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Статті в журналах з теми "Geomorphologie / Geoarchaeology"
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Lespez, Laurent, and Aline Garnier. "Editorial: Geomorphology, palaeoenvironments and geoarchaeology of tropical environments." Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement 24, no. 3 (December 15, 2018): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.12428.
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Ghilardi, Matthieu, Eric Fouache, and Richard Chiverrell. "Introduction to special issue on Geoarchaeology: human-environment connectivity." Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement 15, no. 4 (December 31, 2009): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.7691.
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Tronchère, Hervé, Jean-Philippe Goiran, Laurent Schmitt, Frank Preusser, Manfred Bietak, Irene Forstner-Müller, and Yann Callot. "Geoarchaeology of an ancient fluvial harbour: Avaris and the Pelusiac branch (Nile River, Egypt)." Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.9701.
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Bouchène, Ambrine, and Benoît Devillers. "Geoarchaeology of the middle Herault valley (southern France) since the Bronze Age: cartographic approach." Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement 27, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.15510.
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Fouache, Éric, Kosmas Pavlopoulos, and Patricia Fanning. "Geomorphology and Geoarchaeology: cross-contribution." Geodinamica Acta 23, no. 5-6 (December 2010): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2010.9736394.
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Karymbalis, Efthimios, and Niki Evelpidou. "Editorial: Geomorphology, Quaternary Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 63, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/2021/0721.
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Evelpidou, Niki, and Efthimios Karymbalis. "Editorial: Geomorphology, Quaternary Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean, Part 2." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 63, no. 2-3 (February 8, 2022): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/2022/0749.
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Beach, Tim, Nicholas Dunning, and Martin Doyle. "Geoarchaeology and geomorphology: Soils, sediments, and societies." Geomorphology 101, no. 3 (October 2008): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.024.
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Baralis, A., A. Bivolaru, N. Marriner, C. Morhange, A. V. Porotov, and V. N. Zin’ko. "Geomorphology and geoarchaeology of Black Sea coasts." Méditerranée, no. 126 (June 1, 2016): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.8168.
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Goldberg, Paul, K. Pye, and J. R. L. Allen. "Coastal and Estuarine Environments: Sedimentology, Geomorphology and Geoarchaeology." American Journal of Archaeology 106, no. 1 (January 2002): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/507196.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Geomorphologie / Geoarchaeology"
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Onken, Jill. "Late Quaternary Climatic Geomorphology, Volcanism, and Geoarchaeology of Carrizo Wash, Little Colorado River Headwaters, USA." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/577314.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Isolating the climatic mechanisms driving Holocene geomorphic change and deciphering the role of landscape change in prehistoric cultural processes both require well-dated and relatively continuous alluvial chronologies. This study presents a centennial-scale, latest Pleistocene and Holocene chronology based on alluvial fan, floodplain, groundwater-discharge, and volcanic deposits for the Carrizo Wash watershed, a Little Colorado River headwater drainage on the southeastern Colorado Plateau. More than 200 radiocarbon dates provide chronometric control. The age of Zuni Salt Lake volcanic eruptions was re-evaluated using radiocarbon and luminescence dating. Two eruptive phases ~13.3 ka and ~11.8 ka suggest closely spaced, monogenetic events. These terminal Pleistocene ages for the eruptions are significantly younger and substantially more precise than previous argon method ages. Sediment exposed in modern arroyos is dominated by middle Holocene (~7.1–4.9 ka) alluvium in valley contexts, whereas piedmont alluvium dates primarily to the late Holocene (~4.3–2.7 ka). Extensive prehistoric channel entrenchment occurred ~4.9 and 0.8 ka. Localized incision occurred ~1.9 and 1.2 ka, and possibly ~7.5 and 2.7 ka. Extended drought typically preceded arroyo cutting, and entrenchment was associated with increased climate variability, major shifts in precipitation amount or seasonality, and reduced flooding. Accelerated valley and piedmont aggradation appears related to increased flooding and runoff associated with reduced vegetation cover during periods of low effective moisture resulting from enhanced North American Monsoon circulation and weak ENSO conditions. Conversely, slow or stalled deposition appears connected to reduced flooding and runoff fostered by denser vegetation during times of increased effective moisture caused by enhanced El Niños and increased winter precipitation. Ground-water discharge deposits at Cienega Amarilla indicate that spring discharge was greatest and water tables most elevated ~2.3–1.6 ka. Spring discharge appears to reflect variations in El Niño frequency and intensity and the resultant variations in winter precipitation. Study results suggest that predicted increased drought and enhanced or delayed monsoons associated with modern climate change could initiate accelerated erosion of upland areas and increased flooding in southern Colorado Plateau headwater tributaries. Archaeological implications include temporal biases associated with surface site distributions and changing viability of floodwater and water-table farming over time.
