Статті в журналах: "Geology – Vermont"

1

Doolan, Barry. "The Geology of Vermont." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924875.

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2

Clements, Robert, and Douglas Robinson. "Vermont: Visitor Information." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924873.

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3

Carlsen, Ken, and Arlene Bentley. "Early Vermont Mining." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924884.

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4

King, Vandall T., and Janet W. Cares. "Vermont Mineral Locality Index." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 5 (September 1996): 324–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.11761552.

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5

Dixon, O., R. D. Huber, and P. A. Rowston. "Lake Vermont Geophysical Investigations." Exploration Geophysics 19, no. 1-2 (March 1988): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg988045.

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6

Robinson, Douglas, Robert Clements, and Peter Nielsen. "Collector's Note: The Finest Baryte in Vermont: Skitchewaug Trail Quarry, Springfield, Windsor County, Vermont." Rocks & Minerals 96, no. 3 (April 26, 2021): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2021.1875750.

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7

Cook, Robert B. "Connoisseur's Choice:Rutile-Included Quartz: Waterbury, Vermont." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924880.

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8

Clements, Robert, and Douglas Robinson. "The Carlton Quarry: Chester, Windsor County, Vermont." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924877.

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9

Weber, Marcelle H., and William A. Henderson. "Through the 'Scope: Searching Vermont for Microminerals." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924883.

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10

Merriam, D. "Edwin James-Chronicler of Geology in The American West." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.2.gn02226010571537.

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Edwin James (1797-1861) was born in Weybridge, Addison County, Vermont, just 5 months after James Hutton, founder of modern geology, died in Edinburgh, Scotland. Edwin was the youngest of 13 children born to Deacon Daniel James and wife Mary. He studied medicine with his older brother in Albany, New York, after graduating from Middlebury College (Vermont) at the age of 19. While studying medicine, he became interested in geology and was influenced by Amos Eaton of the Rensselaer School. Upon completing his medical studies. James accepted a position in the spring of 1820 as a botanist/geologist with the Maj. Stephan H. Long Expedition. He was the first man to reach the summit of James' Peak, now named Pike's Peak, and made notes on the geology of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. In 1823 "An Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains Performed in the Years 1819 and '20," written mostly by James, was published in Philadelphia (2 vols.) and London (3 vols.). This major work, from a Wernerian viewpoint, and five other lesser ones were published between 1820 and 1827. They were the sum total of his geological contributions, but included in the "Account" is the first geological map of the trans-Mississippi region. In 1823 he was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the U.S. Army; after leaving the Army in 1833 he later settled near Burlington, Iowa, where he was engaged in agriculture until his death in 1861.

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11

Hadden, Sue H. "Minerals of the Quarries of: Lowell-Eden, Vermont." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924878.

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12

Behnke, Dan. "Vermont-Related Articles Published inRocks & Minerals: An Annotated Bibliography." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924879.

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13

Howe, Jeffrey L. "The Perkins Museum of Geology: And the History of the Vermont State Collection." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924881.

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14

Jennings, Karen L., Paul R. Bierman, and John Southon. "Timing and style of deposition on humid-temperate fans, Vermont, United States." Geological Society of America Bulletin 115 (February 2003): 182–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0182:tasodo>2.0.co;2.

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15

Karabinos, Paul. "Tectonic Significance of Basement-Cover Relationships in the Green Mountain Massif, Vermont." Journal of Geology 96, no. 4 (July 1988): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629239.

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16

Clapp, Erik Matthew, Paul Robert Bierman, Amy Beth Church, Patrick Luther Larsen, Russell Arthur Schuck, and John Peter Hanzas. "Teaching Geohydrology Through Analysis of Ground-Water Resources and Glacial Geology in Northwestern Vermont." Journal of Geoscience Education 44, no. 1 (January 1996): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-44.1.45.

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17

Fleischmann, Karl H. "Interaction between jointing and topography: a case study at Mt Ascutney, Vermont, U.S.A." Journal of Structural Geology 13, no. 3 (January 1991): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90135-6.

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18

Stanley, Rolfe S. "The evolution of mesoscopic imbricate thrust faults—an example from the Vermont Foreland, U.S.A." Journal of Structural Geology 12, no. 2 (January 1990): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(90)90007-l.

