Статті в журналах: "Geological environments"

1

HAO, Ziguo, Hongcai FEI, Qingqing HAO, and Susan TURNER. "Status of China's Geological Survey and Geological Environments in 2013." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 88, no. 3 (June 2014): 1020–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12256.

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2

de Kemp, Eric A. "Spatial agents for geological surface modelling." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 6661–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6661-2021.

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Abstract. Increased availability and use of 3D-rendered geological models have provided society with predictive capabilities, supporting natural resource assessments, hazard awareness, and infrastructure development. The Geological Survey of Canada, along with other such institutions, has been trying to standardize and operationalize this modelling practice. Knowing what is in the subsurface, however, is not an easy exercise, especially when it is difficult or impossible to sample at greater depths. Existing approaches for creating 3D geological models involve developing surface components that represent spatial geological features, horizons, faults, and folds, and then assembling them into a framework model as context for downstream property modelling applications (e.g. geophysical inversions, thermo-mechanical simulations, and fracture density models). The current challenge is to develop geologically reasonable starting framework models from regions with sparser data when we have more complicated geology. This study explores the problem of geological data sparsity and presents a new approach that may be useful to open up the logjam in modelling the more challenging terrains using an agent-based approach. Semi-autonomous software entities called spatial agents can be programmed to perform spatial and property interrogation functions, estimations and construction operations for simple graphical objects, that may be usable in building 3D geological surfaces. These surfaces form the building blocks from which full geological and topological models are built and may be useful in sparse-data environments, where ancillary or a priori information is available. Critical in developing natural domain models is the use of gradient information. Increasing the density of spatial gradient information (fabric dips, fold plunges, and local or regional trends) from geologic feature orientations (planar and linear) is the key to more accurate geologic modelling and is core to the functions of spatial agents presented herein. This study, for the first time, examines the potential use of spatial agents to increase gradient constraints in the context of the Loop project (https://loop3d.github.io/, last access: 1 October 2021) in which new complementary methods are being developed for modelling complex geology for regional applications. The spatial agent codes presented may act to densify and supplement gradient as well as on-contact control points used in LoopStructural (https://www.github.com/Loop3d/LoopStructural, last access: 1 October 2021) and Map2Loop (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4288476, de Rose et al., 2020). Spatial agents are used to represent common geological data constraints, such as interface locations and gradient geometry, and simple but topologically consistent triangulated meshes. Spatial agents can potentially be used to develop surfaces that conform to reasonable geological patterns of interest, provided that they are embedded with behaviours that are reflective of the knowledge of their geological environment. Initially, this would involve detecting simple geological constraints: locations, trajectories, and trends of geological interfaces. Local and global eigenvectors enable spatial continuity estimates, which can reflect geological trends, with rotational bias, using a quaternion implementation. Spatial interpolation of structural geology orientation data with spatial agents employs a range of simple nearest-neighbour to inverse-distance-weighted (IDW) and quaternion-based spherical linear rotation interpolation (SLERP) schemes. This simulation environment implemented in NetLogo 3D is potentially useful for complex-geology–sparse-data environments where extension, projection, and propagation functions are needed to create more realistic geological forms.

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3

Searle, D. E. "Dredgeability Investigations in Contrasting Geological Environments." Exploration Geophysics 18, no. 1-2 (March 1, 1987): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg987192.

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4

MacCormack, Kelsey, Emmanuelle Arnaud, and Beth L. Parker. "Using a multiple variogram approach to improve the accuracy of subsurface geological models." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 7 (July 2018): 786–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0112.

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Subsurface geological models are often used to visualize and analyze the nature, geometry, and variability of geologic and hydrogeologic units in the context of groundwater resource studies. The development of three-dimensional (3D) subsurface geological models covering increasingly larger model domains has steadily increased in recent years, in step with the rapid development of computing technology and software, and the increasing need to understand and manage groundwater resources at the regional scale. The models are then used by decision makers to guide activities and policies related to source water protection, well field development, and industrial or agricultural water use. It is important to ensure that the modelling techniques and procedures are able to accurately delineate and characterize the heterogeneity of the various geological environments included within the regional model domain. The purpose of this study is to examine if 3D stratigraphic models covering complex Quaternary deposits can be improved by splitting the regional model into multiple submodels based on the degree of variability observed between surrounding data points and informed by expert geological knowledge of the geological–depositional framework. This is demonstrated using subsurface data from the Paris Moraine area near Guelph in southern Ontario. The variogram models produced for each submodel region were able to better characterize the data variability, resulting in a more geologically realistic interpolation of the entire model domain as demonstrated by the comparison of the model output with preexisting maps of surficial geology and bedrock topography as well as depositional models for these complex glacial environments. Importantly, comparison between model outputs reveals significant differences in the resulting subsurface stratigraphy, complexity, and variability, which would in turn impact groundwater flow model predictions.

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5

Yamin, Luis E., Juan C. Reyes, Rodrigo Rueda, Esteban Prada, Raul Rincon, Carolina Herrera, Julian Daza, and Andrea C. Riaño. "Practical seismic microzonation in complex geological environments." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 114 (November 2018): 480–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.07.030.

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6

Lindwall, Dennis A. "Imaging marine geological environments with vector acoustics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 5 (May 2006): 3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4786956.

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7

Penn, S. "The geophysical investigation of Quaternary geological environments." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.54.