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Hoffmeister, Dirk Verfasser], Georg [Akademischer Betreuer] [Bareth, and Helmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Brückner. "Feasibility studies of terrestrial laser scanning in Coastal Geomorphology, Agronomy, and Geoarchaeology / Dirk Hoffmeister. Gutachter: Georg Bareth ; Helmut Brückner." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1048428486/34.
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Hoffmeister, Dirk [Verfasser], Georg [Akademischer Betreuer] Bareth, and Helmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Brückner. "Feasibility studies of terrestrial laser scanning in Coastal Geomorphology, Agronomy, and Geoarchaeology / Dirk Hoffmeister. Gutachter: Georg Bareth ; Helmut Brückner." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-54972.
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Fanning, Patricia C. "Beyond the divide: a new geoarchaeology of Aboriginal stone artefact scatters in Western NSW, Australia." Australia : Macquarie University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/45010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental & Life Sciences, Graduate School of the Environment, 2002.Includes bibliographical references: p. 228-232.
Geomorphology, archaeology and geoarchaeology: introduction and background -- Surface stone artefact scatters: why can we see them? -- Geomorphic controls on spatial patterning of the surface stone artefact record -- A temporal framework for interpreting surface artefact scatters in Western NSW -- Synthesis: stone artefact scatters in a dynamic landscape.
Surface scatters of stone artefacts are the most ubiquitous feature of the Australian Aboriginal archaeological record, yet the most underutilized by archaeologists in developing models of Aboriginal prehistory. Among the many reasons for this are the lack of understanding of geomorphic processes that have exposed them, and the lack of a suitable chronological framework for investigating Aboriginal 'use of place'. This thesis addresses both of these issues. -- In arid western NSW, erosion and deposition accelerated as a result of the introduction of sheep grazing in the mid 1800s has resulted in exposure of artefact scatters in some areas, burial in others, and complete removal in those parts of the landscape subject to concentrated flood flows. The result is a patchwork of artefact scatters exhibiting various degrees of preservation, exposure and visibility. My research at Stud Creek, in Sturt National Park in far western NSW, develops artefact and landscape survey protocols to accommodate this dynamic geomorphic setting. A sampling strategy stratified on the basis of landscape morphodynamics is presented that allows archaeologists to target areas of maximum artefact exposure and minimum post-discard disturbance. Differential artefact visibility at the time of the survey is accommodated by incorporating measures of surface cover which quantify the effects of various ephemeral environmental processes, such as deposition of sediments, vegetation growth, and bioturbation, on artefact count. -- While surface stone artefact scatters lack the stratigraphy usually considered necessary for establishing the timing of Aboriginal occupation, a combination of radiocarbon determinations on associated heat-retainer ovens, and stratigraphic analysis and dating of the valley fills which underlie the scatters, allows a two-stage chronology for huntergatherer activity to be developed. In the Stud Creek study area, dating of the valley fill by OSL established a maximum age of 2,040±100 y for surface artefact scatters. The heatretainer ovens ranged in age from 1630±30 y BP to 220±55 y BP. Bayesian statistical analysis of the sample of 28 radiocarbon determinations supported the notion, already established from analysis of the artefacts, that the Stud Creek valley was occupied intermittently for short durations over a relatively long period of time, rather than intensively occupied at any one time. Furthermore, a gap in oven building between about 800 and 1100 years ago was evident. Environmental explanations for this gap are explored, but the paiaeoenvironmental record for this part of the Australian arid zone is too sparse and too coarse to provide explanations of human behaviour on time scales of just a few hundred years. -- Having established a model for Stud Creek of episodic landscape change throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene, right up to European contact, its veracity was evaluated in a pilot study at another location within the region. The length of the archaeological record preserved in three geomorphically distinct locations at Fowlers Gap, 250 km south of Stud Creek, is a function of geomorphic dynamics, with a record of a few hundred years from sites located on channel margins and low terraces, and the longest record thus far of around 5,000 years from high terrace surfaces more remote from active channel incision. But even here, the record is not continuous, and like Stud Creek, the gaps are interpreted to indicate that Aboriginal people moved into and out of these places intermittently throughout the mid to late Holocene. -- I conclude that episodic nonequilibrium characterizes the geomorphic history of these arid landscapes, with impacts on the preservation of the archaeological record. Dating of both archaeological and landform features shows that the landscape, and the archaeological record it preserves, are both spatially and temporally disjointed. Models of Aboriginal hunter-gatherer behaviour and settlement patterns must take account of these discontinuities in an archaeological record that is controlled by geomorphic activity. -- I propose a new geoarchaeological framework for landscape-based studies of surface artefact scatters that incorporates geomorphic analysis and dating of landscapes, as well as tool typology, into the interpretation of spatial and temporal patterns of Aboriginal huntergatherer 'use of place'.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
vii, 232 p. ill., maps
