Дисертації з теми "Geographic economics"
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1
Vakhitov, Volodymyr. "AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES AND GEOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATION OF MANUFACTURING IN UKRAINE." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/635.
Анотація:
As a post-Soviet economy, Ukraine has inherited substantial production assets and qualified personnel. However, the economy was dominated by large-scale enterprises designed for much bigger markets. After the collapse of the Soviet Union Ukrainian firms faced lack of planning, breaks in contacts with their former suppliers and customers, and distortion of prices. There was a clear need in restructuring of the entire economy. Restructuring included splitting firms into smaller parts and privatization. The first phase of transition was completed by 2000 when the output grew for the first time after a long recession in nineties, and most firms became private property.
In this work I explore trends in geographic and industrial concentration of Ukrainian manufacturing firms over the period of 2001 to 2005. I found that this period was characterized by relocation of firms between sectors and between regions, as well as by an increase in economic concentration of industries. The speed of adjustment was different for various sectors and even for different industries within manufacturing. Even though the economy is still dominated by large firms, the average firm size decreases due to a rapid growth in the number of new firms. Geographically, manufacturing tends to increasingly concentrate mostly around a few big cities, apparently at the expense of other regions.
I also estimate the external scale effects and compare them with Western studies. In particular I focus on machinery and high tech. I found strong localization and urbanization effects in both industry groups. An important contribution of this work is the analysis of the effect of ownership structure on agglomeration economies. I found that private firms tend to enjoy external scale effects to a greater extent than state owned, and foreign owned firms appear to be the most efficient in extracting benefits form agglomeration.
Aggregation of the data may distort the estimates of agglomeration effects. I show that most effects take place at the nearest neighborhoods. When the physical distance between firms increases agglomeration effects attenuate quickly. However, localization effects reveal themselves at different level of industrial aggregation for various industries. This may reflect more complicated relationships within sectors and requires further analysis.
2
Ramirez, Grajeda Mauricio. "Three essays on geographic consequences of trade openness." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1157128468.
3
Wårell, Linda. "Geographic market delineation : the case of internationally traded coal." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Samhällsvetenskap, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18299.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis of the existence of a world market for the international coal industry, and to investigate whether or not the industry has experienced increased market integration over time. The study consists of an introductory part and two self- contained papers where two different methods for market delineation are applied, evaluated and compared. Paper [1] uses a cointegration approach to analyze market integration for internationally traded coal, and investigate whether the industry has experienced increased market integration over time. Both the coking coal and the steam coal market show evidence of global market integration, as demonstrated by the presence of a stable long run cointegrating relationship. This supports the hypothesis of a globally integrated market. The long run price correlation is higher for steam coal than for coking coal, but the short run error correction estimates indicate a faster adjustment towards the long run equilibrium level for coking coal than for steam coal. Thus, the overall conclusion on which of the two markets that is more integrated than the other is indecisive. When analyzing market integration over time it is not possible to confirm cointegration in the 1990s for steam coal, and thus the conclusion of a single economic market cannot be maintained. Regarding coking coal, there are tendencies of increased integration given the faster adjustment to the long run equilibrium level in the 1990s. Paper [2] aims at delineating the relevant economic market for steam coal and coking coal by using shipments data (the so-called Elzinga-Hogarty method), and to test the hypothesis of a single world market for coal. Regarding coking coal the results indicate that the market is essentially global in scope, and also that the market has become more integrated over time. The results for steam coal show that these markets are more regional in scope, and there exist no clear tendencies of increased integration over time. In order to scrutinize the Elzinga-Hogarty method in more detail, some of the criticism towards the method is addressed empirically. The overall conclusion is that the method is not well equipped to detect potential market participation or potential anticompetitive behavior within a defined area (especially when there are large differences in the size of the market participants). Still, the Elzinga-Hogarty method is useful as a first step in market delineation analysis as it contributes to a good understanding of the prevailing product flow patterns. The main conclusion of the study is that the market for internationally trade coal is integrated globally. However, the levels of market integration as well as the development over time differ between the steam coal and the coking coal markets. The results point towards a more integrated market for coking coal than for steam coal. However, this finding does not have to imply that competition in the steam coal market is restrained. The methods applied in this study are useful for delineating economic markets, but in order to detect anticompetitive behaviour complementary information providing a more detailed analysis of the specific industry is needed.Godkänd; 2003; 20070216 (ysko)
4
Borgman, Benny. "The wealth of regions : geographic concentration , entrepreneurship and regional growth." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Byggvetenskap, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4464.
5
Schreiber, Andrew P. "Rethinking the Poverty Line| What Alternate Measures Indicate About Urban Poverty and Its Geographic Distribution." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1545728.
Анотація:
In order to adequately address problems associated with poverty, definitions and measurements of the issue must first be understood. This goal is complex, as both the definitions and measurement of poverty are subjective and vary geographically and categorically. The commonly used American poverty measure (i.e. the "poverty line") has recently received criticism because of its limitations as an absolute measure that fails to recognize the relative nature of poverty. Such criticisms have led to the development of alternate poverty measures. However, no single measure has the ability to account for all factors associated with poverty. As such, it is important to understand the strengths and weaknesses of various poverty metrics.
The aim of this study is to identify the benefits and limitations of several alternate poverty measures by examining each measure in relation to cultural and social indicators. In this study, several alternate poverty measures are identified and applied to the St. Louis Region. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression techniques are used in conjunction with census data from the St. Louis metropolitan statistical area to identify the social and cultural factors that are concomitant to poverty as measured by each of the alternate poverty metrics. The poverty measures are then compared based on the significance of each identified concomitant. Additionally, alternate poverty metrics are compared through an examination of maps created to show variations in geographic distribution. The distribution of poverty is measured geographically for each alternate measure and subsequently standardized for meaningful comparison between measures by mapping the variance of distribution.
6
Cortina, Melissa Anne. "The Impact of Geographic Deregulation on the American Banking Industry." Thesis, Boston College, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/419.
Анотація:
Thesis advisor: Peter N. IrelandThe banking structure as it is known today in the United States largely originated in the 1930s after the onslaught of the Great Depression. The Federal Deposit Insurance Company developed deposit insurance to stabilize the industry and protect consumers. They laid down rules and regulations that shaped the banking and financial sector of the American economy into the early form of what patrons use today. Large banks were concentrated in financial centers, mostly New York, with some scattered in the west coast and other big cities. Most smaller towns had one or two state-chartered commercial banks with thrift institutions flourishing alongside. Personal and even business customers banked on a small, local scale. Sixty plus years later, the same industry structure is still in place, but its face has changed dramatically. The financial system of the United States in the 21st century is vastly different from the one that was commonly used only one generation ago. Geographic deregulation in the 1970s drastically changed the geography of the American banking industry
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2006
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics Honors Program
7
Eloff, Jeffrey J. "Evaluating Efficiency of Transportation Infrastructure: Effects and Implications for the Spatial Economy." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1418334375.
8
Drake, Thomas. "Priority-setting for malaria control and elimination in Myanmar." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f3c77e6e-6c25-4aa9-9de0-4a7bc94826e2.
