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Lemettre, Sylvain. "Encapsulation sous vide de micro-bolomètres à basse température." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS524.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plusieurs catégories de MEMS nécessitent un environnement sous vide pour fonctionner de manière optimale, tel le micro-bolomètre. Le fonctionnement optimal de ce détecteur, à la base des imageurs infrarouge non refroidis, nécessite qu’il soit thermiquement isolé, et donc qu’il évolue dans une atmosphère raréfiée (< 10-2 mbar). Le maintien sous vide d’une matrice bolométrique durant la durée de vie d'une dizaine d’années du composant est réalisé par une encapsulation dans un boîtier de très faible volume (de 0,5 à 30 µL).Cette encapsulation sous vide fait appel à deux techniques complémentaires : le scellement hermétique sous vide et l’intégration d’un dispositif d’absorption du gaz dans la cavité, appelé getter. La technique de scellement donnant un joint de scellement suffisamment hermétique (<10-14 atm.cm3.s-1) est la soudure métallique. Le getter est un film mince métallique à base de métaux de transition. Il acquiert une activité de sorption lorsqu’il est chauffé.Les procédés d’encapsulation sous vide de l’état de l’art permettent l’encapsulation de micro-bolomètres à des températures de 300°C. Mais il est fort probable que les futurs matériaux micro-bolométriques en cours de développement ne supporteront pas des températures de recuit supérieures à 280°C. Leur encapsulation demande donc la mise à disposition d’un nouveau procédé de scellement sous vide à plus basse température et d’un nouveau film getter s’activant aussi à basse température.Ces deux techniques ont par conséquent été développées, au moyen de caractérisations en laboratoire et de tests sur composants industrielsSome kinds of MEMS like micro-bolometers require vacuum to operate optimally. This IR sensor is the cornerstone for uncooled infrared detection. Its best sensing capacity is achieved by thermal insulation, which is realized by placing it under vacuum (< 10-2 mbar). The vacuum is maintained throughout the camera lifetime thanks to a microvolume packaging (0.5 to 30 µL).The MEMS vacuum packaging implies the combination of two complementary technical solutions: first hermetic sealing, then getter device integration absorbing internal gas. The sealing technique retained (which enables leak rate <10-14 atm.cm3.s-1) is the metallic bonding. The getter is a thin transition metal film. When activated by an annealing, its surface traps gaseous molecules. The sorption process of the getter is ideally activated during the sealing process of the bonding.The typical temperature packaging process for micro-bolometers is 300°C. It is expected that sensibility of new types of micro-bolometers materials will be degraded if they are exposed to temperatures higher than 280°C. Consequently, their encapsulation require the elaboration of a new low temperature packaging technology.Such a technology has been developed based on experimental studies in laboratory and tests under industrial conditions
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COSTA, ROGERIO SOARES DA. "THE GETTIER PROBLEM AND THE SCEPTICISM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=17904@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORPROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Desde a publicação do famoso artigo do americano Edmund Gettier sobre as condições do conhecimento diversos pensadores apontaram para as conseqüências céticas advindas do questionamento do conceito de conhecimento como crença verdadeira justificada. A despeito de tal afirmação, poucos foram aqueles que se dedicaram elucidar em que exatamente consiste a ameaça cética. O objetivo da presente tese é formular um conceito de ceticismo que esteja de acordo com suas expressões mais relevantes, no passado e na atualidade, e averiguar se o problema de Gettier a ele pode realmente conduzir.
Since the publishing of the famous article from the american Edmund Gettier on the definition of knowledge several thinkers pointed out to the sceptical consequences derived from questioning the concept of knowledge as justified true belief. Despite such affirmation, few were those who dedicated themselves to clarify of what exactly consists the sceptical threat. This thesis objective is to formulate a concept of scepticism according to its most relevant expressions, in the past and nowadays, and to test if the Gettier problem can truly lead to it.
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Magalhães, Thiago Lobato de. "Considerações sobre os problemas de Gettier." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90905.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, FLorianópolis, 2008.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T16:35:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 267021.pdf: 710904 bytes, checksum: 21a75fdda0199a672dc41329a3ddc9aa (MD5)
Esta dissertacao tem como objetivo principal a apresentacao e discussao dos problemas apontados por Gettier em relacao a concepcao classica do conhecimento como crenca verdadeira e justificada. Gettier apresenta em seu artigos justified true belief knowledge?. dois casos onde o sujeito do conhecimento possui uma crenca verdadeira e justificada, mas nao possui conhecimento em relacao a mesma, colocando assim a nocao tradicional de conhecimento em xeque. O artigo de Gettier provocou uma grande discussao na filosofia contemporanea principalmente sobre as nocoes de conhecimento e justificacao. Parte desta discussao e abordada nesta dissertacao ao apresentarmos possiveis solucoes aos problemas de Gettier e ao considerarmos quais principios epistemicos devem ser aceitos como legitimos no ambito da logica epistemica. Pretendo com este trabalho apresentar uma concepcao do conhecimento humano que evite os problemas apresentados por Gettier. Para que a concepcao de conhecimento supere os problemas que sao sugeridos pelos exemplos de Gettier, basear-me-ei nas ideias de Russell e Goldman sobre o tema. Russell apresenta uma forma de solucionar tais problemas aceitando a existencia de um conjunto fundamental de conhecimentos a partir do qual, por meio de inferencias, estariamos justificados em acreditar em outras proposicoes que seriam, entao, novos casos de conhecimento, ja Goldman defende que para que uma crenca seja considerada justificada a mesma tenha que ser produzida por um processo de producao de crencas confiavel. Mas tais conhecimentos fundamentais sao reais? Podemos estar totalmente seguros que sao de fato conhecimentos e nao meras crencas? As bases de nossos conhecimentos sao infaliveis? A resposta dos ceticos e dizer que nao, nao podemos ter conhecimentos genuinos a cerca do mundo ou do que quer que seja. Mas entao, o que sao aquelas coisas que dizemos ser conhecimentos? Tratarei neste trabalho do conhecimento humano. Nao do conhecimento do mundo como ele e, pois nao temos um acesso direto ao mundo, mas do conhecimento humano relativo a um contexto. Buscarei apresentar uma teoria que determine sob quais condicoes as pessoas tem conhecimento em um determinado contexto. Nao pretendo que a concepcao de conhecimento aqui apresentada represente o conhecimento que de fato corresponde ao mundo, o que Russell desejava alcancar com sua nocao de conhecimento apresentada em seu livro Os Problemas da Filosofia. Pretendo sim, esbocar uma nocao de conhecimento que capture a estrutura por tras da concepcao de conhecimento como crenca verdadeira e justificada de Russell, utilizando a ideia dos Fundacionalistas de que existe um conjunto de conhecimentos basicos e o que a partir deste conjunto puder ser inferido tambem possa ser considerado conhecimento, sendo que, o conjunto basico de conhecimentos possa diferir conforme o contexto epistemico, isto e, conforme o que e aceito em um contexto como podendo ser diretamente conhecido. O contexto epistemico, ao qual me refiro, determina o que e aceito por um individuo ou comunidade de individuos como sendo diretamente justificavel, e o que e tomado como sendo regras de inferencias aceitaveis pelo mesmo, portanto, determina o que e conhecimento.
The aim of this dissertation is to present and discuss the problems pointed out by Gettier in relation to the classical definition of knowledge as justified true belief. Gettier presents in his paper #\Is justified true belief knowledge?. two cases where the subject of knowledge has justified true belief, but doesn#et have knowledge putting therefore, the traditional knowledge notion in check. Gettier#es paper provoked a great discussion in contemporary philosophy, mostly about the notions of knowledge and justification. This dissertation deals with a part of this discussion, presents possible solutions to Gettier#es problems and consider which epistemic principles should be accepted in the scope of epistemic logic. This work intends to present a conception of human knowledge that avoids Gettier#es problems. In order to overcome the problems raised by Gettier#es examples, this conception of knowledge will be based on Russell and Goldman#Ls ideas about the subject. Russell presents a way to solve these problems by accepting the existence of a fundamental set of known propositions, from which, by means of inferences, we should be justified in believing other propositions (which would be then new instances of knowledge). Goldman defends that, in order for a belief to be considered justified, it has to be produced by a reliable process. But, do those fundamental known propositions constitute real knowledge? Can we be totally sure that they in fact are knowledge and not mere beliefs? Are the bases of our knowledge infallible? The sceptic#es answer is no, we cannot have authentic knowledge about the world or anything else. But if this is so, what are those things that we say to be knowledge? This work deals with human knowledge; not the knowledge of the world as it is, because we don#et have direct access to the world, but it deals with the human knowledge in relation to a context. I present a theory to establishing under which conditions people get knowledge in a specific context. I don#et intend this knowledge conception here presented to represent knowledge that in fact corresponds to the world, which is what Russell desired to obtain with his notion of knowledge presented in his book The Problems of Philosophy. I intend to outline a notion of knowledge that captures the structure behind the Russell#es conception of knowledge as justified true belief, using the foundationalist idea that there is a basic set of knowledge and whatever we could infer from this set of knowledge will be consider knowledge too. However, the basic set of knowledge may differ according the epistemic context, for example, according to which is accepted in a context as being directly known. The epistemic context, to which I refer, establishes what is accepted by an individual, or a community of individuals, as being directly justifiable. That which is considered by them to be reliable inference rules, therefore, determines what is knowledge.
