Se discuten las posibles fuentes de error, entre las que destacan: la representatividad de la acumulación del pozo estratigráfico, las mediciones de densidad y la no cuantificación del balance interno y basal del glaciar. Finalmente, se valida la metodología del reanálisis y se aconseja acoplar los datos ya existentes de las mediciones glaciológicas y geodésicas para glaciares del hemisferio sur que posean series glaciológicas mayores a 5 años. Se deja propuesto un siguiente paso iterativo de reanálisis para el glaciar Echaurren Norte, en el que se agreguen datos de radio eco-sondaje y balance de energía. Se obtendría así una mejor aproximación del comportamiento del balance de masa del glaciar Echaurren Norte.
Trabajo realizado con el apoyo de la Unidad de Glaciología y Nieves (UGN) de la Dirección General de Aguas (DGA), Ministerio de Obras Públicas (MOP)
Soruco, Alvaro. "ETUDE DU RETRAIT DES GLACIERS DEPUIS CINQUANTE ANS DANS LES BASSINS HYDROLOGIQUES ALIMENTANT EN EAU LA VILLE DE LA PAZ – BOLIVIE (16°S)." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00399924.
Повний текст джерелаL'analyse des résultats sur le glacier du Zongo montre qu'un tiers de la surface du glacier (zone d'ablation) contrôle 80% du bilan de masse annuel. La série du Zongo constitue la série de bilan de masse glaciaire la plus longue et la plus précise des Andes tropicales.
Nous avons analysé les bilans de masse des 21 glaciers depuis 1956, lorsqu'on s'affranchit des tendances de ces glaciers, les variations temporelles du bilan de masse montrent un signal commun d'origine climatique.
Nous avons montré ainsi que 88% de la variance des bilans cumulés sont expliqués par l'exposition et l'altitude. Cette corrélation et les restitutions photogrammétriques ont permis de calculer les bilans de masse et la perte de surfaces de 376 glaciers au cours de la période 1963-2006 (43% de perte de leur volume et 48% de perte de leur surface depuis 1975).
Enfin, notre étude évalue la contribution des glaciers au système d'alimentation en eau potable de la ville de La Paz. En moyenne sur la période 1975-2006, la fonte glaciaire a contribué à hauteur de 18% et 15% sur la période récente 1997-2006 (12% en saison humide et 27% en saison sèche). Nous avons enfin calculé les débits attendus en cas de disparition totale des glaciers (12% en moins à l'année, 9% en moins en saison humide et 25% en moins en saison sèche).
Barboza, Heloisa Helena de Castro. "Simulação numérica bidimensional do fluxo da Geleira Lange via diferenças finitas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/118183.
Повний текст джерелаA simplified numerical model simulates the flow of the outlet Lange Glacier (King George Island, Antarctica) to estimate its equilibrium state and morphologicai responses to accumulation rate changes. The bidimensional model uses the finite difference method to provide qualitative information about the surface velocity and the internai temperature distribution. Fieldwork, carried out in the austral summer of 1999/2000, during the XVIII Brazilian Antarctic Operation, provides ice velocity data for calibration. Firstly, 21 stakes were fixed on the surface of Lange Glacier, their geographical position surveyed twice within a period of two months, using differential GPS. The glacial flow was simulated using complex curvilinear coordinates. The model computes the velocity distribution along the main longitudinal axis using the ice flow la\v to calculate the internai deformation with no basal sliding and responses to changes in the net accumulation rate. Variations in the net accumulation rate of less than 20% of the present value do not change significantly the surface glacier morphology. Even a reduction of 50% of this rate willlower the surface by only 26 m in 100 years. These results suggest a present glacier condition near to the steady-state.
Mendonça, Luís Felipe Ferreira de. "Estimativa das variações sazonais no fluxo da Geleira Grey, Patagônia, por imagens SAR." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/78960.