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Tainer, Erin Margaret. "High-Resolution Holocene Alluvial Chronostratigraphy at Archaeological Sites in Eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/551.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Understanding the nature of Colorado River deposits in Grand Canyon helps reveal how the river responds to changes in its Colorado Plateau tributaries and Rocky Mountain headwaters. This study focused on Holocene alluvial deposits associated with archaeological sites excavated near Ninemile Draw in Glen Canyon and at Tanner Bar in eastern Grand Canyon. Two previously-developed conceptual models of deposition were tested based on previous work. Previous researchers have suggested that Holocene alluvial deposits in Grand Canyon are a series of inset aggradational packages that correlate to valley fills and arroyo-cutting cycles in Colorado Plateau tributaries and are laterally consistent throughout the river corridor. An alternate hypothesis is that alluvial packages record paleoflood sequences along the Colorado River with no Holocene change in river grade. In this model, deposits are preserved more variably as a function of local hydrologic geometry, and they should be less correlatable. Detailed stratigraphic columns of terrace deposits and several stratigraphic panels of archaeological trenches, combined with facies interpretations, were used to reconstruct a high-resolution alluvial history at two locations. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating methods were used at both locations with consistent results. At both sites, the sediment includes multiple depositional facies of mainstem and local-source material, and it consists of stratal packages bound by unconformities. These stratigraphic relations, combined with geochronology, lead to the interpretation that the alluvium is composed of six correlatable alluvial packages at overlapping heights above river level throughout the canyon. The four older packages include facies that imply aggradation throughout the river corridor, suggesting oscillations in river grade. The youngest two packages consist only of mainstem flood deposits. These packages suggest that preservation of deposits over the past ~1 ky has not been driven by aggradation, although incision since ~1 ky is possible. Comparison of the interpreted chronostratigraphy to climate records suggests that this large river's grade has not responded visibly to smaller century to millennial-scale climate oscillations. This work is the first to document that the alluvial record in Grand Canyon spans the entire Holocene, and conclusions support to both previous conceptual models of deposition.
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Arhan, Damien. "Dynamiques des lignes de rivage et occupation humaine dans l'émirat d'Abu Dhabi à l'Holocène." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les littoraux d’Abu Dhabi, et plus largement ceux du golfe Arabique, ont joué un rôle majeur dans le développement des populations humaines au cours de l’Holocène. Parallèlement, ces milieux apparaissent également comme des espaces très vulnérables. En plus d’être soumis aux variations climatiques régionales, ils ont été fortement exposés aux mobilités des lignes de rivage, contrôlées en partie par les variations du niveau marin. L’étude de ces fluctuations s’avère ainsi essentielle pour reconstituer les évolutions paléogéographiques des littoraux dont dépendaient les sociétés. La thèse présente une synthèse de ces variations et des changements paléoenvironnementaux associés, soutenue par l’apport de nouveaux résultats issus d’un travail de terrain, par l’examen des recherches déjà publiées et par un travail de modélisation reposant sur la création de Sea-Level Index Points, à Abu Dhabi mais aussi sur l’ensemble de la rive sud du Golfe. Selon une approche géoarchéologique, l’étude cherche simultanément à replacer les sites dans leurs contextes paléoenvironnementaux. En dépit de variations métriquement réduites, les résultats indiquent des impacts considérables sur la morphologie des littoraux, marqués par de très faibles élévations. Ils permettent également d’expliquer en partie la répartition des sites archéologiques. Enfin, ils attestent de l’existence de variations relatives du niveau marin, résultant de dynamiques de surrection et de subsidence des masses terrestres. Les trajectoires identifiées traduisent de fortes disparités régionales et mettent en lumière la complexité et l’imbrication des mécanismes isostatiques, néotectoniques et diapiriquesThe coastlines of Abu Dhabi, and more broadly, those of the Arabian Gulf, have played a major role in the development of human populations during the Holocene. At the same time, these environments appear to be highly vulnerable. In addition to being subject to regional climatic variations, they have also been heavily influenced by shoreline mobilities, partially controlled by sea-level fluctuations. Studying these fluctuations is therefore essential for reconstructing the paleogeographic evolution of the coasts upon which societies depended. This thesis presents a synthesis of these variations and associated paleoenvironmental changes, supported by the contribution of new fieldwork results, a review of previously published research and modelling work based on the creation of Sea-Level Index Points, both in Abu Dhabi and across the entire southern shore of the Gulf. Adopting a geoarchaeological approach, the study integrates archaeological data to replace archaeological sites within their paleoenvironmental context. Despite relatively small metric variations, the results indicate significant impacts on shoreline morphology, marked by very low elevations. They also enable archaeological maps to be put into perspective. Lastly, they confirm the existence of relative sea-level variations resulting from landmass uplift and subsidence. The identified trajectories reveal substantial regional disparities and underscore the complexity and interplay of isostatic, neotectonic and diapiric mechanisms
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Ninfo, Andrea. "DEM e telerilevamento per lo studio geomorfologico delle pianure alluvionali." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426454.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Alluvial plains are characterized by a very low gradient relief and is difficult to detect their
morphologies from the terrain. Two methodologies are applied to study the geomorphology of the
venetian-friulian plane and the Murghab,s terminal fan (Turkmenistam): analysis of DEMs and
remote sensing images, acquired from satellite and aerial platform.. DEMs are the fundamental
input of the terrain modeling, but their theory references are relatively poor defined, especially in
low gradient area. The use of a methodology (DEM) where the uncertainty always exists, need a
synthesis of the conceptual model adopted in this research. The application of a methodology where
uncertain is always around the corner is needed to give a synthesis of the conceptual model adopted
in this research. The morphometric analyses on an apposite constructed DEM of the Venetian plain,
permit the automatic classification of the landforms, with a good level of coherence and detail.