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Silva, Kariane Marques da. "CONTRAEXEMPLOS DE GETTIER: REPENSANDO A JUSTIFICAÇÃO EPISTÊMICA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorIn the 1960s, a debate has begun in Epistemology about a problem raised by Edmund Gettier in relation to the traditional conception of knowledge. Nowadays the cases presented by Gettier don t seem resolved what makes them even more relevant in current epistemological debates. According to these cases, some scenarios are possible in which necessary and sufficient conditions (belief, truth and justification) are satisfied in order to the traditional definition of knowledge. However, in these cases the subject (a candidate for knowledge) isn t in possession of knowledge. The mainly discussions about it are relative to the concept of epistemic justification, because justification, as an element that identifies the truth of a belief, is supposed not to be sufficient to carry on this function. This insufficiency allows, therefore, the subject be in possession of justification for her/his beliefs and, at the same time, have no knowledge yet. Gettier cases are considered a problem by some theories that defend the standard conditions to the definition of concept of knowledge. Many efforts have been tried to solve these cases with the establishment of an anti-Gettier condition to the definition of knowledge. This way of solution takes to the development of some theories of justification subjected to additional Gettier cases. Unlike this, Laurence Bonjour publishes a critic called The Myth of Knowledge, in which Gettier cases are read like some epistemological pseudoproblems. Bonjour defends that such cases and also the Lottery Paradox are introduced to Epistemology as a result of the adoption of a fallibilist view of knowledge, particularly in relation to the concept of justification. According to him, fallibilists have been failed in their efforts to solve Gettier cases and, hence, they have been complicated the possibility of a coherent concept of knowledge. Furthermore, a mistake in relation to support a fallible justification involves a myth, namely, a worthy philosophical conception of knowledge that can be found in common sense. The fallibilist view, consonant Bonjour, is philosophically unsustainable. His suggestion concerns the abandonment of the myth, because only with this way epistemological pseudoproblems would be dissolved, like those problems set by Gettier counterexamples.
Na década de 60, inicia-se um debate, no âmbito epistemológico, em torno de um suposto problema proposto por Edmund Gettier a respeito da definição tradicional de conhecimento. Até a atualidade, os casos apresentados por Gettier parecem não ter sido resolvidos, o que torna a discussão relevante nos atuais debates epistemológicos. De acordo com esses casos, é possível postular cenários em que as condições (crença, verdade e justificação) necessárias e suficientes para a definição tradicional de conhecimento são satisfeitas; entretanto, o sujeito, candidato a conhecedor, não está de posse de conhecimento. As principais discussões sobre isso ocorrem em torno do conceito de justificação epistêmica, pois se supõe que a justificação, entendida como o elemento que identifica a verdade da crença, não é suficiente para realizar essa função; permitindo, assim, situações em que o sujeito esteja de posse de justificação para suas crenças e, mesmo assim, não tenha conhecimento. Para as teorias que mantêm as condições-padrão para a definição do conceito de conhecimento, os casos de Gettier são postos como um problema, e muitas tentativas de superá-lo acontecem por meio do estabelecimento de uma condição anti-Gettier para a definição de conhecimento. Essa via de solução leva ao desenvolvimento de teorias da justificação que incorrem em adicionais casos de tipo-Gettier. Diferentemente disso, Laurence BonJour publicou uma crítica denominada O Mito do Conhecimento, em que os casos de Gettier são entendidos como pseudoproblemas epistemológicos. BonJour argumenta que tais casos, e também o Paradoxo da Loteria, são introduzidos à epistemologia como resultado da adoção de uma visão falibilista do conhecimento, particularmente com relação ao conceito de justificação. O que se evidencia é que os falibilistas têm fracassado nas tentativas de soluções para casos tipo-Gettier, e com isso inviabilizam a possibilidade de um conceito coerente de conhecimento. O equívoco da sustentação de uma justificação falível para o conhecimento radica num mito, a saber, que pode ser encontrado no senso comum uma concepção de conhecimento que seja digna de preocupação filosófica. Para BonJour essa visão falibilista do conhecimento é filosoficamente insustentável. Sua sugestão é de que se abandone o mito que a sustenta, pois somente assim se dissolveriam os pseudoproblemas epistemológicos, como aqueles engendrados pelos contraexemplos de Gettier.
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Lain, amador Lucia. "Production of ultra-high-vacuum chambers with integrated getter thin-film coatings by electroforming." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD006/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Des couches minces co-deposées de Titanium Zirconium Vanadium (TiZrV) sont utilisés dans les accélérateurs de particules et les sources de lumière synchrotron pour maintenir les conditions d’ultravide. Elles sont pulvérisés sur les parois internes des chambres à vides, transformant celles-ci en « pompe chimique de gaz ». La tendance dans la conception d’accélérateurs d’électrons consiste à approcher les pôles des aimants de direction au plus près du faisceau d’électrons. Cela implique la réduction du diamètre des tubes hébergeant le vide et nécessite l’utilisation de très petits diamètres pour les chambres à vide. L’application du dépôt par vaporisation physique (PVD) dans un aussi faible diamètre devient alors très difficile. Le but de ce projet est de développer une nouvelle procédure de dépôt couplé à l’assemblage, en utilisant un mandrin sacrificiel en aluminium comme substrat de la couche mince en même temps que la création autour de lui de la chambre à vide elle-même par électroformage de cuivre. La première partie de l’étude concerne la production et la caractérisation de chambre de cuivre électroformées. La robustesse mécanique de l’assemblage complet a été validée, et les caractéristiques du film lui-même sont etudièes par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB), diffraction des rayons X (DRX), spectrométrie de fluorescence-X (XRF) et spectrométrie de photoélectrons X (XPS). De plus, les performances de « pompage chimique des gaz » des nouvelles chambres à vide ainsi élaborées sont mesurées et comparées avec des valeurs de références de revêtements déposés par des procédures classiques dans des tubes de plus grand diamètres. La deuxième partie de l‘étude concerne l’évaluation des impuretés incluses lors des différentes étapes du procédé : le revêtement PVD, l’électroformage et l’étape de dissolution chimique du mandrin. La spectrométrie de désorption thermique et les profils de composition en épaisseur par XPS permettent de quantifier les impuretés dans le cuivre électroformé et dans le film de TiZrV. De plus, la présence d’hydrogène emprisonné dans le cuivre électroformé est étudiée à partir de différents bains à base de sulfate de cuivre. L’un d’entre eux, sans additifs, nécessite l’utilisation de courants pulsés. Le comportement électrochimique du bain permet la sélection de différents paramètres de séquences de pulses, dérivées de situations typiques des courbes transitoires. Finalement, le développement de prototypes de taille réelle a été atteint avec la création de chambres à vide revêtues de TiZrV de 2 mètres de long et 4mm de diamètre, ce qui n’a pas d’équivalent à ce jourTitanium Zirconium Vanadium (TiZrV) thin film coatings are used in particle accelerators and synchrotron light sources to maintain ultra-high vacuum conditions. They are deposited on the internal walls of the vacuum chambers, transforming them from a gas source into a chemical pump. The trend in electron accelerators design consists in approaching the poles of the steering magnets close to the electron beam. This implies reducing the bore hosting the vacuum chamber and using very small diameter vacuum pipes. The application of physical vapor deposition (PVD) in such small diameter chambers becomes then very difficult. The aim of this project is to develop a novel procedure of coating/assembly, using a sacrificial aluminium mandrel as substrate of the thin film together with the creation of a surrounding copper chamber by electroforming. The first part of the study deals with the production and characterization of the electroformed chambers. The mechanical robustness of the assembly is checked, and the film characterization is performed by secondary electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Moreover, the pumping performance is measured and compared with reference values of coatings produced by the standard PVD technique. The second part of the study evaluates the impurities included during the different steps of the process: PVD coating, electroforming and chemical etching of the mandrel. Thermal desorption spectroscopy and XPS depth profiling allow to quantify the impurities in the electroformed copper and the TiZrV thin film. Furthermore, the presence of hydrogen trapped in the electroformed copper is studied for different copper sulphate baths. One of them, without additives, require the use of pulse currents. The electrochemical behaviour of the bath allows the selection of different pulse parameters, derived from typical situations on the transient curves. Finally, the development of real-scale prototypes was achieved with the creation of a 4 mm diameter, 2 meters TiZrV coated vacuum chamber, which is unrivalled up to date
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Archer, Adrian Avery. "McDowell, Gettier, and the bipartite account of perceptual knowledge /." St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/511.
Повний текст джерела
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Fett, João Rizzio Vicente. "O problema de Gettier e a epistemologia do raciocínio." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7995.
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Previous issue date: 2016Legend has it that up until the beginning of the latter half of the twentieth century, the philosophical community had tacitly accepted a tripartite analysis of knowledge harking back to Classical Antiquity – the Platonic Legacy. Such an epistemological perspective consists of ancient background assumptions which define 'knowledge' in terms of 'justified true belief'. In 1963, the philosopher Edmund Gettier refuted the sufficiency of this definition, showing to epistemologists that there are cases where it is possible for one to believe truly and justifiably some proposition without having knowledge of it, because the belief turns out to be true just by accident. The Gettier problem requires us to come up with a modified analysis of knowledge which withstands those counterexamples presented by Gettier. In this essay, we examine one of the attempts to solve that problem: the defeasibility theory of knowledge, proposed by Peter Klein. We furnish the reader with good reasons to believe that, unanswered objections notwithstanding, the defeasibility theory offers a promising and interesting analysis of knowledge. Recently, however, the defeasibility theory was faced with a new challenge: the problem of knowledge from falsehood. During the last decade, many purported cases of inferential knowledge based on false beliefs have been put forward in the literature, going against an entrenched Aristotelian thesis on inferential knowledge, according to which only knowledge can produce knowledge. Our last task in this essay is to show in what way Klein’s defeasibilism handles that problem and how it accommodates the possibility of there being knowledge from falsehood.