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AbstractThere is a considerable Variation in the lithology and thickness of glacial and fluvial Sediments in Western Europe. This wide range of materials is associated with significant engineering problems and considerable economic interest from the extractive industries.Geophysical techniques are widely applied to map and investigate areas with glacial deposits and fluvio-glacial sands and gravels. There are sheet-like outwash deposits, some with buried and therefore unpredictable Channels, and smaller fissure and pocket deposits in rock. An assessment of the geometry of a deposit can be accurately achieved with geophysical methods, and electrical techniques have been particularly successful. The nature of the deposit, layering within the deposit, lateral Variation of lithology, thickness and depth to bedrock may all be established quickly and with great cost effectiveness.Numerous other problems occur with Quaternary environments particularly alteration and contamination of rock masses. Electrical techniques are also a powerful investigative tool in these situations.The success of these techniques depends upon the geophysical properties of the material to be investigated and the geophysical properties of the underlying sediment or bedrock, the technique actually selected, professional field practice and interpretation. These factors will be discussed and illustrated with reference to a number of case studies.

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8

Mikhailenko, Anna, and Dmitry Ruban. "Geoheritage in Deltaic Environments: Classification Notes, Case Example, and Geopark Implication." Environments 6, no. 2 (February 3, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6020018.

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River deltas boast ecosystem richness, but their efficient conservation and management require consideration of the full spectrum of natural phenomena, including those which are geological. Few specialists have explored the issue of deltaic geological heritage (geoheritage), and the relevant knowledge remains scarce and non-systematised. This paper proposes the first classification of this geoheritage. Five categories are distinguished: entire-delta geological phenomenon, delta-associated “purely” geological features, delta-associated features resulting from geology–ecosystem interactions, geological features occasional to deltas, and geoarchaeological localities in deltas. Chosen as a case example, the Don River delta in the southwestern part of Russia possesses geoheritage of these categories, except for the latter. The relevant unique geological features differ by their types and ranks. Of particular interest is the phenomenon of a self-cleaning environment which prevents mercury concentration in the soil despite pollution from natural and anthropogenic sources. The complexity of the deltaic geoheritage, its co-existence with the rich biodiversity, and the aesthetical issues make geopark creation in river deltas a sensible venture. Relevant proposals have been made for Malaysia and the Netherlands–Belgium border, and the Don River delta in Russia also presents an appropriate location for geopark creation.

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9

Ofori, Leslie, and Ernie Tretkoff. "Research Spotlight: Studying heat transport in geological environments." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 91, no. 30 (July 27, 2010): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo091i030p00268-04.

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10

Kirillova, G. L. "Cretaceous tectonics and geological environments in East Russia." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21, no. 8 (June 2003): 967–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-9120(02)00093-7.

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11

Suárez Arias, Ana Milena, Julián Andrés López Isaza, Anny Juieth Forero Ortega, Mario Andrés Cuéllar Cárdenas, Carlos Augusto Quiroz Prada, Lina María Cetina Tarazona, Oscar Freddy Muñoz Rodríguez, Luis Miguel Aguirre Hoyos, and Nelson Ricardo López Herrera. "Relevant aspects to the recognition of extensional environments in the field." Boletín Geológico 48, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32685/0120-1425/bol.geol.48.2.2021.543.

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The understanding of each geological-structural aspect in the field is fundamental to be able to reconstruct the geological history of a region and to give a geological meaning to the data acquired in the outcrop. The description of a brittle extensional environment, which is dominated by normal fault systems, is based on: (I) image interpretation, which aims to find evidence suggestive of an extensional geological environment, such as the presence of scarp lines and fault scarps, horst, graben and/or half-graben, among others, that allow the identification of the footwall and hanging wall blocks; ii) definition of the sites of interest for testing; and iii) analysis of the outcrops, following a systematic procedure that consists of the observation and identification of the deformation markers, their three-dimensional schematic representation, and their subsequent interpretation, including the stereographic representation in the outcrop. This procedure implies the unification of the parameters of structural data acquisition in the field, mentioning the minimum fields necessary for the registration of the data in tables. Additionally, the integration of geological and structural observations of the outcrop allows to understand the nature of the geological units, the deformation related to the extensional environment and the regional tectonic context of the study area.

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12

Aiello, Gemma, and Mauro Caccavale. "The Depositional Environments in the Cilento Offshore (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) Based on Marine Geological Data." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101083.

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The depositional environments offshore of the Cilento Promontory have been reconstructed based on the geological studies performed in the frame of the marine geological mapping of the geological sheet n. 502 “Agropoli”. The littoral environment (toe-of-coastal cliff deposits and submerged beach deposits), the inner continental shelf environment (inner shelf deposits and bioclastic deposits), the outer continental shelf environment (outer shelf deposits and bioclastic deposits), the lowstand system tract and the Pleistocene relict marine units have been singled out. The littoral, inner shelf and outer shelf environments have been interpreted as the highstand system tract of the Late Quaternary depositional sequence. This sequence overlies the Cenozoic substratum (ssi unit), composed of Cenozoic siliciclastic rocks, genetically related with the Cilento Flysch. On the inner shelf four main seismo-stratigraphic units, overlying the undifferentiated acoustic basement have been recognized based on the geological interpretation of seismic profiles. On the outer shelf, palimpsest deposits of emerged to submerged beach and forming elongated dunes have been recognized on sub-bottom profiles and calibrated with gravity core data collected in previous papers. The sedimentological analysis of sea bottom samples has shown the occurrence of several grain sizes occurring in this portion of the Cilento offshore.

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13

Giuliani, Gaston, Lee Groat, Anthony Fallick, Isabella Pignatelli, and Vincent Pardieu. "Ruby Deposits: A Review and Geological Classification." Minerals 10, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070597.