Statistical analyses of the curvatures show their strong geomorphic meaning and can help to
distinguish the processes that, over time, have generate this complex system. The acquisition and
the processing of oblique aerial photographs in the part of friulian-venetian plain, crossed by the
roman road via Annia, give new results to investigate the paleohydrology and geoarcheology of this
area. Cropmark reveals, with extraordinary clearness, parts of the millenary interaction between
natural and human dynamics. Both methods are effective in the study of the geomorphological
evolution of the Murghab’s terminal fan. The morphological monotony of the distal part of the fan,
clashes with the complexity of the interactions between the processes that regulate their evolution.
The appropriate use of both the methodologies, followed by the validate on terrain, can give a
substancial contribute to the geomorphological study of alluvial plains.Le pianure alluvionali si caratterizzano per la debole inclinazione e le morfologie fluviali che le costituiscono risultano difficilmente percepibili sul terreno. In questa ricerca, due metodologie sono applicate allo studio gemorfologico della pianura veneto-friulana e di quella del Murghab (Tukmenistan): l’analisi di DEM e di immagini telerilevate, da piattaforma satellitare e aerea. I DEM costituiscono l’input fondamentale del terrain modeling ma il loro quadro di riferimento teorico è relativamente poco definito. Nell’applicazione di un metodo (DEM) dove l’incertezza è sempre latente, si sente il bisogno di fornire una sintesi dei modelli concettuali adottati in questa ricerca. L’analisi morfometrica condotta sul DEM della pianura veneta, adeguatamente preparato, consente la classificazione automatica delle morfologie con un buon grado di coerenza. L’analisi statistica delle curvature dimostra il loro forte significato geomorfologico e si rivela d’ausilio per caratterizzare i processi che nel tempo hanno generato le diverse superfici che costituiscono la pianura. L’acquisizione e l’elaborazione di dati telerilevati di dettaglio nella bassa pianura venetofriulana attraversata dalla via Annia (di epoca romana), che congiungeva le principali città dell’Alto Adriatico, ha portato buoni risultati. I cropmark rivelano con straordinaria chiarezza “frammenti” della millenaria interazione tra dinamiche naturali e antropiche in questa porzione di territorio. Entrambi i metodi si sono rivelati efficaci nello studio dell’evoluzione geomorfologica del terminal fan del Murghab. La monotonia morfologica che caratterizza le pianure contrasta con la complessità delle interazioni tra i processi che ne controllano l’evoluzione. Un adeguato utilizzo incrociato di entrambe le metodologie, seguito dalla validazione sul terreno, può fornire un sostanziale contributo allo studio geomorfologico delle pianure alluvionali.
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Delgado, Alexander C. "More Than Just Empty Space: Integrated Geoarchaeological Investigations of the Crystal River Site (8CI1) Plaza." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Crystal River (8CI1) is a Woodland period archaeological site on the west-central Gulf Coast of Florida, famous for its diverse suite of exotic artifacts typical of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere, as well as its monumental shell mounds which surround a central plaza. Historically, these plazas are utilized as spaces for cultural expression, daily interactions between members of the community, economic exchanges, and discourse of all types. They also serve as a symbolic space, embodying social and political relations that are critical to the formation and maintenance of cultural identity. These spaces are challenging to study using conventional archaeological techniques since they were often swept clean and kept free of debris, thus discouraging the possibility of recovering artifacts of any significant size. Instead, my study utilizes integrated geoarchaeological techniques, such as microartifact analysis, soil chemical analysis, ground-penetrating radar, and magnetic survey in order to reconstruct plaza activities.
