Статті в журналах: "Geographic divisions"

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Sayadyan, Hamik, and Ashot Gevorgyan. "A geographic and urban planning view of military administrative divisions." Multidisciplinary Reviews 6, no. 3 (August 15, 2023): 2023022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2023022.

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The following issues are discussed in this article: military-geographic regionalization questions, the relationship between the Earth's surface and the geographic sphere, two main types of divisions - physio-geographic territorial and economic-territorial divisions, the administrative-territorial division of different states, and the problem of complex physical-geographical zoning differentiation objectively through the existing natural-territorial complex of different ranks and varying degrees of complexity. By examining the military-administrative divisions of the US and Russian Federation, both past and present, it is concluded that these divisions are based on geographic-territorial considerations, encompassing continents, states, and interior administrative area boundaries. These divisions facilitate the optimal command and control of troops. The joint staff of the armed forces, responsible for strategic territorial division into different commands, considers and analyzes various components of the geographical background during the initial phase of combat operations, providing strategic advantages for regional commands in the theatre of military operations. This approach forms the basis for the efficient utilization of different types of forces.

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Lawrence, W. Svenson, G. Howard Platt, and E. Woodhead Sheena. "Geographic Variations in the Prevalence Rates of Parkinson’s Disease in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 20, no. 4 (November 1993): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100048228.

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ABSTRACT:Parkinson’s disease prevalence rates were examined for the Province of Alberta by age, sex and census division. Using the claims administrative data from the Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan, a cohort of all registered individuals (2.4 million) was extracted and followed for the five year period, April 1, 1984 to March 31, 1989. No new members were added to the cohort and an attrition rate averaging 6% per year was observed. The overall crude prevalence rates of 248.9 and 239.8 per 100,000 population were noted for males and females respectively. Both sexes were found to have a statistically significant variation across Alberta’s 19 census divisions. For males, examination of standardized morbidity ratios found a low risk of Parkinson’s disease associated with five census divisions, of which two contained Alberta’s two largest cities. An excess risk was associated with four primarily rural census divisions. Females, on the other hand, had a low risk associated with one rural census division and excess risk in four census divisions. The uneven distribution within Alberta offers support for an environmental theory of etiology which may be associated with rural living.

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Wang, Shu, Xueying Zhang, Peng Ye, Mi Du, Yanxu Lu, and Haonan Xue. "Geographic Knowledge Graph (GeoKG): A Formalized Geographic Knowledge Representation." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8040184.

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Formalized knowledge representation is the foundation of Big Data computing, mining and visualization. Current knowledge representations regard information as items linked to relevant objects or concepts by tree or graph structures. However, geographic knowledge differs from general knowledge, which is more focused on temporal, spatial, and changing knowledge. Thus, discrete knowledge items are difficult to represent geographic states, evolutions, and mechanisms, e.g., the processes of a storm “{9:30-60 mm-precipitation}-{12:00-80 mm-precipitation}-…”. The underlying problem is the constructors of the logic foundation (ALC description language) of current geographic knowledge representations, which cannot provide these descriptions. To address this issue, this study designed a formalized geographic knowledge representation called GeoKG and supplemented the constructors of the ALC description language. Then, an evolution case of administrative divisions of Nanjing was represented with the GeoKG. In order to evaluate the capabilities of our formalized model, two knowledge graphs were constructed by using the GeoKG and the YAGO by using the administrative division case. Then, a set of geographic questions were defined and translated into queries. The query results have shown that GeoKG results are more accurate and complete than the YAGO’s with the enhancing state information. Additionally, the user evaluation verified these improvements, which indicates it is a promising powerful model for geographic knowledge representation.

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Pathak, J. "Effects of geography on risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among commercially insured children and youth in the US." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S97—S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.281.

