Дисертації з теми "Geomorphologie / Geoarchaeology"

Isolating the climatic mechanisms driving Holocene geomorphic change and deciphering the role of landscape change in prehistoric cultural processes both require well-dated and relatively continuous alluvial chronologies. This study presents a centennial-scale, latest Pleistocene and Holocene chronology based on alluvial fan, floodplain, groundwater-discharge, and volcanic deposits for the Carrizo Wash watershed, a Little Colorado River headwater drainage on the southeastern Colorado Plateau. More than 200 radiocarbon dates provide chronometric control. The age of Zuni Salt Lake volcanic eruptions was re-evaluated using radiocarbon and luminescence dating. Two eruptive phases ~13.3 ka and ~11.8 ka suggest closely spaced, monogenetic events. These terminal Pleistocene ages for the eruptions are significantly younger and substantially more precise than previous argon method ages. Sediment exposed in modern arroyos is dominated by middle Holocene (~7.1–4.9 ka) alluvium in valley contexts, whereas piedmont alluvium dates primarily to the late Holocene (~4.3–2.7 ka). Extensive prehistoric channel entrenchment occurred ~4.9 and 0.8 ka. Localized incision occurred ~1.9 and 1.2 ka, and possibly ~7.5 and 2.7 ka. Extended drought typically preceded arroyo cutting, and entrenchment was associated with increased climate variability, major shifts in precipitation amount or seasonality, and reduced flooding. Accelerated valley and piedmont aggradation appears related to increased flooding and runoff associated with reduced vegetation cover during periods of low effective moisture resulting from enhanced North American Monsoon circulation and weak ENSO conditions. Conversely, slow or stalled deposition appears connected to reduced flooding and runoff fostered by denser vegetation during times of increased effective moisture caused by enhanced El Niños and increased winter precipitation. Ground-water discharge deposits at Cienega Amarilla indicate that spring discharge was greatest and water tables most elevated ~2.3–1.6 ka. Spring discharge appears to reflect variations in El Niño frequency and intensity and the resultant variations in winter precipitation. Study results suggest that predicted increased drought and enhanced or delayed monsoons associated with modern climate change could initiate accelerated erosion of upland areas and increased flooding in southern Colorado Plateau headwater tributaries. Archaeological implications include temporal biases associated with surface site distributions and changing viability of floodwater and water-table farming over time.

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental & Life Sciences, Graduate School of the Environment, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references: p. 228-232.
Geomorphology, archaeology and geoarchaeology: introduction and background -- Surface stone artefact scatters: why can we see them? -- Geomorphic controls on spatial patterning of the surface stone artefact record -- A temporal framework for interpreting surface artefact scatters in Western NSW -- Synthesis: stone artefact scatters in a dynamic landscape.
Surface scatters of stone artefacts are the most ubiquitous feature of the Australian Aboriginal archaeological record, yet the most underutilized by archaeologists in developing models of Aboriginal prehistory. Among the many reasons for this are the lack of understanding of geomorphic processes that have exposed them, and the lack of a suitable chronological framework for investigating Aboriginal 'use of place'. This thesis addresses both of these issues. -- In arid western NSW, erosion and deposition accelerated as a result of the introduction of sheep grazing in the mid 1800s has resulted in exposure of artefact scatters in some areas, burial in others, and complete removal in those parts of the landscape subject to concentrated flood flows. The result is a patchwork of artefact scatters exhibiting various degrees of preservation, exposure and visibility. My research at Stud Creek, in Sturt National Park in far western NSW, develops artefact and landscape survey protocols to accommodate this dynamic geomorphic setting. A sampling strategy stratified on the basis of landscape morphodynamics is presented that allows archaeologists to target areas of maximum artefact exposure and minimum post-discard disturbance. Differential artefact visibility at the time of the survey is accommodated by incorporating measures of surface cover which quantify the effects of various ephemeral environmental processes, such as deposition of sediments, vegetation growth, and bioturbation, on artefact count. -- While surface stone artefact scatters lack the stratigraphy usually considered necessary for establishing the timing of Aboriginal occupation, a combination of radiocarbon determinations on associated heat-retainer ovens, and stratigraphic analysis and dating of the valley fills which underlie the scatters, allows a two-stage chronology for huntergatherer activity to be developed. In the Stud Creek study area, dating of the valley fill by OSL established a maximum age of 2,040±100 y for surface artefact scatters. The heatretainer ovens ranged in age from 1630±30 y BP to 220±55 y BP. Bayesian statistical analysis of the sample of 28 radiocarbon determinations supported the notion, already established from analysis of the artefacts, that the Stud Creek valley was occupied intermittently for short durations over a relatively long period of time, rather than intensively occupied at any one time. Furthermore, a gap in oven building between about 800 and 1100 years ago was evident. Environmental explanations for this gap are explored, but the paiaeoenvironmental record for this part of the Australian arid zone is too sparse and too coarse to provide explanations of human behaviour on time scales of just a few hundred years. -- Having established a model for Stud Creek of episodic landscape change throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene, right up to European contact, its veracity was evaluated in a pilot study at another location within the region. The length of the archaeological record preserved in three geomorphically distinct locations at Fowlers Gap, 250 km south of Stud Creek, is a function of geomorphic dynamics, with a record of a few hundred years from sites located on channel margins and low terraces, and the longest record thus far of around 5,000 years from high terrace surfaces more remote from active channel incision. But even here, the record is not continuous, and like Stud Creek, the gaps are interpreted to indicate that Aboriginal people moved into and out of these places intermittently throughout the mid to late Holocene. -- I conclude that episodic nonequilibrium characterizes the geomorphic history of these arid landscapes, with impacts on the preservation of the archaeological record. Dating of both archaeological and landform features shows that the landscape, and the archaeological record it preserves, are both spatially and temporally disjointed. Models of Aboriginal hunter-gatherer behaviour and settlement patterns must take account of these discontinuities in an archaeological record that is controlled by geomorphic activity. -- I propose a new geoarchaeological framework for landscape-based studies of surface artefact scatters that incorporates geomorphic analysis and dating of landscapes, as well as tool typology, into the interpretation of spatial and temporal patterns of Aboriginal huntergatherer 'use of place'.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
vii, 232 p. ill., maps

Understanding the nature of Colorado River deposits in Grand Canyon helps reveal how the river responds to changes in its Colorado Plateau tributaries and Rocky Mountain headwaters. This study focused on Holocene alluvial deposits associated with archaeological sites excavated near Ninemile Draw in Glen Canyon and at Tanner Bar in eastern Grand Canyon. Two previously-developed conceptual models of deposition were tested based on previous work. Previous researchers have suggested that Holocene alluvial deposits in Grand Canyon are a series of inset aggradational packages that correlate to valley fills and arroyo-cutting cycles in Colorado Plateau tributaries and are laterally consistent throughout the river corridor. An alternate hypothesis is that alluvial packages record paleoflood sequences along the Colorado River with no Holocene change in river grade. In this model, deposits are preserved more variably as a function of local hydrologic geometry, and they should be less correlatable. Detailed stratigraphic columns of terrace deposits and several stratigraphic panels of archaeological trenches, combined with facies interpretations, were used to reconstruct a high-resolution alluvial history at two locations. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating methods were used at both locations with consistent results. At both sites, the sediment includes multiple depositional facies of mainstem and local-source material, and it consists of stratal packages bound by unconformities. These stratigraphic relations, combined with geochronology, lead to the interpretation that the alluvium is composed of six correlatable alluvial packages at overlapping heights above river level throughout the canyon. The four older packages include facies that imply aggradation throughout the river corridor, suggesting oscillations in river grade. The youngest two packages consist only of mainstem flood deposits. These packages suggest that preservation of deposits over the past ~1 ky has not been driven by aggradation, although incision since ~1 ky is possible. Comparison of the interpreted chronostratigraphy to climate records suggests that this large river's grade has not responded visibly to smaller century to millennial-scale climate oscillations. This work is the first to document that the alluvial record in Grand Canyon spans the entire Holocene, and conclusions support to both previous conceptual models of deposition.