The results indicate a stark difference in function between the northern and southern ends of the plaza. The South Plaza demonstrates high concentrations of elements associated with food preparation and consumption, particularly P, Sr, K, and M, high microartifact densities, and an associated strong magnetic anomaly. On the other hand, phosphate depletion is observed in the North Plaza, and it is generally barren of micro-artifacts, despite the possible presence of a few geophysical anomalies. This area appears to have been kept free of debris, save for a charcoal deposit and elevated K and Mg directly in front of Mound H, which may allude to ceremonial or other functions not associated with food.
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BRANDOLINI, FILIPPO. "LINKING ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY TO GEOHERITAGE: A MULTIFACETED APPROACH TO UNRAVEL AND PROMOTE PAST FLUVIAL LANDSCAPES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/729047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Landscapes are geographic areas perceived by people whose characteristics are the result of the interaction between natural factors and human activities. This definition has been established during the European Landscape Convention (Florence, Italy - October 20th, 2000) when the member States of the Council of Europe debated and proposed guidelines to achieve sustainable landscape development based on a balanced and harmonious relationship between social needs, economic activity and the environment. The landscape has an important public interest role in the cultural, ecological, environmental and social fields, and constitutes a resource favourable to economic activity.
Multi-temporal analysis of landscapes enables the understanding of how geomorphic constraints conditioned the human settlements in the past and how land-use altered the environment natural development. Moreover, the diachronic approach to landscape research helps in evaluating the grade of sustainability of past societies systems and their impact on natural resources throughout the Anthropocene.
This Ph.D. project aims to understand past landscape evolution and in identifying the features derived by the human-environment interplay to promote the conservation of those features through geoheritage plans. To perform the project’s objectives a multi-disciplinary approach that combines Environmental Archaeology methodologies and Geoheritage tools in GIS has been applied. Case studies in fluvial environments have been selected to test the interdisciplinary approach proposed because floodplains represented the most suitable environment for human sustenance in history. The main area considered in this Ph.D. project concerns the evolution of Central Po Plain (Italy) during the Middle Ages (5th - 14th centuries CE) and secondary case studies (in Italy and abroad) have been considered to assess the reliability and versatility of the proposed methodology. In particular, Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry has been tested as a valuable method to digitise historical cartography in order to use it in a GIS software for spatial analysis. This technique has been employed to digitise historical cartography for the main case study as well as to reconstruct the evolution of the Upper Rhone Valley (Valais, Switzerland) at the end of the Little Ice Age (18th19th century CE). Moreover, geoarchaeological and geomorphological tools have been utilised to understand the environmental development of the Central Po Plain and its connection with human settlement dynamics. Geospatial Analysis played a key role in the accomplishment of the project’s goals. GIS software were fundamental to combine different kinds of datasets (archaeo-historical information, remote sensing images and geological maps to name a few) and to perform quantitative studies. In this regard, Point Pattern Analysis highlighted the role of alluvial geomorphology in Late-Holocene settlement strategies in Central Po Plain. Finally, Geoheritage has been used to propose geo-educational plans to encourage the fruition of past landscape features and to increase public awareness on landscape conservation.
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Carlson, Justin Nels. "MIDDLE TO LATE HOLOCENE (7200-2900 CAL. BP) ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORMATION PROCESSES AT CRUMPS SINK AND THE ORIGINS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY, USA." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/40.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Though some researchers have argued that the Big Barrens grasslands of Kentucky were the product of anthropogenic land clearing practices by Native Americans, heretofore, this hypothesis had not been tested archaeologically. More work was needed to refine chronologies of fire activity in the region, determine the extent to which humans played a role in the process, and integrate these findings with the paleoenvironmental and archaeological record. With these goals in mind, I conducted archaeological and geoarchaeological investigations at Crumps Sink in the Sinkhole Plain of Kentucky. The archaeological record and site formation history of Crumps Sink were compared with environmental and archaeological data from the Interior Low Plateaus and Southern Appalachian Mountains for an understanding of how the site fits into the larger story of human-environmental interactions in the Eastern Woodlands. Based on the data recovered, I argue that through land burning Archaic hunter-gatherers were active managers of ecosystems to a greater degree than previously acknowledged.
Excavations at Crumps Sink revealed stratified archaeological deposits spanning the late Middle Archaic to Terminal Late Archaic periods. Radiocarbon dates and an analysis of projectile point typologies provided information on the chronological and cultural history of the site. Magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition, plant available phosphorous, and soil micromorphological analyses were conducted to examine landform dynamics in response to environmental change and to trace the anthropogenic signature created by human activities at the site. Masses of lithic debitage, animal bone, and burned sediment nodules per ten-cm-level provide an indication of human occupation intensity and shifting activities over time. Radiocarbon dates were used to reconstruct rates of sediment accumulation in the sink. These varying datasets were considered together for a holistic understanding of localized environmental and anthropogenic impacts on the landform.