Повний текст джерелаThis study aims to estimate the flow velocities of Grey Glacier, located in Southern Patagonian Ice Field, between October 2011 and May 2012. The velocity vectors of Grey Glacier were obtained by means of an algorithm based on cross-correlation between pairs of COSMO-SkyMed images and subsequently interpolated, for generate a continuous surface that illustrates the values of intensity and direction of glacier flow. The results were compared with meteorological data, provided by the Meteorological Service of Argentina, to interpret the seasonal pattern in velocity. October-April registered values of flow velocity of 1,2 ± 0,6 md-1 and 1,1 ± 0,7 md-1; respectively. During the summer, the months of January, February and March had values of flow velocity of 1,5 ± 0,6 md-1; 1,3 ± 0,7 md-1 and 1,4 ± 0,5 md-1 varying directly with the monthly average temperature. The monthly values flow of Glacier Grey presented a linear correlation of 0.96 with the air temperature measured by an automatic weather station, located about 80 km from the glacier. The results indicate that the monthly values of the Grey glacier flow are positively related to seasonal variation in temperature.
Docquier, David. "Representing grounding-line dynamics in Antarctic ice-sheet models." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209400.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we first clearly demonstrate that modeling grounding-line (the boundary between grounded and floating ice) migration depends on both the numerical approach and the physical approximation of the ice-sheet model used. Ice-sheet models prescribing the ice flux at the grounding line and using appropriate physical level and numerical approach converge to the same steady-state grounding-line position irrespective of the grid size used. However, the transient behavior of those models is less accurate than other models and leads to an overestimated grounding-line discharge. Therefore, they need to be used with particular attention on short time scales. Furthermore, the non-inclusion of vertical shear stress in those models increases the effective viscosity and gives steady-state grounding-line positions further downstream when compared to full-Stokes models.
The second major finding of this thesis is the high control of geometry (glacier width and bedrock topography) on Thwaites Glacier, one of the fastest-flowing outlet glaciers in West Antarctica. A flowline finite-difference Shallow-Shelf Approximation (SSA) model is applied to the glacier and shows that ice-flow convergence (through width parameterization) slows down the grounding-line retreat when compared to simulations where the width is constant. A new buttressing parameterization is also tested on the glacier and permits a better understanding of this effect. Finally, the three-dimensional version of the model above is applied to Thwaites Glacier and highlights the strong control of lateral variations in bedrock topography on grounding-line migration./Depuis le milieu du 20e siècle, les températures moyennes globales ont fortement augmenté principalement à cause de l'augmentation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre d'origine humaine. Les effets de ce réchauffement global récent sont déjà détectables et pourraient s'accentuer dans un futur proche si aucune mesure réelle n'est prise. La perte récente de glace en Antarctique de l'Ouest, enregistrée par mesures satellites et d'autres techniques, est préoccupante dans un monde qui se réchauffe. Une grande partie de cette perte de glace est due à la pénétration de masses d'eau chaude sous les plateformes de glace flottante dans cette région. Cela engendre une accélération de l'écoulement des glaciers émissaires et une plus grande décharge de glace vers l'océan. Ainsi, la contribution récente à la hausse du niveau de la mer de l'Antarctique de l'Ouest s'élève à environ 0.2 mm par an entre 1992 et 2011, c'est-à-dire près du tiers de la contribution des calottes glaciaires (Antarctique et Groenland). On estime que cette contribution va continuer à augmenter dans le futur proche.
Dans cette thèse, nous démontrons clairement que la modélisation de la migration de la ligne d'ancrage (frontière entre glaces posée et flottante) dépend de l'approche numérique et de l'approximation physique du modèle cryosphérique utilisé. Les modèles cryosphériques qui prescrivent le flux glaciaire à la ligne d'ancrage et qui utilisent un niveau de physique et une approche numérique appropriés convergent vers la même position d'équilibre de la ligne d'ancrage quelle que soit la taille de maille utilisée. Cependant, le comportement transitoire de ces modèles est moins précis que d'autres modèles et mène à une surestimation du flux à la ligne d'ancrage. Dès lors, ces modèles doivent être utilisés avec précaution sur de courtes périodes de temps. De plus, la non inclusion des contraintes verticales de cisaillement dans ces modèles augmente la viscosité effective et donne des positions d'équilibre de la ligne d'ancrage plus en aval en comparaison avec les modèles « full-Stokes ».