Reza a lenda que até o início da segunda metade do século XX, a comunidade filosófica aceitava tacitamente, desde os primórdios, uma definição tripartite de conhecimento, remontando aos textos platônicos, segundo a qual conhecimento é crença verdadeira justificada. Em 1963, porém, o filósofo Edmund Gettier publicou um artigo refutando essa definição através de dois contraexemplos. Ele mostrou que há casos nos quais é possível que acreditemos veraz e justificadamente em uma proposição sem que tenhamos conhecimento dela. O problema de Gettier exige que compreendamos como a análise tradicional (Platônica) deve ser alterada de modo que os contraexemplos criados por Gettier não constituam contraexemplos à analise modificada. Nesta dissertação, vamos examinar uma das respostas a esse problema: a teoria da anulabilidade, de Peter Klein. Esperamos, ao fim da apresentação da teoria de Klein, ter oferecido ao leitor boas razões para crer que a teoria da anulabilidade oferece uma análise do conhecimento interessante e promissora em muitos aspectos - não obstante objeções ainda não respondidas - colocando-se, assim, entre as melhores candidatas para a solução do problema de Gettier. Recentemente, contudo, uma grande ameaça se impõe ao anulabilismo de Klein: o problema do “conhecimento via falsidade. ” Nos últimos dez anos, um bom número de ostensivos casos de conhecimento inferencial com base em crenças falsas foi posto em circulação, indo de encontro à enraizada tese Aristotélica sobre conhecimento inferencial, segundo a qual conhecimento inferencial só é produzido por crenças verdadeiras que são casos de conhecimento. Nossa última tarefa será, então, entender como o anulabilismo de Klein acomoda o novo dado epistemológico da possibilidade de haver conhecimento com base em falsidades.
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Boström, Dan. "Efter Gettier Kom Plantinga : En Fördjupning av Begreppet Berättigande." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149697.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After Gettier came Plantinga.In this essay I explore the concepts of justification and warrant. Are they just two words with the same meaning? Starting with Edmund Gettier’s famous 1963 paper Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? as a backdrop, I investigate Alvin Plantinga’s Proper Functionalism, his analysis of warrant, that property enough of which turns mere true belief into knowledge. Then we put Plantinga’s proper functionalism to the test with challenges from a selection of essays from philosophers critical to Plantinga’s views on warrant. We end up in a summary, where I defend the thesis that Plantinga’s proper functionalism has deepened our understanding of warrant to the point that we can say that it is the best starting point when investigating what warrant is, and how it thus helps us in our understanding what constitutes knowledge. The question of whether Plantinga’s account of warrant can be said to be a solution of Gettier cases will depend on our willingness to allow some vagueness in Plantinga’s definition of the cognitive ”mini environment”. Otherwise, a reductive analysis of knowledge and its parts seem doomed. In the end I give a slightly adjusted revision or addendum of proper functionalism, adding what I call the elements of recognition and surprise in being prepared for truth’s either validating or refuting my belief. I also shortly, in a postscript, discuss possible ways forward for those who want to explore more about Plantinga’s design plan condition, whether it should be interpreted in a theistic or naturalistic framework.
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Fett, Jo?o Rizzio Vicente. "O problema de Gettier e a epistemologia do racioc?nio." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2016. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6571.
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Legend has it that up until the beginning of the latter half of the twentieth century, the philosophical community had tacitly accepted a tripartite analysis of knowledge harking back to Classical Antiquity ? the Platonic Legacy. Such an epistemological perspective consists of ancient background assumptions which define 'knowledge' in terms of 'justified true belief'. In 1963, the philosopher Edmund Gettier refuted the sufficiency of this definition, showing to epistemologists that there are cases where it is possible for one to believe truly and justifiably some proposition without having knowledge of it, because the belief turns out to be true just by accident. The Gettier problem requires us to come up with a modified analysis of knowledge which withstands those counterexamples presented by Gettier. In this essay, we examine one of the attempts to solve that problem: the defeasibility theory of knowledge, proposed by Peter Klein. We furnish the reader with good reasons to believe that, unanswered objections notwithstanding, the defeasibility theory offers a promising and interesting analysis of knowledge. Recently, however, the defeasibility theory was faced with a new challenge: the problem of knowledge from falsehood. During the last decade, many purported cases of inferential knowledge based on false beliefs have been put forward in the literature, going against an entrenched Aristotelian thesis on inferential knowledge, according to which only knowledge can produce knowledge. Our last task in this essay is to show in what way Klein?s defeasibilism handles that problem and how it accommodates the possibility of there being knowledge from falsehood.
Reza a lenda que at? o in?cio da segunda metade do s?culo XX, a comunidade filos?fica aceitava tacitamente, desde os prim?rdios, uma defini??o tripartite de conhecimento, remontando aos textos plat?nicos, segundo a qual conhecimento ? cren?a verdadeira justificada. Em 1963, por?m, o fil?sofo Edmund Gettier publicou um artigo refutando essa defini??o atrav?s de dois contraexemplos. Ele mostrou que h? casos nos quais ? poss?vel que acreditemos veraz e justificadamente em uma proposi??o sem que tenhamos conhecimento dela. O problema de Gettier exige que compreendamos como a an?lise tradicional (Plat?nica) deve ser alterada de modo que os contraexemplos criados por Gettier n?o constituam contraexemplos ? analise modificada. Nesta disserta??o, vamos examinar uma das respostas a esse problema: a teoria da anulabilidade, de Peter Klein. Esperamos, ao fim da apresenta??o da teoria de Klein, ter oferecido ao leitor boas raz?es para crer que a teoria da anulabilidade oferece uma an?lise do conhecimento interessante e promissora em muitos aspectos - n?o obstante obje??es ainda n?o respondidas - colocando-se, assim, entre as melhores candidatas para a solu??o do problema de Gettier. Recentemente, contudo, uma grande amea?a se imp?e ao anulabilismo de Klein: o problema do ?conhecimento via falsidade.? Nos ?ltimos dez anos, um bom n?mero de ostensivos casos de conhecimento inferencial com base em cren?as falsas foi posto em circula??o, indo de encontro ? enraizada tese Aristot?lica sobre conhecimento inferencial, segundo a qual conhecimento inferencial s? ? produzido por cren?as verdadeiras que s?o casos de conhecimento. Nossa ?ltima tarefa ser?, ent?o, entender como o anulabilismo de Klein acomoda o novo dado epistemol?gico da possibilidade de haver conhecimento com base em falsidades.
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Wu, Ming. "Etude et intégration de films getter pour le packaging sous vide à basse température de résonateurs à quartz." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS240.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le packaging sous vide des capteurs résonants (accéléromètres, gyromètres), des oscillateurs à quartz utilisés dans les références de temps ou encore des bolomètres est indispensable pour obtenir de très hautes performances et les maintenir dans le temps. Le faible volume de la cavité sous vide nécessite un pompage in-situ pour compenser les fuites et maintenir le vide pendant toute la durée de vie des dispositifs. Ce pompage peut être réalisé par l'insertion dans la cavité de matériaux getter, qui constituent un système intégré de pompage à l'état solide par adsorption et piégeage des molécules de gaz.Nous avons étudié les phénomènes d’interdiffusion et comparé la capacité de sorption de films getters de titane, vanadium ou zirconium protégés par une couche ultramince d'or. Les propriétés des films ont été analysées en utilisant différentes techniques: mesure de résistivité 4 pointes, XRD, MEB, XPS et SIMS après différents traitements thermiques. Les résultats montrent que le système Au/Zr est le meilleur candidat à la fonction de matériau getter grâce au démouillage de l'or après traitement thermique : 70 nm de Zr est oxydé en ZrO2 après un recuit à 300 °C pendant 1h, ce qui correspond à 7,5 10-7 moles d'oxygène absorbées. Toutefois ce système Au/Zr réagit déjà à 200 °C-1h, une température qui peut s'avérer trop basse pour des applications de packaging sous vide. Ainsi, l'empilement Au/Zr/V/Zr a été proposé pour mieux cibler la température d'activation autour de 300°C tout en gardant une capacité de sorption importanteThe vacuum packaging of resonant sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes) and quartz oscillators which are used for time references or bolometers is needed in order to reach high performances on a long term. The low volume of the cavity requires an in-situ gas pumping to compensate the leaks and maintain the vacuum during all the lifetime of the device. This pumping can be achieved by the integration of getter materials into the cavity, behaving as an integrated solid state pumping system based on the adsorption and the trapping of the gas molecules.We have studied the interdiffusion phenomena and compared the sorption capacity of titanium, vanadium or zirconium getter film protected by a thin gold layer. The properties of these films were analysed by various techniques: 4 point probe resistivity measurement, XRD, SEM, XPS and SIMS after different thermal treatments. The results show that the Au/Zr system is the best candidate thanks to the gold dewetting after thermal treatment: 70 nm of Zr has been oxidized to ZrO2 after annealing at 300 °C-1h, which is corresponding to the absorption of 7,5 10-7 moles of oxygen. However Au/Zr system already reacts at 200 °C-1h, a too low temperature for packaging applications under vacuum. Thus, the multilayer Au/Zr/V/Zr was proposed to target an activation temperature around 300 °C while keeping a high sorption capacity
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Gettel, Marco [Verfasser]. "Ersatzimperfektionen für den numerischen Beulsicherheitsnachweis stählerner Kreiszylinderschalen / Marco Gettel." Aachen : Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1161309438/34.
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Hovland, Valerie A. (Valerie Ann) 1975. "Zirconium alloy getter bed air-ingress thermal failure analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49669.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 42).
In the event of an unexpected inrush of air into a packed St-909 getter bed, the exothermic reaction of oxygen and pellet material pushes temperatures within the bed to extremely high levels. This failure mode, which could be caused by a line rupture, was modeled, analyzed, and a full-scale experiment was performed in the Tritium Science and Engineering group at Los Alamos National Laboratory to confirm the results that the primary bed container will not fail from overheating. The oxidation of St-909 pellets was modeled and determined to be limited by the oxide diffusing into the pellet material. An effective diffusivity of the oxide into the pellet and its variance with temperature was determined. In the full-scale experiment, air was pumped through the bed at 15 standard liters per minute. Oxygen breaking through the bed was gradual and began after almost one hour of air flow. Maximum temperatures along the centerline of the bed reached 1280°C, primary container temperatures reached 840°C, and the primary container maintained structural integrity throughout the experiment.
by Valerie A. Hovland.
S.M.