Les littoraux d’Abu Dhabi, et plus largement ceux du golfe Arabique, ont joué un rôle majeur dans le développement des populations humaines au cours de l’Holocène. Parallèlement, ces milieux apparaissent également comme des espaces très vulnérables. En plus d’être soumis aux variations climatiques régionales, ils ont été fortement exposés aux mobilités des lignes de rivage, contrôlées en partie par les variations du niveau marin. L’étude de ces fluctuations s’avère ainsi essentielle pour reconstituer les évolutions paléogéographiques des littoraux dont dépendaient les sociétés. La thèse présente une synthèse de ces variations et des changements paléoenvironnementaux associés, soutenue par l’apport de nouveaux résultats issus d’un travail de terrain, par l’examen des recherches déjà publiées et par un travail de modélisation reposant sur la création de Sea-Level Index Points, à Abu Dhabi mais aussi sur l’ensemble de la rive sud du Golfe. Selon une approche géoarchéologique, l’étude cherche simultanément à replacer les sites dans leurs contextes paléoenvironnementaux. En dépit de variations métriquement réduites, les résultats indiquent des impacts considérables sur la morphologie des littoraux, marqués par de très faibles élévations. Ils permettent également d’expliquer en partie la répartition des sites archéologiques. Enfin, ils attestent de l’existence de variations relatives du niveau marin, résultant de dynamiques de surrection et de subsidence des masses terrestres. Les trajectoires identifiées traduisent de fortes disparités régionales et mettent en lumière la complexité et l’imbrication des mécanismes isostatiques, néotectoniques et diapiriques
The coastlines of Abu Dhabi, and more broadly, those of the Arabian Gulf, have played a major role in the development of human populations during the Holocene. At the same time, these environments appear to be highly vulnerable. In addition to being subject to regional climatic variations, they have also been heavily influenced by shoreline mobilities, partially controlled by sea-level fluctuations. Studying these fluctuations is therefore essential for reconstructing the paleogeographic evolution of the coasts upon which societies depended. This thesis presents a synthesis of these variations and associated paleoenvironmental changes, supported by the contribution of new fieldwork results, a review of previously published research and modelling work based on the creation of Sea-Level Index Points, both in Abu Dhabi and across the entire southern shore of the Gulf. Adopting a geoarchaeological approach, the study integrates archaeological data to replace archaeological sites within their paleoenvironmental context. Despite relatively small metric variations, the results indicate significant impacts on shoreline morphology, marked by very low elevations. They also enable archaeological maps to be put into perspective. Lastly, they confirm the existence of relative sea-level variations resulting from landmass uplift and subsidence. The identified trajectories reveal substantial regional disparities and underscore the complexity and interplay of isostatic, neotectonic and diapiric mechanisms

Alluvial plains are characterized by a very low gradient relief and is difficult to detect their morphologies from the terrain. Two methodologies are applied to study the geomorphology of the venetian-friulian plane and the Murghab,s terminal fan (Turkmenistam): analysis of DEMs and remote sensing images, acquired from satellite and aerial platform.. DEMs are the fundamental input of the terrain modeling, but their theory references are relatively poor defined, especially in low gradient area. The use of a methodology (DEM) where the uncertainty always exists, need a synthesis of the conceptual model adopted in this research. The application of a methodology where uncertain is always around the corner is needed to give a synthesis of the conceptual model adopted in this research. The morphometric analyses on an apposite constructed DEM of the Venetian plain, permit the automatic classification of the landforms, with a good level of coherence and detail. Statistical analyses of the curvatures show their strong geomorphic meaning and can help to distinguish the processes that, over time, have generate this complex system. The acquisition and the processing of oblique aerial photographs in the part of friulian-venetian plain, crossed by the roman road via Annia, give new results to investigate the paleohydrology and geoarcheology of this area. Cropmark reveals, with extraordinary clearness, parts of the millenary interaction between natural and human dynamics. Both methods are effective in the study of the geomorphological evolution of the Murghab’s terminal fan. The morphological monotony of the distal part of the fan, clashes with the complexity of the interactions between the processes that regulate their evolution. The appropriate use of both the methodologies, followed by the validate on terrain, can give a substancial contribute to the geomorphological study of alluvial plains.
Le pianure alluvionali si caratterizzano per la debole inclinazione e le morfologie fluviali che le costituiscono risultano difficilmente percepibili sul terreno. In questa ricerca, due metodologie sono applicate allo studio gemorfologico della pianura veneto-friulana e di quella del Murghab (Tukmenistan): l’analisi di DEM e di immagini telerilevate, da piattaforma satellitare e aerea. I DEM costituiscono l’input fondamentale del terrain modeling ma il loro quadro di riferimento teorico è relativamente poco definito. Nell’applicazione di un metodo (DEM) dove l’incertezza è sempre latente, si sente il bisogno di fornire una sintesi dei modelli concettuali adottati in questa ricerca. L’analisi morfometrica condotta sul DEM della pianura veneta, adeguatamente preparato, consente la classificazione automatica delle morfologie con un buon grado di coerenza. L’analisi statistica delle curvature dimostra il loro forte significato geomorfologico e si rivela d’ausilio per caratterizzare i processi che nel tempo hanno generato le diverse superfici che costituiscono la pianura. L’acquisizione e l’elaborazione di dati telerilevati di dettaglio nella bassa pianura venetofriulana attraversata dalla via Annia (di epoca romana), che congiungeva le principali città dell’Alto Adriatico, ha portato buoni risultati. I cropmark rivelano con straordinaria chiarezza “frammenti” della millenaria interazione tra dinamiche naturali e antropiche in questa porzione di territorio. Entrambi i metodi si sono rivelati efficaci nello studio dell’evoluzione geomorfologica del terminal fan del Murghab. La monotonia morfologica che caratterizza le pianure contrasta con la complessità delle interazioni tra i processi che ne controllano l’evoluzione. Un adeguato utilizzo incrociato di entrambe le metodologie, seguito dalla validazione sul terreno, può fornire un sostanziale contributo allo studio geomorfologico delle pianure alluvionali.