La seconde découverte majeure de cette thèse est le contrôle important exercé par la géométrie (largeur du glacier et topographie du lit rocheux) sur Thwaites Glacier, l'un des glaciers émissaires les plus rapides en Antarctique de l'Ouest. Un modèle « Shallow-Shelf Approximation » (SSA) résolvant les différences finies le long d'une ligne d'écoulement est appliqué au glacier et montre que la convergence de l'écoulement glaciaire (au travers de la paramétrisation de la largeur) ralentit le retrait de la ligne d'ancrage comparé aux simulations où la largeur est constante. Une nouvelle paramétrisation de l'effet arc-boutant est testée sur le glacier et permet de mieux comprendre cet effet. Finalement, la version en trois dimensions du modèle ci-dessus est appliquée à Thwaites Glacier et met en évidence le contrôle important des variations latérales de l'altitude du lit rocheux sur la migration de la ligne d'ancrage.
Doctorat en Sciences
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De, Fleurian Basile. "Développement d'un modèle d'hydrologie sous-glaciaire dédié à la simulation du glissement basal des glaciers." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00541108.
Повний текст джерелаPhilippe, Morgane. "Reconstruction of the density profile, surface mass balance history and vertical strain profile on the divide of the Derwael Ice Rise in coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/254506.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en Sciences
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Philippe, Morgane. "Reconstruction of the density profile, surface mass balance history and vertical strain profile on the divide of the Derwael Ice Rise in coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/254506/7/Appendix.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en Sciences
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Caro, Paredes Dennys Alexis. "Modelación de las Respuestas Hidrológicas en las Cuencas Glaciales Tapado (29°S) y Pirámide (33°) en Los Andes semi-áridos de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146601.
Повний текст джерелаLos glaciares de los Andes semi-áridos chilenos han disminuido su área rápidamente durante el siglo XX. Donde su balance de masa negativo contribuye a aumentar su aporte hídrico durante los meses de verano en años secos y a aumentar el área de detritos supraglaciales. Este trabajo simula la escorrentía proveniente de los glaciares cubiertos Tapado (30°S) y Pirámide (33ºS), definidos como frío y temperado, respectivamente, con el objetivo de conocer sus respuestas hidrológicas en interacción con forzantes glacio-meteorológicas, siendo relevante determinar los procesos que dominan en la descarga y como ésta responde a cambios en los forzantes que determinan el derretimiento. Para simular el comportamiento hidrológico se utiliza el modelo, basado en la física y completamente distribuido, TOPographic Kinematic wave APproximation model (TOPKAPI-ETH). El registro hidro-meteorológico para correr el modelo fue recolectado en trabajos de campo entre los años 2013 y 2015. Los resultados muestran una contribución para el año 2015 del 55% en Tapado y de un 77% en Pirámide, con máximas mensuales durante enero a marzo en Tapado y entre noviembre a marzo en Pirámide. Mostrando una alta relevancia en la escorrentía, la permanencia de la cobertura de nieve y el espesor y distribución de la cobertura detrítica sobre el glaciar. Por otro lado, la evaluación de la escorrentía al modificar la temperatura del aire y el espesor de detritos mostró resultados interesantes. El aumento en 2°C del aire produce también un aumento de la escorrentía en un 75% en Tapado y en un 49% en Pirámide. Encontrándose una relación lineal entre temperatura del aire y escorrentía para Pirámide y una relación no lineal en Tapado. Respecto a variaciones en el espesor de la cobertura de detritos, se observa un aumento de la escorrentía en un 300% en Pirámide y de un 700% en Tapado si esta cobertura no existiera, de manera contraria, si la cobertura aumenta su espesor al doble la escorrentía disminuye a un 44% en Pirámide y a un 66% en Tapado, respecto a lo simulado para el mismo periodo.