Анотація:
In Myanmar, Plasmodium falciparum malaria is important because of both the burden of disease and the emergence of parasites resistant to artemisinin-based therapies. In 2012, concomitant with the lifting of international economic sanctions, funding for malaria control and elimination in Myanmar rose significantly. The University of Oxford was asked to support priority setting by assessing the relative cost-effectiveness of insecticide- treated bed nets and community health workers, particularly with respect to planning in the Myanmar Artemisinin Resistance Containment region along the east of the country. In the context of rising artemisinin resistance and, later, the goal of regional malaria elimination by 2030, reduction in malaria transmission was an important consideration in prioritising between interventions. A cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken using both a static decision tree model and a dynamic disease transmission model. Supporting work towards this analysis included a systematic review of dynamic-transmission economic-evaluations and the creation of a data repository to collate governmental and non-governmental malaria case records. In addition, initially unplanned work on economic evaluation methodology was completed; identifying challenges in the application of cost utility analysis to this decision problem and proposing a framework for budget-based geographic resource allocation as an adaptation of standard methods. The results of this work include a tripling of the number of malaria diagnostic reports available between 2012 and 2014 (71% increase in Plasmodium falciparum cases) with this data showing a decrease in Plasmodium falciparum cases over time, alongside rising testing rates. Cost utility analysis found that, in general, malaria community health workers are more costly yet more effective than insecticide treated bed nets, though in both cases cost effectiveness is very much context dependent. Geographic allocation analyses using both static and dynamic models illustrate the potential for economic evaluation to provide both more detailed and more practical policy recommendations. Parameter uncertainty was explored in both cases. Some township recommendations were robust to both parameter uncertainty and model variation (structural uncertainty). Viewed through the lens of the Reference Case for Economic Evaluation in Low and Middle Income Countries (published during the course of this DPhil), budget-based geographic resource allocation largely adheres to the healthcare economic evaluation principles and offers improvements to dealing with heterogeneity and resource constraints. This DPhil recommends that Myanmar malaria policy is tailored to reflect geographic variation in intervention cost-effectiveness, rather than focusing on universal coverage, and illustrates a framework for economic evaluation to support budget-based geographic allocation.
9
Wheeler, Anthony J. "Procedural Rates, Economic Costs, and Geographic Variation of Primary and Revision Lumbar Total Disc Replacement." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1764.
Анотація:
Lumbar degenerative disc disease is a remarkably common condition among patients presenting with chronic low back pain and physical disability. When a surgical treatment option is warranted, patients now have the option of undergoing lumbar total disc replacement (TDR), a relatively new procedure that is designed to replace lumbar fusion, the traditional surgical intervention for degenerative disc disease. The lumbar TDR procedure has demonstrated clinical efficacy equivalent to that of lumbar fusion, although concern remains about the longevity, safety, and costs related to the procedure. These issues were addressed in three separate observational studies using administrative claims data. The first study estimated the revision burden and economic revision burden of lumbar TDR. The second study examined the lumbar TDR hybrid procedure, where both a lumbar TDR and lumbar fusion are performed simultaneously. No observational data have been reported on the frequency, cost, and diagnostic indications related to the TDR hybrid procedure. The third study mapped the geographic variation of procedural rates of lumbar TDR. Previous research has found substantial geographic variation in lumbar spine surgery rates and a similar analysis of lumbar TDR variation has yet to be reported. The present series of studies found the revision burden and economic revision burden of lumbar TDR to be similar to data reported for this procedure from the mid-2000s, though the overall occurrence of the procedure appears to have declined. The economic revision burden made this a lower-cost procedure than lumbar fusion, with a tradeoff in terms of revision burden being higher for lumbar TDR. The lumbar TDR hybrid procedure was found to make up approximately 16% of the total number of TDR procedures, involving much higher costs than a single-level TDR procedure. Finally, geographic variation of the procedural rate of lumbar TDR varied dramatically across the U.S., surpassing the variation observed in lumbar fusion surgery. Limitations of the observational data used in these studies are described. Recommendations for future observational research are offered as well. Finally, implications for these studies on practice guidelines and reimbursement policies are provided.
10
White, Jessica. "Women business leaders in biotech and hi-tech, and related industry cluster factors." Thesis, San Jose State University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10169615.
Анотація:
Women entrepreneurs are on the rise and their numbers have grown at one and a half times the rate of small enterprises generally over the last 15 years. In spite of this, women are underrepresented in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Women face additional barriers when forging careers within these fields and obtaining startup capital. This study examines female business ownership within the fields of hi-tech and biotech, and the factors that support startups by women throughout the state of California. As both of these industry sectors are known to cluster geographically around sources of venture capital, university research and development (R&D) investment, and skilled labor, the study explored how these factors influence women entrepreneurs through two methods of analysis, specifically, a quantitative GIS analysis using exploratory geo-statistical tools, and a qualitative analysis using semi-structured interviews of twenty women business leaders. Results from the study demonstrated that factors that encourage hub formation are prone to cluster geographically, that women receive less venture capital than their male counterparts, biotech as a sector is more open than hi-tech to women’s participation, high numbers of women starting businesses alongside their alma mater, and a high participation of women in business accelerators and incubators.
11
Weeks, William Brinson. "Geographic variation in the supply and utilization of hospital services : Economic motives and policy implications." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM2002/document.
Анотація:
Dans l’ensemble de la thèse, nous avons appliqué des techniques de ‘mesure des variations spatiales’ pour l'étude des variations géographiques de taux d'hospitalisation en France. La thèse est composée de 4 études :Étude 1 : « Variation géographique des recours aux procédures chirurgicales en France en 2008-2010 et comparaison avec les États-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ».Étude 2 : « Variation géographique des admissions pour les prothèses du genou, de la hanche et la fracture de la hanche en France : existence d’une demande induite dans le secteur des hôpitaux à but lucratif et dans les hôpitaux public et privés à but non-lucratif »Étude 3 : « Caractéristiques et tendances des admissions non urgentes à but lucratif et sans but lucratif hôpitaux en France en 2009 et 2010 ». Étude 4 : « Taux d'admission pour des ’hospitalisations évitables par le système ambulatoire’ (ACSC) en France en 2009-2010 : tendances, variation géographique, coûts et comparaison internationale »For all of this work, we applied ‘small-area variation’ techniques to the study of geographic variations in hospitalization rates in France. We conducted four studies:Study 1: Geographic variation in rates of common surgical procedures in France in 2008-2010 and comparison to the US and BritainStudy 2: Geographic variation in admissions for knee replacement, hip replacement, and hip fracture in France: evidence of supplier-induced demand in for-profit and not-for profit hospitalsStudy 3: Characteristics and patterns of elective admissions to for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals in France in 2009 and 2010Study 4: Rates of admission for ambulatory care sensitive conditions in France in 2009-2010: trends, geographic variation, costs, and an international comparison
12
Esparza, Timothy R. A. "Crafting clusters: an analysis of the craft beer industry in northern Colorado." Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32643.
Анотація:
Master of Regional and Community PlanningDepartment of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Katherine Nesse
The following report examines the craft beer industry as a major component of the beverage production cluster in Northern Colorado. By using the four locational determinants derived by Porter (1990) as a framework, this study evaluates the role of geography as a key component in an industry’s ability to foster a competitive advantage. Despite his focus on national competitiveness, Porter's diamond model has influenced strategic thinking on a regional scale (Stimson, Stough & Roberts, 2006). In turn, it can help us to understand the interactions that underlie localized cluster dynamics. The cluster conception in economic development literature assumes that each of Porter's components is equally spatially connected. Resources are focused towards building assets in a region defined by analyzing the cluster. However, factors of the craft beer industry in Northern Colorado did not completely adhere to the traditional parameters of regional cluster geography. Personal interviews with key actors involved in the craft beer industry, along with economic data revealed that local factors are not always the driving force behind the development of the craft beer industry. In addition, the data analysis indicates that determinants of cluster success may be significant at various geographic scales. Locational determinants may not operate within the same area as defined by cluster analysis. Thus, this report closes with a recommendation to consider the significance of proximity when looking to increase the competitiveness of a given industry cluster—for the relationship between locational determinants and geography varies between factors.
13
O'Neill, Moira Patricia. "Evolution and Cooperation in the Youngstown Area." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1564599603688389.
14
Sasikumar, Manoj. "Essays on the economics of healthcare referrals." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200527_SASIKUMAR_121xqgcxx784mkbbyl647x274ichz_TH.pdf.