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19

Gait, Robert I., and David R. Veblen. "Chesterite, Jimthompsonite, and Clinojimthompsonite: From the Type Locality Carlton Quarry, Chester, Windsor County, Vermont." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924885.

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20

Armstrong, T. R., and R. J. Tracy. "One-dimensional thermal modelling of Acadian metamorphism in southern Vermont, USA." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 18, no. 6 (November 2000): 625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2000.00284.x.

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21

Petersen, James B., Jack A. Wolford, Nathan D. Hamilton, Laureen A. LaBar, and Michael J. Heckenberger. "Archaeological investigations in the Shelburne Pond locality, Chittenden County, Vermont." Annals of the Carnegie Museum 54 (April 23, 1985): 23–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.330770.

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22

Kim, Jonathan, Raymond Coish, Matthew Evans, and Gregory Dick. "Supra–subduction zone extensional magmatism in Vermont and adjacent Quebec: Implications for early Paleozoic Appalachian tectonics." Geological Society of America Bulletin 115, no. 12 (2003): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b25343.1.

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23

Gait, Robert I. "Who's Who: In Mineral Names: Vermont Minerals Named for James B. Thompson, Jr. and David R. Wones." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924882.

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24

Gonzalez, Joseph P., Suzanne L. Baldwin, Jay B. Thomas, William O. Nachlas, and Paul G. Fitzgerald. "Evidence for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism discovered in the Appalachian orogen." Geology 48, no. 10 (June 19, 2020): 947–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47507.1.

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Abstract The Appalachian orogen has long been enigmatic because, compared to other parts of the Paleozoic orogens that formed following the subduction of the Iapetus Ocean, direct evidence for ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism has never been found. We report the first discovery of coesite in the Appalachian orogen in a metapelite from the mid-Ordovician (Taconic orogeny) Tillotson Peak Complex in Vermont (USA). Relict coesite occurs within a bimineralic SiO2 inclusion in garnet. In situ elastic barometry and trace-element thermometry allow reconstruction of the garnet growth history during prograde metamorphism. The data are interpreted to indicate garnet nucleation and crystallization during blueschist- to eclogite-facies subduction zone metamorphism, followed by garnet rim growth at UHP conditions of > 28 kbar and > 530 ° C. Results provide the first direct evidence that rocks of the Appalachian orogen underwent UHP metamorphism to depths of > 75 km and warrant future studies that constrain the extent of UHP metamorphism.

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25

Nowlan, Gary A., Frank C. Canney, Frank H. Howd, and James A. Domenico. "Regional geochemical studies in parts of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont, U.S.A." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 29, no. 1-3 (January 1987): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(87)90074-4.

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26

Tobin, Kenneth J., and Kenneth R. Walker. "Diagenetic calcite from the Chazyan Group (Vermont): an example of aragonite alteration in a greenhouse ocean." Sedimentary Geology 121, no. 3-4 (November 1998): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(98)00055-4.

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27

Castonguay, S., J. Kim, P. J. Thompson, M. H. Gale, N. Joyce, J. Laird, and B. L. Doolan. "Timing of tectonometamorphism across the Green Mountain anticlinorium, northern Vermont Appalachians: 40Ar/39Ar data and correlations with southern Quebec." Geological Society of America Bulletin 124, no. 3-4 (November 21, 2011): 352–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b30487.1.

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28

Lim, Chul, William S. F. Kidd, and Stephen S. Howe. "Late Shortening and Extensional Structures and Veins in the Western Margin of the Taconic Orogen (New York to Vermont)." Journal of Geology 113, no. 4 (July 2005): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/430241.

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29

LEO, GERHARD W. "Trondhjemite and metamorphosed quartz keratophyre tuff of the Ammonoosuc Volcanics (Ordovician), western New Hampshire and adjacent Vermont and Massachusetts." Geological Society of America Bulletin 96, no. 12 (1985): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1493:tamqkt>2.0.co;2.

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30

LÉGER, A., and J. M. FERRY. "Fluid infiltration and regional metamorphism of the Waits River Formation, north-east Vermont, USA." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 11, no. 1 (January 1993): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1993.tb00128.x.