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Thibault, Delphine. "Piégeage de l'hydrogène dans des hydrures métalliques en présence de mélanges de gaz." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1143.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La mitigation du risque hydrogène encouru lors du transport de déchets radiolysables est une problématique majeure dans le domaine du nucléaire. Les getters métalliques réagissent spontanément avec l'hydrogène gazeux pour le piéger sous forme solide avec des capacités volumiques et des cinétiques de réaction élevées dans les conditions de température et de pression de l'application. Cette réaction implique cependant une étape de dissociation de l'hydrogène en surface qui peut être fortement affectée par la présence de molécules de gaz inhibiteurs tels que l'azote ou le monoxyde de carbone. Aussi, un système original de couplage entre un hydrure métallique et une membrane permsélective à l'hydrogène a été proposé dans ce travail afin d'éviter la contamination de la surface de l'alliage et d'optimiser le piégeage de l'hydrogène en présence de mélanges de gaz. Des alliages de zirconium des systèmes Zr-Fe et Zr-Ti-V, connus pour leur relative tolérance aux gaz contaminants, ont été synthétisés dans un four à induction haute fréquence par cofusion d'éléments purs. L'analyse structurale et chimique des échantillons a été réalisée par diffraction des rayons-X et microsonde de Casgtaing. L'hydrogénation par la méthode de Sievert en présence de différents mélanges de gaz a confirmé l'influence néfaste du monoxyde de carbone sur les cinétiques et les capacités d'absorption des hydrures.Parallèlement, des membranes de silice microporeuse et de polyimide dense ont été élaborées. Leurs propriétés de perméation et de sélectivité à l'hydrogène ont été caractérisées dans les conditions de température et de pression correspondant à l'application. L'enrobage d'un alliage hydrurable dans une membrane permsélective à l'hydrogène a été proposé. L'intérêt de ce couplage sur les cinétiques d'absorption de l'hydrogène en présence de CO a été démontréMitigation of the hydrogen risk generated by radiolysis during nuclear waste transportation is a major safety concern in the nuclear industry. Intermetallic compounds act as getters to trap hydrogen in solid state spontaneously in wide ranges of temperatures and pressures including waste transport conditions. The hydrogenation reaction proceeds through a dissociation step at the metal surface and the presence of inhibiting gas molecules such as nitrogen or carbon monoxide can strongly affect the gettering performances of the material. Therefore, an innovative system has been proposed in this work to protect alloy surfaces and optimize hydrogen gettering in the presence of gas mixtures using a hydrogen permselective membrane. Structure and chemical composition of zirconium alloys from the Zr-Fe and Zr-Ti-V systems, known to be relatively tolerant to contaminants gas, have been investigated using X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis. The hydrogen sorption properties have been studied and confirmed the hindering effects of carbon monoxide on the kinetics and the absorption capacity of those hydrides. Meanwhile, microporous silica membranes and dense polyimide have been developed. Their permeation and selectivity properties to hydrogen have been characterized in temperature and pressure conditions close to the foreseen application. Embedded hydrides into a permselective polymeric matrix were finally proposed. This coupling showed benefits on the absorption kinetics in the presence of CO
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Lindqvist, Fanny, and Johanna Jonsson. "”Ni har ju faktiskt gettdem ett språk” : En kvalitativ studie om hur förskollärare arbetar medalternativ och kompletterande kommunikation iförskolan." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad utbildningsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185529.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Syftet med studien var att öka kunskap om hur förskollärare använder alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation i förskolans undervisning för att stödja alla barns utveckling. Utifrån studiens syfte formades tre frågeställningar för att undersöka hur förskollärare använder alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation i undervisningen, vilka former av alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation de använder och hur de används, samt vilken kompetens de besitter och hur de har skaffat sig den kompetensen. I studien genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta verksamma förskollärare. Studien analyserades utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Resultatet visar att kompetensen inom alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation varierar hos förskollärare, samt att alla informanter i studien mer eller mindre använder olika former avalternativ och kompletterande kommunikation i sin undervisning. Våra slutsatser visar att samtliga förskollärare i studien anser att alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation är en viktig metod som stödjer alla barns språkutveckling samt att det fungerar som ett hjälpande redskap i den ömsesidiga kommunikationen mellan barn och vuxna. Trots de fördelar som finns med AKK visar våra slutsatser att förskollärarna upplever en brist på kompetens inom området och att en vidare kompetensutveckling försvåras på grund avekonomiska faktorer och tidsbrist.
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Avdiaj, Sefer, Fisnik Aliaj, and Naim Syla. "Modelling the oxygen diffusion profile in St 707 non evaporable getter material." Diffusion fundamentals 20 (2013) 82, S. 1, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13669.
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Avdiaj, Sefer, Fisnik Aliaj, and Naim Syla. "Modelling the oxygen diffusion profile in St 707 non evaporable getter material." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-183707.
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Ryan, Shane Gavin. "Nature and value of knowledge : epistemic environmentalism." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9736.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
My thesis examines the nature and value of knowledge and normative implications of its value. With this in mind I examine Greco’s account of knowledge in detail and consider whether it convinces. I argue against the account on a number of fronts; in particular I argue against Greco’s treatment of the Barney and Jenny cases. In doing so I draw on the dialectic in the literature and go beyond it by showing how his treatment of those cases is such as to raise problems for his treatment of other cases. More specifically I argue that Greco’s treatment of the Barney case is such as to threaten his treatment of standard Gettier cases and his treatment of the Jenny case threatens his treatment of the Careless Math Student case. I also consider an alternative virtue epistemic approach offered by Pritchard which I reject. In attempting to overcome the challenges that the Barney and Jenny cases pose I articulate an alternative account according to which what I call “epistemic grace” is a requirement of knowledge. It is via this epistemic grace requirement that I also account for the value of knowledge. Recognition of the value of knowledge serves as the basis for the articulation of the notion of epistemic environmentalism. With epistemic environmentalism in view, trust is analysed and its significance to the gaining of knowledge, albeit knowledge of a certain kind, is considered. Finally, the normative implications of epistemic environmentalism are laid out in a framework to show how findings in epistemic value theory relate to approaches that can provide a basis for justifying intervention or non-intervention in the assisting of the attaining or holding of epistemic goods of value.
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Smith, Modie Christon Lycan William G. "Representative concepts how to analyze knowledge as true belief in the face of Gettier counterexamples /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,112.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Philosophy." Discipline: Philosophy; Department/School: Philosophy.
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Enqvist, Erik. "Synthesis and Characterisation of Non-Evaporable Getter Films Based on Ti, Zr and V." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Plasma och beläggningsfysik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77473.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Non-evaporable getters (NEG) are widely used in ultra high vacuum (UHV) systems for particle accelerators to assure distributed pumping speed. By heating the NEG to an activation temperature, the oxide layer on the surface dissolves into the material, leaving a clean (activated) surface. The activated NEG surface is capable of chemisorbing most of the residual gases present in a UHV system and will act as a vacuum pump. NEG can be sputter deposited on the inner wall of vacuum chambers, turning the whole wall from a source of gas into a pump. At the largest particle accelerator in the world, the Large Hadron Collider, more than 6 km of beam pipe has been NEG coated. In this work, a DC magnetron sputtering system dedicated for coating cylindrical vacuum chambers with NEG has been assembled, installed and commissioned. The system has been used to do NEG depositions on inner walls of vacuum chambers. The vacuum performance of the coating has been measured in terms of pumping speed, electron stimulated desorption and activation temperature. In addition, the thin film composition and morphology has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The work has resulted in an operational DC magnetron sputtering system, which can be used for further studies of NEG materials and compositions.
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Keshaw, Jeetesh Bhana. "Reverse engineering of GETTER : a fission product release code for PBMR / Jeetesh Bhana Keshaw." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1534.