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IntroductionTo study the effects of geography on risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among commercially insured children and youth in the USEffects of geography on risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among commercially insured children and youth in the USObjectivesFew studies have examined the impact of geography on risk factors for suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA). This study used a national representative sample to study how geography may influence the relationships of risk factors for SI and SA in commercially insured children and youth.MethodsThe sample was a nationwide retrospective cohort study of 124,424 patients <25 years using commercial claims from four major insurance companies (Aetna, Humana, Kaiser Permanente, and UnitedHealthcare) in the US. The index visit was a mental health or substance use (MH/SUD) outpatient encounter between January 2014 and June 2015. SI and SA were defined by having an ICD-9 diagnosis code within one year after the index visit. Risk factors in the models were demographic and clinical risk factors, including prior psychiatric diagnoses, prescriptions, and healthcare services utilization. Patients’ geographic regions were assigned to one of the nine divisions defined by the US Census Bureau. We used survival analysis to evaluate the effects of geography on risk factors for SI and SA.ResultsAt each follow-up time period (post 7-, 30-, 90-, 180-, and 365-day), rates of SI and SA varied by geographic division (p<0.001). The Mountain Division consistently had the highest rates for both SI and SA (5.44%-10.26% for SI; 0.70%-2.82% for SA). Having MH emergency department (ED) visits in the past year increased the hazard ratio of SI by 28%-65% for children and youth residing in the New England, Mid-Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, and East South Central Divisions. The main effects of geographic divisions were significant for SA (p<0.001). Risk of SA was lower in New England, Mid-Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Pacific (HRs=0.57, 0.51, 0.67, and 0.79, respectively) and higher in the Mountain Division (HR=1.46).ConclusionsChildren and youth residing in the Mountain Division had the highest prevalence of SI and SA and the highest risk of SI after having MH ED visits. Studies of indicators of access to MH ED care and other social determinants of health may clarify the reasons for SI and SA geographic differences.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

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Madudova, Emilia, Tatiana Čorejova, and Marek Valica. "Economic Sustainability in a Wider Context: Case Study of Considerable ICT Sector Sub-Divisions." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 2511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072511.

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This paper situates the process of economic sustainability in the wider context of regional specialization and geographic concentration. The main object is to analyze the implications of increasing importance of sustainable development. In this context, the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is at the same time a part of the problem and solution. The focus of this paper is also the ICT firms themselves. This research aimed to explore the ICT firms operating in the ICT sector and focused more on the ICT firms’ sustainability in connection with industry geographic concentration and regional specialization. The economic sustainability (evaluated by sustainability sub-index) and geographical and regional analysis were studied for 62 Computer Programming and 63 Information Services sub-divisions of the ICT sector. The results confirm a strong correlation between economic sustainability and firm geographic concentration. Results show that a worsening value of economic sustainability does not always lead to the worsening conditions in the industry and there is a strong relationship between the economic sustainability and regional analysis.

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Boyle, Bradley L., Brian S. Maitner, George G. C. Barbosa, Rohith K. Sajja, Xiao Feng, Cory Merow, Erica A. Newman, Daniel S. Park, Patrick R. Roehrdanz, and Brian J. Enquist. "Geographic name resolution service: A tool for the standardization and indexing of world political division names, with applications to species distribution modeling." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): e0268162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268162.

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Massive biological databases of species occurrences, or georeferenced locations where a species has been observed, are essential inputs for modeling present and future species distributions. Location accuracy is often assessed by determining whether the observation geocoordinates fall within the boundaries of the declared political divisions. This otherwise simple validation is complicated by the difficulty of matching political division names to the correct geospatial object. Spelling errors, abbreviations, alternative codes, and synonyms in multiple languages present daunting name disambiguation challenges. The inability to resolve political division names reduces usable data, and analysis of erroneous observations can lead to flawed results. Here, we present the Geographic Name Resolution Service (GNRS), an application for correcting, standardizing, and indexing world political division names. The GNRS resolves political division names against a reference database that combines names and codes from GeoNames with geospatial object identifiers from the Global Administrative Areas Database (GADM). In a trial resolution of political division names extracted from >270 million species occurrences, only 1.9%, representing just 6% of occurrences, matched exactly to GADM political divisions in their original form. The GNRS was able to resolve, completely or in part, 92% of the remaining 378,568 political division names, or 86% of the full biodiversity occurrence dataset. In assessing geocoordinate accuracy for >239 million species occurrences, resolution of political divisions by the GNRS enabled the detection of an order of magnitude more errors and an order of magnitude more error-free occurrences. By providing a novel solution to a significant data quality impediment, the GNRS liberates a tremendous amount of biodiversity data for quantitative biodiversity research. The GNRS runs as a web service and is accessible via an API, an R package, and a web-based graphical user interface. Its modular architecture is easily integrated into existing data validation workflows.

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Cox, Ryan M., Andrew D. Sobel, Alison Biercevicz, Craig P. Eberson, and Mary K. Mulcahey. "Geographic Trends in the Orthopedic Surgery Residency Match." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-17-00633.1.