Анотація:
Cette thèse examine le rôle des avis de médecins spécialisés, car elles ont des implications pour les résultats des patients et l’organisation et la durabilité des systèmes de santé. Le premier projet examine les avis des spécialistes des maladies infectieuses dans un hôpital tertiaire français (hospitalisé). La deuxième question porte sur la complémentarité ou la substitution concernant des relations entre les médecins généralistes et les spécialistes. Le troisième projet examine la manière dont les patients ont réagi à la réforme du parcours de soins en France en termes de conformité, et un examen préalable des facteurs qui affectent cette conformité. La 2e et 3e articles examine les aspects liés à la variation géographique aussi. Dans mon quatrième article, je présente un protocole d'étude rédigé comme un suivi du premier articleThis thesis examines the role of specialist referrals, as they have implications for patient outcomes and the organization and sustainability of health systems. The first project specifically examines the opinions of specialists in infectious diseases in a French tertiary hospital (hospitalized) from the point of view of the payer. The second project examines whether the relationship between General Practitioners (GPs) and specialities is complementary or substitutable. The third project examines the way in which patients reacted to the reform of the care pathway in France in terms of compliance, and a preliminary examination of the factors that affect this compliance. The 2nd and 3rd articles examine aspects related to geographic variation as well. In my fourth article, I present a study protocol written as a follow-up to the first article
15
Hadadi, Rooholah. "Three Essays on International and Intranational Trade and Economic Growth." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2584.
Анотація:
This dissertation introduced a method to construct a new measure for trade flows within a region using nighttime lights. After analyzing the relation between lights data and other proxies of economic human activity, I employed light data and econometric techniques to estimate the bilateral trade between any two regions around the world. Using these estimations, I estimated the overall internal trade volume for all countries. Moreover, I estimated the effect of internal trade within a state of the United States on the state’s income. The first essay proposed nighttime lights as an alternative proxy for economic activity to be used in gravity regressions. Due to the well-known problems in the measurement of gross domestic or regional products, gravity regressions based on both international and intranational trade data suffer from potential biases. At both international and intranational levels, log nighttime lights positively and significantly enter the gravity regressions (with a coefficient of roughly one) that explain at least about half of the variance in exports. The results were shown to be robust to the inclusion of several control variables and the consideration of predicted trade flows.
Trade within a nation and internal distance are variables known to play key roles in explaining home bias and the distance puzzle in international trade literature, but data on these measures are limited to only a few countries. To address this
problem, in the second essay, I constructed micro-founded measures of internal trade and internal distances from satellite data on nighttime lights. By estimating the gravity equation coefficients using the simulated method of distance estimation, I constructed the bilateral trade flow at subnational scale and aggregated it to overall internal trade. I found my internal trade measure is highly correlated with its benchmark, the difference between GDP and total exports; however, I showed it has more information and is a more precise measure for developed countries, which have a large amount of non-tradable services included in their national income account data. The internal distance measure is generated as the lights-weighted average distances between the states within a country. While my internal distance measure is largely correlated with its alternative, which is constructed based on city-level population data, it does not suffer from the uncertainty surrounding population data.
Correlation between trade and income cannot identify the effect of trade because of the endogeneity problem. The third essay examined this relationship at subnational level and by focusing on instrumenting trade via time varying geographic factors. Proximity and economic size are determinants of trade that are uncorrelated with other income determinants. This experiment not only confirmed the effect of interregional trade, but also provided evidence that intraregional trade has a large and statistically significant impact on income. I found, however, that the effect of both trade measures is statistically similar; a one percentage point increase in the interregional and intraregional trade ratio increases income per person by 2 to 4 percent.
16
Lewis, William Skyler. "Ballot-Box Environmentalism across the Golden State: How Geography Influences California Voters’ Demand for Environmental Public Goods." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/149.
Анотація:
In California, voters frequently face ballot propositions dealing directly or indirectly with environmental protection. Records of these votes provide powerful evidence of the character of voters’ demand and willingness-to-pay for environmental public goods (e.g., air quality, watershed ecosystem services, parks and recreation), and have been used in past environmental econometrics research to produce aggregated income and price effect estimates. Using neighborhood-level voting records on seven environmental-related ballot propositions in California between 2002 and 2010, this econometric study investigates the nature of voters’ demand for environmental public goods, focusing on the effect of household income on pro-environment voting. Unlike previous studies, this study uses geographically weighted regression (GWR) to determine how estimates vary across the historically, culturally, and politically diverse state of California. Preliminary statewide results from an ordinary least-squares regression model suggest that demand decreases with voter income, and that this negative income effect is strongest among lower-income households. However, GWR results suggest that the magnitude, and even the sign, of income effects varies regionally. The San Francisco Bay Area, in particular, stands out as anomalous from the statewide model estimates: in this region, wealthier households are more likely than lower-income households to support environmental propositions, ceteris paribus. This finding is consistent across all propositions studied, which include water bonds, State Parks funding, and the California High-Speed Rail program, among others. GWR results suggest that political geography and regional culture determines the way in which income (as well as education and other factors) affects voters’ support of environmental propositions.
17
Bedi, Shalu, and Kiran Sharma. "Library Consortia: A Step forward the Information Society." Twenty First Century Publications, Patiala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105994.
Анотація:
The increasing price of electronic journals, indexing and abstracting databases along with the traditional published print subscriptions has forced library community to explore alternative means of subscription. The emergence of library a very promising development in this direction. The Phenomenon of consortia or group of libraries maintaining information resources together has become very common these days, In India, during last few years we witnessed many consortia based subscription. This paper briefly discusses the concept, need, advantages and also the major consortia initiatives in India.
18
Naude, Stephanus David. "Application of spatial resource data to assist in farmland valuation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18118.
Анотація:
Thesis (MScAgric) -- Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa more than 80 percent of the total land area is used for agriculture and subsistence livelihoods. A land transaction is generally not a recurring action for most buyers and sellers, their experience and knowledge are limited, for this reason the services of property agents and valuers are sometimes used, just to get more information available. The condition of insufficient information and the inability to observe differences in land productivity gives rise to the undervaluation of good land and overvaluation of poor land. The value of a property plays an important role in the acquisition of a bond, in this context farm valuations are essential and therefore commercial banks make more use of specialist businesses that have professional valuers available. The advent of the Internet made access to comprehensive information sources easier for property agents and valuers whose critical time and resources can now be effectively managed through Geographic Information System (GIS) integrated workflow processes. This study aims to develop the blueprint for a farm valuation support system (FVSS) that assists valuers in their application of the comparable sales method by enabling them to do the following: (1) Rapid identification of the location of the subject property and transaction properties on an electronic map. (2) Comparison of the subject property with the transaction properties in terms of value contributing attributes that can be expressed in a spatial format, mainly a) location and b) land resource quality factors not considered in existing valuation systems that primarily focus on residential property. Interpretation of soil characteristics to determine the suitability of a soil for annual or perennial crops requires specialized knowledge of soil scientists, knowledge not normally found among property valuers or estate agents. For this reason an algorithm, that generates an index value, was developed to allow easy comparison of the land of a subject property and that of transaction properties. Whether this index value reflects the soil suitability of different areas sufficiently accurate was confirmed by soil suitability data of the Breede and Berg River areas, which were obtained by soil scientists by means of a reconnaissance soil survey. This index value distinguishes the proposed FVSS from other existing property valuation systems and can therefore be used by valuers as a first approximation of a property’s soil suitability, before doing further field work. A nationwide survey was done among valuers and estate agents that provided information for the design of the proposed FVSS and proved that the need for such a system does exist and that it will be used by valuers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Meer as 80 persent van die totale grondoppervlakte in Suid-Afrika word gebruik vir landbou en bestaansboerdery. 'n Grondtransaksie is oor die algemeen nie 'n herhalende aksie vir die meeste kopers en verkopers nie, hul ervaring en kennis is beperk, om hierdie rede word die dienste van eiendomsagente en waardeerders soms gebruik om meer inligting beskikbaar te kry. Die toestand van onvoldoende inligting en die onvermoë om verskille in grondproduktiwiteit te identifiseer gee aanleiding tot die onderwaardering van goeie grond en oorwaardering van swak grond. Die waarde van 'n eiendom speel 'n belangrike rol in die verkryging van 'n verband. In hierdie konteks is plaaswaardasies noodsaaklik en daarom maak kommersiële banke meer gebruik van gespesialiseerde maatskappye wat oor professionele waardeerders beskik. Die koms van die Internet het toegang tot omvattende inligtingsbronne makliker gemaak vir eiendomsagente en waardeerders wie se kritiese tyd en hulpbronne nou effektief bestuur kan word deur middel van Geografiese Inligtingstelsel (GIS) geïntegreerde werksprosesse. Hierdie studie poog om die bloudruk vir 'n plaaswaardasie ondersteuningstelsel te ontwikkel wat waardeerders sal help in hul toepassing van die vergelykbare verkope metode deur hul in staat te stel om die volgende te doen: (1) Vinnige identifisering van die ligging van die betrokke onderwerp eiendom en transaksie eiendomme op 'n elektroniese kaart. (2) Vergelyking van die onderwerp eiendom met transaksie eiendomme in terme van waardedraende eienskappe wat in 'n ruimtelike formaat uitgedruk word, hoofsaaklik a) ligging en b) bodem gehaltefaktore wat nie oorweeg word in bestaande residensieel georiënteerde waardasiestelsels nie. Interpretasie van grondeienskappe om die geskiktheid van grond vir eenjarige of meerjarige gewasse te bepaal vereis gespesialiseerde kennis van grondkundiges, kennis wat nie normaalweg gevind word onder eiendomswaardeerders of eiendomsagente nie. Om hierdie rede is 'n algoritme ontwikkel sodat die grond van ‘n onderwerp eiendom d.m.v. ‘n indekswaarde met transaksie eiendomme vergelyk kan word. Die indekswaarde is akkuraat genoeg bevestig toe dit vergelyk is met grond geskiktheidsdata wat deur grondkundiges in die Breede- en Bergrivier gebiede ingesamel is. Hierdie indekswaarde onderskei die voorgestelde plaaswaardasie ondersteuningstelsel van ander bestaande eiendom waardasiestelsels en kan dus deur waardeerders gebruik word as 'n eerste bepaling van 'n eiendom se grond geskiktheid, voordat verdere veldwerk gedoen word. 'n Landwye opname is gedoen onder waardeerders en eiendomsagente wat inligting voorsien het vir die ontwerp van die voorgestelde plaaswaardasie ondersteuningstelsel, asook bewys gelewer het dat daar ‘n behoefte aan so 'n stelsel bestaan en dat dit deur waardeerders gebruik sal word.