Crystal River (8CI1) is a Woodland period archaeological site on the west-central Gulf Coast of Florida, famous for its diverse suite of exotic artifacts typical of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere, as well as its monumental shell mounds which surround a central plaza. Historically, these plazas are utilized as spaces for cultural expression, daily interactions between members of the community, economic exchanges, and discourse of all types. They also serve as a symbolic space, embodying social and political relations that are critical to the formation and maintenance of cultural identity. These spaces are challenging to study using conventional archaeological techniques since they were often swept clean and kept free of debris, thus discouraging the possibility of recovering artifacts of any significant size. Instead, my study utilizes integrated geoarchaeological techniques, such as microartifact analysis, soil chemical analysis, ground-penetrating radar, and magnetic survey in order to reconstruct plaza activities. The results indicate a stark difference in function between the northern and southern ends of the plaza. The South Plaza demonstrates high concentrations of elements associated with food preparation and consumption, particularly P, Sr, K, and M, high microartifact densities, and an associated strong magnetic anomaly. On the other hand, phosphate depletion is observed in the North Plaza, and it is generally barren of micro-artifacts, despite the possible presence of a few geophysical anomalies. This area appears to have been kept free of debris, save for a charcoal deposit and elevated K and Mg directly in front of Mound H, which may allude to ceremonial or other functions not associated with food.

Landscapes are geographic areas perceived by people whose characteristics are the result of the interaction between natural factors and human activities. This definition has been established during the European Landscape Convention (Florence, Italy - October 20th, 2000) when the member States of the Council of Europe debated and proposed guidelines to achieve sustainable landscape development based on a balanced and harmonious relationship between social needs, economic activity and the environment. The landscape has an important public interest role in the cultural, ecological, environmental and social fields, and constitutes a resource favourable to economic activity. Multi-temporal analysis of landscapes enables the understanding of how geomorphic constraints conditioned the human settlements in the past and how land-use altered the environment natural development. Moreover, the diachronic approach to landscape research helps in evaluating the grade of sustainability of past societies systems and their impact on natural resources throughout the Anthropocene. This Ph.D. project aims to understand past landscape evolution and in identifying the features derived by the human-environment interplay to promote the conservation of those features through geoheritage plans. To perform the project’s objectives a multi-disciplinary approach that combines Environmental Archaeology methodologies and Geoheritage tools in GIS has been applied. Case studies in fluvial environments have been selected to test the interdisciplinary approach proposed because floodplains represented the most suitable environment for human sustenance in history. The main area considered in this Ph.D. project concerns the evolution of Central Po Plain (Italy) during the Middle Ages (5th - 14th centuries CE) and secondary case studies (in Italy and abroad) have been considered to assess the reliability and versatility of the proposed methodology. In particular, Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry has been tested as a valuable method to digitise historical cartography in order to use it in a GIS software for spatial analysis. This technique has been employed to digitise historical cartography for the main case study as well as to reconstruct the evolution of the Upper Rhone Valley (Valais, Switzerland) at the end of the Little Ice Age (18th19th century CE). Moreover, geoarchaeological and geomorphological tools have been utilised to understand the environmental development of the Central Po Plain and its connection with human settlement dynamics. Geospatial Analysis played a key role in the accomplishment of the project’s goals. GIS software were fundamental to combine different kinds of datasets (archaeo-historical information, remote sensing images and geological maps to name a few) and to perform quantitative studies. In this regard, Point Pattern Analysis highlighted the role of alluvial geomorphology in Late-Holocene settlement strategies in Central Po Plain. Finally, Geoheritage has been used to propose geo-educational plans to encourage the fruition of past landscape features and to increase public awareness on landscape conservation.

Though some researchers have argued that the Big Barrens grasslands of Kentucky were the product of anthropogenic land clearing practices by Native Americans, heretofore, this hypothesis had not been tested archaeologically. More work was needed to refine chronologies of fire activity in the region, determine the extent to which humans played a role in the process, and integrate these findings with the paleoenvironmental and archaeological record. With these goals in mind, I conducted archaeological and geoarchaeological investigations at Crumps Sink in the Sinkhole Plain of Kentucky. The archaeological record and site formation history of Crumps Sink were compared with environmental and archaeological data from the Interior Low Plateaus and Southern Appalachian Mountains for an understanding of how the site fits into the larger story of human-environmental interactions in the Eastern Woodlands. Based on the data recovered, I argue that through land burning Archaic hunter-gatherers were active managers of ecosystems to a greater degree than previously acknowledged. Excavations at Crumps Sink revealed stratified archaeological deposits spanning the late Middle Archaic to Terminal Late Archaic periods. Radiocarbon dates and an analysis of projectile point typologies provided information on the chronological and cultural history of the site. Magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition, plant available phosphorous, and soil micromorphological analyses were conducted to examine landform dynamics in response to environmental change and to trace the anthropogenic signature created by human activities at the site. Masses of lithic debitage, animal bone, and burned sediment nodules per ten-cm-level provide an indication of human occupation intensity and shifting activities over time. Radiocarbon dates were used to reconstruct rates of sediment accumulation in the sink. These varying datasets were considered together for a holistic understanding of localized environmental and anthropogenic impacts on the landform. Between 7200 and 5600 cal. BP, during the Middle Holocene Thermal Maximum and corresponding with the late Middle Archaic period, sediment accumulation was sustained with one identifiable episode of very weak soil development. Background magnetic and chemical signatures in the soils were greater than they were at pre-occupation levels, demonstrating that human activities left a lasting imprint in soils as early as the late Middle Archaic period. Between 5600 and 3900 cal. BP, periods of diminished sedimentation led to more pronounced episodes of soil formation. However, these soil horizons are interposed by pulses of enhanced sediment accumulation. These soil data may signal shifting environmental regimes during the Middle to Late Holocene transition. Between 5600 and 3900 cal. BP scattered plant ash, elevated masses of burned sediment nodules, and pestle fragments in Late Archaic deposits suggest that hunter-gatherers were intensively processing nut mast, potentially in association with early forest clearance and silviculture. Botanical assemblages from a coincident archaeological sequence at the Carlston Annis site in the nearby middle Green River region has demonstrated woodland disturbance and potential silviculture in central Kentucky during this time. During the Late Archaic and Terminal Late Archaic periods (3900-3000 cal. BP), substantial plant ash deposition occurred in a stratum that accumulated relatively quickly. Very low burned sediment nodule masses in this deposit indicate that combustion features were not common in the immediate vicinity and that elevated frequencies of plant ash were the result of burning on a broader expanse of the surrounding landform. Chronologically, the zone with enhanced plant ash deposition is coeval with previously demonstrated occurrences of increased forest fires, grassland expansion, and a shift to early horticultural economies throughout the region. Soil development occurred after 3000 cal. BP, and this episode of landform stability may have lasted for over two millennia until being capped by sediment accumulation from historic agriculture. The late Middle Archaic through Terminal Late Archaic data from Crumps Sink demonstrate that hunter-gatherer activities left lasting signatures in soils in Kentucky. The data from the Late Archaic to Terminal Late Archaic periods (ca. 5600-3000 cal. BP) may indicate intentional land burning by hunter-gatherers to create anthropogenic environments, first for silviculture and then for early plant domestication. This forces a rethinking of labor and subsistence systems within hunter-gatherer societies. Thus, if hunter-gatherers were utilizing long-term forest management methods, they were employing a delayed-return economic system relying on labor investment and negotiated understandings about land tenure. Further characterization of the origin of fire management activities will help us to elucidate the nature of incipient indigenous plant domestication in the Eastern Woodlands.