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Corundum is not uncommon on Earth but the gem varieties of ruby and sapphire are relatively rare. Gem corundum deposits are classified as primary and secondary deposits. Primary deposits contain corundum either in the rocks where it crystallized or as xenocrysts and xenoliths carried by magmas to the Earth’s surface. Classification systems for corundum deposits are based on different mineralogical and geological features. An up-to-date classification scheme for ruby deposits is described in the present paper. Ruby forms in mafic or felsic geological environments, or in metamorphosed carbonate platforms but it is always associated with rocks depleted in silica and enriched in alumina. Two major geological environments are favorable for the presence of ruby: (1) amphibolite to medium pressure granulite facies metamorphic belts and (2) alkaline basaltic volcanism in continental rifting environments. Primary ruby deposits formed from the Archean (2.71 Ga) in Greenland to the Pliocene (5 Ma) in Nepal. Secondary ruby deposits have formed at various times from the erosion of metamorphic belts (since the Precambrian) and alkali basalts (from the Cenozoic to the Quaternary). Primary ruby deposits are subdivided into two types based on their geological environment of formation: (Type I) magmatic-related and (Type II) metamorphic-related. Type I is characterized by two sub-types, specifically Type IA where xenocrysts or xenoliths of gem ruby of metamorphic (sometimes magmatic) origin are hosted by alkali basalts (Madagascar and others), and Type IB corresponding to xenocrysts of ruby in kimberlite (Democratic Republic of Congo). Type II also has two sub-types; metamorphic deposits sensu stricto (Type IIA) that formed in amphibolite to granulite facies environments, and metamorphic-metasomatic deposits (Type IIB) formed via high fluid–rock interaction and metasomatism. Secondary ruby deposits, i.e., placers are termed sedimentary-related (Type III). These placers are hosted in sedimentary rocks (soil, rudite, arenite, and silt) that formed via erosion, gravity effect, mechanical transport, and sedimentation along slopes or basins related to neotectonic motions and deformation.

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14

Claudino-Sales, Vanda. "Geodiversity and geoheritage in the perspective of geography." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2021-0008.

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Abstract The paper states that geodiversity is the abiotic complement to biodiversity, and is considered to be the elements associated with the abiotic environment, e.g. geological diversity, geomorphodiversity, pedodiversity, hydrodiversity and climodiversity. Geoheritage is considered as the geological heritage of a site, but is here presented as the abiotic heritage of a site, and is related to geological heritage, geomorphoheritage, pedoheritage, hydroheritage and climoheritage. Thus, it is possible to talk about geological sites, geomorphosites, pedosites, hydrosites and climosites. Geodiversity and geoheritage are strongly linked to geology. However, it is also a new paradigm to geography, as physical geography classically works with abiotic and biotic environments.

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15

Hu, Ang, Jianjun Wang, Hang Sun, Bin Niu, Guicai Si, Jian Wang, Chih-Fu Yeh, et al. "Mountain biodiversity and ecosystem functions: interplay between geology and contemporary environments." ISME Journal 14, no. 4 (January 2, 2020): 931–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0574-x.

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AbstractAlthough biodiversity and ecosystem functions are strongly shaped by contemporary environments, such as climate and local biotic and abiotic attributes, relatively little is known about how they depend on long-term geological processes. Here, along a 3000-m elevational gradient with tectonic faults on the Tibetan Plateau (that is, Galongla Mountain in Medog County, China), we study the joint effects of geological and contemporary environments on biological communities, such as the diversity and community composition of plants and soil bacteria, and ecosystem functions. We find that these biological communities and ecosystem functions generally show consistent elevational breakpoints at 2000–2800 m, which coincide with Indus-Yalu suture zone fault and are similar to the elevational breakpoints of soil bacteria on another mountain range 1000 km away. Mean annual temperature, soil pH and moisture are the primary contemporary determinants of biodiversity and ecosystem functions, which support previous findings. However, compared with the models excluding geological processes, inclusion of geological effects, such as parent rock and weathering, increases 67.9 and 35.9% of the explained variations in plant and bacterial communities, respectively. Such inclusion increases 27.6% of the explained variations in ecosystem functions. The geological processes thus provide additional links to ecosystem properties, which are prominent but show divergent effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functions: parent rock and weathering exert considerable direct effects on biodiversity, whereas indirectly influence ecosystem functions via interactions with biodiversity and contemporary environments. Thus, the integration of geological processes with environmental gradients could enhance our understanding of biodiversity and, ultimately, ecosystem functioning across different climatic zones.

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16

Neuzil, C. E. "Osmotic generation of ‘anomalous’ fluid pressures in geological environments." Nature 403, no. 6766 (January 2000): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35003174.

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17

Zhao, WenZhi, ZhaoYun Wang, ShuiChang Zhang, and HongJun Wang. "Cracking conditions of crude oil under different geological environments." Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 51, S1 (May 2008): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-008-5002-4.

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18

van Loon, A. J. "Medical geology—effects of geological environments on human health." Earth-Science Reviews 69, no. 3-4 (March 2005): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.07.002.

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19

Swyngedouw, Erik. "Depoliticized Environments: The End of Nature, Climate Change and the Post-Political Condition." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 69 (September 22, 2011): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246111000300.

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Nobel-price winning atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen introduced in 2000 the concept of the Anthropocene as the name for the successor geological period to the Holocene. The Holocene started about 12,000 years ago and is characterized by the relatively stable and temperate climatic and environmental conditions that were conducive to the development of human societies. Until recently, human development had relatively little impact on the dynamics of geological time. Although disagreement exists over the exact birth date of the Anthropocene, it is indisputable that the impact of human activity on the geo-climatic environment became more pronounced from the industrial revolution onwards, leading to a situation in which humans are now widely considered to have an eco-geologically critical impact on the earth's bio-physical system. The most obvious example is the accumulation of greenhouse gases like CO2and Methane (CH4) in the atmosphere and the changes this induces in climatic dynamics. Others are the growing homogenization of biodiversity as a result of human-induced species migration, mass extinction and bio-diversity loss, the manufacturing of new (sub-)species through genetic modification, or the geodetic consequences resulting from, for example, large dam construction, mining and changing sea-levels.

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20

Cheng, Deqiang, and Chunliu Gao. "Regionalization Research of Mountain-Hazards Developing Environments for the Eurasian Continent." Land 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091519.