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ABSTRACT Background Residency program location may be an important factor for orthopedic surgery residency applicants. More than half of residents locate their practice near the site of their training, and surgical specialties (eg, otolaryngology, plastic surgery, and general surgery) have shown geographic patterns in their residency matches. Objective We analyzed geographic trends in the orthopedic surgery Match. Methods Hometown, undergraduate institution, and medical school “preresidency locations” of all allopathic, nonmilitary, orthopedic surgery residents were recorded from program websites for the 2015–2016 academic year. Program and preresidency locations were coded according to state and US census division. Statistical analysis was used to investigate associations between residency program locations and preresidency locations. Results Of 2662 residents in the study, 1220 of 2614 (47%), 536 of 1329 (40%), and 308 of 744 (41%) matched into the same division as their medical school, undergraduate institution, and hometown, respectively. There were significant differences among divisions (P < .001). Also, 817 of 2662 (31%), 319 of 1329 (24%), and 200 of 770 (26%) residents matched in the same state as their medical school, undergraduate institution, and hometown, respectively, with significant differences between states for medical school (P < .0001) and undergraduate institution (P < .0001), but not hometown (P = .22). Overall, 21% of residents (538 of 2612) matched at the program affiliated with their medical school. Conclusions There is an association among hometown, undergraduate institution, and medical school for the training program location in which orthopedic surgery residents match, with variability in locations matched at state and census division levels.

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Kojanić, Ognjen. "Theory from the Peripheries." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 29, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2020.290204.

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This article argues for the benefits of a relational approach to understanding centres and peripheries across scales in anthropology, as opposed to an approach based on substantive notions of geographic areas. Based on an extensive literature review, I expose how the salience of the division into Western and Eastern Europe, and, increasingly, into Northern and Southern Europe, obscures the divisions on other scales within and across these divisions. Instead, I argue for thinking relationally about centres and peripheries, highlighting two relevant contributions that the anthropology of postsocialism can make to a European anthropology: one is based on analyses of how places become peripheral, while the other starts from analyses of political-economic changes and their social impacts after the collapse of socialism.

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Wilk, Piotr, Shehzad Ali, Kelly K. Anderson, Andrew F. Clark, Martin Cooke, Stephanie J. Frisbee, Jason Gilliland, et al. "Geographic variation in preventable hospitalisations across Canada: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (May 2020): e037195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037195.

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ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to examine the magnitude and pattern of small-area geographic variation in rates of preventable hospitalisations for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSC) across Canada (excluding Québec).Design and settingA cross-sectional study conducted in Canada (excluding Québec) using data from the 2006 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC) linked prospectively to hospitalisation records from the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) for the three fiscal years: 2006–2007, 2007–2008 and 2008–2009.Primary outcome measurePreventable hospitalisations (ACSC).ParticipantsThe 2006 CanCHEC represents a population of 22 562 120 individuals in Canada (excluding Québec). Of this number, 2 940 150 (13.03%) individuals were estimated to be hospitalised at least once during the 2006–2009 fiscal years.MethodsAge-standardised annualised ACSC hospitalisation rates per 100 000 population were computed for each of the 190 Census Divisions. To assess the magnitude of Census Division-level geographic variation in rates of preventable hospitalisations, the global Moran’s I statistic was computed. ‘Hot spot’ analysis was used to identify the pattern of geographic variation.ResultsOf all the hospitalisation events reported in Canada during the 2006–2009 fiscal years, 337 995 (7.10%) events were ACSC-related hospitalisations. The Moran’s I statistic (Moran’s I=0.355) suggests non-randomness in the spatial distribution of preventable hospitalisations. The findings from the ‘hot spot’ analysis indicate a cluster of Census Divisions located in predominantly rural and remote parts of Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan and in eastern and northern parts of Nunavut with significantly higher than average rates of preventable hospitalisation.ConclusionThe knowledge generated on the small-area geographic variation in preventable hospitalisations can inform regional, provincial and national decision makers on planning, allocation of resources and monitoring performance of health service providers.

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Halás, Marián, and Pavel Klapka. "Regional division of Czechia on the basis of spatial interaction modelling." Geografie 115, no. 2 (2010): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2010115020144.

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Spatial interactions represent mutual relations between geographic areas or regions at different hierarchical levels. The Reilly’s law is one of the spatial interaction models which was originally constructed for survey of retail gravitation and was based on purely formal relations. The article aims at closer presentation of the Reilly’s law and proposes possible applications of the model in regional delineation tasks and in formation of the administrative division of Czechia. Comparisons with other regional and administrative divisions are included as well.