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Périchaud, Isabelle. "Effet getter externe par diffusion de phosphore dans du silicium multicristallin : additivité de l'hydrogénation." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Il est possible d'augmenter considerablement les longueurs de diffusion ln des porteurs minoritaires dans le silicium multicristallin polix grace a l'effet getter externe lie a une diffusion superficielle de phosphore a partir de pocl#3 a 900c pendant 4 heures. Des resultats equivalents sont obtenus apres 4 heures a 850c et hydrogenation du materiau. Les analyses sims et les cartographies lbic indiquent que des impuretes metalliques comme le fer, le cuivre et le nickel sont extraites des grains, des dislocations et des joints de grains. Deux mecanismes de capture des impuretes sont proposes. Le premier, rapide, resulterait de la capture des impuretes par les dislocations creees autour des precipites de sip tres proches de la surface ou la concentration en phosphore depasse la solubilite limite. Le deuxieme, plus lent, serait lie a la formation d'un reseau de dislocations du a l'introduction d'atomes de phosphore de taille differentes dans le reseau du silicium. L'effet de l'hydrogene se revele plus additif que complementaire. En effet, s'il peut passiver des liaisons pendantes intrinseques ou extrinseques, il doit aussi neutraliser des impuretes metalliques residuelles. Le materiau se comporte, apres traitement, comme une mosaique de petits cristaux de tres bonne qualite, separes par des joints de grains qui seraient les defauts dominants
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Zhang, Xiaoxing. "Une défense de l'épistémologie cartésienne." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Au 20ème siècle, la position traditionnelle de l’épistémologie cartésienne a reçu de nombreuses critiques. La transparence de l’esprit et notre accès authentique à nos propres états mentaux sont couramment attaqués par les arguments selon lesquels nos jugements prétendument fondamentaux ne sont point infaillibles. Le problème de la « poule tachetée » proposé par Chisholm est ici un bon exemple. D’autres épistémologues ont proposé des scénarios où les cognitions fondamentales sont les victimes, soit des processus cognitifs étranges, soit des environnements défavorables. On a aussi constaté qu’il y a de cognitions fondamentales qui sont obscures ou fausses. Ces trois groupes d’objections faillibilistes ne sont pas irréfragables, mais il n’y a pas non plus de réponse systématique et suffisamment solide de la part de ceux qui défendent la thèse de l’infaillibilité fondamentale. Dans le présent travail, nous reconstruirons un modèle de l’intuition à l’inspiration des Regulae ad directionem ingenii. Nous réfuterons avec ce modèle la plupart des objections contemporaines, et proposerons en même temps une nouvelle interprétation des textes principaux de DescartesDuring the 20th century, the position of Cartesian epistemology has been much criticized. The transparency of the mind, as well as our authentic access to our own mental states, have been continuously attacked by arguments that attempt to reveal the fallibility of our putatively foundational cognitions. The famous problem of the speckled hen is representative; some epistemologists have also configured fictional scenarios where our foundational cognitions suffer from strange cognitive process or unfavorable epistemic environment, so that the relevant cognitions are no longer reliable, a fortiori infallible; others directly state that there are fundamental cognitions that are actually mistaken. These three groups of fallibilist objections are not flawless, but there are no systematic and sufficiently solid responses that defend the infallibility thesis either. In this dissertation, we shall reconstruct a model of intuition on the basis of Descartes’ Regulae ad directionem ingenii. The model will be used to refute most of the contemporary anti-Cartesian objections. It also provides a new interpretation of Descartes’ Meditations and other related texts
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Tenchine, Lionel. "Effet getter de multicouches métalliques pour des applications MEMS. Etude de la relation Elaboration - Microstructure - Comportement." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00609077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'objectif de cette thèse est d'établir les liens entre élaboration, microstructure et comportement des getters non-évaporables (NEG) en couches minces, en vue de leur utilisation dans le cadre du packaging collectif des MEMS sous vide ou sous atmosphère contrôlée. Après une étude bibliographique sur l'herméticité des MEMS et l'effet getter, la modification du comportement de piégeage de gaz par les NEG couches minces, engendré par l'ajout de sous-couches métalliques, est mise en évidence. Afin d'expliquer cette influence, la microstructure des couches minces est étudiée, notamment sa dépendance aux paramètres d'élaboration et aux traitements thermiques. Ensuite, le comportement macroscopique de piégeage de l'azote est caractérisé, de même que les mécanismes microscopiques d'activation et de pompage. Ces derniers permettent finalement d'élaborer quelques recommandations pour l'intégration des NEG couches minces dans les MEMS.
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Theorell, Hannes. "Bräkanden från förr : att skilja får från getter utifrån kv. Apoteket 4-5 i Visby." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1500.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To differentiate between bones from sheep (Ovis aries) and bones from of goats (Capra hircus) is a long lasting challenge for zoologists, archaeozoologists and osteologists. Especially considering archaeological remains which are often found fractured and poorly preserved due to taphonomic processes. Zeder & Pilaar’s (2010) and Zeder & Lapham’s (2010) methods of species differentiation has shown promising results when used on bones from modern sheeps and goats. This paper aims to evaluate these methods by exerting them on excavated bones from kv. Apoteket 4-5, a late Viking Age and early Medieval quarter in central Visby. The results have shown that Zeder & Pilaar’s (2010) methods of identifying sheeps and goats with the mandibular teeths and mandibles are unreliable due to disturbances from wear, fragmentation and weak criterias. Results from Zeder & Laphams (2010) methods for post cranial bones shows mixed results considering a pilot study with the implementation of ancient DNA, which was executed att Gotland University during summer and fall 2011. More extensive studies in the future with the implementation of archaeogenetics are planned which can be used to further develop these methods and thus increase the reliabiltiy of the results.In this study 5,3kg of bones were osteologically species identified and analyzed. The results were used to recreate the use of sheep and goats including butchery techniques, animal husbandry and livestock health status with focus on the sheeps and goats in an early Medieval town quarter in Visby.Att skilja mellan ben från får och ben från get har länge varit en utmaning för zoologer, arkeozoologer och osteologer. Särskilt när ett arkeologiskt benmaterial undersöks eftersom materialet ofta är fragmenterat och sämre bevarat. Zeder & Pilaar (2010) och Zeder & Laphams (2010) metoder för att skilja mellan får och get har uppvisat lovande resultat när ben från moderna får och getter har undersökts. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att utvärdera dessa metoder genom att tillämpa dem på ett arkeologiskt material från kv. Apoteket 4-5 i Visby.Resultatet från analysen visar att Zeder och Pilaars metod för underkäkar och underkäkständer är otillförlitlig på grund av förekomst av slitage, fragmentering och svaga kriterier. Resultatet från Zeder och Laphams metod för postkraniala benslag visar en mer blandad tillförlitlighet om man ser till de jämförelser som har gjorts mot en studie av förhistoriskt DNA som genomfördes på Högskolan på Gotland under 2011 på material från kv. Apoteket 4-5. En mer omfattande studie vilket inkluderar en arkeogenetisk undersökning är planerad i framtiden. Resultatet från studierna ska användas för att utveckla metoderna och på så sätt öka metodernas tillförlitlighet.I undersökningen som ligger till grund för denna kandidatuppsats har 5,3 kg benmaterial från kv. Apoteket 4-5 identifierats och analyserats osteologiskt. Resultatet användes för att återskapa användningen av får och getter och på så sätt erhålla information om slaktteknik, djurhållning och djurens hälsa i ett stadskvarter i Visby under sen vikingatid och tidig medeltid.
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Lani, Sébastien. "Etude de procédés d’encapsulation sur tranche sous vide ou quasi hermétique pour les microsystèmes (opto)électromécaniques." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112335.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'encapsulation sur tranche est une voie de plus en plus adoptée pour conditionner les microsystèmes (opto)électromécaniques (M(O)EMS) car c'est un procédé collectif qui permet une réduction majeure du coût final de fabrication, l'obtention d'un environnement interne contrôlé (hermétique ou sous vide) et une découpe des puces après libération des microstructures mécaniques. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier les étapes clés de cette technologie et d'évaluer/développer des méthodes de caractérisation adaptées. Un accent particulier a été mis sur l'étude de procédés l'assemblage de substrats de silicium et/ou de verre. Deux procédés ont été étudiés en détail et développés. Le premier, la soudure eutectique or-silicium, a permis la réalisation de microcavités sous vide avec un bon rendement. Une nouvelle variante prometteuse de ce procédé, fondée sur l'utilisation de multicouches Au-Si, a aussi été proposée et étudiée. Le deuxième procédé choisi est un procédé adhésif de scellement avec un film polymère de BCB qui permet une soudure à plus basse température mais moins hermétique. Des travaux complémentaires sur la fabrication et le remplissage avec du cuivre de vias profonds dans le silicium et sur un procédé permettant l'intégration d'un film getter dans les cavités sous vide ont également été menés. Finalement, plusieurs procédés complets d'encapsulation sur tranche ont été proposés et en partie testésWafer-level packaging is a more and more adopted way for the conditioning of Micro (Opto)ElectroMechanival Systems (M(O)EMS) because it is a collective process that allows a drastic reduction of the fabrication cost, the realization of a controlled internal environment (hermetic or vacuum) and a dicing after release of the mechanical microstructures. The goals of this thesis were to investigate the key steps of this packaging technology and toi evaluate/develop suitable characterization methods. An emphasis was put on the stdy on Si and/or glass wafer bonding processes. Two processes have been studied and developed. The first one, gold-silicon wafer bonding, has allowed the fabrication of microcavities under vacuum with a good yield. A new and promising variant of this process, based on the use of Au-Si multilayers, has also been proposed and tested. The second process chosen is adhesive wafer bonding with a polymer film of BCB that allows wafer bonding at lower temperature but with a less good hermeticity. Complementary works on fabrication and filling of through silicon deep vias and on a process allowing the integration of a getter film in vacuum cavities have also been performed. Finally, several full wafer-level packaging processes have been proposed and partially tested
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Zhu, Jin. "Diffusion et gettering du chrome dans le silicium dopé au bore." Lyon, INSA, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ISAL0075.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire concerne la diffusion et le gettering du chrome dans le silicium, suite à des traitements thermiques à hautes et à basses températures. Les méthodes de caractérisation utilisées sont la DLTS et la microscopie électronique à haute résolution. Nous avons établi une nouvelle loi de diffusion de Cr, valable dans un large domaine de température (20-1050°C) avec une valeur de l'enthalpie de migration de 0,81 eV. Pour la première fois, les coefficients de diffusion pour des températures comprises entre 20 et 100°C ont été mesurés, par suivi de la cinétique de couplage entre le chrome et le bore. Nous avons mis à profit la contribution plus importante des mesures à basse température pour augmenter la précision de détermination de l'enthalpie de migration. L'effet de gettering de Cr a été étudié en fonction de la teneur en oxygène dans les plaquettes de Si, de la température et de l'atmosphère gazeuse des traitements. Le recuit rapide a été utilisé comme technique de réactivation des précipités de Cr. L'effet de drainage de Cr hors de la zone superficielle a été mis en évidence dans certaines conditions de traitements de gettering. Ce résultat est en bon accord avec l'analyse par microscopie électronique en transmission sur la distribution en profondeur des précipités. Par ailleurs, le gettering de Cr s'est révélé totalement inefficace dans Si de type FZ.