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Carrying out mountain-hazards developing environment research is helpful for understanding the spatial characteristics of the mountain hazards so as to contribute to mountain-hazards prevention and mitigation and the safety of infrastructures and major projects. In this study, the Eurasian continent was selected as the research area to conduct regionalization research on mountain-hazards developing environments. Using peak ground acceleration (PGA), the annual average precipitation and topographic relief as root factors of mountain-hazards developing environments (known as PPR factors) to represent the characteristics of geological structures, climatic impacts and geomorphology, the regionalization of mountain-hazards developing environments of the Eurasian continent was conducted through the combination of computer automatic classification and later artificial cartographic generalization. Finally, 15 subregions were obtained. A preliminary judgment of the mountain-hazards susceptibility for each region according to the characteristics of PPR factors was made, and nine subregions were identified as the overall high-susceptibility areas of mountain hazards. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of PPR factors and the mountain-hazards susceptibility characteristics in different mountain-hazards developing environment subregions, the high susceptibility regions of mountain hazards could be divided into three types: arid and active-geologic regions, humid and active-geologic regions, and humid and inactive-geologic regions. We hope that our research provides support for subsequent works of more specific and reasonable mountain-hazards susceptibility, hazard and risk models construction for different types of mountain-hazards developing environments.

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21

Friday, Uhuo, Kenneth, Okoro, Anthony U., Igwe Ezekiel O., and Ukandu James S. "ANALYSIS OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF UK FIELD RESERVOIR SANDS IN NIGER DELTA BASIN, NIGERIA." American Journal of Applied sciences 04, no. 12 (December 30, 2022): 05–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume04issue12-02.

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The environments of deposition play a vital role during hydrocarbon formation, migration, trapping and storage. Since the reservoir rocks are a function of their depositional environments, the successful tapping of hydrocarbon from its host rock when wells are drilled depends largely on the petrophysical characteristics of the reservoir rocks which in turn originated from and are influenced by their depositional environment. The reservoir facies in Niger Delta shows a broad range of characteristic sedimentological complexities that gave rise to subsurface geological, drilling and production problems occurring in UK Field. The problems include inaccurate determination of environments of deposition, imperfect stratigraphic correlations and reservoir top uncertainty across the UK Field which are targeted by this research in other to help resolve these challenges facing oil and gas industries in the Niger Delta basin of Nigeria. The research findings will assist in the evaluation of depositional environments and well-to-well lithologic correlation within the UK Field and Niger Delta Basin at large. It will also help to unravel major causes of reservoir top uncertainty in UK Field. Also, it will help in future planning and drilling of new wells within UK Field. The determination of the depositional environments of UK Field reservoir sands were carried out to determine the depositional environment of reservoir sand bodies based on data from seven (7) wells. The determination of depositional environments of sand facies penetrated by wells UK1, UK2, UK3, UK4, UK5, UK6 and UK8 was achieved through a side-by-side comparison of their log suites to standard log motifs. Results of facies analysis showed that the reservoir sands belong to mostly (i) fluvial channel, (ii) barrier bar, (iii) lower-middle shoreface, (iv) distributary mouth bar, (v) distributary channel, (vi) point bar and (vii) tidal channel environments that belonged to parts of a deltaic system. Lithologic correlation result reveals the existence of good correlation among all wells in UK Field due to good geological similarities except well UK8 that failed to correlate perfectly with others thereby establishing the existence of reservoir top uncertainty within UK Field. Therefore, reservoir top uncertainty within UK Field is geologically controlled.

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22

Gorbacheva, O. A., V. A. Aksarin, and A. A. Zelenaya. "Comparison of various lithology volumes building methods: a case study of the Bejil field." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2021-5-10-20.

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The Bejil field case study shows the comparison of 3D lithology volumes built by various methods, applied world-wide. A net-reservoir volume is an important and integral part of 3D geological models, which determines the oilnet pay part of the reservoir. The quality of the geological model directly affects the concept of the studied geological environment. Two lithology volume options are considered in detail. The first method, which is more popular in domestic applications, involves building a lithology volume directly based on logging data interpretations. The second method, which is more widespread internationally, involves building a volume of facies environments followed by distributing various lithotypes in a reservoir taking into account the facies structural features. As a result, we made allowance for the tasks and geological features of the field and chose the best modeling method.

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23

Khaliev, A. A., and N. A. Yaitskaya. "OVERVIEW OF CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE DEGREE AND TYPES OF HAZARDS INHERENT IN COASTAL TERRITORIES." Ecology. Economy. Informatics.System analysis and mathematical modeling of ecological and economic systems 1, no. 6 (2021): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-395x-2021-1-6-173-177.

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The article provides a brief overview of approaches to classifying the degree of danger of natural phenomena and the types of possible hazards for coastal territories. It is shown that some approaches are universal and can be applied to almost any category of the coast to improve decision-making tools when planning the development and modernization of coastal infrastructure, including in Russia. Such approaches can be considered as a methodological basis for a simple assessment of the hazards inherent in the coastal environment in a changing climate. The paper also considers the system of comprehensive classification of coastal areas, which uses as a basis a geological classification, which is superimposed on the main dynamic forces and processes acting in the coastal environment and on the geological framework itself. Using this methodology, a total of 113 typical coastal environments were identified, and attempts were made to keep the number of typical environments as low as possible, while maintaining the usefulness of the classification system considered from the point of view of decision support. This system allows for practical classification by collecting data on the ground and using remote sensing of the Earth, or mainly using remote means. The system includes the following components: geological and chemical structure, wave parameters, tidal characteristics, flora/fauna, sediment balance and storm climate. Each common coastal system has a specific combination of these variables. The geological plan includes the following categories: coastal plain; barrier; islands; rocky coast; coral islands; tidal inlet / spit / estuary.

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24

Berhard, Joan M. "Foraminifera living in sulfidic environments: biology, ecology, and geological implications." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2006_1_175-176.