La reconstitution des paléoenvironnements et la compréhension des dynamiques géomorphologiques sont de plus en plus appréhendées au regard des recherches archéologiques. Toutefois, en Indonésie, cette approche est encore peu usitée. L’étude du site de Kota Cina (Sumatra Nord, Indonésie) entreprise dans le cadre de cette thèse, est un travail pionnier qui vise à comprendre les changements environnementaux à l’interface Homme/Nature, dans le but d’une reconstitution paléogéographique. Cet ancien comptoir commercial portuaire du Détroit de Malacca, actif entre les XIème et XIVème siècles AD, se trouve aujourd’hui à 7 km du rivage. Afin de s’interroger sur les variables de contrôle naturelles et anthropiques de l’évolution paysagère de la région, des investigations ont été menées à Kota Cina et dans la vallée de Deli. Deux approches ont été privilégiées : (1) une approche géomorphologique qui permet de reconstituer les dynamiques hydro-sédimentaires du site et de sa vallée ; (2) une approche biogéographique à travers une analyse du contenu phytolithiques des dépôts de Kota Cina, afin de renseigner l’évolution de la végétation du site. Cette étude met en exergue des évolutions paléoenvironnementales notables, en réponse à des forçages singuliers. Le volcanisme pré-holocène de la région a engendré par son détritisme un remplissage majeur de la vallée. La réponse hydro-sédimentaire holocène a modifié la géomorphologie de la région par une forte incision et un important transfert sédimentaire. Enfin, à l’époque historique, une nouvelle transformation paysagère a eu lieu avec l’anthropisation du milieu, notamment à partir du XIXème siècle avec l’essor des plantations coloniales
Paleoenvironment reconstructions and geomorphological dynamics understanding are increasingly being considered with regards to archaeological research. However, in Indonesia, this approach remains unusual. The present study of Kota Cina site (North Sumatra, Indonesia) is a pioneering work that aims to understand environmental changes dynamics at the human/nature interface for the purpose of paleogeographic reconstruction. Kota Cina is an ancient trade harbour of the Strait of Malacca. It was active between the XIth and the XIVth centuries AD. Nowadays, the site is located at 7 km from the coast. In order to examine the implication of natural and anthropogenic factors in the landscape changes of the region, investigations were carried out at Kota Cina and the Deli Valley. Two approaches were developed: (1) a geomorphological approach to reconstitute the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of Kota Cina site and its valley; (2) a biogeographical approach to reconstruct the vegetation changes at Kota Cina from a phytolith analysis of the site deposits. This work highlights important paleoenvironment changes as response to unique forcings. The pre-Holocene volcanism of the region generated a major filling of the valley by its detritism. The Holocene hydro-sedimentary response has altered the geomorphology of the region through a strong incision and significant sediment transfer. Finally, during the historical period, new landscape changes took place with the environment anthropisation, especially from the XIXth century with the development of colonial plantations

This paper presents an investigation of sedimentary deposition, soil formation, and pedoturbation in the Animas River Valley to determine the provenience of archaeological deposits in an open field at Aztec Ruins National Monument, NM outside of the Greathouse complex. Four stratigraphic pedounits correlated with active fan deposition have been proposed for the lower terrace in the project area with only one of these units retaining strong potential for buried archaeological deposits from the Anasazi late Pueblo II/Pueblo III period. The distal fan on the lower terrace and the Animas River floodplain appear to show poor potential for archaeological deposits either due to shallow sediment overburden with historic disturbance or alluvial activity during or after occupation. Based on these findings, four other zones of similar fan development have been identified throughout the Animas Valley and are recommended for subsurface testing during future cultural resource investigations.

Ce travail de recherche a mis en œuvre une approche géoarchéologique multi-indicateurs pour analyser les impacts et les forçages anthropo-climatiques des paysages du plateau de Corent et de ses marges de la fin du Néolithique à la période romaine. Une cartographie géomorphologique détaillée du secteur d’étude a été réalisée en s’appuyant sur l’analyse de données LiDAR et la prospection de terrain. Deux secteurs ont été sélectionnés pour conduire des prospections géoarchéologiques approfondies : i) le Lac du Puy, un petit bassin à proximité immédiate du site archéologique sur le plateau volcanique de Corent, et ii) la Narse de la Sauvetat, un grand bassin hydromorphe dans la basse-plaine marno-calcaire située au pied du versant sud-ouest du plateau.Des sondages géoarchéologiques ont été réalisés dans la cuvette du Lac du Puy, conduisant à la découverte d’une batterie d’un millier de silos de stockage du premier âge du Fer. Les résultats de cette campagne de terrain ont également permis de reconstruire le cadre chrono-stratigraphique et les grands traits de l’évolution hydro-morpho-sédimentaire et pédologique de la cuvette. L’analyse géoarchéologique multi-proxys de plusieurs carottes sédimentaires a fourni davantage de précisions sur l’évolution environnementale du Lac du Puy. L’impact anthropique y est nettement perceptible au long de cinq millénaires et apparaît depuis le Néolithique comme le principal facteur de contrôle de l’évolution paléoenvironnementale du bassin jusqu’à son anthropisation complète.En contrebas de ce site de plateau, dans le bassin de la Narse de la Sauvetat, l’étude géomorphologique a révélé que la cuvette hydromorphe dérive de la fermeture par un glissement de terrain d’une paléo-vallée qui était située au pied du versant sud-ouest du puy de Corent. Cet évènement s’est probablement produit au début du Subboréal. Les grandes phases de l’évolution de la cuvette ont pu être reconstruites, d’un fonctionnement alluvial au Pléistocène Supérieur jusqu’à des dynamiques hydromorphes et palustres, sous l’effet du contrôle aval exercé par le barrage de la vallée à partir du Néolithique Final, mettant en évidence le fort potentiel paléoenvironnemental de la cuvette. L’analyse géoarchéologique multi-proxys de trois carottes sédimentaires, combinée aux résultats d’analyses malacologiques externes à cette thèse, a permis de retracer l’évolution environnementale de l’ensemble de la partie basse de la cuvette hydromorphe entre le Néolithique Final et le début du Moyen-âge.Les résultats obtenus dans le Lac du Puy et la Narse de la Sauvetat ont été intégrés dans le système morpho-sédimentaire plus large de l’ensemble du plateau et de ses marges entre 3000 BC et 0 AD, puis mis en perspective géographique et temporelle à l’échelle de l’Europe occidentale nord-alpine. L’évolution du système socio-environnemental de Corent et de Limagne méridionale au premier millénaire BC a été analysée en détail, en discutant le rôle des phénomènes de proto-urbanisation dans le forçage des systèmes morpho-sédimentaires qui marque l’entrée dans l’anthropocène
This thesis presents the results of a multi-proxy geoarchaeological study of how anthropogenic forces and climate have shaped the evolution of the landscapes of the plateau of Corent (Auvergne, France) from the Neolithic to Roman period. A detailed geomorphological map of the study area was constructed based on LiDAR data and fieldwork. Two areas were selected for geoarchaeological analysis: i) the Lac du Puy, a small pond located within the archaeological site of the plateau of Corent, and ii) la Narse de la Sauvetat, a larger hydromorphic basin in the calcareous lowlands, at the foot of the southwestern slopes of the plateau.Geoarchaeological survey in the Lac du Puy revealed an expansive group of over one thousand storage pits, dating from the Hallstatt period. The results of fieldwork permitted the construction of a chrono-stratigraphic framework and allowed a reconstruction of the main phases of the hydro-morpho-sedimentary and pedological evolution of the basin. Multi-proxy geoarchaeological analysis of sedimentary cores provided additional information concerning palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Lac du Puy. Anthropogenic impact is clearly discernable throughout five millennia starting in the Neolithic, and is identified as the main driver of the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the basin until its final destruction by human activity.In the lowlands, geomorphological analysis of la Narse de la Sauvetat revealed that the hydromorphic basin is the result of the closure of a palaeovalley by a massive landslide issuing from the southwestern slopes of the Puy de Corent. Geomorphological and stratigraphic evidence indicates that the isolation of the basin likely occurred at the beginning of the Subboreal. Lithostratigraphic analysis was used to reconstruct the main phases of the evolution of the basin from its initial alluvial phase in the late Pleistocene, through to its hydromorphic and palustrine dynamics from the late Neolithic, highlighting the strong palaeoenvironmental potential of its sedimentary record. Multi-proxy geoarchaeological analysis of three sedimentary cores from the basin, combined with results of external malacological analysis, allowed a reconstruction of the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the basin from the late Neolithic to the early Middle Ages.Results obtained from the Lac du Puy and La Narse de la Sauvetat were integrated into the broader morpho-sedimentary system of the plateau and its margins for the period between 3000 BC and 1 AD. The geographic and temporal perspective was then further enlarged through comparison with temperate Western Europe data. The evolution of the socio-environmental system of Corent and southern Limagne was analysed in detail for the first millennium BC. Finally the role of proto-urbanization processes in the forcing of morpho-sedimentary systems is examined, marking their entry into the anthropocene