19
LEITE, Cícero Emanuel Alves. "Leishmaniose visceral humana em Pernambuco: epidemiologia e gastos com internações hospitalares." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17851.
Анотація:
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Objetivou-se analisar o perfil epidemiológico da Leishmaniose Visceral Humana no estado de Pernambuco e os gastos das internações hospitalares no Sistema Único de Saúde. Estudo descritivo de uma série histórica (2005 a 2014) utilizando dados dos Sistemas de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e de Hospitalizações do SUS de casos de Leishmaniose Visceral (CID-10 B550). Para a análise, foram utilizados os softwares Epi Info v. 7.1.5 para o georreferenciamento dos casos e o Stata – Data Analysis and Statiscal Software para a análise descritiva e realização do teste “t” de Student. A amostra foi composta por 954 casos. A taxa de incidência média de Leishmaniose Visceral no estado variou de 0,9 a 3,62 casos/100 mil habitantes e o ano de 2014 teve o maior número de casos (p<0,05) na série. Os municípios da Região Metropolitana do Recife (capital do estado) tiveram uma taxa média (0,77) inferior aos demais (2,2). Predominaram o sexo masculino (61,3%), faixa etária até 14 anos (58,4%) e escolaridade até o ensino médio completo (72,9%). No início da série histórica, a maioria dos casos (66%) da doença residiam em zona rural e, nos últimos anos, em zona urbana. Identificou-se que 70% dos municípios pernambucanos tiveram pelo menos um caso da doença. Quanto à localização geográfica dos casos, houve uma carga maior da doença na IV Macrorregião de Saúde (48,5% dos casos). Em relação aos gastos com hospitalizações por leishmaniose visceral, o Sistema Único de Saúde aportou R$ 260.308,97 com 732 internações representando 0,014% do total com peso maior para a IV Macrorregião de Saúde. O estudo permitiu concluir que a LVH apresentou distribuição geográfica pelo estado de Pernambuco nos anos de 2005 a 2014; Pernambuco apresentou incidências médias de Leishmaniose Visceral Humana inferiores às nacionais, mas seguindo a sua tendência, afetando especialmente crianças e indivíduos do sexo masculino. Além disto, evidenciou-se a perda da característica de zoonose da doença com o aumento da proporcionalidade dos casos nos centros urbanos.
The objective was analyzing the epidemiological profile of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in the State of Pernambuco and the costs of hospitalizations in the Unified Health System (SUS). Descriptive study of a historical series (2005 to 2014) using data of information systems of reportable diseases (SINAN), on Mortality and hospitalizations of SUS cases of Visceral Leishmaniasis (CID-10 B550). For analysis, we used the software Epi Info v. 7.1.5 for georeferencing of the cases and the Stata - Data Analysis and Statiscal Software for descriptive analysis and realization of the Student “t” test. The sample was composed of 954 cases. The average incidence rate of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the State ranged from 0.9 to 3.62 cases/100.000 inhabitants and the year 2014 had the largest number of cases (p < 0.05) in the series. The municipalities of the metropolitan region of Recife (state capital) had a lower average rate (0.77) to the other (2.2). Most males (61.3%), age group up to 14 years (58.4%) and education until high school (72.9%). At the beginning of the series, most of the cases (66%) of the disease lived in the countryside and, in recent years, in the urban area. Identified that 70% of the municipalities of Pernambuco had at least one case of the disease. As to the geographical location of cases, there was a greater burden of disease on health macro-region IV (48.5% of cases). With regard to spending on hospitalizations for visceral leishmaniasis, the SUS arrived R$ 260,308.97 with 732 admissions representing 0.014% of the total with greater weight to health macro-region IV. The study made it possible to conclude that the LVH presented geographical distribution by the State of Pernambuco in the years 2005 to 2014; Pernambuco showed incidences of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis lower to nationals, but following their trend, affecting especially children and males. In addition, it was the loss of the characteristic of zoonosis of disease with increased proportionality of cases in urban centers.
20
Lovatt, David. "Profitability and the geography of capital accumulation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314973.
21
Schöler, Klaus. "Elemente der Neuen Ökonomischen Geographie." Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4592/.
Анотація:
Die wichtigste Frage der Raumwirtschaftstheorie lautet: Welches sind die Ursachen für die Entstehung, den Bestand und die Wandlungen räumlicher Wirtschaftsstrukturen? Zu den markantesten Strukturen gehören zweifellos Agglomerationen, die nicht auf natürliche Ursachen zurückgeführt werden können. Die Neue Ökonomische Geographie gibt eine Antwort auf die Frage nach den Gründen ihrer Existenz aus einem mikroökonomischen Totalmodell, das unterschiedliche Regionen und Produktionssektoren, heterogene Güter und unterschiedliche Transportkosten berücksichtigt. Das vorliegende Buch verfolgt drei Ziele: Zunächst wird dieses neue Paradigma in einen dogmenhistorischen Zusammenhang mit der traditionellen Raumwirtschaftstheorie und Handelstheorie gestellt. Ferner wird das Basismodell des Ansatzes ausführlich beschrieben und danach kritisch diskutiert. Schließlich werden einige Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die in der Lage sind, einige zuvor genannte Kritikpunkte bezüglich des Grundmodells aufzuheben.The most important question of regional economics is: What are the reasons for the existence, the growth, and the changes of regional economic structures? Without any doubt, agglomerations which are not based on natural sources belong to the most significant regional structures. The New Economic Geography gives answers - based on a microeconomic total model with different regions and industrial sectors, with heterogeneous goods and different transport costs - to the questions with regard to the reasons of the existence of agglomerations. This book pursues three objectives: First of all, the new paradigm is connected with the historical background of the traditional regional economics and trade theory. Furthermore, the basic model is described in detail and then discussed from a critical point of view. Finally, some possible extensions are introduced, which make it possible to eliminate some criticized elements of the basic model.