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Gareth Williams, R., Bob Gosling, and Steve Hollingsworth. "Pre-stack depth migration experience in less complicated geological environments." Exploration Geophysics 29, no. 3-4 (September 1998): 654–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg998654.

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Aittola, M., and J. Raitala. "Venusian novae (Astra): Classification and associations to different geological environments." Solar System Research 41, no. 5 (October 2007): 395–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0038094607050036.

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27

Sestini, G. "Nile Delta: a review of depositional environments and geological history." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 41, no. 1 (1989): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.041.01.09.

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Dong, Jia-Jyun, Liang Tang, Wenping Gong, Stefano Utili, and Giovanni Crosta. "Mega engineering projects in challenging geological environments—A modern perspective." Engineering Geology 262 (November 2019): 105308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105308.

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29

Carrillo-Rivera, J. Joel, Irén Varsányi, Lajos Ó. Kovács, and Antonio Cardona. "Tracing Groundwater Flow Systems with Hydrogeochemistry in Contrasting Geological Environments." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 184, no. 1-4 (May 15, 2007): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9400-6.

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30

Skiba, Micha. "Evolution of Dioctahedral Vermiculite in Geological Environments an Experimental Approach." Clays and Clay Minerals 61, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.2013.0610409.

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31

Kanavou, Vasiliki, Constantin Athanassas, Konstantinos Stamoulis, Xenophon Aslanoglou, and Vasiliki Mouslopoulou. "Thermochronometry of metamorphic rock complexes on the SE Peloponnese, Greece, using thermoluminescence (TL): preliminary experiments." HNPS Advances in Nuclear Physics 28 (December 13, 2022): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnpsanp.5135.

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Here, we report preliminary results from thermoluminescence (TL) measurements on metamorphic quartz from the SE Peloponnese, Greece, and we discuss its potential for thermometric and, possibly, thermochronometric applications over longer geological periods. Extensive high pressure/low temperature (HP/LT) schists associated with a 24 Ma metamorphic age, and with cooling ages ranging between 6-14 Ma (based on fission-track and (U-Th)/He thermochronometry), encompass sizable quartzite outcrops associated with substantially low radiation (U, Th, K concentrations below the analytical detection limits), allowing TL signal to grow on longer geological timescales. Although deeper TL traps (>360°C) appeared saturated as expected, geologically stable traps lying between around 360°C were found to be far from saturation. Once higher analytical resolution is achieved in the determination of the radioelement concentrations the recovered equivalent doses will be combined with the respective dose rates to explore the suitability of TL from quartz for longer-range thermochronometry in extremely low-radiation geological environments.

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32

Gutak, Jaroslav M., Dmitry A. Ruban, and Natalia N. Yashalova. "New Marine Geoheritage from the Russian Altai." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010092.

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Marine geoheritage comprises unique geological features of modern and ancient seas and oceans. The Russian Altai (southern Siberia) is a vast and geologically rich area, which was covered by a marginal sea of the Panthalassa Ocean in the Devonian. New geosites representing shallow- and deep-marine depositional environments and palaeoecosystems of submarine volcano slopes are proposed, namely, Melnichnye Sopki and Zavodskie Sopki. They are located near the town of Zmeinogorsk (Altai Region of the Russian Federation). These pieces of marine geoheritage are valuable on an international scale. Special geoconservation procedures are recommended to manage the proposed geosites efficiently. They can be included in a geopark, which is reasonable to create due to the concentration of geological and mining heritage in the study area.

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33

Marschalko, Marian, Işık Yilmaz, Lucie Fojtova, David Lamich, and Martin Bednarik. "Properties of the Loess Sediments in Ostrava Region (Czech Republic) and Comparison with Some Other Loess Sediments." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/529431.

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This study deals with a methodical identification and evaluation of physical-mechanical properties of one genetic type of geological structure. This is represented by an engineering-geological zone of eolian sediments, which is regionally rather abundant. The paper contributes to a need to identify typical soil properties for widespread geological environments in a particular region and thus add to good engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers’ awareness in the region. Such information is much required as it permits comparing results of newly conducted engineering-geological investigations and research with the results characteristic for the region in question. It is vital for engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers to be sufficiently informed on the foundation soil properties of widespread geological environments because of professionalism and higher quality of their work results. Comparing other loess sediment studies worldwide it was discovered that the physical properties of the most abundant clays of low to medium plasticity, sandy clays, and sands as foundation soils vary as for the plasticity index, porosity, natural water content, and bulk density to a certain extent but not as significantly as once expected.

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34

Paz Tenorio, Jorge Antonio, Raúl González Herrera, Mario Gómez Ramírez, and José Armando Velasco Herrera. "Caracterización de procesos gravitacionales en diferentes ambientes geológicos de Chiapas, México." Revista Espacio I+D Innovación más Desarrollo 5, no. 12 (October 23, 2016): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31644/imasd.12.2016.a08.

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35

Tague, C. L., J. S. Choate, and G. Grant. "Parameterizing sub-surface drainage with geology to improve modeling streamflow responses to climate in data limited environments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2013): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-341-2013.

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Abstract. Hydrologic models are one of the core tools used to project how water resources may change under a warming climate. These models are typically applied over a range of scales, from headwater streams to higher order rivers, and for a variety of purposes, such as evaluating changes to aquatic habitat or reservoir operation. Most hydrologic models require streamflow data to calibrate subsurface drainage parameters. In many cases, long-term gage records may not be available for calibration, particularly when assessments are focused on low-order stream reaches. Consequently, hydrologic modeling of climate change impacts is often performed in the absence of sufficient data to fully parameterize these hydrologic models. In this paper, we assess a geologic-based strategy for assigning drainage parameters. We examine the performance of this modeling strategy for the McKenzie River watershed in the US Oregon Cascades, a region where previous work has demonstrated sharp contrasts in hydrology based primarily on geological differences between the High and Western Cascades. Based on calibration and verification using existing streamflow data, we demonstrate that: (1) a set of streams ranging from 1st to 3rd order within the Western Cascade geologic region can share the same drainage parameter set, while (2) streams from the High Cascade geologic region require a different parameter set. Further, we show that a watershed comprised of a mixture of High and Western Cascade geologies can be modeled without additional calibration by transferring parameters from these distinctive High and Western Cascade end-member parameter sets. More generally, we show that by defining a set of end-member parameters that reflect different geologic classes, we can more efficiently apply a hydrologic model over a geologically complex landscape and resolve geo-climatic differences in how different watersheds are likely to respond to simple warming scenarios.