Pino, Rivas Catalina Antonieta. "Estudio geomorfológico glacial y periglacial asociado a la evolución de glaciares rocosos en la alta cuenca del río Cochiguás, Región de Coquimbo." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/170034.
Повний текст джерелаEn los Andes Semiáridos, específicamente en la alta cuenca del río Cochiguás en la Región de Coquimbo, el ambiente glacial y periglacial está compuesto por un complejo sistema geomorfológico, en el que resaltan geoformas como los glaciares rocosos. Sin embargo, este es un tema de investigación reciente en Chile, donde no se sabe con certeza la dinámica, estructura interna y aporte hídrico a la cuenca de estos cuerpos. Adicionalmente, y bajo tendencias climáticas que apuntan a un calentamiento atmosférico paulatino en la zona y a una disminución evidente en las precipitaciones, es necesario estudiar los efectos que esto tendría en este tipo de glaciares. En esta investigación, se estudió geomorfológicamente la alta cuenca del río Cochiguás, específicamente tres quebradas: Caballos, Del Toro Muerto, y Vallecillo, con el fin de caracterizar esta zona, la cual alberga glaciares rocosos de tipo glacial y criogénico. De esta manera, se han evidenciado rasgos glaciales y periglaciales, que sugieren un relieve con una marcada impronta glacial, y que posteriormente dio paso a condiciones más áridas, donde han predominado los procesos periglaciales y criogénicos, evidenciados por los abundantes depósitos de remoción en masa y nieve/hielo con abundancia de detritos. Se ha realizado, como producto final, un mapa geomorfológico actualizado de la zona de estudio, además de un inventario de glaciares rocosos que complementa los inventarios nacionales e internacionales actualmente existentes. Adicionalmente, mediante técnicas de GNSS diferencial para el año 2018 y mediante el procesamiento fotogramétrico de estéreo fotografías para los años 1955 y 1999, se crearon Modelos Digitales de Elevación (MDE) que permitieron estudiar los cambios de volumen en un periodo de 63 años de dos glaciares rocosos ubicados en la quebrada Caballos, tributaria del río Cochiguás. Se estudió también el papel que juegan los parámetros geográficos (exposición de pendientes a la radiación solar y la estabilidad de ellas asociadas a su pendiente), geológicos (influencia de las paredes rocosas en la producción de detritos, la litología de la cubierta detrítica y el tamaño de los clastos) y climáticos (potencial influencia que han tenido las variaciones históricas en el comportamiento y variaciones de estos cuerpos). Este estudio muestra que ambos glaciares rocosos han variado negativamente su altura en un promedio de 10 cm por año en el periodo 1955-1999, lo que en términos de volumen representa aproximadamente 1, 7 millones de m3 de equivalente en agua. Estos datos concuerdan con estudios en Chile Central, donde se ha evidenciado un adelgazamiento de 16 cm aproximadamente por año en glaciares rocosos.
Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)
Mendes, Junior Claudio Wilson. "Monitoramento da zona superficial de neve úmida da Península Antártica pelo uso de dados dos sensores SMMR e SSM/I." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32593.