22
Ham, Brian. "Using Conservative and Biological Tracers to Better Understand the Transport of Agricultural Contaminants from Soil Water through the Epikarstic Zone." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/133.
Анотація:
Agriculture contamination is very common in karst systems due to the vulnerability of these aquifers. Animal waste is often spread across crop land to enrich the soil with nitrates and phosphates. Herbicides and pesticides are also applied to the crops. The transport of these pollutants through the soil and epikarst is a difficult process to monitor due to the complex, heterogeneous behavior of the groundwater as it makes its way down to the aquifer below.
An experimental site at Crumps Cave lended a unique opportunity to monitor the vadose zone at a waterfall in the cave below. A previous dye trace established the connection between an 11.15 m2 grass plot and this underground waterfall. The field design used here, utilizing a rainfall simulator, allowed control of the input of precipitation and tracers to understand more about the movement of stormwater infiltrating the soil and the differences in transport of solute particles and bacteria in the epikarstic zone. Two particle transport experiments were used to better understand these processes. The first trace involved injection of fluorescein dye and sodium chloride. The 2,650 liters of solution were injected over a period of 3.6 hours at a rate of 6.6 cm/hr. An electrical resistivity traverse, perpendicular to the hypothesized straight-line path of the established dye trace connection, showed a peak in lower resistance at the upper epikarst layers 4 hours and 15 minutes after the beginning of the injection. Dye concentrations reached a peak of 1,600 ppb 3 hours and 15 minutes after the beginning of the injection. The conductivity also peaked at this time with a value of 814 µS. This first trace showed that rapid transportation of solutes happened in localized conduits causing a peak of both solutes in the cave before the widespread mobilization of sodium chloride was seen in the epikarst by the resistivity images an hour later.
In the second trace, 2,605 liters of a sulphorhodamine dye solution was injected over 180 kg of dairy cattle manure spread on the 11.15 m2 plot of grass for a period of 3.6 hours at a rate of 6.6 cm/hr. Dye concentrations reached a peak of 27 ppm 4 hours and 15 minutes after the beginning of the injection. Fecal coliform reached its first peak of 2,755 MPN (most probable number of viable cells per 100 mL of water) 90 minutes prior to the dye peak and a second peak of 2,481 MPN occurred 15 minutes prior to the dye peak. These results showed that solutes travelling through the soil and epikarst follow similar paths while bacteria prefer conduits that offer more rapid transmission to the underground waterfall.
23
Hionis, Jerry Jr. "Non-Parasitic Warlords and Geographical Distance." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/216545.
Анотація:
EconomicsPh.D.
This dissertation presents an extension of the warlord competition models found in Skaperdas (2002) and Konrad and Skaperdas (2012). I consider two non-parasitic warlords located on a line. Each warlord allocates resources for the extraction of natural resources, the production of goods and services, and conflict with the opposing warlord. Within the symmetric rates of seizure model, I use three different forms of the contest success function, a primary tool in the conflict theory literature, in my analysis. I show that the warlord closer to the point of conflict will invest less into the hiring of warriors and more into the production of goods and services, yet wins a larger proportion of total goods and services produced within the economy. Under certain conditions, the placement of the point of conflict at the midpoint between the two warlords maximizes the total resources toward war and minimizes total production. Under the asymmetric rates of seizure model, I find that the warlord closer to the point of conflict invests more in warfare and less in production; that is, results that counter what is found in the symmetric model.
Temple University--Theses
24
Sato, Yasuhiro. "Economic Geography, Fertility and Migration." Elsevier, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8650.
25
Sackett, Neil Kenneth James. "Fast growth retailers : entrepreneurship, corporate strategy and the new retail geography." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313331.
26
Lin, Meimei. "Agricultural Intensification across the Midwest Corn Belt Region." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1437751066.
27
Raghavan, Ram. "Geospatial analysis of canine leptospirosis risk factors in the central Great Plains region." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13893.
Анотація:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
K.R. Harkin
T.G. Nagaraja
Associations of land cover/land use, socio-economic and housing, and hydrological and soil-hydrological variables were evaluated retrospectively as potential risk factors for canine leptospirosis in Kansas and Nebraska using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The sample included 94 dogs positive for leptospirosis based on a positive polymerase chain reaction test for leptospires in urine, isolation of leptospires on urine culture, a single reciprocal serum titer of 12,800 or greater, or a four-fold rise in reciprocal serum titers over a 2 to 4 week period; and 185 dogs negative for leptospirosis based on a negative polymerase chain reaction test and reciprocal serum titers less than 400. Publicly available geographic datasets representing land cover/land use, socio-economic and housing characteristics, and hydrologic and soil hydrologic themes were analyzed along with geocoded addresses of case/control locations in GIS. Among different land cover/land use variables evaluated, urban areas (high and medium intensity urban areas and urban areas in general) and evergreen forests and forest/woodlands in general were significant risk factors. Among socio-economic and demographic determinants evaluated, houses lacking complete plumbing facilities, poverty status by age (18-64), and living within 2500 meters of a university/college or parks/forests were significant risk factors. Proximity to water features, hydrologic density and frequently flooded areas were identified as significant risk factors for canine leptospirosis among hydrologic and soil-hydrologic variables. Pet owners whose dogs live in such areas or under these circumstances should consider vaccination to prevent canine leptospirosis.
28
Karahan, Selcuk. "The Impact of Spatial Organization on Pricing Anomalies." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535636651605925.
29
Sjöquist, Rafiqui Pernilla. "Evolving economic landscapes : institutions and localized economies in time and space." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-958.
30
Schöler, Klaus. "Transformationsprozesse und Neue Ökonomische Geographie : Erklärungsbeiträge der Neuen Ökonomischen Geographie zur Transformation der ostdeutschen Volkswirtschaft." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5112/.
31
Childress, Ronald Jr. "Water Quality Trading Markets for the Kentucky River Basin: A Point Source Profile." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/8.
Анотація:
This study assessed the feasibility and suitability of a Water Quality Trading (WQT) program within the Kentucky River Basin (KRB). The study’s focal point was based on five success factors of a WQT program: environmental suitability, geospatial orientation, participant availability, regulatory incentive, and economic incentive. The study utilized these five success factors, geographical characteristics, and Discharge Monitoring Reports (DMR) to assess the feasibility of a WQT program.
The assessment divided the KRB into five eight digit Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUC), North, Middle, and South Fork, Middle Basin, and Lower Basin, to determine regional impacts caused by the nutrient PSs. Individual nutrient profiles were generated to show the number of point sources (PS) operating in the KRB, their geospatial orientation to one another, and their permitted nutrient limits and nutrient discharges in form of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and total nitrogen (as ammonia) (TA).
Findings suggest trading is highly unlikely for TP and TN PSs due to the lack of regulatory standards, limited number of TN and TP PSs, and an inadequate demand for offset credits. Trading is also unlikely in all the HUC 8 watersheds except for the Lower Basin due to the lack of nutrient impaired waters.
Key Words: Point Source, Non-Point Source, Water Quality Trading, TMDL, Impaired Waters
32
Crouch, Colin Stamford. "The economic geography of recession in the UK : the early 1980s and historical perspectives." Thesis, Durham University, 1989. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/950/.
33
Ziv, Oren. "Essays in Economic Geography." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467205.
Анотація:
While economic geography is concerned chiefly with proximity, models in urban economics eliminate proximity as a relative metric in order to preserve tractability. I introduce a new method of solving spatial models that allows for the consideration of proximity in an economic geography setting while retaining much of the tractability of the urban framework.
The first chapter in this thesis introduces the solution method for continuous space geography models and shows how it reduces the complexity of the equilibrium conditions and allows such a model to generate more predictions than was previously possible.
In this chapter, I build a model of firm location decisions in a spatial setting in order to provide a new explanation for the relationship between productivity and density: sorting of heterogeneous firms for market access. This geographic model of sorting breaks observa- tional equivalence between firm sorting and agglomeration forces: under specific conditions, positive shocks to density can negatively affect average productivity through changes in the local composition of firms, inconsistent with models of agglomeration forces without sorting.