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36

Pour, A. B., M. Hashim, and J. K. Hong. "APPLICATION OF MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE DATA FOR GEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W1 (September 29, 2016): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w1-77-2016.

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Remote sensing imagery is capable to provide a solution to overcome the difficulties associated with geological field mapping in the Antarctic. Advanced optical and radar satellite imagery is the most applicable tool for mapping and identification of inaccessible regions in Antarctic. Consequently, an improved scientific research using remote sensing technology would be essential to provide new and more complete lithological and structural data to fill the numerous knowledge gaps on Antarctica’s geology. In this investigation, Oscar coast area in Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula (AP) was selected to conduct a remote sensing study using Landsat-7 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat-8 and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data. Contrast-enhanced Red-Green-Blue (RGB) composites, band ratios and Relative Band Depth (RBD) image processing techniques were applied to Landsat-8 and ASTER dataset for establishing the spectral separation of the main lithologic groups exposed in the study area. The outcomes of this investigation demonstrated the applications of SWIR and TIR bands of the multispectral remote sensing datasets to identify lithological units and producing geological maps with suitable accuracy of ice-free rock regions in the Antarctic Peninsula. The results could be extended to map coverage of non-investigated regions further east and validated previously inferred geological observations concerning other rocks and mineral deposits throughout the Antarctica.

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37

Li, Jun, Xiaoying Zhang, Bin Lu, Raheel Ahmed, and Qian Zhang. "Static Geological Modelling with Knowledge Driven Methodology." Energies 12, no. 19 (October 8, 2019): 3802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193802.

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Geological modelling is an important topic of oil and gas exploration and production. A new knowledge driven methodology of geological modelling is proposed to address the problem of “hard data” limitation and modelling efficiency of the conventional data driven methodology. Accordingly, a new geological modelling software (DMatlas) (V1.0, Dimue, Wuhan, China) has been developed adopting a grid-free, object-based methodology. Conceptual facies models can be created for various depositional environments (such as fluvial, delta and carbonates). The models can be built largely based on geologists’ understandings with “soft data” such as outcrops analysis and geological maps from public literatures. Basic structures (fault, folds, and discrete fracture network) can be easily constructed according to their main features. In this methodology, models can be shared and re-used by other modelers or projects. Large number of model templates help to improve the modelling work efficiency. To demonstrate the tool, two case studies of geological modelling with knowledge driven methodology are introduced: (1) Suizhong 36-1 field which is a delta depositional environment in Bohai basin, China; (2) a site of the north Oman fracture system. The case studies show the efficiency and reliability within the new methodology.

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38

ISHII, Kousuke, and Katsumi MARUMO. "Microbial Diversity in Hydrothermal Systems and Their Influence on Geological Environments." Resource Geology 52, no. 2 (June 2002): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2002.tb00126.x.

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39

Vera Hammer, M. F., and A. Beran. "Variations in the OH concentration of rutiles from different geological environments." Mineralogy and Petrology 45, no. 1 (March 1991): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01164498.

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40

De Oliveira, Ester Figueiredo, Cristiane Castañeda, Sigrid Griet Eeckhout, Messias Menezes Gilmar, Rogério Ribeiro Kwitko, Eddy De Grave, and Nilson Francisquini Botelho. "Infrared and Mössbauer study of Brazilian tourmalines from different geological environments." American Mineralogist 87, no. 8-9 (August 2002): 1154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-8-914.

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41

Beiranvand Pour, Amin, and Mazlan Hashim. "GOLD MINERAL PROSPECTING USING PHASED ARRAY TYPE L-BAND SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (PALSAR) SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING DATA, CENTRAL GOLD BELT, MALAYSIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-409-2016.

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The Bentong-Raub Suture Zone (BRSZ) of Peninsular Malaysia is one of the significant structural zones in Sundaland, Southeast Asia. It forms the boundary between the Gondwana-derived Sibumasu terrane in the west and Sukhothai arc in the east. The BRSZ is also genetically related to the sediment-hosted/orogenic gold deposits associated with the major lineaments and form-lines in the central gold belt Central Gold Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. In tropical environments, heavy tropical rainforest and intense weathering makes it impossible to map geological structures over long distances. Advances in remote sensing technology allow the application of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data in geological structural analysis for tropical environments. In this investigation, the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) satellite remote sensing data were used to analyse major geological structures in Peninsular Malaysia and provide detailed characterization of lineaments and form-lines in the BRSZ, as well as its implication for sediment-hosted/orogenic gold exploration in tropical environments. The major geological structure directions of the BRSZ are N-S, NNE-SSW, NE-SW and NW-SE, which derived from directional filtering analysis to PALSAR data. The pervasive array of N-S faults in the study area and surrounding terrain is mainly linked to the N-S trending of the Suture Zone. N-S striking lineaments are often cut by younger NE-SW and NW-SE-trending lineaments. Gold mineralized trends lineaments are associated with the intersection of N-S, NE-SW, NNW-SSE and ESE-WNW faults and curvilinear features in shearing and alteration zones. Lineament analysis on PALSAR satellite remote sensing data is a useful tool for detecting the boundary between the Gondwana-derived terranes and major geological features associated with suture zone especially for large inaccessible regions in tropical environments.