Les deltas ont débuté leur édification il y a environ 7000 ans suite à la stabilisation du niveau de la mer. Ils offraient durant l’Antiquité une mosaïque d’environnements, plus ou moins protégés, favorables aux activités maritimes. Nous montrons que plusieurs types de ports deltaïques peuvent être identifiés en raison des différents contextes géomorphologiques offerts par les deltas. La mise en relation des résultats bio-sédimentologiques, avec les données archéologiques nous ont permis de détailler l’évolution des environnements portuaires de plusieurs sites antiques situés dans des deltas. La première étude a été menée à l’échelle du delta de la Kouban (Péninsule de Taman, Russie). Un carottage réalisé à l’extrémité orientale de la péninsule et sa comparaison avec d’autres études géoarchéologiques menées récemment dans le delta nous a permis de restituer l’évolution paléogéographique de la péninsule. Nous avons pu confirmer que cette dernière a constituée, suite à la remontée postglaciaire du niveau marin, un large archipel articulé autour de quatre îles. À Tel Akko (Baie de Haifa, Israël), notre étude nous a permis de restituer l’évolution côtière du site depuis l’Âge du Bronze. À Pollentia, cité romaine des Baléares, nous avons été en mesure de démontrer que le port était situé dans une lagune de faible profondeur située en marge distale d’un petit delta côtier. Enfin à Halmyris (Danube, Roumanie) nous avons été en mesure de démontrer que la forteresse romaine, installée sur un promontoire, était protégée des crues tout en bénéficiant d’un accès facilité au fleuve par l’intermédiaire d’un chenal secondaire au sein duquel son port aurait pu être installé
River deltas began forming around 7000 years BP because of the stabilisation of the mean sea-level. The natural variety of wetland environments on clastic coasts, in particular deltas, explains in major part the important disparities in harbour contexts. The combination of earth sciences with archaeological tools allows us to investigate the environmental evolution of four ancient sites located on deltas. We investigate 7000 years of environmental changes on the Kuban delta (Taman Peninsula, Russia). A coring, from the eastern limit of the peninsula, and its comparison with other geoarchaeological studies undertaken on the delta, allow us to confirm that the Holocene marine transgression created an archipelago of four islands around 6000 years ago in the area of the present-day Taman Peninsula. In Antiquity, natural factors such as delta progradation and the evolution of spits and sand bars have considerably affected the landscape evolution and therefore human occupation of the peninsula. At Tel Akko, (Haifa Bay, Israel), we reconstruct the evolution of the coastal zone of the site since the Bronze Age. We propose different harbour locations over time. At Pollentia, a Roman city of Mallorca, we have been able to demonstrate that the harbour was situated in a shallow lagoon, probably dredged at the time of its foundation. At Halymris (Danube delta, Romania), our research supports the presence of a secondary fluvial-channel located close to the fortress where the harbour may have been installed. The fortress, located at the foot of a promontory, was protected from floods and provided easy access to the main channel of the river

La connaissance de la dynamique hydrosédimentaire des rivières avant et pendant l’installation des nombreux aménagements hydrauliques depuis l’Antiquité restaient très fragmentaire en Basse-Normandie et plus largement en Europe de l’Ouest. On savait encore peu de choses sur les processus d’érosion et de sédimentation qui se sont succédés au sein des rivières normandes au cours des deux derniers millénaires et la part des forçages anthropiques et climatiques qui ont influencé ces processus. L’objectif de la thèse est donc de comprendre et de mesurer la part des héritages dans le fonctionnement actuel des rivières afin de contribuer à leur gestion contemporaine. A cette fin, des recherches géomorphologiques et géoarchéologiques ont été menées dans plusieurs vallées bas-normandes. Ces études ont mis en évidence le poids des installations hydrauliques et en particulier le développement des moulins à eau dans la modification des chenaux d’écoulement mais aussi la construction des plaines alluviales. En effet, la structuration complète du cours d’eau depuis le Moyen Âge a fortement artificialisé les formes en plan et les pentes des cours d’eau et complètement cloisonné leur linéaire. Ces transformations ont favorisé la stabilité latérale des cours d’eau et la sédimentation limoneuse par débordement au sein des plaines alluviales. L’installation de moulins s’accompagne très souvent d’une simplification du tracé en plan de la rivière. Lors de l’équipement maximal des cours d’eau normands on trouvait un moulin tous les 2500 mètres de linéaires hydrographiques. Ces transformations signifient qu’une grande partie des cours actuels sont artificiels. En effet, ces aménagements et l’accélération de la sédimentation limoneuse depuis 1000 ans sont à l’origine de la mise en place d’un équilibre dynamique aboutissant aux formes hydrosédimentaires des rivières actuelles. L’abandon de la gestion des ouvrages hydrauliques et leur destruction au cours des cinquante dernières années viennent remettre en cause cet équilibre
In Lower Normandy, knowledge of the hydrosedimentary dynamics of rivers before and during the installation of the numerous hydraulic installations since the Roman period remains very fragmentary. Little was known about the rates of erosion and sedimentation that have occurred over the last two millennia and how climatic and anthropogenic controls have influenced these processes. Thus, the challenge of this phD is to understand and measure the role of the inherited structures and operating in the current functioning of the rivers of Lower Normandy in order to help with their contemporary management. To provide answers, geomorphological and geoarchaeological researches has been carried out in several valleys. These studies make it possible to highlight the weight of the hydraulic installations and in particular the developments related to the mills in the setting up of floodplains. Indeed, the complete structuring and management of the watercourse since the Middle Ages artificialized riverbed forms and slopes, and partitioned rivers favoring lateral stability and overflow sedimentation in the floodplain conducting in the development of completely regulated rivers. The installation of mills is accompanied locally by a simplification of the river course. At the acme of the equipment there was a mill every 2,500 meters along the rivers of Lower Normandy. These transformations mean that a large part of current courses are artificial. These structures and the increase of the overbank silt sedimentation for 1000 years are at the origin of the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium resulting in the hydrosedimentary forms of the present rivers which are largely inherited. The abandonment of the management of the hydraulic structures and their destruction during the last fifty years comes to question this balance