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31

MENARD, T., and F. S. SPEAR. "Metamorphic P-T paths from calcic pelitic schists from the Strafford Dome, Vermont, USA." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 12, no. 6 (November 1994): 811–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1994.tb00061.x.

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32

Boutier, Antoine, Alberto Vitale Brovarone, Isabelle Martinez, Olivier Sissmann, and Sara Mana. "High-pressure serpentinization and abiotic methane formation in metaperidotite from the Appalachian subduction, northern Vermont." Lithos 396-397 (September 2021): 106190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106190.

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33

Coish, Raymond, Jonathan Kim, Nathan Morris, and David Johnson. "Late stage rifting of the Laurentian continent: evidence from the geochemistry of greenstone and amphibolite in the central Vermont Appalachians1This article is one of a series of papers published in CJES Special Issue: In honour of Ward Neale on the theme of Appalachian and Grenvillian geology." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 1 (January 2012): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e11-013.

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Metamorphosed mafic rocks from west-central Vermont crop out in tectonic slices of the Stowe Formation within the Rowe–Hawley Belt of New England. The rocks include greenstone and amphibolite, which are interpreted to have been basaltic flows and gabbroic intrusions, respectively. Even though the rocks have been metamorphosed to greenschist or amphibolite facies, their igneous origins can be deciphered through careful use of geochemistry. Three geochemical types have been identified. Type 1 and 2 samples have geochemical characteristics similar to those found in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), except that they have slightly elevated light rare-earth element (LREE) concentrations and are higher in Nb/Y ratios. Their Nb/Y ratios are similar to basalts found in Iceland and parts of the Afar region of the East African Rift. Types 1 and 2 are similar to metabasalts of the Caldwell and Maquereau formations in southern Quebec. The less-common type 3 samples have highly enriched LREE and are high in Nb/Y and Zr/Y ratios, similar to some alkali basalts from Afar and Iceland. Detailed analysis of the geochemistry suggests that greenstones and amphibolite from the Stowe Formation formed as basaltic eruptions during very late stages in rifting of the Rodinian continent that eventually led to formation of the Iapetus Ocean. This interpretation is consistent with tectonic models of the Vermont and Quebec Appalachians.

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34

MCWILLIAMS, C. K., R. P. WINTSCH, and M. J. KUNK. "Scales of equilibrium and disequilibrium during cleavage formation in chlorite and biotite-grade phyllites, SE Vermont." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 25, no. 8 (September 26, 2007): 895–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2007.00734.x.

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35

Douglas, Thomas A. "Seasonality of bedrock weathering chemistry and CO2 consumption in a small watershed, the White River, Vermont." Chemical Geology 231, no. 3 (July 2006): 236–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.01.024.

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36

LANDING, ED, JONATHAN M. ADRAIN, STEPHEN R. WESTROP, and BJÖRN KRÖGER. "Tribes Hill–Rochdale formations in east Laurentia: proxies for Early Ordovician (Tremadocian) eustasy on a tropical passive margin (New York and west Vermont)." Geological Magazine 149, no. 1 (August 9, 2011): 93–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000598.