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42

Beiranvand Pour, Amin, and Mazlan Hashim. "GOLD MINERAL PROSPECTING USING PHASED ARRAY TYPE L-BAND SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (PALSAR) SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING DATA, CENTRAL GOLD BELT, MALAYSIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-409-2016.

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Анотація:

The Bentong-Raub Suture Zone (BRSZ) of Peninsular Malaysia is one of the significant structural zones in Sundaland, Southeast Asia. It forms the boundary between the Gondwana-derived Sibumasu terrane in the west and Sukhothai arc in the east. The BRSZ is also genetically related to the sediment-hosted/orogenic gold deposits associated with the major lineaments and form-lines in the central gold belt Central Gold Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. In tropical environments, heavy tropical rainforest and intense weathering makes it impossible to map geological structures over long distances. Advances in remote sensing technology allow the application of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data in geological structural analysis for tropical environments. In this investigation, the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) satellite remote sensing data were used to analyse major geological structures in Peninsular Malaysia and provide detailed characterization of lineaments and form-lines in the BRSZ, as well as its implication for sediment-hosted/orogenic gold exploration in tropical environments. The major geological structure directions of the BRSZ are N-S, NNE-SSW, NE-SW and NW-SE, which derived from directional filtering analysis to PALSAR data. The pervasive array of N-S faults in the study area and surrounding terrain is mainly linked to the N-S trending of the Suture Zone. N-S striking lineaments are often cut by younger NE-SW and NW-SE-trending lineaments. Gold mineralized trends lineaments are associated with the intersection of N-S, NE-SW, NNW-SSE and ESE-WNW faults and curvilinear features in shearing and alteration zones. Lineament analysis on PALSAR satellite remote sensing data is a useful tool for detecting the boundary between the Gondwana-derived terranes and major geological features associated with suture zone especially for large inaccessible regions in tropical environments.

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43

Sakellariou, D. "Remote sensing techniques in the search for ancient shipwrecks: how to distinguish a wreck from a rock in geophysical recordings." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17145.

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This paper presents the way conventional marine geophysical methods may be used with the highest efficiency for deep-water archaeological research, especially for the detection of ancient shipwrecks. Their use becomes all the more effective, when the principles of oceanography and marine geology are being followed during the interpretation of the geophysical recordings. The integration of sub-bottom profiling data provides valuable information on the geological structure of the seafloor 's shallow substrate, which are an almost absolute prerequisite for a geologically reasonable interpretation of the side scan sonar images. Otherwise, interpretation of the sonar recordings may be erroneous or may be in direct discrepancy with the shallow sub-seafloor geological structure. Limitations of the efficiency of the geophysical methods in the case of targets of biogenic or anthropogenic origin or in shallow water environments are also being discussed

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44

Veress, Márton. "Development Environments and Factors of Subsidence Dolines." Geosciences 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11120513.

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This study describes the development environments of subsidence dolines based on literary data (development environments create favorable conditions for the local denudation of superficial deposit and thus, for the development of depressions). Development environments are the inclination of the bearing surface, the secondary porosity of the bedrock, the characteristics of the cover, water influx into the cover, karstwater and groundwater, melting permafrost, and anthropogenic activity. These may become optimal when controlled by various geological, geomorphological, and climatic factors. Development environments may be qualitative (there is doline development in case of its presence) and quantitative (doline development occurs in case of suitable quantitative values). The development environment groups of subsidence dolines are environment groups independent of water level, environment groups dependent on water level, and anthropogenic environment groups. In the case of an environment group independent of water level, surface morphology, cover characteristics, geomorphic evolution, and water supply are determining, while in case of an environment group dependent of water level, subsurface water level and its fluctuations and the characteristics of rainfalls interrupting dry seasons are crucial. Anthropogenic impacts mainly affect doline development through water balance.

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45

Tague, C. L., J. S. Choate, and G. Grant. "Parameterizing sub-surface drainage with geology to improve modeling streamflow responses to climate in data limited environments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (July 18, 2012): 8665–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-8665-2012.

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Abstract. Hydrologic models are one of the core tools used to project how water resources may change under a warming climate. These models are typically applied over a range of scales, from headwater streams to higher order rivers, and for a variety of purposes, such as evaluating changes to aquatic habitat or reservoir operation. Most hydrologic models require streamflow data to calibrate subsurface drainage parameters. In many cases, long-term gage records may not be available for calibration, particularly when assessments are focused on low order stream reaches. Consequently, hydrologic modeling of climate change impacts is often performed in the absence of sufficient data to fully parameterize these hydrologic models. In this paper, we assess a geologic-based strategy for assigning drainage parameters. We examine the performance of this modeling strategy for the McKenzie River watershed in the US Oregon Cascades, a region where previous work has demonstrated sharp contrasts in hydrology based primarily on geological differences between the High and Western Cascades. Based on calibration and verification using existing streamflow data, we demonstrate that: (1) a set of streams ranging from 1st to 3rd order within the Western Cascade geologic region can share the same drainage parameter set, and (2) streams from the High Cascade geologic region, however, require a distinctive parameter set. Further, we show that a watershed comprised of a mixture of High and Western Cascade geology can be modeled without additional calibration by transferring parameters from these distinctive High and Western Cascade end-member parameter sets. Using this geologically-based parameter transfer scheme, our model predictions for all watersheds capture dominant historic streamflow patterns, and are sufficiently accurate to resolve geo-climatic differences in how these different watersheds are likely to respond to simple warming scenarios.

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46

Foing, B. H., C. Stoker, J. Zavaleta, P. Ehrenfreund, C. Thiel, P. Sarrazin, D. Blake, et al. "Field astrobiology research in Moon–Mars analogue environments: instruments and methods." International Journal of Astrobiology 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2011): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550411000036.