Between 7200 and 5600 cal. BP, during the Middle Holocene Thermal Maximum and corresponding with the late Middle Archaic period, sediment accumulation was sustained with one identifiable episode of very weak soil development. Background magnetic and chemical signatures in the soils were greater than they were at pre-occupation levels, demonstrating that human activities left a lasting imprint in soils as early as the late Middle Archaic period. Between 5600 and 3900 cal. BP, periods of diminished sedimentation led to more pronounced episodes of soil formation. However, these soil horizons are interposed by pulses of enhanced sediment accumulation. These soil data may signal shifting environmental regimes during the Middle to Late Holocene transition. Between 5600 and 3900 cal. BP scattered plant ash, elevated masses of burned sediment nodules, and pestle fragments in Late Archaic deposits suggest that hunter-gatherers were intensively processing nut mast, potentially in association with early forest clearance and silviculture. Botanical assemblages from a coincident archaeological sequence at the Carlston Annis site in the nearby middle Green River region has demonstrated woodland disturbance and potential silviculture in central Kentucky during this time.
During the Late Archaic and Terminal Late Archaic periods (3900-3000 cal. BP), substantial plant ash deposition occurred in a stratum that accumulated relatively quickly. Very low burned sediment nodule masses in this deposit indicate that combustion features were not common in the immediate vicinity and that elevated frequencies of plant ash were the result of burning on a broader expanse of the surrounding landform. Chronologically, the zone with enhanced plant ash deposition is coeval with previously demonstrated occurrences of increased forest fires, grassland expansion, and a shift to early horticultural economies throughout the region. Soil development occurred after 3000 cal. BP, and this episode of landform stability may have lasted for over two millennia until being capped by sediment accumulation from historic agriculture.
The late Middle Archaic through Terminal Late Archaic data from Crumps Sink demonstrate that hunter-gatherer activities left lasting signatures in soils in Kentucky. The data from the Late Archaic to Terminal Late Archaic periods (ca. 5600-3000 cal. BP) may indicate intentional land burning by hunter-gatherers to create anthropogenic environments, first for silviculture and then for early plant domestication. This forces a rethinking of labor and subsistence systems within hunter-gatherer societies. Thus, if hunter-gatherers were utilizing long-term forest management methods, they were employing a delayed-return economic system relying on labor investment and negotiated understandings about land tenure. Further characterization of the origin of fire management activities will help us to elucidate the nature of incipient indigenous plant domestication in the Eastern Woodlands.
Книги з теми "Geomorphologie / Geoarchaeology"
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Ga.) Caldwell Conference (4th 2009 Saint Catherines Island. Geoarchaeology of St. Catherines Island, Georgia: Proceedings of the Fourth Caldwell Conference, St. Catherines Island, Georgia, March 27-29, 2009. Edited by Bishop Gale A, Rollins Harold B. 1939-, Thomas David Hurst, American Museum of Natural History, and Saint Catherines Island Foundation. [New York]: American Museum of Natural History, 2011.
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Coastal and estuarine environments: Sedimentology, geomorphology and geoarchaeology. London: Geological Society, 2000.
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Holdaway, Simon, and Patricia Fanning. Geoarchaeology of Aboriginal Landscapes in Semi-arid Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643108950.
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This book provides readers with a unique understanding of the ways in which Aboriginal people interacted with their environment in the past at one particular location in western New South Wales. It also provides a statement showing how geoarchaeology should be conducted in a wide range of locations throughout Australia.
One of the key difficulties faced by all those interested in the interaction between humans and their environment in the past is the complex array of processes acting over different spatial and temporal scales. The authors take account of this complexity by integrating three key areas of study – geomorphology, geochronology and archaeology – applied at a landscape scale, with the intention of understanding the record of how Australian Aboriginal people interacted with the environment through time and across space.
This analysis is based on the results of archaeological research conducted at the University of New South Wales Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station between 1999 and 2002 as part of the Western New South Wales Archaeology Program. The interdisciplinary geoarchaeological program was targeted at expanding the potential offered by archaeological deposits in western New South Wales, Australia.
The book contains six chapters: the first two introduce the study area, then three data analysis chapters deal in turn with the geomorphology, geochronology and archaeology of Fowlers Gap Station. A final chapter considers the results in relation to the history of Aboriginal occupation of Fowlers Gap Station, as well as the insights they provide into Aboriginal ways of life more generally. Analyses are well illustrated through the tabulation of results and the use of figures created through Geographic Information System software.
Winner of the 2015 Australian Archaeology Association John Mulvaney Book Award
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Holdaway, Simon J., and Patricia C. Fanning. Geoarchaeology of Aboriginal Landscapes in Semi-Arid Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2014.
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Holdaway, Simon J., and Patricia C. Fanning. Geoarchaeology of Aboriginal Landscapes in Semi-Arid Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2014.
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(Editor), Kenneth Pye, and John R. L. Allen (Editor), eds. Coastal and Estuarine Environments: Sedimentology, Geomorphology and Geoarchaeology (Geological Society Special Publication, Number 175). Geological Society of London, 2000.