Les perturbations environnementales enregistrées aujourd’hui dans le cadre du changementclimatique global exacerbent les craintes des sociétés quant au développement durable. Si l’impact desactions anthropiques sur les changements contemporains est désormais reconnu scientifiquement, lesspécialistes des sociétés anciennes et des géosciences se demandent si les changementsenvironnementaux d’origine naturelle ou anthropique n’ont pas déjà et à plusieurs reprises, affecté ledéveloppement des sociétés au cours des derniers millénaires. Les investigations menées, dans le cadrede cette thèse, proposent de contribuer à ce débat à partir de l’étude sur le temps long de la basse valléedu Strymon (Grèce du Nord) depuis le début de l’Holocène. L’enjeu est de comprendre les relationsqu’ont entretenues les sociétés avec leur environnement afin d’examiner les questions d’éventuelseffondrements culturels d’origine environnementale comme le suggèrent certains chercheurs pour la findu Néolithique ou l’Âge du Bronze, et celles des conséquences des actions des sociétés (néolithisation,conquête grecque, etc.) sur l’environnement et la durabilité de son exploitation. Pour dépasser les étudesde cas, nous proposons une approche géographique multiscalaire et géoarchéologique. Elle s’appuie surune étude des archives paléoenvironnementales combinant (1) une analyse géomorphologique et (2) uneanalyse palynologique des cours d’eau et des zones humides afin de renseigner les changementsenvironnementaux au plus près des lieux de vie des populations et de leurs pratiques agropastorales.Les résultats obtenus sont ensuite confrontés aux recherches archéologiques et historiques pourcomprendre les interactions Sociétés/Environnement de l’échelle de l’habitat à celle de la région étudiéeà différentes époques, et participer activement aux discussions multidisciplinaires sur la question
Environmental disturbances recorded nowadays in global changes rise up society fears aboutsustainable development. Even if the responsibility of activities on contemporary changes is now wellknown,the specialists of past societies are still wondering if such environmental changes, either fromnatural or from anthropogenic origin, have not already affected societies development in last thousandsof years. This research project contributes to this debate on the base of long time study of Strymona lowvalley (northern Greece), from Early Holocene. The aim is to understand the relationships betweensocieties and environment by questioning the possibility of cultural collapses from environmentalorigin, and to examine the consequences of human activities (Neolithisation, Greek conquest, ...) onenvironment and his sustainability. To overcome case studies, we suggest a geographical andgeoarchaeological approach. Based on study of palaeoenvironmental archives which combinegeomorphological and palynological analyses of streams and wetlands. Our aim is to analyze the role ofagropastoral practices and climate events and oscillations on environmental changes, and on thedynamics of mosaic landscapes. Results will be compared with archaeological and historical researchesto understand the interactions between societies and their environment from sites to regional scale, fromthe Neolithic to Ottoman period and to take part actively to multidisciplinary discussions on this debate

Le nord du Tigray (Éthiopie) est caractérisé par de vastes plateaux en bordure desquels se trouvent des vallées encaissées aux versants abrupts. Les fonds de ces vallées sont aujourd’hui densément mis en culture à l’aide de terrasses, ouvrages de conservation des eaux et des sols. Dans ce contexte montagnard, des vestiges archéologiques d’époque axoumite (Ier millénaire av. n. è. - Ier millénaire de n. è.) ont été découverts sur le site de Wakarida. Localisée sur un éperon, cette petite installation urbaine a soulevé la question des relations entre milieu, aménagements hydroagricoles et sociétés. Aujourd’hui, les vallons alentours sont comblés par des accumulations sédimentaires épaisses de plusieurs mètres, cultivées en gradin au moyen de terrasses. Ces aménagements sont-ils le fruit de la transmission pluriséculaire d’un paysage qu’on pourrait appeler « fossile » ? Le résultat de la sédimentation dirigée entreprise de longue date par les Axoumites et leurs descendants ? La proximité des aménagements et des vestiges archéologiques pourrait le laisser penser, d’autant que la culture axoumite présente des similitudes avec celle des Sud-Arabiques, connus pour leur talent dans la construction d’ouvrages hydrauliques. Pour répondre à ces interrogations, une méthodologie systémique est appliquée. Elle emprunte des techniques à la géomorphologie, la géoarchéologie et la sédimentologie, à l’histoire du paysage et la géohistoire, et développe des approches ethnoarchéologique et ethnogéomorphologique. Dans un premier temps, l’étude d’accumulations sédimentaires dans les vallées de la région permet de mettre en évidence les principales phases de mise en place des comblements et les différents facteurs de contrôle du détritisme, qu’il s’agisse de processus biophysiques (changement climatique, couvert végétal) ou d’actions anthropiques (déboisement, agriculture). Les sédiments s’accumulent à partir du VIIe millénaire av. n. è., sous un climat plus humide aux précipitations plus régulières que de nos jours (African Humid Period). À partir du IVe millénaire av. n. è., les équilibres changent, entraînant l’alternance de flux hydrosédimentaires de faible et de grande énergie. Enfin, à partir du Ier millénaire av. n. è., l’influence des sociétés humaines devient plus sensible dans les dépôts qui témoignent d’un déboisement avancé à partir du XIIIe siècle de n. è. Aucun vestige d’aménagement agricole n’a été détecté dans les comblements, qui ne résultent pas d’une sédimentation dirigée. À partir du XVIIe siècle de n. è., les enregistrements chronostratigraphiques manquent. Des archives textuelles et iconographiques sont mobilisées pour comprendre l’évolution des couverts végétaux et préciser la période d’apparition des terrasses. Elles éclairent sur la position de Wakarida, en marge du royaume d’Axoum, des royaumes éthiopiens suivants et des routes d’exploration. Cette situation a permis la persistance sur le temps long de techniques culturales dont certaines remontent à la préhistoire. Seule exception notable, les terrasses sont absentes de ces témoignages. D’après les archives, elles n’apparaissent pas avant les années 1960 dans le Tigray. Le croisement des entretiens et des archives apporte des précisions à l’échelle du site étudié. Les alentours de Wakarida ont été repeuplés récemment et les aménagements actuels ont été érigés à partir des années 1990, en lien avec des réformes agraires et des évènements socio-politiques. Les terrasses de Wakarida témoignent de relations étroites entre processus économiques, sociaux, politiques et biophysiques. Leur avenir est aujourd’hui menacé par l’érosion régressive qui touche les vallons et par l’exode rural qui risque de rompre l’équilibre fragile entre pente, aménagements, cultures et sociétés. Les ouvrages actuels, de construction récente, reposent donc sur des comblements anciens qui continuent à évoluer
The northern Tigray (Ethiopia) is characterized by vast plateaus with steeply sloping valleys on their edges. The bottoms of these valleys are now densely cultivated using terraces, water and soil conservation structures. In this mountainous context, archaeological remains from the Aksumite period (1st millennium BCE - 1st millennium CE) have been discovered on Wakarida site. Located on a spur, this small urban settlement raised the question of the relationship between environment, hydro-agricultural facilities and societies. Today, the surrounding valleys are filled by sedimentary accumulations several metres thick, cultivated in terraces. Are these structures the result of the centuries-old transmission of a landscape that could be called "fossil"? The result of the controlled sedimentation undertaken for a long time by the Aksumites and their descendants? The proximity of the structures and of the archaeological remains could suggest this, since the Aksumite culture has similarities with that of the South Arabians, known for their talent in the construction of hydraulic structures.To answer these questions, a systemic methodology was applied. It borrows techniques from geomorphology, geoarchaeology and sedimentology, landscape history and geohistory, and develops ethnoarchaeological and ethno-geomorphological approaches.First, the study of sedimentary accumulations in the valleys of the region makes it possible to highlight the main phases of filling and the various factors controlling detritism, whether biophysical processes (climate change, vegetation cover) or anthropogenic action (deforestation, agriculture). Sediments accumulate from the 7th millennium BCE onwards, under a more humid climate with more regular rainfall than today (African Humid Period). From the 4th millennium BCE onwards, the equilibria changed, leading to the alternation of low and high energy flows. Finally, from the 1st millennium BCE, the influence of human societies became more noticeable in deposits that testify to advanced deforestation from the 13th century AD. No agricultural structure remains were detected in the fillings, which do not result from controlled sedimentation.From the 17th century AD onwards, chronostratigraphic records are missing. Textual and iconographic archives are used to understand the evolution of plant cover and to specify the period of appearance of terraces. They shed light on the position of Wakarida, on the fringes of the Aksum kingdom, following Ethiopian kingdoms and exploration routes. This situation has allowed the persistence of farming techniques over time, some of which date back to the prehistoric period. The only notable exception is the terraces, which are absent from these testimonies. According to the archives, they did not appear in the Tigray until the 1960s.The combination of interviews and archives provides details at the scale of the studied site. The surroundings of Wakarida have recently been repopulated and current structures have been built since the 1990s, in line with agrarian reforms and socio-political events. The terraces of Wakarida reflect the close relationship between economic, social, political and biophysical processes. Their future is now threatened by the regressive erosion that affects the valleys and by the rural exodus that risks breaking the fragile balance between slope, development, cultures and societies.The current structures, which are of recent construction, are therefore based on old fillings that continue to evolve. Thus, the hydroagricultural landscapes of the Wakarida region are not fossil but palimpsest