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Pogorelov, A. E., and A. V. Filatov. "Method for Characterization of Nano-Films Mechanical Properties." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35177.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The new measuring procedure of nanosized films mechanical characteristics is proposed. The method
provides laying of an explored material film on a surface of getter which containing gas. A film is locally
deformed to bubbles formation by gassing from getter. Mechanical properties of nanofilm are calculated by
measuring the sizes and the shape of the undamaged and destroyed bubbles. Mechanical properties of iron
nanofilm with thickness 30 nanometers were determined by the method.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35177
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Hartiti, Bouchaib. "Role des recuits transitoires dans la generation des defauts electriquement actifs dans le silicium. Effet getter." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR13049.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nous avons utilise une technique de spectroscopie capacitive (dlts) pour etudier les defauts electriquement actifs, introduits dans le silicium par deux recuits thermiques transitoires: l'irradiation par laser excimere et le recuit thermique rapide en four a lampes. Nous avons montre que la nature des defauts depend essentiellement de la duree de depot d'energie lors de ces recuits transitoires. Dans le cas du laser, les defauts, principalement de type lacunaire, sont dus a la trempe thermique associee a la fusion superficielle consecutive a l'irradiation par laser (de quelques nanosecondes). Par contre, lors du recuit thermique rapide (de quelques secondes), c'est l'activation des metaux de transition qui l'emporte sur la generation des defauts cristallographiques. L'origine de ces impuretes metalliques est soit intrinseque au materiau, soit extrinseque (contamination). Nous avons egalement montre que ces metaux de transition se redistribuent d'une facon heterogene dans le materiau par effet getter. Nous avons mis en evidence, pour la premiere fois, cet effet getter dans le cas d'une impurete volontairement introduite dans le silicium (l'or), en preparant differents sites de getter par endommagement mecanique ou par diffusion d'un dopant (bore ou phosphore)
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Rekow-Fond, Lydie. "La passion des limites : pour une traversée de l'oeuvre de Paul-Armand Gette." Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STET2114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Consacrée à l'oeuvre de l'artiste contemporain Paul-Armand Gette (né en 1927), cette thèse fonde la singularité de sa démarche artistique, de même que les points essentiels d'une richesse et d'une complexité qu'une présentation analytique et une réflexion thématisée ont pour objet d'étudier, à travers le prisme d'une "passion des limites".
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McFayden, Tyler Christine. "Social and Nonsocial Priming Effects on 12- to 15-Month-Olds’ Preferences for Infant-Directed Speech." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83536.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In adults, the availability of certain kinds of cues prior to a recognition task facilitates performance (often called “priming”). Studies have found that conceptual and perceptual priming improves neural efficiency and thus shortens response time in adults. In infant research, various visual and auditory/visual events are used as attention getters to orient the infant to a screen and alert them to upcoming information for their detection, discrimination, and/or recognition. However, the influence of attention-getters on infants’ performance has rarely been systematically evaluated, even though these attention cues could be acting as perceptual/conceptual primes. This study investigated the effect of priming on infants’ preferences for infant-directed speech (IDS) compared to adult-directed speech (ADS). IDS, an inherently social event, can be described as a moderator between attention systems and later language development. Thus, if the attentional network is primed in advance of hearing IDS, it is possible that the magnitude of the IDS preference may change. In this study, 20, 12- to 18-month old infants were provided with either a nonsocial or social prime in an infant-controlled, speech preference procedure with both IDS and ADS speech types. The infant’s total looking duration to IDS relative to ADS was compared for the social versus nonsocial prime condition. Results indicated a main effect for speech and overall IDS preference. However, no significant effect of prime was detected. Results are discussed in terms of future directions to investigate social priming of language in infancy.Master of Science
In infant research, short duration events are used before the task of interest to orient infants to the screen, increase their attention, and prepare them for the following information to come. These events are called “attention getters” in developmental research, and are used internationally as a way to garner infants’ attention before the main test of interest. Labs use different attention getters based on their prior experience of what works best, and these attention getters vary in content (e.g., social, nonsocial), and format (e.g., audio, visual, audiovisual). The effect of the content of the attention getter on infants’ subsequent performance has never previously been studied, although the content could be acting as a prime for the following task. This study investigated the effect of a social, as opposed to nonsocial, attention getter on infants’ subsequent performance on a speech preference task. Infants (N = 20, 12- to 18-month olds) received both infant-directed speech (IDS; or how caregivers speak to their infants, characterized by shorter sentences, slower rate of speech, and exaggerated vowels) and adult-directed speech (ADS; or how adults speak to other adults, characterized by complex grammar, faster rates of speech, and shorter vowel sounds) which were preceded by either a social (woman saying “Hi Baby” in IDS) or nonsocial (swirling target with chimes) attention getter to investigate their preferences for speech type. It was predicted that infants who received a social prime would demonstrate a stronger preference for IDS over ADS relative to infants who received the nonsocial prime. Results indicated a main effect for speech and overall IDS preference. However, no significant effect of attention getter was detected, and the interaction between speech type and attention getter was not significant. Thus, our predicted results were not supported; the content of the attention getter did not attenuate or augment infants’ speech type preferences. Results are discussed in terms of future directions to better detect social priming in infancy.
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AMARRAY, ELHOUSSINE. "Effet getter dans le silicium poly- et bicristallin : interaction de l'or et de l'oxygene avec les impuretes metalliques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Etude de l'effet getter au voisinage des surfaces de silicium bicristallin. Caracterisation des especes segregees a la surface par spectrometrie electronique auger permettant de connaitre les concentrations atomiques et les liaisons chimiques existant entre atomes. Analyse des trois facteurs principaux d'effet getter: role d'une couche d'oxyde; role des recuits thermiques, role d'une impurete a grande diffusivite, l'or
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Amarray, Elhoussine. "Effet getter dans le silicium poly et bicristallin interaction de l'or et de l'oxygène avec les impuretés métalliques." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37595431n.
Повний текст джерела
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Anhold, Thorsten. "Gettier, korrekte epistemische Funktion und der vernünftige Glaube an die Existenz des christlichen Gottes eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit Alvin Plantingas Rechtfertigungsbegriff /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=97195710X.
Повний текст джерела
34
Bilgili, Hulusi Birol. "Pressure, Gas Ratio And Operation Voltage Optimization Of A Helium-neon Laser." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605917/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aim of this thesis is to investigate the optimum working parameters of a helium-neon laser. Partial pressure ratios, total pressures of the gases and voltage-current characteristics were studied. The analysis of the results includes the minor factors (impurity, volume, etc.) and their effects to main parameters (laser power, voltage, current). Tables, which were formed by measured optical parameters as wavelength and power, converted to graphs and from these graphs optimal working conditions for the laser are obtained.
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Church, Ian M. "Virtue epistemology and the analysis of knowledge." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3118.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis centers on two trends in epistemology: (i) the dissatisfaction with the reductive analysis of knowledge, the project of explicating knowledge in terms of necessary and jointly sufficient conditions, and (ii) the popularity of virtue-theoretic epistemologies. The goal of this thesis is to endorse non-reductive virtue epistemology. Given that prominent renditions of virtue epistemology assume the reductive model, however, such a move is not straightforward—work needs to be done to elucidate what is wrong with the reductive model, in general, and why reductive accounts of virtue epistemology, specifically, are lacking. The first part of this thesis involves diagnosing what is wrong with the reductive model and defending that diagnosis against objections. The problem with the reductive project is the Gettier Problem. In Chapter 1, I lend credence to Linda Zagzebski's grim 1994 diagnosis of Gettier problems (and the abandonment of the reductive model) by examining the nature of luck, the key component of Gettier problems. In Chapter 2, I vindicate this diagnosis against a range of critiques from the contemporary literature. The second part involves applying this diagnosis to prominent versions of (reductive) virtue epistemology. In Chapter 3, we consider the virtue epistemology of Alvin Plantinga. In Chapter 4, we consider the virtue epistemology of Ernest Sosa. Both are seminal and iconic; nevertheless, I argue that, in accord with our diagnosis, neither is able to viably surmount the Gettier Problem. Having diagnosed what is wrong with the reductive project and applied this diagnosis to prominent versions of (reductive) virtue epistemology, the final part of this thesis explores the possibility of non-reductive virtue epistemology. In Chapter 5, I argue that there are three strategies that can be used to develop non-reductive virtue epistemologies, strategies that are compatible with seminal non-reductive accounts of knowledge and preserve our favorite virtue-theoretic concepts.
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Ramlakan, Alastair Justin. "Modelling of fission product release from TRISO fuel during accident conditions : benchmark code comparison / Ramlakan A." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7299.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This document gives an overview of the proposed MSc study. The main goal of the study is to model the cases listed in the code benchmark study of the International Atomic Energy Agency CRP–6 fuel performance study (Verfondern & Lee, 2005).
The platform that will be employed is the GETTER code (Keshaw & van der Merwe, 2006). GETTER was used at PBMR for the release calculations of metallic and some non–metallic long–lived fission products. GETTER calculates the transport of fission products from their point of fission to release from the fuel surface taking into account gas precursors and activation products.
Results show that for certain experiments the codes correspond very well with the experimental data whilst in others there are orders of magnitude differences. It can be seen that very similar behaviour is observed in all codes. Improvements are needed in updating the strontium diffusion coefficient and in understanding, on a deeper level, the transport of silver in TRISO particles and how it deviates from simple diffusion models.Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Matthew, Christopher P. "Design studies for stand off bomb detection." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/3752.
Повний текст джерела
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Theorell, Hannes. "Bleats from the north : Evaluation of osteological methods with support of archaeogenetics to distinguish between sheep and goats." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-228178.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study is an extension of the author's previous thesis (Theorell 2013) and focus on the analysed tibia, the humerus and the proximal and distal part of the radius of sheep bones from Gotland and goat bones from City of Falun. Methods for bone elements assessed in this study are compiled and evaluated by Zeder and Lapham (2010). The bones were then geneticallyspecies identified and the results were compared. Seven of thirteen criteria for both sheep and goat reached 100% of correct identification.Best performing criteria were on humerus and distal radius for both sheep and goats. The results for the complete bone assessments divided for the species showed best performance ongoats. Worst performing bone is the tibia. High performing criteria were found on all thetypes of bones used in this study which can be used to distinguish between sheep and goats.Föreliggande studie är en utökning av författarens tidigare magisteruppsats (Theorell 2013) och fokuserar på att analysera skenben, överarmsben samt proximal och distal del av strålbenet från fårben från Gotland och getben från Falun. Metoder för benslagen som används i denna studie har samlats och utvärderats av Zeder och Lapham (2010). Efter osteologisk analys har benen genetiskt artidentifierats och resultaten från bägge analyser har jämförts. Sju av tretton kriterier för både får och getter visade 100% korrekt bedömning. Kriterier med bäst resultat fanns på överarmsben och distalt på strålben. Sett till bedömning av komplett benslag skilt mellan får och getter visade att metoderna presterade bäst på getter. Sämst resultat uppvisades på skenbenet. Generellt uppvisade samtliga benslag kriterier som är möjliga att använda för att särskilja mellan får och getter.