Using restricted access establishment-level Census data, I document strong intra-city relationships between location and firm characteristics predicted by the model. I test for evidence of composition effects, instrumenting for the supply of new non-residential real estate construction using the geographic distribution of multi-city real estate developers, and find evidence of firm sorting.
The second chapter in this thesis finds persistent differences in self-reported subjective well-being across U.S. metropolitan areas and uses historical data to show that cities that are now declining were also unhappy in their more prosperous past. The third chapter in this thesis considers the spatial location decisions of multi-unit firms and highlights two previously understudied potential agglomeration and dispersion forces: intra-firm distance costs and market cannibalization.Political Economy and Government
34
Panahi, Hossein. "Geographical proximity and economic growth." Thesis, University of Hull, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479145.
35
Corah, James. "Economic geographies of religious institutions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11646/.
Анотація:
The Christian Church is one of the oldest institutions in the UK. Furthermore, the Church is an important economic actor in the British economy, with the current Church of England holding investment assets of approximately £8billion. In addition it provides the largest amount of explicitly religious spaces, through its network of Churches, in the nation. However, despite a recent resurgence of interest from geographers in religion, through the Geography of Religion discourse, the Christian Church is, and has remained, an understudied institution. In contrast, I will argue that the particular characteristics of the faith make it an ideal institution for study. By investigating the Church I will integrate the previously disparate literatures of the Geography of Religion and Economic Geography to identify how the spaces of Christian religious institutions, such as the Parish Church, continue to exist in the capitalist economic system of the UK. To this end the thesis will adopt an economic institutionalist perspective to understanding religious bodies; using the case studies of The Church of England, The Baptist Union, and The Assemblies of God to investigate the process of institutional reproduction. In addition to providing an overview of how religious institutions are reproduced the thesis will make a further two contributions to Geography. First, it will investigate how Christianity and capitalism interrelates. In so doing I will argue that, whilst geographers have traditionally argued that institutions influence the practices of capitalism, this is a two-way process as the economic imperative of reproduction entails that capitalism itself also alters the properties of religious institutions. Second, the thesis will provide an investigation of the internal properties of institutions to argue that, rather than being a cohesive body, religious institutions are an assemblage of a number of linked networks. This has a severe impact on the process of institutional reproduction as finance and resources do not flow freely around the institution to where they are needed.
36
Milani, Luca <1992>. "Geographical Axis and Economic Development." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16167.
Анотація:
Is the fate of a country already written in its longitude and latitude? Is it possible that geographical coordinates are linked to economic development?
My considerations will start with some review of the literature on the matter, from the book of Jared Diamond "Guns, germs, and steel", to some theories that beginning from Diamond's considerations, have try to explain differences arising is come continents or countries.
There will be a part dedicated to Italy, where I will draw some consideration about the current state of the union, focusing on the North - South gap, reporting some recent statistics. In the same chapter I will report the historical evolution of the GDP in our country, starting from the unification of Italy, in 1861, to the more recent years.
Beyond providing some literature and statistical material, the core of my work will be providing empirical support for observable implications of the continental axis theory, particularly focusing on variables that affect the development of a country, such as economic growth, public goods provision, local violence, and social trust.
37
Harrison, Richard T. "Inter-organisational relationships, technological change and industrial geography : studies in the development of the United Kingdom shipbuilding industry." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357447.
38
Leite, Vasco Leitão Carvalho Gomes. "Essays on New Economic Geography." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/45958.
39
Leite, Vasco Leitão Carvalho Gomes. "Essays on New Economic Geography." Tese, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/45958.
40
MUREDDU, FRANCESCO. "Essays in New Economic Geography." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266005.
Анотація:
The recent Nobel Prize assigned to Paul Krugman "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity" witnesses the important role that the scienti�c community gives to the insights of the so-called New Economic Geography (NEG) literature. This field of economic analysis has always been particularly appealing to policy makers, given the direct link between its results
and regional policy rules. For the same reason it is useful to deepen the analysis of its most important outputs by testing the theoretical robustness of some of
its more relevant statements. This thesis tries to o¤er a contribution in this direction by focusing on a particular sub-field of NEG literature, the so-called
New Economic Geography and Growth (NEGG) literature, having in Baldwin and Martin (2004) and Baldwin et. al (2004) the most important theoretical syntheses. These two surveys collect and present in an uni�ed framework the
works by Baldwin, Martin and Ottaviano (2001), where capital is immobile and spillovers are localized, Martin and Ottaviano (1999) where spillovers are global
and capital is mobile. Other related papers are Baldwin (1999) which introduces forward looking expectations in the so-called Footloose capital model developed
by Martin and Rogers (1995); Baldwin and Forslid (1999) which introduces endogenous growth by means of a q-theory approach; Baldwin and Forslid (2000)
where spillovers are localized, capital is immobile and migration is allowed.
Some more recent developments in the NEGG literature can be distinguished in two main strands. One takes into consideration factor price differences in
order to discuss the possibility of a monotonic relation between agglomeration and integration (Bellone and Maupertuis (2003) and Andres (2007)). The other
one assumes firms heterogeneity in productivity (first introduced by Eaton and Kortum (2002) and Melitz (2003)) in order to analyse the relationship between
growth and the spatial selection e¤ect leading the most productive firms to move to larger markets (see Baldwin and Okubo (2006) and Baldwin and Robert-Nicoud (2008). These recent developments are related to our work in introducing some relevant departures from the standard model. Indeed this thesis develops
and extends the theoretical framework of New Economic Geography theory along several routes.
In the third chapter of the thesis we develop a New Economic Geography and Growth model which, by using a CES utility function in the second-stage
optimization problem, allows for expenditure shares in industrial goods to be endogenously determined. The implications of our generalization are quite rel-evant. In particular, we obtain the following novel results: 1) catastrophic
agglomeration may always take place, whatever the degree of market integration, provided that the traditional and the industrial goods are su¢ ciently good
substitutes; 2) the regional rate of growth is affected by the interregional allocation of economic activities even in the absence of localized spillovers, so that
geography always matters for growth and 3) the regional rate of growth is af-
fected by the degree of market openness: in particular, depending on whether
the traditional and the industrial goods are good or poor substitutes, economic
integration may be respectively growth-enhancing or growth-detrimental.
In the fourth chapter of the thesis we build a New Economic Geography
and Growth model based on Baldwin, Martin and Ottaviano (2001) with an
additional sector producing Non-tradable goods (services). By assuming intersectoral and localized knowledge spillovers from the innovation sector to the
service sector, we show that firms'allocation affects regional real growth. More
precisely we assume that the unit labour requirements (and thereby the prices)
in the service production are a negative function of the output of innovation, i.e.
the stock of knowledge capital. Due to this new specification, real growth rates
in the two regions always diverge when the firms allocation pattern differs from
the symmetric one. This result is a novelty in the standard theoretical NEGG literature where regional gap in real growth rate is always zero. Moreover, this result has strong policy implications because it suggests that concentrating in-
dustries in only one region may also bring a dynamic loss for the periphery.
By analyzing the trade-o¤ between the dynamic gains of agglomeration (due to localized intertemporal spillovers) and the dynamic loss of agglomeration (due to localized intersectoral spillovers), we also discuss different notions of optimal
level of agglomeration.
The thesis will proceed as follows: in the chapters one and two we describe the state of the art in New Economic Geography and its further developments such as the New Economic Geography and Growth, the possibility of a monotonic relation between agglomeration and integration, and finally the firms heterogeneity in New Economic Geography models. Instead in chapters
three and four we present our original contribution to the theory, i.e. the analysis of endogenous expenditure shares and intersectoral knowledge spillovers on the agglomeration patterns and economic growth.
41
Tondel, Fabien. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY." UKnowledge, 2009. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/737.
Анотація:
This dissertation explores the impact of international trade on the geographic location of manufacturing activities and on regional productivity growth patterns within countries. This study develops models of trade with monopolistic competition in the context of a two-region country. It also provides empirical estimates of the e ect of tari policy on the distribution of industrial activities and on productivity growth di erentials across Colombia's regions.