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AbstractSlow subsidence and tectonic quiescence along the New York Promontory margin of Laurentia mean that the carbonate-dominated Tribes Hill and overlying Rochdale formations serve as proxies for the magnitude and timing of Tremadocian eustatic changes. Both formations are unconformity-bound, deepening–shoaling, depositional sequences that double in thickness from the craton into the parautochthonous, western Appalachian Mountains. A consistent, ‘layer cake’ succession of member-level units of the formations persists through this region. The Tribes Hill Formation (late early Tremadocian, late Skullrockian, late Fauna B–Rossodus manitouensis Chron) unconformably overlies the terminal Cambrian Little Falls Formation as the lowest Ordovician unit on the New York Promontory. It was deposited during the strong early Tremadocian, or Stonehenge, transgression that inundated Laurentia, brought dysoxic/anoxic (d/a) slope water onto the shelf and led to deposition of the Schaghticoke d/a interval (black mudstone and ‘ribbon limestone’) on the Laurentian continental slope. The uniform lithofacies succession of the Tribes Hill includes a lower sand-rich member; a middle, dark grey to black mudstone that records d/a in eastern exposures; and an upper, shoaling-up carbonate highstand facies. A widespread (12000+ km2) thrombolitic interval in the highstand carbonate suggests the New York Promontory was rimmed by thrombolites during deposition of the Tribes Hill. Offlap and erosion of the Tribes Hill was followed by the relatively feeble sea-level rise of the Rochdale transgression (new) in Laurentia, and deposition of the Rochdale Formation. The Rochdale transgression, correlated with the Kierograptus Drowning Interval in Baltica, marks a eustatic rise. The Rochdale Formation represents a short Early Ordovician interval (early late Tremadocian, middle–late Stairsian, Macerodus dianae Chron). It correlates with a depositional sequence that forms the middle Boat Harbour Formation in west Newfoundland and with the Rte 299 d/a interval on the east Laurentian slope. The Rochdale has a lower carbonate with abundant quartz silt (Comstock Member, new) and an upper, thrombolitic (Hawk Member, new) high-stand facies. Tribes Hill and Rochdale faunas are mollusc-rich, generally trilobite-poor, and have low diversity, Laurentian faunal province conodonts. Ulrichodina rutnika Landing n. sp. is rare in Rochdale conodont assemblages. Trilobites are also low in diversity, but locally form coquinas in the middle Tribes Hill. The poorly preserved Rochdale trilobites include the bathyurid Randaynia, at least two hystricurid species and Leiostegium.

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37

Honsberger, I. W., J. Laird, and J. E. Johnson. "A Laurentian margin subduction perspective: Geodynamic constraints from phase equilibria modeling of barroisite greenstones, northern USA Appalachians." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 11-12 (April 20, 2020): 2587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35456.1.

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Abstract Phase equilibria modeling of sodic-calcic amphibole-epidote assemblages in greenstones in the northern Appalachians, USA, is compatible with relatively shallow subduction of the early Paleozoic Laurentian margin along the Laurentia-Gondwana suture zone during closure of a portion of the Iapetus Ocean basin. Pseudosection and isopleth calculations demonstrate that peak metamorphic conditions ranged between 0.65 GPa, 480 °C and 0.85 GPa, 495 °C down-dip along the subducted Laurentian continental margin between ∼20 km and ∼30 km depth. Quantitative petrological data are explained in the context of an Early Ordovician geodynamic model involving shallow subduction of relatively young, warm, and buoyant Laurentian margin continental-oceanic lithosphere and Iapetus Ocean crust beneath a relatively warm and wet peri-Gondwanan continental arc. A relatively warm subduction zone setting may have contributed to the formation of a thin, ductile metasedimentary rock-rich channel between the down-going Laurentian slab and the overriding continental arc. This accretionary channel accommodated metamorphism and tectonization of continental margin sediments and mafic volcanic rocks (greenstones) of the Laurentian margin and provided a pathway for exhumation of serpentinite slivers and rare eclogite blocks. Restricted asthenospheric flow in the forearc mantle wedge provides one explanation for the lack of ophiolites and absence of a well-preserved ultra-high-pressure terrane in central and northern Vermont. Exhumation of the subducted portion of the Laurentian margin may have been temperature triggered due to increased asthenospheric flow following a slab tear at relatively shallow depths.

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38

LANDING, ED, LISA AMATI, and DAVID A. FRANZI. "Epeirogenic transgression near a triple junction: the oldest (latest early–middle Cambrian) marine onlap of cratonic New York and Quebec." Geological Magazine 146, no. 4 (March 2, 2009): 552–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809006013.