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Lockyer, Christina. "Application of a new method to investigate population structure in the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, with special reference to the North and Baltic Seas." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 1, no. 3 (December 1, 1999): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v1i3.482.

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Tooth ultrastructure in harbour porpoise is examined as a possible tool for differentiating between animals from different geographical regions in the North Atlantic. Nine different characteristics in both dentine and cementum are identified and recorded in the decalcified, sectioned and stained teeth. Significant differences in several characters are found between porpoise tooth samples from the Canadian east coast and West Greenland, between Iceland, the North Sea, and Celtic Shelf, as well as sub-divisions within the North Sea, and between the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, Inner Danish waters and the Baltic Sea. The method appears promising if used on groups of known geographic origin. However, it is not certain that any one tooth could be assigned to a particular geographic group, when selected randomly.

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Allen, Gordon. "U.S. Regional Changes in Twinning Rates." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 37, no. 3-4 (October 1988): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000003895.

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AbstractThe rise in twinning rates previously reported for U.S. between 1964 and 1987 after adjustment for maternal age and birth order occurred in each of the nine conventional geographic divisions except the Pacific States. Differences and consistencies in rank order among the divisions with respect to crude and adjusted twinning rates and other demographic parameters may hold clues to yet unidentified influences in twinning.

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Rodrigues, Thiago, Mariana Kalil, Roberto Zepeda, and Jonathan D. Rosen. "War Zone Acapulco: Urban Drug Trafficking in the Americas." Contexto Internacional 39, no. 3 (December 2017): 609–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2017390300008.

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Abstract Acapulco epitomises the (in)security of urban zones in the Americas whose geographical, political and economic divisions are exacerbated by the political economy and geopolitics of drug trafficking, as well as by militarised attempts to fight it. Various geographic, political, and economic factors in the Acapulco Metropolitan Zone (AMZ) have impacted drug trafficking and organised crime and contributed to high levels of violence. As a result, Acapulco now ranks among the 50 most violent cities in the world. This article analyses the trends in drug trafficking and organised crime in the AMZ, and highlights the lessons for scholars and policy-makers.

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Barrington, Lowell W., and Erik S. Herron. "One Ukraine or Many? Regionalism in Ukraine and Its Political Consequences." Nationalities Papers 32, no. 1 (March 2004): 53–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599042000186179.

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Intra-state regional differences are a central topic in the study of European and Eurasian politics. In Ukraine, regional differences have proven to be powerful predictors of mass attitudes and political behavior. But what does the “regional factor” in Ukrainian politics represent? Is it simply the result of compositional effects, or are the regional differences more than just a sum of other demographic factors correlated with geographic divisions? When analyzing regional divisions as an explanatory variable, what are the implications of employing different regional frameworks? In this article, we demonstrate how geographic divisions in the country hold up even when others factors—such as ethnicity and language use—are controlled for. As part of this inquiry, we compare the results of three competing regional frameworks for Ukraine: one with two regions, one with four regions and one with eight regions. While the eight-region framework is uncommon in studies of Ukraine, the decision to examine eight regions is supported by historical, economic and demographic arguments, as well as by the results of the statistical analyses presented in this article. Scholars who have focused on fewer regions in Ukraine may have underestimated the effects of regional differences and missed interesting stories about intra-state variation in Ukrainian attitudes and voting behavior. The results of this study carry important implications not only for the study of Ukraine but also for those interested in intra-state regional divisions across Europe and Eurasia.

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Sun, Shan, Huijun Wang, Matthew CB Tsilimigras, Annie Green Howard, Wei Sha, Jiguo Zhang, Chang Su, et al. "Does geographical variation confound the relationship between host factors and the human gut microbiota: a population-based study in China." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e038163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038163.

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ObjectiveThe human gut microbiota plays important roles in human health but is also known to be highly diverse between populations from different regions. Yet most studies inadequately account for this regional diversity in their analyses. This study examines the extent to which geographical variation can act as a confounding variable for studies that associate the microbiota with human phenotypic variation.DesignPopulation-based study.SettingChina.Participants2164 participants from 15 province-level divisions in China.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe analysed the impact of geographic location on associations between the human gut microbiota and 72 host factors representing a wide variety of environmental-level, household-level and individual-level factors.ResultsWhile the gut microbiota varied across a wide range of host factors including urbanisation, occupation and dietary variables, the geographic region (province/megacity) of the participants explained the largest proportion of the variance (17.9%). The estimated effect sizes for other host factors varied substantially by region with little evidence of a reproducible signal across different areas as measured by permutational multivariate analysis of variance and random forest models.ConclusionsOur results suggest that geographic variation is an essential factor that should be explicitly considered when generalising microbiota-based models to host phenotype across different populations.