Ostie et Portus sont deux villes portuaires emblématiques de la façade littorale de la Rome antique. Construites au contact du Tibre et de la mer Tyrrhénienne, elles se situent dans des milieux géomorphologiquement très instables (mobilité du fleuve et du trait de côte). Nous nous proposons dans cette étude de reconstituer les dynamiques hydrosédimentaires du Tibre deltaïque à l’époque romaine (principalement aux Ier s. av. – Ier s. ap. J.-C.) et d’en identifier les conséquences sur le système Ostie-Portus. Pour mener à bien ce travail, nous nous appuyons sur des données sédimentaires issues de carottages réalisés dans le paléoméandre d’Ostie et les canaux de Portus. Ces résultats sont ensuite confrontés aux données archéologiques et historiques. Le croisement des données sédimentaires, archéologiques et textuelles permet d’envisager une crise hydrosédimentaire d’origine anthropoclimatique dans le bassin versant du Tibre s’étalant de la seconde partie du Ier s. av. J.-C. au début du Ier s. ap. J.-C. A Ostie, cette crise s’exprime par : (1) une accumulation de sédiments à l’embouchure du Tibre qui conduit au comblement du port fluvial d’Ostie ; (2) plusieurs inondations importantes (parfois torrentielles – cf. Rome) ; et (3) peut-être une hausse des niveaux phréatiques. A cela s’ajoute, avant ou pendant cette crise, une forte variabilité latérale de l’embouchure et du paléoméandre d’Ostie, qui a pu affecter le développement d’Ostie. Contraint par une forte pression démographique à Rome et par le contexte socio-économique, Claude fonde Portus au milieu du Ier s. ap. J.-C. Cette ville portuaire maritime est conçue dans l’idée de pallier les insuffisances du port d’Ostie : (1) les capacités d’accueil du port sont considérablement accrues (bassin de 200 ha) ; (2) le site d’implantation est choisi 3 km au nord de l’embouchure du Tibre pour échapper aux contraintes hydrosédimentaires qui se posaient à Ostie. Pour des raisons logistiques (transport des marchandises vers Rome), la planification de Portus est accompagnée d’un système de canaux relié au Tibre. Les ingénieurs romains prennent cependant soin de dissocier le système des canaux de celui des bassins portuaires (gestion de la charge solide) et certains de ces canaux sont envisagés comme évacuateurs de crue (gestion des inondations). Les études sédimentaires menées permettent de décrire les modalités de fonctionnement et de comblement de certains de ces canaux (Canale Traverso, Canale Romano). Ce travail est complété par une réflexion méthodologique sur le diagramme de Passega et une modélisation de l’évolution holocène de la partie nord du delta du Tibre à partir de l’analyse de carottes
Ostia and Portus are two important harbour cities located on theThyrrenian coast, near the ancient Rome. This location corresponds to a fastly changing landscape (river and coastline mobility). The aim of this study is to reconstruct the Tiber hydrosedimentary dynamics in its delta plain during Ancient times (mainly in the 1st c. BC - 1st c. AD) and to identify their impact on the system Ostia-Portus. To complete this work, we analyse sedimentary cores drilled in the palaeomeander of Ostia and the canals of Portus. These results are compared to the archaeological and historical data. Crossing sedimentary, archaeological and textual data allows to consider hydrosedimentary anthropoclimatic crisis in the Tiber River watershed, during the period between the second part of the Ist century BC and the beginning of the Ist century AD. This crisis is expressed in Ostia, by: (1) a sediment accumulation at the mouth of the Tiber River, leading to the filling of the river mouth harbour of Ostia; (2) several major floods (at Rome - sometimes torrential floods); and (3) perhaps an increase of the groundwater levels. During this hydrosedimentological crisis or before, a strong lateral mobility of the Tiber mouth and the palaeomeander of Ostia probably affect the development of the city. Obliged by a strong demographic pressure in Rome and by the socio-economical context, Claude built Portus in the middle of the 1st century AD. Portus is planned with the idea to overcome the shortcomings of Ostia’s harbour: (1) by an increased harbour basin area (200 ha), and (2) by its establishment, 3 km north of the Tiber mouth, to avoid the main hydrosedimentary constraints. For logistical reasons (goods transport to Rome), Portus includes a fluvial canal system, connected to the Tiber River. However, Roman engineers take care to separate the canal system and the harbour basins (sediment load) and some of these canals are considered floodways (flood management). Sedimentary analysis characterise the canal functioning and filling (Canale Traverso, Canale Romano). This work is complemented by a methodological reflection on the Passega diagram and by a modeling of the Holocene evolution of the Tiber delta’s northern part , based onthe analysis of core samples