Повний текст джерелаSpecial Sensor Microwave-Imager (SSM/I) EASE-grid data and classified ASAR wideswath (WS) images, covering the Antarctic Peninsula (AP), were processed and used in a Spectral Linear Mixing Model (SLMM) for a subpixel analysis of the Wet Snow Zone (WSZ) in SSM/I images. The components’ proportions (fraction images) of the endmembers in the study area, namely WSZ, Dry Snow Zone and rock outcrops, were derived from classified ASAR images. These fraction images and co-registered SSM/I images (bands 19H, 19V, 37H and 37V), acquired on the same date, were used in the SLMM to estimate the unknown spectral signatures (i.e., brightness temperature on each SSM/I band). These spectral signatures were used to estimate WSZ fraction images, which were compared with the ASAR fraction images, by calculating the correlation coefficients. This work identified two spectral signatures that produced the most correlated data, and determined the WSZ fraction images correlations resulting from the use, in the SLMM, of the mean and median values of the most similar spectral signatures. The median values of these spectral signatures produced the most correlated WSZ fraction images, which had an average overall classification accuracy (AOCA) of 95.6% and 97.3% for spring and autumn fraction images, respectively (class range of 0.1), and an AOCA of 72.6% for summer fraction images (class range of 0.2). These median spectral signatures were then used in a SLMM to estimate accurately the WSZ intensity and its extension on the AP, by using calibrated SSM/I and SMMR (Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer) imageries, allowing a daily subpixel analysis of this glacier facie on the AP from 1978 to 2008. Based on the spatial analysis of the WSZ fraction images, it was observed that melt primarily takes place in late October and ends in late March, with peak on January 7th (about 172,237 km2 or 31,6% of the AP area). The WSZ median total area in summer was about 105,100 km2. Regression analysis over the 1978-1979 to 2007-2008 summers, revealed a negative interanual trend in surface melt of 330.854 km2. Nevertheless, this trend inference is not statistically significant, due to the high WSZ interanual variability. Extremely high melt occurred in the 1984-1985 (176,507.289 km2) and 1989-1990 (172,681.867 km2) summers, while extremely weak melt occurred in the 1993-1994 (26,392.208 km2) and 1981-1982 (23,244.341 km2) summers. The most persistent and intensive melt was observed on Larsen, Wilkins, George VI and Wordie ice shelves and it was related to the break-up and disintegration events that occurred on these glaciers in the last decades. Surface melting is closely related to the stability of the Antarctic glacial system and global sea level changes. It could be monitored for the whole Antarctica, by using the WSZ subpixel analysis in SMMR and SSM/I imageries proposed by this study.
Davaze, Lucas. "Quantification du bilan de masse des glaciers de montagne à l'échelle régionale par télédétection spatiale optique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU022/document.
Повний текст джерелаBeyond their iconic role of climate change, mountain glaciers can be considered as Earth’ essential component and natural “climate-meter”. Despite their small spatial coverage (0.5% of emerged land), mountain glaciers contribute as high as 30% of the observed sea-level rise. In some regions, they are considered as essential issues because of their importance in terms of potable water, agriculture, hydroelectricity or natural hazards. A small share is however monitored in situ (<0.0025%) and their fluctuations at regional scale are poorly known.Thanks to the development of high spatial resolution satellite sensors (metric to decametric), new methods are today available to significantly increase the number of monitored glaciers. After a state of the art of the existing methods and an identification of the limitations, we focused our attention on the development of two methods.The first one is based on the automatic detection of the snow/ice interface altitude (i.e. snowline) at the glacier surface from optical satellite images. This altitude, when estimated at the end of summer, is a proxy of the annual glacier-wide mass change at the glacier surface (called surface mass balance, SMB). Using this approach, we estimated the annual SMBs of 239 glaciers in the European Alps and 82 glaciers in the tropical Andes for the period 2000-2016 and 2000-2018, respectively. The mean mass loss are -0.74 and -1.29 m water equivalent per year for the two regions, respectively. This approach allowed to derive the first dataset of annual SMBs for individual glaciers at regional scale from optical remote sensing. We found significant relationships between the computed SMBs and the glacier morpho-topographic features (e.g. slope, median altitude, …), with steeper and higher glaciers, experiencing less mass losses. Comparison with in situ monitored SMBs revealed an overestimation of mass losses from in situ estimates, due to a low representativeness of steep glaciers (>20°) in the in situ datasets. Our study also revealed heterogeneous inter-annual variability across the European Alps, partially explained by the climatic context of the studied sub-regions, thanks to the analysis of climate reanalysis data.We developed a second method to derive the annual and summer SMBs from albedo maps, computed from MODIS images. With an application on 30 glaciers in the French Alps, this work opened the way toward a regional application of this method, in order to estimate both annual and summer SMBs.By performing regional applications on different glacierized regions, we developed and validated methods capable of deriving the annual and summer SMBs of individual mountain glaciers at regional scale, from optical remote sensing data. These data could then be used to (1) assess the impact of peculiar climatic conditions onto mountain glaciers; (2) investigate possible meteorological conditions driving the documented glacier fluctuations; (3) calibrate and validate glacio-hydrological models used to estimate the current and future contributions of mountain glaciers to the hydrological functioning of mountain catchments and to sea level rise
Beeman, Jai Chowdhry. "Le rôle des gaz à effet de serre dans les variations climatiques passées : une approche basée sur des chronologies précises des forages polaires profonds." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU023/document.