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Fatima, Kaniz, Shimlin Jahan Khanam, Md Mostafizur Rahman, Md Iqbal Kabir, and Md Nuruzzaman Khan. "Clustering of home delivery in Bangladesh and its predictors: Evidence from the linked household and health facility level survey data." PLOS Global Public Health 4, no. 2 (February 15, 2024): e0002607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002607.

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Around half of births in Bangladesh occur at home without skilled birth personnel. This study aims to identify the geographical hot spots and cold spots of home delivery in Bangladesh and associated factors. We analyzed data from the 2017/2018 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey and the 2017 Bangladesh Health Facility Survey. The outcome variable was home delivery without skilled personnel supervision (yes, no). Explanatory variables included individual, household, community, and healthcare facility level factors. Moran’s I was used to determine hot spots (geographic locations with notably high rates of home delivery) and cold spots (geographic areas exhibiting significantly low rates of home delivery) of home delivery. Geographically weighted regression models were used to identify cluster-specific predictors of home delivery. The prevalence of without skilled personnel supervised home delivery was 53.18%. Hot spots of non-supervised and unskilled supervised home delivery were primarily located in Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Rangpur divisions. Cold spots of home delivery were mainly located in Mymensingh and Sylhet divisions. Predictors of higher home births in hot spot areas included women’s illiteracy, lack of formal job engagement, higher number of children ever born, partner’s agriculture occupation, higher community-level illiteracy, and larger distance to the nearest healthcare facility from women’s homes. The study findings suggest home delivery is prevalent in Bangladesh. Awareness-building programs should emphasize the importance of skilled and supervised institutional deliveries, particularly among the poor and disadvantaged groups.

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Stanislavskaya, E. V. "TAXONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE EPIPHYTON OF SMALL RIVERS OF THE NORTHWESTERN COAST OF LAKE LADOGA." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 25, no. 5 (2023): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2023-25-5-175-181.

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The taxonomic structure and diversity of attached algae in small rivers of the northwestern coast of Lake Ladoga are presented. A total 323 algal species from 7 divisions were found: Bacillariophyta - 122 (38%), Charophyta - 69 (22%), Chlorophyta - 54 (17%), Cyanoprokaryota - 45 (12%), Euglenophyta - 25 (8%), Xanthophyta – 5 (2%), Rhodophyta 3 – (1%). Divisions Bacillariophyta, Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanoprokaryota are most various and numerous. The most representative families are Desmidiaceae, Closteriaceae, Fragilariaceae and the genera Closterium, Cosmarium, Nitzschia. The structure and diversity of the algoflora are determined by the geographic location and characteristics of the catchment area.

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Fudge, Daniel. "Geographic Differences of Individual Views toward the Role of Government." American Review of Politics 37, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-779x.2020.37.2.71-96.

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Government, through the provision of public services, plays an integral role in the lives of American citizens. In consequence, public opinion of government involvement has been consistently measured through the use of national surveys in order to better evaluate the public’s reaction to specific public policies. While measuring of aggregate public opinions on government involvement is valuable, there are certainly differences across various groups of Americans. The United States may be divided when it comes to partisanship and ideology, but perhaps there are also significant divisions between Americans based on their geography, or “place”. Using data from the American National Election Survey from 1994-2008, this study examines the differences in opinion on government spending towards public services, welfare programs, and Social Security. Rooted in the idea that different “places” harbor varying degrees of support for the government, I hypothesize that the role of government is viewed differently between urban and rural America, further demonstrating that America experiences an urban-rural division in regard to perceptions of American politics. The findings demonstrate that ideology drives Americans’ support for these specific policies and that “place” can serve as a conditioning effect on the standard ideological view. Specifically, liberals living in rural areas are less supportive of government spending than their liberal counterparts living in more urban areas. Additionally, rural liberals are less supportive of welfare spending; however, are more supportive of Social Security than liberals from urban areas.