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AbstractWe describe the field demonstration of astrobiology instruments and research methods conducted in and from the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) in Utah during the EuroGeoMars campaign 2009 coordinated by ILEWG, ESA/ESTEC and NASA Ames, with the contribution of academic partners. We discuss the entire experimental approach from determining the geological context using remote sensing, in situ measurements, sorties with sample collection and characterization, analysis in the field laboratory, to the post sample analysis using advanced laboratory facilities.We present the rationale for terrestrial field campaigns to strengthen astrobiology research and the link between in situ and orbital remote sensing data. These campaigns are supporting the preparation for future missions such as Mars Science Laboratory, ExoMars or Mars Sample Return. We describe the EuroGeoMars 2009 campaign conducted by MDRS crew 76 and 77, focused on the investigation of surface processes in their geological context. Special emphasis was placed on sample collection and pre-screening using in-situ portable instruments. Science investigations included geological and geochemical measurements as well as detection and diagnostic of water, oxidants, organic matter, minerals, volatiles and biota.EuroGeoMars 2009 was an example of a Moon–Mars field research campaign dedicated to the demonstration of astrobiology instruments and a specific methodology of comprehensive measurements from selected sampling sites. We discuss in sequence: the campaign objectives and trade-off based on science, technical or operational constraints. This includes remote sensing data and maps, and geological context; the monitoring of environmental parameters; the geophysical context and mineralogy studies; geology and geomorphology investigations; geochemistry characterization and subsurface studies.We describe sample handling (extraction and collection) methods, and the sample analysis of soils and rocks performed in the MDRS laboratory using close inspection, initial petrological characterization, microscopy, Visible-NIR spectrometry, Raman spectrometry, X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, soil analysis, electrochemical and biological measurements.The results from post-mission analysis of returned samples using advanced facilities in collaborator institutes are described in companion papers in this issue. We present examples of in-situ analysis, and describe an example investigation on the exploration and analysis of endolithic microbial mats (from reconnaissance, in-situ imaging, sampling, local analysis to post-mission sample analysis).

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47

Pedretti, Daniele, and Marco Bianchi. "GEOENT: A Toolbox for Calculating Directional Geological Entropy." Geosciences 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12050206.

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Geological entropy is based on Shannon information entropy and measures order in the structure of a spatial random variable. Metrics have been defined to quantify geological entropy in multidimensional (2D and 3D) heterogeneous systems, for instance, porous and fractured geological media. This study introduces GEOENT, a toolbox that can efficiently be used to calculate geological entropy metrics for any kind of input-gridded field. Additionally, the definition of geological entropy metrics is updated to consider anisotropy in the structure of the heterogeneous system. Directional entrograms provide more accurate descriptions of spatial order over different Cartesian directions. This study presents the development of the geological entropy metrics, a description of the toolbox, and examples of its applications in different datasets, including 2D and 3D gridded fields, representing a variety of heterogeneous environments at different scales, from pore-scale microtomography (μCT) images to aquifer analogues.

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48

Anikeyev, S. G., L. S. Monchak, V. P. Stepaniuk, and B. Majevskiy. "GEODYNAMICS." GEODYNAMICS 2(11)2011, no. 2(11) (September 20, 2011): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jgd2011.02.021.

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In this thesis describes a method of geo-gravity modeling by creating models of the deep structure of the Carpathians. Geological conditions of consistency and reliability of simulation results are the use of such parameters approximating structures, fast and accurate computer technology that would enable work with complex models of geological environments, as well as an a priori density model is formed, further refined and is detailed under the influence of the geological analysis of the nature of discrepancies between the observed field and model fields.

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49

LAING, BRITTANY A., LUIS A. BUATOIS, M. GABRIELA MÁNGANO, NICHOLAS J. MINTER, LUKE C. STROTZ, GUY M. NARBONNE, and GLENN A. BROCK. "BIOTURBATORS AS ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS: ASSESSING CURRENT MODELS." PALAIOS 37, no. 12 (December 29, 2022): 718–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2022.012.

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ABSTRACT Bioturbating organisms can dramatically alter the physical, chemical, and hydrological properties of the sediment and promote or hinder microbial growth. They are a classic example of “ecosystem engineers” as they alter the availability of resources to other species. Multiple evolutionary hypotheses evoke bioturbation as a possible driver for historical ecological change. To test these hypotheses, researchers need reliable and reproducible methods for estimating the impact of bioturbation in ancient environments. Early efforts to record and compare this impact through geologic time focused on the degree of bioturbation (e.g., bioturbation indices), the depth of bioturbation (e.g., bioturbation depth), or the structure of the infaunal community (e.g., tiering, ecospace utilization). Models which combine several parameters (e.g., functional groups, tier, motility, sediment interaction style) have been proposed and applied across the geological timescale in recent years. Here, we review all models that characterize the impact of bioturbators on the sedimentary environment (i.e., ‘ecosystem engineering'), in both modern and fossil sediments, and propose several questions. What are the assumptions of each approach? Are the current models appropriate for the metrics they wish to measure? Are they robust and reproducible? Our review highlights the nature of the sedimentary environment as an important parameter when characterizing ecosystem engineering intensity and outlines considerations for a best-practice model to measure the impact of bioturbation in geological datasets.

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50

Gavrilov, VL, and EV Freidina. "An approach to differentiation and evaluation of mineral resource potential in coal mining." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 991, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/991/1/012007.

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Abstract A mining company is a complex probabilistic system which functions in-between the geological and market environments. These environments are the carriers of various uncertainties which have influence on the business success. The authors discuss the background of differentiation of the mineral resource potential in terms of a coal field as transformation of a natural possibility to the manmade reality. It is distinguished between the limit, achievable and investment potentials. This type design takes into account the stages of geological exploration, study of coal properties and actual mining of the subsoil use object. The static, ergodic and non-ergodic categories of uncertainty are discussed.

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