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AbstractThe discovery of a fossiliferous interval (Altona Formation, new unit) under the Potsdam Formation requires a new geological synthesis of a large part of the northeast Laurentian craton. Potsdam sandstones can no longer be regarded as the oldest sedimentary unit on the middle Proterozoic Grenville orogen in northern New York and adjacent Quebec and Ontario. The thickest Potsdam sections (to 750 m) in the east Ottawa–Bonnechere aulocogen have been explained by deposition with normal faulting possibly associated with Ediacaran rifting (c. 570 Ma) that led to formation of the Iapetus Ocean. However, sparse trilobite faunas show a terminal early Cambrian–middle middle Cambrian age of the Altona, and indicate much later marine transgression (c. 510 Ma) of the northeast Laurentian craton. Altona deposition was followed by rapid accumulation of lower Potsdam (Ausable Member) sandstone in the middle–late middle Cambrian. The Altona–Ausable succession is probably conformable. The Altona is a lower transgressive systems tract unit deposited on the inner shelf (sandstone, reddish mudstone, and carbonates) followed by aggradation and the deposition of highstand systems tract, current cross-bedded, in part terrestrial(?), feldspathic Ausable sandstone. Unexpectedly late Altona transgression and rapid Ausable deposition may reflect renewed subsidence in the Ottawa–Bonnechere aulocogen with coeval (terminal early Cambrian) faulting that formed the anoxic Franklin Basin on the Vermont platform. Thus, the oldest cover units on the northeast New York–Quebec craton record late stages in a cooling history near an Ediacaran triple junction defined by the Quebec Reentrant and New York Promontory and the Ottawa–Bonnechere aulocogen.

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39

Kitchel, Nathaniel R., and Jeremy M. Desilva. "First AMS radiocarbon date and stable C:N isotope analysis for the Mount Holly Mammoth, Vermont, USA." Boreas 50, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 862–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bor.12517.

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40

Vogelmann, James E., and Barrett N. Rock. "Assessing forest damage in high-elevation coniferous forests in vermont and new Hampshire using thematic mapper data." Remote Sensing of Environment 24, no. 2 (March 1988): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(88)90027-2.

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41

Richardson, Justin B., and Jahziel K. Chase. "Transfer of Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Toxic Elements from Soil to Grapes to White Wines in Uncontaminated Vineyards." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 13271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413271.

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Wine is a popular beverage and may be a source of nutrient and toxic elements during human consumption. Here, we explored the variation in nutrient and toxic elements from soils to grape berries and commercial white wines (Chardonnay) at five USA vineyards (New York, Vermont, California, Virginia) with strongly contrasting geology, soils, and climates. Samples were analyzed for macronutrients (Ca, K, and Mg), micronutrients (Mn, Cu, and Zn), and toxic elements (As, Cd, and Pb). Our study showed contrasting macronutrient, micronutrient, and toxic element concentrations in soils and in vines, leaves, and grapes. However, plant tissue concentrations did not correspond with total soil concentrations, suggesting a disconnect governing their accumulation. Bioconcentration factors for soil to grape berry transfer suggest the accumulation of Ca, K and Mg in berries while Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb were generally not accumulated in our study or in previous studies. Wines from the five vineyards studied had comparable nutrient, micronutrient, and toxic metal concentrations as wines from Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Croatia, Czech Republic, and Japan. The transfer of nutrients and toxic elements from grape berries to wine indicated that only Ca, K, and Mg were added or retained while concentrations of all other micronutrients and toxic elements were somewhat to extensively diminished. Thus, there appears to be a substantial effect on the geochemistry of the wine from the grape from either the fermentation process (i.e., flocculation), or a dilution effect. We conclude that soils, geology, and climate do not appear to generate a unique geochemical terroir as the transfer and concentration of inorganic nutrients appear to be comparable across strongly contrasting vineyards. This has several implications for human health. Nutrients in wine have potential impacts for human nutrition, as wine can meet or exceed the recommended dietary requirements of Ca, K, Mg, and Fe, and toxic metals As and Pb concentrations were also non-trivial.

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42

Irwin, James J. "A laser microprobe, mass spectrometric study of Ar, Kr, K, Cl and Br in an “unconformity garnet”, associated fluid inclusions, staurolite and micas from Vermont, U.S.A." Chemical Geology 115, no. 1-2 (July 1994): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90150-3.

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43

Reitherman, Robert. "Seismic Design Methodologies for the Next Generation of Codes, Peter Fajfar and Helmut Krawinkler, editors, A. A. Balkema, Brookfield, Vermont, USA, and Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1997, 411 pages." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 27, no. 12 (December 1998): 1559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9845(199812)27:12<1559::aid-eqe800>3.0.co;2-e.

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44

Romero, Aldemaro, and Michael Nate. "Not All Are Created Equal." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 4, no. 5 (May 31, 2016): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol4.iss5.542.