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Boldrighini, Patrick Mark. "Enhanced adhesives for the encapsulation of flexible organic photovoltaic modules." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22586/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La limitation de perméation des gaz aux bordes de l’encapsulation des photovoltaïques organiques flexibles a été adressée par l’identification des chemins de perméation du vapeur d’eau et par la formulation des nanocomposites adhésives. Une version modifiée du test de calcium optique a été développée pour identifier l’importance des chemins de perméation différents présent dans l’encapsulation des modules photovoltaïques organiques flexibles. Les nanoparticules des phyllosilicates et les nanoparticules des zéolithes ont été dispersées dedans les formulations des adhésifs différents incluant les adhésifs acryliques sensibles à pression et les adhésifs UV réticulables. Les propriétés mécaniques, optiques, et barrières de vapeur d’eau des nanocomposites ont été caractérisés en plus de leur photo-stabilité sous irradiation UV. Les nanocomposites ont été également utilisés pour encapsuler les cellules photovoltaïques organiques et la stabilité des dispositifs a été évaluer sous les conditions de vieillissement accélérés d’humidité et températureIn order to address the issue of lateral water and oxygen permeation through the sides of the encapsulation and into flexible organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, the water vapor permeation pathways were identified and several adhesive nanocomposites formulated and tested to limit these pathways. To identify the relative importance of the various water vapor permeation pathways present in the encapsulation of flexible OPV devices, a modified version of the optical calcium test was developed. Passive nanoparticles (phyllosilicates) and active nanoparticles (zeolites) were both evaluated dispersed in UV curing acrylate adhesives and acrylic block copolymer pressure sensitive adhesives. The nanocomposites were characterized for their mechanical and optical properties as well as their water vapor permeation and UV photostability. The adhesives were also used to encapsulate OPV devices and tested in accelerated humidity aging
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Barker, Samuel Paul. "Kinetically-Controlled Nitridation of Titanium Alloys." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1270136080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Master of Sciences)--Case Western Reserve University, 2010Department of Materials Science and Engineering Title from PDF (viewed on 2010-05-25) Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references and appendices Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center
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Lanier, Sandy. "Mise au point d’un mortier de piégeage à réseau poreux contrôlé." Thesis, Centrale Lille Institut, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLIL0027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet MACH3 financé par le Plan d’investissement d’Avenir (PIA) 2e phase. Il concerne la gestion de déchets radioactifs tritiés produits par l’installation de fusion ITER. L’acceptation de ces déchets sur un site de stockage exige un faible taux de dégazage du tritium (isotope radioactif du H2). Des matrices cimentaires de conditionnement des déchets nucléaires tritiés ont été développées, permettant de limiter le dégazage du tritium par piégeage irréversible de ses formes gazeuses. Ces matrices cimentaires composites (mortiers) sont faites à base de ciment Portland classique et d’un piégeur à hydrogène (de type Ag2O/MnO2). Elles répondent aux critères de sécurité d’un site de stockage de déchets radioactifs et au cahier des charges industriel. Après trois mois de maturation, leurs performances de piégeage, sans séchage préalable, sont comprises entre 75 et 95% (mesure suite à un essai d’irradiation gamma, générant du H2in situ)This PhD is part of the MACH3project funded by the French Investment Plan (PIA) -2nd phase. It contributes to the management of tritiated radioactive waste produced by the ITER fusion facility. The acceptance of this waste on a storage site requires a low rate of degassing of Tritium (radioactive isotope of H2). This research has developed cement mortars for conditioning tritiated nuclear waste,making it possible to limit the degassing of tritium by irreversible trapping of its gaseous forms. Composite mortars were formulated, based on conventional Portland cement, and integrating a hydrogen getter (Ag2O/MnO2), meeting the safety criteria of a radioactive waste storage facility and complying with the industrial specifications. After three months of maturation, their trapping performance, without preliminary drying, is between 75 and 95% (measured following a gamma irradiation test, generating H2in situ)
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Viktor, Eben. "Post-Gettier epistemology : the role of the first-person perspectives." Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27593.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Edmund Gettier' s article Is justified true belief knowledge? raised substantial interest in the concept of epistemic justification, especially in Anglo-American epistemology. Discussions of the concept of epistemic justification form a large and varied field of study, covering a large number of related aspects. Not all these aspects are dealt with in this study. The distinction between 'structural' and 'perspectival' aspects is introduced as a theoretical tool to limit the scope of the study to covering only 'perspectival' aspects. These refer to aspects related to the perspective from which justification is carried out, i.e. whether it be from a first-person or from a third-person perspective. The first chapter gives a brief characterisation of the nature of epistemic justification, describing how it is related to the aim of maximising truth and minimising falsity. The concept of epistemic justification also has a normative character, defining justification in terms of blameworthiness. In the second chapter a concept of justification defined in terms of blameworthiness is discussed. A conception of justification construed along normative lines is properly termed 'deontological'. Criticism against such a conception centres around the problem of the voluntariness of belief. Two varieties of control over belief-formation, direct and indirect control, are discussed. A deontological conception of justification makes it possible for someone to be justified in holding a belief, even though the belief is false. For this reason some epistemologists reject justification defined in deontological terms. The discussion of the deontological conception of justification brings the main problem of first-person justification to the fore, i.e. how to determine, from such a perspective, whether one's belief-formation will lead to truth. Chapter 3 discusses the merit and problems of first-person justification in general. The matter of intersubjective principles as a means to achieve objective truth from a subjective perspective is investigated. The existence and nature of such principles are much-contested matters. Many epistemologists deny that such principles exist innately. However, without intersubjective, truthconducive rules that someone can appeal to, the possibility exists that someone's beliefs may constitute mere belief, in whatever way they are supported by the person's other beliefs. This compels some to reject subjective justification as a valid conception of epistemic justification. In chapter 4 'internalism', the most recent term for subjective justification, is discussed in comparison with internalism's main contemporary rival, 'externalism'. The different levels of internalism that result from different requirements set for someone's awareness of his justifiers are also discussed, as well as the relationship between internalism and deontology, and between internalism and truth. Chapter 5 deals with the main criticism that externalists level against internalism, i.e. that it creates an infinite justificational regress. Analysis of the structure of the internalist regress shows that a vicious regress is not involved. It is concluded that the notion of justificational perspective has to be incorporated into a theory of epistemic justification in order for such a theory to be able to deal with first-person epistemic situations. This also provides a strategy for accommodating immediate justifiers in an 'internalist' conception of justification without creating an infinite justificational regress. Furthermore it lays foundations for an internalismjexternalism integration theory. AFRIKAANS : Edmund Gettier se artikel getiteld Is justified true belief knowledge?, epistemiese het ongekende regverdiging belangstelling in veroorsaak, veral die in kwessie van die Engels- Amerikaanse kennisleer. Die bespreking van die begrip 'epistemiese regverdiging' vorm 'n bre~ studieveld wat 'n groat verskeidenheid verwante aspekte insluit. Al hierdie aspekte kon onmoontlik bespreek word in dié studie, daarom is 'n onderskeid getref tussen 'strukturele' aspekte en 'perspektiwiese' aspekte. Die omvang van die studie is daarvolgens beperk tot die bespreking van aspekte wat verband hou met die gesigspunt waaruit regverdiging plaasvind, dit wil se, hetsy dit uit 'n eerstepersoonsgesigspunt of uit 'n derdepersoonsgesigspunt plaasvind. In die eerste hoofstuk word 'n kort oorsig gegee van die aard van epistemiese regverdiging. Epistemiese regverdiging het die verkryging van waarheid en die vermyding van vals oortuigings as doelwit. Epistemiese regverdiging is ook normatief van aard, en dit maak 'n definisie daarvan in terme van blaam en aanspreeklikheid moontlik. In die tweede hoofstuk word só 'n definisie, wat bekend staan as 'n deontologiese opvatting van epistemiese regverdiging, bespreek. Die hoofbeswaar teen so 'n opvatting raak die vraagstuk of dit moontlik is om na willekeur beheer uit te oefen oor die verwerwing van oortuigings. Twee soorte beheer, direkte beheer en indirekte beheer, word bespreek. 'n Deontologiese opvatting van epistemiese regverdiging maak dit A moontlik vir iemand om geregverdig te wees om 'n oortuiging te he, selfs al is die oortuiging vals. Party epistemoloë verwerp die deontologiese opvatting vir hierdie rede. Die bespreking van die deontologiese opvatting bring die hoofprobleem van eerstepersoonsregverdiging na vore. Dit is hoe om uit 'n eerstepersoonsgesigspunt vas te stel of die manier waarvolgens 'n mens se oortuigings gevorm word, na waarheid sal lei. Hoofstuk 3 bespreek die probleme omtrent, en die meriete van, eerstepersoonsregverdiging in die algemeen. Die kwessie van intersubjektiewe beginsels, wat na veronderstelling 1 n persoon wat uit 'n subjektiewe gesigspunt te werk gaan, sal lei na waarheid, word ondersoek. Dat sulke beginsels bestaan en wat hulle aard mag wees, is sake wat baie bespreking uitlok. Baie epistemoloë ontken dat sulke aangebore beginsels bestaan. Sonder intersubjektiewe beginsels wat ook na waarheid lei, bestaan die moontlikheid egter dat iemand se oortuigings niks meer mag wees nie as blote oortuigings, ongeag hoe hulle ook al onderling saamhang. Op grond hiervan verwerp sommige epistemoloë die moontlike definisie van epistemiese regverdiging in terme van blaam en aanspreeklikheid. In hoofstuk 4 word 'internalismé , wat die jongste benaming vir subjektiewe regverdiging is, bespreek in vergelyking met 'eksternal1sme', wat internal1sme se kontemporêre teëvoeter is. Die verskillende vlakke van internalisme word bespreek. Hierdie vlakke ontstaan as gevolg van verskillende vereistes waaraan 'n persoon se bewustheid van die gronde van sy oortuigings gemeet word. Internalisme word ook bespreek in verwantskap met die deontologiese opvatting en in verwantskap met waarheid. In hoofstuk 5 kom eksternaliste se hoofbeswaar teen internalisme onder bespreking. Dit behels die bewering dat internalisme 'n oneindige regressie tot gevolg het. 'n Ontleding van die internalistiese regressie laat egter blyk dat die beswaar op 'n foutiewe veronderstelling rus. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat dit noodsaaklik is om die kwessie van die gesigspunt waaruit regverdiging plaasvind in te sluit in 'n teorie van epistemiese regverdiging. Dit is noodsaaklik ten einde vir so 'n teorie om by vermoë te wees om ook eerstepersoons epistemiese situasies aan te spreek. Sodoende word 'n strategie daargestel waarvolgens direkte gronde van regverdiging in 'n internalistiese opvatting van epistemiese regverdiging ingesluit kan word, sonder om 'n oneindige regressie te veroorsaak. So 'n werkwyse lê ook grondslae vir die ontwikkeling van 'n teorie waarin internalisme en eksternalisme verenig kan word. CopyrightDissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Philosophy
unrestricted
43
Wagner, David Cortese. "Investigating carbon-capturing getter anode design using a fast computational tool." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/23678.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are a promising technology in the power-generation sector because of their ability to use either hydrocarbons or pure hydrogen.