Повний текст джерелаDeep polar ice cores contain records of both past climate and trapped air that reflects past atmospheric compositions, notably of greenhouse gases. This record allows us to investigate the role of greenhouse gases in climate variations over eight glacial-interglacial cycles. The ice core record, like all paleoclimate records, contains uncertainties associated both with the relationships between proxies and climate variables, and with the chronologies of the records contained in the ice and trapped air bubbles. In this thesis, we develop a framework, based on Bayesian inverse modeling and the evaluation of complex probability densities, to accurately treat uncertainty in the ice core paleoclimate record. Using this framework, we develop two studies, the first about Antarctic Temperature and CO2 during the last deglaciation, and the second developing a Bayesian synchronization method for ice cores. In the first study, we use inverse modeling to identify the probabilities of piecewise linear fits to CO2 and a stack of Antarctic Temperature records from five ice cores, along with the individual temperature records from each core, over the last deglacial warming, known as Termination 1. Using the nodes, or change points in the piecewise linear fits accepted during the stochastic sampling of the posterior probability density, we discuss the timings of millenial-scale changes in trend in the series, and calculate the phasings between coherent changes. We find that the phasing between Antarctic Temperature and CO2 likely varied, though the response times remain within a range of ~500 years from synchrony, both between events during the deglaciation and accross the individual ice core records. This result indicates both regional-scale complexity and modulations or variations in the mechanisms linking Antarctic temperature and CO2 accross the deglaciation. In the second study, we develop a Bayesian method to synchronize ice cores using corresponding time series in the IceChrono inverse chronological model. Tests show that this method is able to accurately synchronize CH4 series, and is capable of including external chronological observations and prior information about the glaciological characteristics at the coring site. The method is continuous and objective, bringing a new degree of accuracy and precision to the use of synchronization in ice core chronologies
Oliveira, Ana Maria Sanches Dorneles Ferreira de. "Variações na extensão da cobertura de gelo do Nevado Cololo, Bolívia." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/72104.
Повний текст джерелаThis study presents fluctuations patterns for the Nevado Cololo glaciers, Bolivia, in the period 1975–2011, as determined from orbital, cartographic and climatic data. Nevado Cololo ice masses are representative of Andean tropical glaciers subjected to alternations of humid (November to April) and dry (May to October) (outer tropics) atmospheric conditions. This seasonality is determined by the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) latitudinal oscillation and disturbed by the no seasonal ENSO phenomena. The positive phase, El Niño, contributes negatively to these glaciers mass balance and was frequent during the investigated time period. This work used TM/ Landsat-5 imagery to determine the ice cover in 1989, 1997, 2008 and 2011. Applying the Normalized Snow Difference Index (NDIS), which uses the opposite spectral characteristics of ice masses in the visible and near infrared region, this work delimited the Nevado Cololo glaciers. Based on information from a topographic chart, we obtained a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using elevation points interpolated by the ordinary kriging geostatistical method. Information derived from remote sensing and cartographic sources was incorporated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) to obtain glaciers parameters. The analyses of precipitation and temperature time series used data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC)/NOAA, the Climate Research Unit Time Series (CRUTS)/University of East Anglia and from two meteorological stations. Climatic data show no statistically significant trend, but there was a weak precipitation reduction during November, December and April months, a condition that may indicate low cloudiness during the summer. By 2011, there were only 48 of the 122 glaciers identified in 1975. Small glaciers (<0.1 km²) with low maximum elevations were most affected and currently there are no glaciers below 4,626 m asl. The ice covered 24.77 km² in 2011, 42.02% less than in 1975. Surface loss occurred in all slopes, regardless of orientation, but glaciers facing east were most affected. Even the largest glacier in Nevado Cololo, SW face, lost 21.6% of its total area and its front retreated about 1 km during the 36 years period. Proportionately, there was an increase in the number of glaciers whose average slope is between 30° and 40°. The ice thickness reduction is attested by glaciers break up and bedrock outcrops in its internal parts. These glaciers mass loss was probably caused by the intensification of ablation processes.