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Environmental academic programs in U.S. institutions of higher education have traditionally lacked definition of their nature and unifying principles. In order to ascertain how these programs are presently constituted in U.S. institutions of higher education, we surveyed 1050 environmental programs/departments between November 2013 and March of 2014. The states with the highest number of those programs/departments were New York (100), Pennsylvania (92), California (76), Ohio (56), Massachusetts (54), while those with the lowest numbers are Oklahoma, and Utah (4), Delaware (3), Arkansas, Hawaii, South Dakota, and Wyoming (2), North Dakota (1), and Idaho (0). However, when the state population is taken into account and the number of programs per 1,000,000 inhabitants is calculated, the results vary greatly for the ones that were at the top in absolute numbers but remain basically the same for those that were at the bottom in absolute number. Thus, the states with the highest number of programs/departments per 1,000,000 inhabitants are Vermont (30.364), Montana (15.160), Maine (15.056), the District of Columbia (14.957), Alaska (14.080), and Rhode Island (10.451), and at the bottom we find Idaho (0), Arkansas (0.686), Oklahoma (1.066), Texas (1.352), Florida (1.436), Utah (1.447), Hawaii (1.470), and North Dakota (1.487). The names Environmental Science and Environmental Studies are, by far, the most common ones being applied to these programs, accounting for 52.40% of the programs in our study. Environmental programs are also housed in departments of Biology/Ecology/Conservation (9.93%), Policy/Analysis/Planning (7.19%), and Geology (4.79%). Between 1900 (the year of the first program was created) and 1958, only 14 programs were established. For the period 1959-1999, there is a dramatic increase in the number of programs. There are two big "waves" in the creation of programs: one between 1965 and 1976 (with a high peak in 1970) and another starting 1988 and, probably, continuing to this date, with a peak in 1997. Representatives of the programs surveyed cited students and faculty demand and job market opportunities as the most common reasons behind the creation of these programs. The high diversity of names and emphases found in this study is consistent with the premise that Environmental Studies is a field where there is a lack of unifying principles and clarity of what environmental studies programs should be.

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Schuele, Ethel M. "Vermont's Geologic History: As Told by its Fossils." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924876.

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46

Hadden, Sue H., and Ethel M. Schuele. "Vermont's State Gem, Mineral, Rock & Fossil." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 4 (July 1996): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.9924874.

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47

Mitchell, Simon F. "Rudist bivalves (Hippuritoidea) from the Clifton Limestone (Lower Campanian) of western Jamaica and a reassessment of the genus Vaccinites in the Americas." Carnets de géologie (Notebooks on geology) 21, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 315–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/carnets.2021.2114.

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The lower Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Clifton Limestone of Jamaica yields three species of hippuritid bivalve: Barrettia ruseae CHUBB, Whitfieldiella luceae sp. nov. and Vaccinites vermunti MAC GILLAVRY, and the plagioptychid: Plagioptychus sp. The hippuritids are described in detail using statistics. Barrettia ruseae is demonstrated to be a more primitive species of Barrettia than B. monilifera WOODWARD or B. multilirata WHITFIELD, and the species Whitfieldiella luceae is shown to be a more primitive species of Whitfieldiella than W. gigas CHUBB. The specimens of Vaccinites from the Clifton Limestone are compared with populations of Vaccinites from elsewhere in the Americas, and five species (probably representing a single evolutionary lineage) are recognized: V. alencasteri sp. nov. (?late Turonian-?Coniacian), V. martini MAC GILLAVRY (probably early to mid Santonian), V. macgillavryi PALMER (probably mid to late Santonian), V. vermunti MAC GILLAVRY (earliest Campanian), and V. temazcali sp. nov. (late early Campanian). The Vaccinites species can be distinguished using statistical techniques. The ages of the Clifton Limestone and the five Vaccinites species are reviewed. This research demonstrates the value of using hippuritids for biostratigraphy in the Upper Cretaceous of the Americas.

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Richardson, Justin B. "Comparing Trace Elements (As, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in Soils and Surface Waters among Montane, Upland Watersheds and Lowland, Urban Watersheds in New England, USA." Water 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010059.