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Cordova, Carlos E. "Geomorphology." In Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology, 314–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4409-0_171.
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Cordova, Carlos E. "Geomorphology." In Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44600-0_171-1.
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Holliday, Vance T., and Rolfe D. Mandel. "Soil Geomorphology." In Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology, 821–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4409-0_175.
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Holliday, Vance T., and Rolfe D. Mandel. "Soil Geomorphology." In Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44600-0_175-1.
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Herz, Norman, and Ervan G. Garrison. "Geomorphology in Archaeology." In Geological Methods for Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090246.003.0005.
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Geomorphology is the study of the evolution of landforms. Analysis of surficial deposits provides much of the evidence for changes in landforms over time. These deposits may be residual materials, formed in place by weathering of underlying formations, or may have been formed elsewhere and then transported by wind, water, or humans to their present site of deposition. They include both sediments and soils, which are commonly confused in the field although each originates by different processes and each yields different kinds of information. Both geomorphology and surficial deposits are the principal subjects of several other publications and will not be covered in great detail here. This book aims to cover in more detail fields that are universally acknowledged to be important for archaeology but are generally ignored in the "geoarchaeology" literature. Those seeking more information on geomorphology and surficial deposits should refer to other publications. The kind and amount of surficial materials change with the changing land surface and climatic conditions and so offer the best evidence regarding the evolution of the landscape. An understanding of these changes on a site will allow a re-creation of the paleoenvironment at the time of occupation and a modeling of the prehistoric land-use patterns. Archaeological exploration in an area is facilitated by first pinpointing desirable habitation sites of the time and then targeting these sites for geophysical prospecting. After a site has been discovered, geophysical and geomorphic-sedimentologic information can help develop excavation strategies. Such information commonly allows a better idea of the distribution and nature of buried artifacts and may explain anomalous surficial redistribution of artifacts, for example, by downslope wash or sediment burial. The first study in a new area proposed for any detailed archaeological work should be geomorphic-surficial geology. It can be carried out in three distinct phases:1. Geomorphic mapping affords meaningful descriptions of the landforms, drainage patterns, surficial deposits, tectonic features, and any active geomorphological processes. 2. The erosional processes that carved the landforms—including soil formation, sediment removal or deposition, and tectonic uplift—are documented.
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Schuldenrein, Joseph. "Migrations and the Early Human Ecology of the Southeastern Atlantic Slope." In Early Human Life on the Southeastern Coastal Plain, 309–22. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400349.003.0015.
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The analytic sophistication demonstrated in this volume can be traced back to pioneering works in studies of prehistoric human ecology and what is now recognized as geoarchaeology. The combining of several subfields in geology, geomorphology, hydrology, soil morphology, and advanced dating methods have resulted in the realization of many of the aspirations of the inter-disciplinary research that was advocated for in previous decades. This chapter contrasts the drainage basin morphology along the lower Southeastern U.S., with its expansive Coastal Plains stands, with the shorter river valleys in the northeast, which are controlled by bedrock. The alluvial valleys in the Southeast combined with the milder climates throughout the Pleistocene set this area of the U.S. apart for prime geomorphological and geoarchaeological studies. These regions are contrasted with landforms in the near East at similar time periods, emphasizing the value in global comparisons.
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Cordova, Carlos E., Natalia P. Gerasimenko, Paul H. Lehman, and Alexander A. Kliukin. "Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of Crimea: Pollen, soils, geomorphology, and geoarchaeology." In Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Black Sea Region: Beyond the Flood Hypothesis. Geological Society of America, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2011.2473(09).
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Herz, Norman, and Ervan G. Garrison. "Archaeogeophysical Exploration." In Geological Methods for Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090246.003.0013.
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Geophysical techniques are a commonplace tool in today's archaeology as a result of an extensive collaboration between scientists and archaeologists on both sides of the Atlantic. This "cross-fertilization" has produced growing subdisciplines, of which archaeological geophysics is one example. As may be recalled from our introductory chapter, K. Butzer defined geoarchaeology as archaeology done using a geological methodology. G. Rapp and J. A. Gifford describe archaeological geology as the use of geological techniques to solve archaeological problems. Fagan has called geoarchaeology a "far wider enterprise than geology," involving (1) geochemical and geophysical techniques to locate sites and features; (2) studies of site formation and spatial context; (3) geomorphology, palynology, paleobotany; (4) absolute and relative dating procedures; and (5) taphonomic studies. Archaeological geophysics is a major aspect of archaeological geology. The application of geophysical exploration techniques in archaeology is also known as archaeogeophysics. Geophysical methods of potential usefulness to archaeological geology fall within the following classes: 1. seismic: reflection/refraction 2. electrical & electromagnetic: resistivity and conductivity 3. magnetic 4. radar 5. microgravity 6. thermography All have been used on a variety of archaeological problems. The application of geophysical techniques has grown as (1) the access to the instruments and (2) the methodological understanding of the users have increased. Access to geophysical instrumentation has been made easier by the steady development in solid-state design and computerization, which has reduced size and costs as it has in almost every technical field. The beneficiaries are the geologists and archaeologists. The first to recognize the applicability of geophysical methods to archaeology were the geologists—more specifically, the geophysicists. Working in association with their archaeological colleagues, the earth scientists translated the objectives of the archaeologists into practice. Such cooperation was very productive but suffered from the same kinds of problems that dogged the early usage and acceptance of radiocarbon dating. The archaeologists' untutored enthusiasm, coupled with their lack of a true understanding of the physics and atmospheric chemistry inherent in that technique, led to a backlash of skepticism when dates reported by the first radiocarbon researchers were found to be in error.