Dans le désert Libyque (Égypte), l'un des plus arides du monde, l'action du vent trouvant peu de limites, l'ablation et le transport éoliens sont des éléments prégnants de la morphogenèse. Au cœur de ce désert, les oasis de la dépression de Kharga, nées de l'artésianisme et des activités humaines, constituent au contraire, par la profusion de l'eau et de la végétation, des secteurs où les processus de dépôt sont renforcés. L'imbrication entre une région désertique (zone-source de sédiments) et des sites oasiens (zones de dépôt), où s'appliquent des processus opposés, maximise les dynamiques éoliennes et leur impact morphogénétique. Il en découle la formation des paysages du vent, que cette thèse vise à décrire, comprendre et expliquer. Mobilisant des méthodes de géomorphologie, de géoarchéologie, de géohistoire et de sédimentologie, ce travail rend compte de l'impact paysager des interactions entre activités humaines et dynamiques éoliennes depuis la création des oasis il y a 2 500 ans. Il présente un bilan des processus naturels et anthropiques, et aborde la question des conditions de vie des oasiens depuis l'Antiquité.Trois apports principaux résultent de cette recherche :- une typologie des formations constitutives des paysages du vent- une modélisation descriptive du système à leur origine, reposant sur des cycles asynchrones de colonisation et de déprises- un bilan des grandes tendances de l'évolution environnementale et morphogénétique sur le temps long, depuis l'implantation des oasis : les paysages du vent sont nés de la distorsion entre la dégradation environnementale régionale et l'amélioration locale et temporaire des conditions édaphiques résultant des activités humaines
The limiting features of the wind dynamics are scarce in the Western desert of Egypt, one of the most arid areas in the world: eolian ablation and transport are the prevailing factors of the morphogenesis. Born from artesian waters and human activities, the oases of Kharga basin form an area where the deposition processes are stronger thanks to the large amount of water and vegetation. Eolian dynamics, and their morphogenetic impacts, are strengthened by the nesting of oasis sites (deposition areas) in a desert region (sediment source-zone). The landscapes of the wind are thus formed by the juxtaposition of these areas where opposed processes occur. This thesis aims to describe, understand and explain their development.This work based on geomorphology, geoarchaeology, « géohistoire » and sedimentology gives an account on the impacts on the landscapes of the interactions between eolian dynamics and human activities since the creation of the oases 2 500 years ago. It consists in an overview of the natural and anthropogenic processes and an assessment of the living conditions in the oasis since the Antiquity.The three main results of this research are:- a typology of the elements forming the landscapes of the wind;- a descriptive modelisation of the system at stake in their formations, which is based on an asynchronous cycle of colonisation and abandonment of the sites;- an overview of the main patterns of the long-term environmental and morphogenetic evolution since the creation of the oases.This triple contribution shows that the landscapes of the wind are born from the distortion between the regional environmental trend towards degraded conditions and the local and temporary improvements of the edaphic conditions due to human activities

Numerous flights of Quaternary marine terraces are present around the island of Cyprus, in the Eastern Mediterranean. These terraces are a result of the global eustatic sea-level curve and local tectonism. Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 through MIS 13 terraces are identified, mapped and dated. Palaeoshoreline elevation, an excellent indicator for a past sea–level, and new numerical geochronology are used to calculate an Upper Pleistocene uplift rate for various coastal sectors. Southwestern Cyprus presents the highest uplift rates of 0.35-0.65 mm/year with other sections suggesting uplift of 0.07-0.15 mm/year. This Upper Pleistocene tectonic signal is attributed to an active offshore subduction/collision system to the southwest of Cyprus, evidenced from the seismic activity offshore and the surface expression of a blind thrust fault in the Pafos region. Soil chronosequences and geology in southwestern Cyprus are studied in order to understand the Quaternary development on this uplifting landscape. Soil profile properties are used to calculate a profile development index (PDI), a method often applied to geomorphic surfaces as a relative dating method. Well-developed red and clayey soils occur in the coastal sector, on broad and low-angle surfaces, specifically on marine terraces and alluvial fans. Higher elevations of steep slopes consisting of carbonate and ophiolite lithologies host poorly developed soils. Results show variable PDI's on uplifted terraces, obscured by transported materials, active alluvial fan buildup and hillslope erosion. Calcium carbonate build-up in soil profiles in the form of nodular and laminar accumulations are used as another relative dating method. Geochronology of marine terraces is used as an age range approximation for carbonate stages. Geomorphologic mapping focuses on the southeastern part of the Pafos thrust fault, the only point on the landscape where this otherwise blind fault is exposed on the surface. This is the location of Palaipafos, an important Ancient polity, today the site of the village of Kouklia. Geoarchaeological study suggests little landscape change over the last 4000 years in the vicinity of the urban core of Palaipafos, this being attributed to bedrock and landscape resistance of its location, a plateau at 80 m amsl. Copper deposits in the Palaipafos hinterland had provided a valuable resource at one time. Soil and water resources continue to sustain agriculture.Tectonic uplift in this part of the Pafos thrust fault is estimated to be 2.1mm/year, considered, together with Late Holocene sea-level change responsible for the shifting locations and eventual abandonment of the Palaipafos harbor in the coastal lowlands.
Graduation date: 2013

This dissertation addresses how Paleoindians used the karst drainage of the Aucilla River in northwestern Florida during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition (approximately 15-10,000 14C yr B.P.). I take a geoarchaeological approach to discuss Paleoindian land use by first defining the Late Pleistocene and Holocene geological record, and then by creating a model of site formation processes in the Aucilla River. Both underwater and terrestrial fieldwork were performed. Underwater fieldwork consisted of hand-driven cores and surface survey, vibrocoring, underwater 1 x 1 m unit excavation, and controlled surface collection. Terrestrial fieldwork consisted of shovel and auger test pits. Seventeen cores were collected from five different submerged sinkhole sites, which were used to select two sites for further study: Sloth Hole (8JE121), which had been previously excavated, and Wayne's Sink (8JE1508/TA280), which was recorded but not formally investigated. Five vibrocores and two 1 x 1m units were used, with previous research, to define the geological and geoarchaeological context of Sloth Hole. Fifteen vibrocores, six 1 x 1 m excavation units, and ten 1 x 1 m surface collection units were used to define the geological, geoarchaeological, and archaeological context of Wayne's Sink. A combination of 130 shovel and auger test pits was used to define the geological, geoarchaeological, and archaeological potential of the terrestrial landscape. Five new Holocene-aged terrestrial sites were recorded. All of these data were evaluated with archival data from previously-excavated sites to create models of site formation and Paleoindian land use in the lower Aucilla Basin. This research shows that there have been four major periods of sinkhole infill in the lower Aucilla basin. The first occurred prior to the Last Glacial Maximum, with each sinkhole containing peat deposits that date in excess of 21,000 calendar years ago (cal B.P.). These peats are overlain by sandy colluvium that dates to approximately 14,500 cal B.P. The colluvium is overlain by clays that contain evidence for soil formation. These soils vary in age, with radiocarbon dates of approximately 14,500-10,000 cal B.P. These clays are directly overlain by peats dating to 5,000-3,500 cal B.P., which are overlain by peats and clays that date to 2,500-0 cal B.P. Intact Paleoindian and Early Archaic deposits are possible in the late Pleistocene soils.