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Trace element biogeochemistry from soils to rivers is important for toxicity to aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine whether trace element exports in contrasting watersheds are controlled by their abundance in soil, current land uses in the watershed, or geologic processes. Upland soils and river water samples were collected throughout the Deerfield watershed in southern Vermont and western Massachusetts and in the Quinebaug and Shetucket watersheds of eastern Connecticut. Soil concentrations were only an important predictor for dissolved Fe export, but no other trace element. Soil pH was not correlated with normalized dissolved exports of trace elements, but DOC was correlated with normalized dissolved Pb and Ni exports. The limited spatial and depth of soil sampling may have contributed to the poor correlation. Surprisingly, linear regressions and principal component analysis showed that human development was associated with higher soil trace metal concentrations but not significantly correlated with dissolved trace elements export. Instead, forest abundance was a strong predictor for lower Cu, Pb, and Zn soil concentrations and lower As, Fe, Ni and Pb dissolved exports across the watersheds. Dissolved exports of Al, K, and Si suggest that enhanced mineral dissolution in the montane watersheds was likely an important factor for matching or exceeding normalized pollutant trace element exports in more urbanized watersheds. Further studies are needed to evaluate subsurface/hyporheic controls as well as soil–surface water interface to quantify exchange and transport.

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Mitchell, Simon F. "Exceptionally well-preserved silicified hippuritid rudist bivalves from the lower Maastrichtian of Puerto Rico." Carnets de géologie (Notebooks on geology) 20, no. 18 (November 11, 2020): 333–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/carnets.2020.2018.

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Exceptionally well-preserved (silicified) hippuritid rudists occur in the El Rayo Formation (lower Maastrichtian) of south-western Puerto Rico. Three species belonging to three different genera are present: Caribbea muellerreidi (VERMUNT), Laluzia peruviana (GERTH) and Parastroma guitarti (PALMER). Acid digestion of the limestones has resulted in a collection with numerous three-dimensional left and right valves many with the preservation of the minute details of the pore system. The morphological features of each species are described, and many features are illustrated for the first time. The new material, coupled with descriptions from other studies, demonstrates that six genera of endemic hippuritids evolved in two separate radiations in the New World: an older radiation of forms that had pallial canals in their left valves (Barrettia, Whitfieldiella and Parastroma) and a younger radiation of forms lacking pallial canals in their left valves (Laluzia, Caribbea and Praebarrettia). The exquisite preservation also reveals that in these endemic New World hippuritids the sockets for the teeth consisted of slots into which ribs on the teeth fitted; this contrasts with Old World hippuritids that have true sockets formed from upfolds of the tabulae for the teeth. The distinctive morphology of the tooth sockets is here used to define a monophyletic subfamily for which the name Barrettiinae CHUBB is available.

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Economou-Eliopoulos, Maria, and Federica Zaccarini. "On the Origin of New and Rare Minerals Discovered in the Othrys and Vermion Ophiolites, Greece: An Overview." Minerals 12, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12101214.

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In this contribution we review the mineralogical characteristics of five new and rare minerals discovered in the Othrys and Vermion ophiolites located in Greece, with the aim to better understand their origin. Three new minerals, namely tsikourasite Mo3Ni2P(1 + x) (x < 0.25), grammatikopoulosite NiVP and eliopoulosite V7S8, were found in the chromitite from the Agios Stefanos deposit, whereas arsenotučekite Ni18Sb3AsS16 was discovered in the Eretria (Tsangli) chromium mine, located in the Othrys ophiolite complex. The formation of the new phosphides tsikourasite and grammatikopoulosite and the sulfide eliopoulosite from Agios Stefanos took place after the precipitation of the host chromitite. Very likely, they formed at lower pressure in an extremely low fO2 and reducing environment during the serpentinization that affected the host ophiolite. The origin of arsenotučekite in chromitites coexisting with Fe–Ni–Cu-sulfide mineralization and magnetite at the Eretria (Tsangli) mine, is believed to be related to a circulating hydrothermal system. The most salient feature of theophrastite Ni(OH)2 and associated unnamed (Ni,Co,Mn)(OH)2 with a varying compositional range and a concentrating development, as successive thin layers, composed by fine fibrous crystals. The extremely tiny crystals of these hydroxides and the spatial association of mixed layers of Ni-silicides with theophrastite may reflect the significant role of the interaction process between adjacent layers on the observed structural features. The scarcity in nature of the new minerals reviewed in this paper is probably due to the required extreme physical-chemical conditions, which are rarely precipitated.

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