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Macklin, Mark, and Jamie Woodward. "River Systems and Environmental Change." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0023.
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Linking river behaviour and drainage basin evolution to Quaternary environmental change, most notably the effects of climatic variability, tectonics, and human activity on runoff and sediment delivery, has a long history of research in the Mediterranean areas of Europe, North Africa, and the Near East. This field of research was initially stimulated by the (re)discovery at the beginning of the twentieth century of many Classical Period remains buried by river alluvium; perhaps the best known of which is the site of Olympia in western Greece (Huntington 1910). The widespread evidence for large-scale shifts in river channel positions and the rapid growth of deltas and coastal alluvial plains in historical times (Judson 1963; Raphael 1973; Kraft et al. 1980; and Chapter 13) also provided much impetus for this research. In addition, archaeological investigations carried out soon after the Second World War in Algeria (Gaucher 1947), Italy (Selli 1962), Libya (McBurney and Hey 1955) and Spain (Gigout 1959) resulted in the recovery of large numbers of Palaeolithic stone tools from Pleistocene fluvial deposits. These early examples of what has now become more widely known as ‘geoarchaeology’ (Davidson and Shackley 1976; Butzer 1977) or ‘alluvial archaeology’ (Macklin and Needham 1992) were, with their strong interdisciplinary focus, highly innovative and ahead of their time in the way they integrated archaeology, geomorphology, and geochronology. Building on this theme, the principal aim of this chapter is to consider how river systems in the Mediterranean region have responded to the environmental changes that took place during the Late Quaternary–a time interval corresponding approximately to the last 130,000 years. There are a number of reasons for choosing this period for reviewing river-environment interactions in the Mediterranean: 1. It encompasses the last glacial–interglacial cycle (c.130 to 10 ka) for which there is now abundant global evidence from polar ice cores, speleothem records, and lake and marine sediments, for both longand short-term changes in climate. These changes included massive reorganizations of the atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere systems—often over timescales of less than 100 years (Lowe and Walker 1997)—and they are clearly recorded in the Mediterranean region (see Allen et al. 1999 and Chapter 4).
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Holliday, Vance T. "Introduction." In Soils in Archaeological Research. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195149654.003.0004.
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Soils are a potential source of much information in archaeological studies on site and feature-specific scales as well as on a regional scale. Soils are a part of the stage on which humans have evolved. As an integral component of most natural landscapes, soils also are an integral component of cultural landscapes. “Soils are active components of functioning ecosystems that reflect the spatial variability of ecological processes and at the same time have varying degrees of suitability for different kinds of human behavior” (Warren, 1982b, p. 47). Beyond physically supporting humans and their endeavors, however, soils are indicators of the nature and history of the physical and human landscape; they record the impact of human activity, they are a source of food and fuel, and they reflect the environment and record the passage of time. Soils also affect the nature of the cultural record left to archaeologists. They are a reservoir for artifacts and other traces of human activity, encasing archaeological materials and archaeological sites. Soil-forming processes also are an important component of site formation processes. Pedogenesis influences which artifacts, features, and environmental indicators (floral, faunal, and geological) are destroyed, which are preserved, and the degree of preservation. Those involved in field archaeology (as archaeologists, geoscientists, or bioscientists) routinely deal with soils—probably more so than most soil scientists or geologists (Birkeland, 1994, p. 143). However, what the soils or a soil scientist can tell archaeologists about the site and about the archaeological record is not always clear. In part, the integration of soil science in archaeology has been hampered by ambiguities in use of the term “soil” and confusion over what a soil is or is not. The bigger issue is that pedological research, particularly in the United States, has not traditionally been a component of geoarchaeology (the application of the earth science in archaeology) until recent years, in comparison with applications of other aspects of geoscience such as stratigraphy, sedimentology, or geomorphology. This situation evolved in large part because the academic study of soils typically is located in the agricultural sciences rather than the earth sciences.