The rst essay investigates the consequences of trade liberalization for the distribution of manufacturing activities between large and small cities. It presents an extension of the Melitz (2003) model of trade with monopolistic competition and heterogeneous rms where producers' location and export market participation decisions depend on their productivity. As a country's exposure to trade shifts, rms and output are reallocated between large and small urban areas. Data from Colombia's manufacturing sector lend support to theoretical predictions concerning tari reduction's impact on the repartition of industrial activities between metro- and nonmetropolitan areas in this country.
The second essay extends the New Economic Geography, Footloose-Capital model to examine the e ect of commercial policy on the distribution of industrial activities between regions within a country. This study aims at distinguishing theoretical cases with regard to the nature of the trade policy change or to the source of asymmetry between regions. It shows that trade liberalization can have adverse consequences for the manufacturing sector of a small or isolated region under bilateral liberalization, but a positive impact under unilateral trade liberalization.
The third essay adapts the Melitz and Ottaviano (2008) model of trade with monopolistic competition, heterogeneous rms, and variable mark-ups to analyze the relationship between trade openness, regional market size, and regional aggregate industry performance. It demonstrates that the impact of trade liberalization on aggregate industry productivity growth varies across regions as a function of regional market size and proximity to foreign markets. A larger region experiences a greater increase in aggregate productivity through intra-industry reallocation of market shares. Similarly, a region with better access to international markets enjoys a higher productivity growth from tari reduction. Empirical evidence is obtained from the Colombian manufacturing sector.
42
Busson, Henri. "Four essays on location choice : theoretical and experimental studies." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1G019.
Анотація:
Les choix de localisation des ménages conduisent à divers problèmes tels que la ségrégation entre ménages riches et ménages pauvres et à des inégalités spatiales entre les régions. Cette thèse étudie ces phénomènes à l'aide de modèles théoriques et d'expériences menées en laboratoire. Pour commencer, une expérience dont l’objectif est d’analyser les conditions sous lesquelles est réalisée pour voir sous quelles conditions différentes structures urbaines peuvent être obtenues. En effet, aux Etats-Unis, les riches sont majoritairement en banlieue et les pauvres en centre-ville alors que l'opposé est observé dans les grandes villes européennes. Il apparait que le ratio « coût d'opportunité du temps/la demande de logements » est un facteur essentiel pour expliquer ces types de structure. Ensuite, une étude théorique est menée pour obtenir des structures de villes plus complexes, où les riches et les pauvres sont beaucoup moins en situation de ségrégation. La théorie montre que les politiques publiques peuvent donner des résultats très différents. Puis, nous étudions la répartition du capital humain entre les régions. Dans les pays où elle est inégale, on observe une croissance trop faible dans les régions pauvres et une augmentation des inégalités spatiales. Pour combattre ces inégalités, il est montré qu'il est possible de faire revenir les travailleurs qualifiés dans les régions pauvres car il existe des complémentarités avec les travailleurs non qualifiés. Des études ont montré que ces derniers augmentent la productivité des travailleurs qualifiés. Enfin, une étude expérimentale est faite pour étudier les choix de consommation. Nous testons l’hypothèse de l'existence d'un consommateur représentatif souvent faite en Nouvelle Economie Géographique. Il en ressort que les modèles existant ne prennent pas assez en compte l’hétérogénéité des goûts des consommateursSeveral problems such as spatial inequalities between regions and spatial segregation within cities arise from households’ location choices. The purpose of this dissertation is to address these problems with theoretical and experimental studies. To begin, a laboratory experiment has been conducted in order to understand under which conditions different urban structures emerge. Indeed, in the U.S., spatial segregation occurs and the richer households are located in the suburbs while the poor ones are located downtown. The opposite pattern is observed in several major European cities. It appears in our study that the ratio ‘transportation costs/demand for land’ is a key factor for explaining these two types of segregation. Then, a theoretical model is used to reproduce several types of urban structures, where poor and rich households are located in the same neighborhoods. The theory predicts that policy interventions can lead to very different outcome. Then, the spatial distribution of human capital among regions is studied. Because skilled workers are mainly attracted toward wealthier regions, economic growth is lower in the poorer regions and spatial inequalities increase. The theoretical model predicts that it is possible to bring back the skilled workers in poor regions because there exists complementarities between skilled and unskilled workers. Indeed, the presence of unskilled workers enhances skilled workers' productivity, making their return more profitable. To finish, a laboratory experiment has been conducted to study consumers' behavior. Because in New Economic Geography models, the existence of a representative consumer is often assumed. The relevance of this hypothesis is tested. It appears that the existing models do not take enough into account heterogeneity in tastes among the consumers
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Blomley, N. K. "Retail law at the urban and national levels : Geographical aspects of the operation and possible amendment of the Shops Act (1950)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373823.
44
Kauffmann, Albrecht. "Das Städtesystem der Russischen Föderation aus Sicht der Neuen Ökonomischen Geographie." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4452/.
Анотація:
Der Anstieg der Energiepreise kann zu einer länger anhaltenden Verteuerung von Gütertransporten führen. Welche Auswirkungen haben steigende Transportkosten auf die Entwicklung von Städtesystemen?
Ein solcher Transportkostenanstieg hat in der Russischen Föderation nach der Preisliberalisierung 1992 real, d.h. in Relation zu den Preisen anderer Gütergruppen stattgefunden. Gleichzeitig stellt die Bevölkerungsstatistik der Russischen Föderation Daten bereit, mit deren Hilfe Hypothesen zur Entwicklung von Städtesystemen unter dem Einfluss steigender Transportkosten geprüft werden können. Diese Daten werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit umfassend ausgewertet.
Den theoretischen Hintergrund liefert die Modellierung eines Städtesystems mit linearer Raumstruktur im Rahmen der Neuen Ökonomischen Geographie. Damit wird ein Werkzeug geschaffen, das auch auf weiträumige Städtesysteme mit ausgeprägter Bandstruktur angewendet werden kann. Die hier erstmals erfolgte ausführliche Erläuterung des zu Grunde liegenden Theorieansatzes versteht sich als Ergänzung der Standardlehrbücher der Raumwirtschaftstheorie.
Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung bestätigen die Prognose des Modells, dass in großflächigen Ländern bzw. Regionen mit Ähnlichkeit zur unterstellten Raumstruktur ein Anstieg der Transportkosten Konzentrationstendenzen in den Zentren befördert, während die peripheren Regionen zunehmend abgekoppelt werden.The rise in energy prices may result in long-lasting rise in costs of freight transports. Which effects do rising freight transport costs have for the development of urban systems? Such rise of transport costs in real terms has happened in Russia after price liberalisation in 1992. At the same time, the Russian official demographic statistics provides data that can be used to test hypotheses concerning the development of urban systems affected by rising transport costs. In the present study, these data are comprehensively evaluated. The theoretical background is provided by modelling of a linear shaped urban system in the framework of New Economic Geography. By means of this tool, analysis can be applied to spacious urban systems with large transport distances. For the first time, the underlying theoretical approach is explained in detail. The empirical results provide evidence for the outcomes of the theoretical model: In spacious countries or regions, respectively, whose urban systems are drawn-out on long lines, rising costs of freight transport are conducive to tendencies of concentration of population in large cities in the centre of the system, while peripheral regions are increasingly disconnected.
45
Broström, Anders. "Strategists and Academics : Essays on interaction in R&D." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Transporter och samhällsekonomi (stängd 20110301), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10259.