However, introducing hydrocarbons to SOFCs has the negative effect of poisoning the anode of the SOFC with carbon molecules. These carbon deposits in the anode place mechanical stress on the anode and crack the anode interrupting the nickel-based electron percolation network. Gradual interruption of this network increases anode electrical resistance and can eventually lead to complete SOFC functional failure.
However, one technology that may reduce premature anode failure due to carbon deposition is the use of a getter anode. A getter anode intercepts the carbon prior to deposition on the functional anode.
In this work, A CFD model was modified to incorporate a getter anode, and the functional anode in the study saw a roughly 60% drop in carbon deposition with the addition of a 0.1mm getter anode, compared to the baseline. Also a trend was found that total carbon deposited on the functional anode decreased as the porosity of the getter anode decreased. However, lengthening the getter anode and decreasing its porosity can potentially starve the functional anode of hydrogen fuel, so a tradeoff exists removing carbon and maintaining fuel cell performance.
44
Anhold, Thorsten [Verfasser]. "Gettier, korrekte epistemische Funktion und der vernünftige Glaube an die Existenz des christlichen Gottes : eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit Alvin Plantingas Rechtfertigungsbegriff / vorgelegt von Thorsten Anhold." 2004. http://d-nb.info/97195710X/34.
Повний текст джерела
45
Rodrigues, Luís Filipe Estevinha Lourenço 1966. "O conhecimento enquanto crença verdadeira garantida." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/3597.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tese de doutoramento, Filosofia (Epistemologia e Filosofia da Ciência), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2011O nosso objectivo neste trabalho é propor uma resposta inédita ao Problema de Gettier e, simultaneamente, submeter uma elucidação plausível do fenómeno do conhecimento proposicional. Começamos por inspeccionar e rejeitar, na primeira parte do trabalho, as mais salientes respostas e soluções que foram sendo avançadas na literatura. Depois, na segunda parte, oferecemos uma solução que se inspira numa perspectiva e numa abordagem diferentes das habituais. Concluímos que essa solução é válida porque permite-nos lançar mais luz sobre o referido fenómeno, por um lado, não se comprometendo com a ideia de análise, por outro.
On the one hand, our goal is to submit a new kind of solution to the Gettier Problem; on the other hand, we aim to a plausible clarification of the nature of propositional knowledge. First of all, we reject some well-known answers and solutions which can be found on the literature. Then we submit our own solution, one which is not conventional. We assume, at the end, that this solution enables us to shed some more light over the phenomenon of propositional knowledge and, at the same time, does not force us to accept any sort of analysis.
46
Degoulange, Julien. "Purification et caractérisations physico-chimiques et électriques de silicium d'origine métallurgique destiné à la conversion photovoltaïque." Phd thesis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00396396.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'élaboration de silicium de qualité solaire par une autre route que la voie chimique semble aujourd'hui prometteuse pour réduire les coûts et garantir l'approvisionnement en matériau de la filière photovoltaïque. Un plasma inductif (Ar+H2+O2) couplé à un brassage électromagnétique du silicium liquide permet d'extraire une impureté critique : le bore. La compréhension de la volatilisation du bore a été étudiée via des calculs thermodynamiques sous FACTSAGE ainsi que des analyses chimiques en ligne des gaz de sortie par ICP-OES. L'étude du procédé a été divisée en deux étapes. Le brassage électromagnétique a fait l'objet d'une étude numérique et expérimentale. La répartition des espèces réactives à la surface a été étudiée en remplaçant le silicium par du graphite afin d'obtenir une image spatiale de la répartition des espèces à la surface. L'optimisation du procédé a permis d'obtenir un silicium avec une teneur en bore acceptable. Les caractérisations chimiques et électriques du matériau purifié ont révélées une quantité trop élevée d'aluminium, d'oxygène et de phosphore. Toutefois le matériau produit est utilisable par l'industrie, le rendement cellule est supérieur à 14% sur la partie p du lingot.
47
Dessaix, Dominie Sophia. "The Basicness of Knowing, Where Semantics meets Philosophy: The KNOW prime of Natural Semantic Metalanguage and its philosophical implications." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/107067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The topic of this thesis is the semantic prime KNOW of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM)
theory. I take an in-depth look at this NSM prime, proposed to be a fundamental concept found
in all the world’s languages, considering both linguistic and broader philosophical issues in
relation to the KNOW hypothesis, i.e. the proposal that the concept represented by KNOW is a
legitimate NSM prime. After introducing NSM and defending a specific “psychological”
interpretation of the theory (Chapter 1), I outline the KNOW proposal, including discussion of the
combinatorial properties ascribed to it and how they have evolved in recent years (Chapter 2).
I then look at would-be counterexamples to the universality of KNOW from a handful of languages
(Chapter 3). I argue that overall the prime stands up well to these challenges, though the case
of Kalam (Pawley 1994) does raise some issues that require further investigation and possibly
novel kinds of testis to resolve. Then in the first part of the “philosophical” side to the thesis, I
draw a comparison with the KNOW hypothesis and Timothy Williamson’s (2001) view that
knowing is a conceptually fundamental concept, finding both striking similarities and instructive
differences between the positions (Chapter 4). Lastly, I consider the “experimental philosophy”
findings made by Weinberg et al. (2001) on what looks like cultural variation in concepts of
knowing, addressing the question of whether such results are problematic for the universality of
the KNOW prime (Chapter 5). Here I contend that such studies do not pose a threat to KNOW, not
least because they come with a multitude of methodological issues, including specifically
linguistic issues, many of which could be prevented by constructing NSM-based questionnaires.
In Chapter 6, I conclude, pointing to several important avenues for further research brought up
by the discussion, both on the subject of continued research on the KNOW prime and in relation
to interdisciplinary applications of NSM to philosophy.
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Cath, Yuri. "A Practical Guide to Intellectualism." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151968.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this thesis I examine the view—known as
intellectualism—that knowledge-how is a kind of knowledge-that,
or propositional knowledge. I examine issues concerning both the
status of this view of knowledge-how and the philosophical
implications if it is true. The ability hypothesis is an
important position in the philosophy of mind that appeals to
Gilbert Ryle’s famous idea that there is a fundamental
distinction between knowledge-how and knowledge-that. This
position appears to be inconsistent with the truth of
intellectualism. However, I demonstrate in this thesis that the
ability hypothesis can be restated using the intellectualist view
of knowledge-how. With regards to the status of intellectualism,
I argue that the two main traditional arguments against
intellectualism do not succeed. I also provide new and, I claim,
successful arguments against intellectualism. These arguments
point to a new view of knowledge-how that is distinct from both
the standard intellectualist and Rylean views of knowledge-how.
49
BELLI, ELEONORA. "Coupling impedance and single beam collective effects for the future circular collider (lepton option)." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1238107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the framework of the Future Circular Collider study, the high luminosity electron-positron collider FCC-ee will cover a beam energy range from 45.6 GeV to 182.5 GeV, thus allowing very precise measurements of all known heavy particles. The research activity presented in this Ph.D. thesis analyzes some important limitations for the operation of this machine, i.e. electron cloud (EC) and collective effects, particularly critical on the Z resonance due to the low energy and the high beam current. EC build up simulations have been performed for the main components of the machine, revealing the necessity of a NEG coating in the entire ring to lower the Secondary Electron Yield (SEY) of the surface. The presence of this coating affects the resistive wall (RW) impedance seen by the beam, representing the major source of wakefields in the machine due to its large circumference. The work presented in this thesis proves analytically and numerically that for the FCC-ee beam parameters on the Z resonance the contribution of the RW impedance can be reduced by decreasing the thickness of this layer. However, reducing the thickness of NEG coatings can affect the performance of the material itself and therefore the maximum SEY and related EC mitigation. For this reason, this thesis also includes an extensive set of measurements performed at CERN to characterize experimentally Ti-Zr-V thin films with thicknesses below 250 nm in terms of activation performance and SEY. An impedance model was also developed, through the characterization and optimization of the impedance of some important machine components. This model was crucial for a better understanding of single bunch and multi bunch instabilities, thus allowing to identify adequate mitigation techniques for ensuring beam stability during operation. This work also summarizes the impedance studies in the interaction region (IR) of FCC-ee.