Van, Liefferinge Brice. "Thermal state uncertainty assessment of glaciers and ice sheets: Detecting promising Oldest Ice sites in Antarctica." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/268026.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en Sciences
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Dionne, Pierre-Olivier. "Étude expérimentale et comparative de l'érosion de contact entre un till et différents matériaux filtres grossiers." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70263.
Повний текст джерелаContact erosion is an internal erosion process that can be found in embankment dams and dikes which can lead to failure. It is defined as the pullout and dragging of fines from a base material through an adjacent coarser material under seepage parallel to the interface. This study intends to understand and to identify the mechanisms that control contact erosion with a well-graded base soil (Romaine 3 till) combined with different filter materials. To study the erosion process, a new experimental setup has been developed. Also, in order to properly assess the mechanisms involved with a well-graded base soil, comparative tests have also been performed with poorly-graded base soils. It was found that the grading of the base material as an important impact on the initiation and progression of contact erosion as different mechanisms such as paving and clogging can develop to limit or even stop the erosion. With the experimental results of this study as well as those found in the literature, a model for contact erosion threshold evaluation is proposed. Additionally, an experimental approach is proposed in order to simplify the study of contact erosion for well-graded base soils. Finally, a conceptualization of the erosion process (initiation and evolution) depending on the grain size of both filter and base soils and on the hydraulic solicitation is proposed. The Romaine 3 till susceptibility to contact erosion is assessed with latter conceptualization.
Perrier, Romain. "Suivi local et régional du pergélisol dans le cadre du changement climatique contemporain : application aux vallées de la Clarée et de l'Ubaye (Alpes du Sud, France)." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070045.
Повний текст джерелаThis work intends to characterize the distribution, the state and the functioning of permafrost at various spatial scales and in various topoclimatic contexts. It also intends determine permafrost response(s) to actual climate change. In order to realize these objectives, our investigations have been carried out in two valleys (Clarée and Ubaye) of the French Southern Alps. Firstly, permafrost spatial distribution has been studied at regional scale by means of a statistico¬empirical model. Results show that permafrost may be found between 2600 and 3000 m and its distribution is influenced by altitude and solar radiation. Secondly and at the local scale, the implementation of a geophysical, thermal and geodetic monitoring has helped to qualify the regional spatial model as well as to characterize actual permafrost functioning. At rockglacier scale, geophysical investigations reveal a patchy permafrost distribution and a high heterogeneity of ground ice that both may be explained by local geodynamics and recent glacial (LIA) history. Thermal monitoring has revealed the existence of 4 main thermal regimes that mainly depend on snow cover specificities and permafrost occurrence. During the two years (2010-2012) period of monitoring some sites have shown some permafrost thermal disequilibrium with current climate conditions. Geodetic monitoring of rockglaciers shows an annual velocity as well as vertical displacements that range from few centimeters up to a meter. More generally surface displacements are mainly conditioned by local topography and ground ice type. Thirdly, permafrost degradation assessment through rockglacier morphological changes is difficult to determine. Significant morphological changes have only been observed on rockglacier areas that contain ground massive ice inherited from LIA advance. However, the use of permafrost thermal disequilibrium proxies has enabled to build up a regional topo-climatic model together with a map of areas susceptible to thermal disequilibrium
Sala, Monique. "Structure et nature des corps sédimentaires formes en régime post-glaciaire dans le domaine sous-marin du delta holocène de la Natashquan (Golfe du Saint Laurent - Canada)." Perpignan, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PERP0122.
Повний текст джерелаMalenfant-Corriveau, Manuel. "Propriétés hydrauliques d'un till compacté avec un faible pourcentage de particules argileuses." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27082.
Повний текст джерела