Анотація:
This doctoral thesis consists of five self-contained essays on interaction in R&D between university researchers and private firms. Together, these essays explore the conditions under which private firms benefit from spillovers from publicly funded and organised research. From the first essay, which sets out to empirically validate the theoretical arguments about the benefits of university-industry interaction for private firms, the thesis follows a line of pursuit that goes back and forth between exploration of the different benefits that firms enjoy from university interaction and the relationships between these benefits and the conditions of interaction. In essay II, a typology of rationales for establishing cooperative relations is presented. A considerable breadth of interaction rationales is documented, but on closer examination, a “core” set of rationales related to innovation in terms of invented or improved products or processes are found to be the main drivers of interaction. Developing this view, three critical issues previously studied within innovation economics are re-considered from the point of view of firm rationales for interaction; public co-funding of university-firm interaction (essay II), the role of geographic proximity for interaction on R&D (essay III) and the organisation of public sector research (public research institutes and universities) in relation to firm level competences (essay IV). In a fifth essay, four ideal types of strategy for localised interaction between R&D subsidiaries and universities are proposed. Through the framework developed in this essay, the rationales for interaction are related to the overall R&D strategy of multinational firms. Concluding the thesis, it is discussed how the research presented herein opens up for improved theorizing around the roles of academic research for industrial innovation.QC 20100706
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Frohwerk, Sascha. "Zur Modellierung von Asymmetrien in der Neuen Ökonomischen Geographie." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/5852/.
Анотація:
In der Neuen Ökonomischen Geographie wird üblicherweise Symmetrie der betrachteten
Regionen und Sektoren unterstellt. In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, wie Asymmetrien in diesen Modellen berücksichtigt werden können und welche zusätzlichen Erkenntnisse sich daraus ableiten lassen. Es werden dazu in vier grundlegenden Modellen zunächst Asymmetrien modelliert, durch Simulation die möglichen Gleichgewichte bestimmt und anschließend die Unterschiede zum jeweiligen Basismodell diskutiert.
47
Plaigin, Charles. "Neighborhood and Economic spillovers: four essays on the role of culture, institutions and geography." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209693.
Анотація:
The dissertation suggests that geographical, institutional, religious and cultural links may be determinants of growth. We address a number of issues in this thesis. The starting point is naturally a study on growth, while the main focus is on the analysis of inequalities between countries with respect to their environment, and also on inequalities within countries.The very first step of the study, presented in Chapter one, is to build such non-physical relations between countries. In this chapter, we present both the choices and methods used to model the institutional and cultural weights matrices. Chapter 1 also presents a comparative study between the different matrices built. The final aim of this chapter is to identify the differences between the geographical, institutional and cultural environment.
The following chapter incorporates these innovative new types of matrices in a study on growth. An externality growth model is therefore developed that takes proximities between entities into account, whether geographical, institutional or cultural. The purpose of the chapter is threefold. First, it compares the results obtained from spatial econometrics methods with classical regression, where observations of growth are considered as independent. Second, it examines whether the development of an externality model improves the quality of the estimation. Third, it investigates whether the institutional and cultural types of proximity make sense compared to the geographical one.
Chapter 3 narrows the analysis of countries’ dependency with regard to their neighborhood, whether geographical, institutional or religious, and a quintile regression approach allows us to check whether the countries' wealth level matters. Do the poorest countries react in the same way as richer ones regarding the wealth of their geographical, institutional and religious neighbors? The gross impact of neighboring wealth on a country’s wealth is then estimated, and some relative effects of the three matrices combined are also shown, as well as the robustness of the estimates.
Finally, Chapter 4 analyzes the dependence of poverty regarding neighborhood. The relative wealth and poverty of the neighborhood are examined as factors that can influence a country’s poverty level. The poverty index used is the proportion of people living on less than one or two dollars a day. The study only considers the developing countries as data for the developed countries on the proportion of this variable is near zero. Once again, the final aim is to check whether a country’s poverty is exacerbated by its geographical, institutional and religious neighborhood poverty or if it takes advantage of neighborhood wealth to manage its own poverty issues.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
48
Doyle, Regan. "Slum economies : economic activity hubs in informal settlements : a case study of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111113/.
Анотація:
This thesis seeks to provide a better understanding of the informal economy within informal settlements, particularly the importance of agglomeration economies or economic activity hubs (EAHs), within the context of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The research seeks to understand the spatial and economic networks of EAHs as their agglomeration processes, socio-cultural dimensions, and other factors or characteristics to determine potential drivers and operations of these economies. This research also examines the potential of GIS and spatial analysis as a tool in researching the informal economy in developing cities. This investigation was conducted through a case study of EAHs in two informal settlements in Dar es Salaam, Keko and Manzese, using a mixed-methods approach. In many developing cities, urbanisation and growth coincide with a large informal economy, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, despite research suggesting that the informal economy provides an important source of economic opportunity and development, many policies and planning practices still maintain a largely negative perception, resulting in marginalisation of the working poor. Most existing research on the IE has focused on street traders; however there is little research regarding economic activity occurring within low-income settlements. As the contexts in these spaces is very different, there is a gap in existing research regarding the role of clustering economies within the settlements as well as the wider urban economy. The research reveals that EAHs play an important role in not only informal settlements, but also the wider urban economy and operate with a high degree of specialisation and complex agglomeration processes. These economies are largely misunderstood or simply overlooked by the regulatory environment. A better understanding of the informal economy and the potential of EAHs may enable policy makers and urban planners to use the concept of informality to alleviate the incidence of working poverty in developing cities.
49
Gutberlet, Theresa. "Mechanization, Transportation, and the Location of Industry in Germany 1846 to 1907." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297025.
Анотація:
This dissertation investigates the question: why do some regions industrialize and others do not? The research focuses on industrialization in Germany in the second half of the 19th century when the country adopted British steam technology and built a dense railroad network. The central thesis is that the adoption of steam powered machinery created incentives for manufacturers to concentrate production in central areas and around coal fields. The railroad boom lowered trade costs and thereby made it feasible to serve distant markets from these central locations. As a result, the Ruhr Area gained industrial employment in large numbers while regions in Bavaria and East Elbia lost their traditional manufacturing centers. Specifically, the first chapter finds that increases in the use of steam power led to a rise in the spatial concentration of manufacturing industries and higher co-location with coal mining. The second chapter compares the effects of access to coal and access to consumer markets on regional industrial employment to separately identify the impact of coal fields and the population centers that formed around them. The results show that access to coal was more important than access to consumer markets for the location of metal production and textiles. The third chapter shows that improvements in market access had a negative impact on manufacturing growth in regions with below median per capita manufacturing employment, but for regions above this mark the impact was positive. This means that the transportation improvements did not support the dispersion of industry but instead contributed to the geographic concentration of industrialization. Together the chapters show that the adoption of steam powered technology in manufacturing and transportation raised the spatial concentration of manufacturing and help to explain why industrial development was not more widespread in Germany.
50
Eriksson, Rikard. "Labour mobility and plant performance : The influence of proximity, relatedness and agglomeration." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-27715.
Анотація:
The purpose of this thesis is to shed new light on the theorizations discussing the economic benefits of geographical clustering in a space economy increasingly characterized by globalization processes. This is made possible through the employment of a plant-perspective and a focus on how the relative fixity and mobility of labour influence plant performance throughout the entire Swedish economy. By means of the longitudinal micro database ASTRID, connecting attributes of individuals to features of plants and localities for the whole Swedish economy, the empirical findings indicate that both localization and urbanization economies produce significant labour market externalities and that such inter-plant linkages positively affect plant performance as compared to the partial effects of relative regional specialization and diversification. Moreover, it is also demonstrated that it is necessary both to distinguish how well the external skills retrieved via labour mobility match the existing knowledge base of plants and to determine the geographical dimension of such flows to verify the relative effect of labour market-induced externalities. Finally, it is demonstrated that whereas general urbanization is beneficial within close distance to the plant, the composition of economic activities is more influential at greater distances. In such cases the geographical dimension influences whether plants benefit from being located in similar or different local settings. In conclusion, it is argued that the circulation of labour skills, created and reproduced through the place-specific industrial setup, is crucial for understanding the mechanisms creating geographical variations in plant performance as compared to other regional conditions often proxied as relative specialization or diversification. This is because the relative fixity of labour tends to create place- and sector-specific skills which by means of their mobility in space are likely to facilitate the recombination of local skills, make the acquirement of non-local skills possible and secure sufficient affinity between economic actors by strengthening other dimensions of proximity – all aspects regarded as crucial to facilitate interactive learning processes and contribute to sustained regional growth.