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Artelaris, Panagiotis, and Yannis Tsirbas. "Anti-austerity voting in an era of economic crisis: Regional evidence from the 2015 referendum in Greece." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 36, no. 4 (March 28, 2018): 589–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654418765186.

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The austerity measures and structural reforms that Greece had to undertake since 2010 in exchange for financial aid divided the Greek political system into pro-austerity and anti-austerity camps. These divisions reached a climax with the July 2015 referendum. The paper attempts to assess the extent that to which the geographic patterns that emerged in voting were due to the differentiated economic regional impact of economic crisis. Using economic voting theory as a benchmark, and employing spatial econometric methods, the study contributes to a largely ignored topic, known as geographies of economic voting, providing new and valuable insights for an under-researched time period.

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Zhang, Wanqing, and Khalilah R. Johnson. "Geographic Variation in Preventable Hospitalizations among US Children with Autism." Children 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2023): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10071228.

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There is a limited amount of research on geographic differences in preventable hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) among children with autism. The purpose of this study was to examine US regional differences in potentially preventable hospital admissions for pediatric inpatients diagnosed with autism. Hospital discharge data for six pediatric preventable conditions were obtained from the 2016–2019 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) under the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Geographic differences in preventable hospitalizations for children with autism were examined by US census regions and divisions. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine child and clinical characteristics associated with ACSCs hospitalization across four US regions; the dependent variable was the likelihood of ACSCs hospitalization. Additionally, this study further explored the variation in preventable hospitalization among racial and ethnic groups for each region or division. Of the 138,305 autistic inpatients aged 2–17 years, about 10% had a primary diagnosis related to ACSCs. The results showed that the highest proportion of preventable hospitalizations for autistic children occurred in the middle Atlantic division of the northeast region. Racial differences were observed across all US regions, particularly in the northeast and south regions. Black children with autism were more likely to be hospitalized for ACSCs compared to White children with autism in three of the four US regions. Our results highlight the significant racial disparities in potentially avoidable hospitalizations among US children with autism. Examining geographic and racial differences in potentially avoidable hospitalizations could inform policy and practice while gaining a better understanding of pediatric patients with autism and where their families access health services. The findings of this study may help policymakers to identify where intervention is needed to tackle health inequities in the accessibility to quality primary care in the US. Further studies with more detailed investigation are recommended to better understand the mechanisms underlying these disparities, and to formulate effective regional policy and clinical practices while considering the unique needs and challenges of underserved children with autism.

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Liu, Xiaohui, Mark N. Fluchel, Anne C. Kirchhoff, Haojie Zhu, and Tracy Onega. "Geographic Access to Pediatric Cancer Care in the US." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): e2251524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51524.

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ImportanceAlthough access to pediatric cancer care has implications for use of such care and patient outcomes, little is known about the geographic accessibility of pediatric cancer care and how it may vary by population characteristics across the continental US.ObjectiveTo estimate the travel time to pediatric cancer care settings in the continental US, identify potential disparities among subgroups of children and adolescents and young adults (AYAs), and identify areas needing improved access to pediatric cancer care.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study collected data from August 1 to December 1, 2021. Pediatric oncologists’ service locations in 2021 served as the pediatric cancer care settings, data for which were scraped from 2 websites containing information about health professionals. Demographic characteristics for younger children and AYAs aged 0 to 21 years were obtained from the 2015 to 2019 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Data were analyzed from January 1 to April 31, 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was the travel time from geographic centroids of zip code tabulation areas to the nearest pediatric oncologist. The median (IQR) travel times for each demographic subgroup were estimated. Per capita pediatric oncologist supply was calculated by dividing the total number of pediatric oncologists for each state or US Census division by its population.ResultsOf the 90 498 890 children and AYAs included in the study, 63.6% were estimated to travel less than 30 minutes and 19.7% to travel between 30 and 60 minutes (for a total of 83.3%) to the nearest pediatric oncologist. Median (IQR) travel times were longest for the American Indian or Alaska Native pediatric population (46 [16-104] minutes) and residents of rural areas (95 [68-135] minutes), areas with high deprivation levels (36 [13-72] minutes), and the South (24 [13-47] minutes) and Midwest (22 [11-51] minutes) compared with the general population of children and AYAs. The pediatric oncologist supply was lowest in Wyoming (0 oncologists per 100 000 pediatric population) and highest in Washington, DC (53.3 oncologists per 100 000 pediatric population). Pediatric oncologist supply across Census divisions was lowest in the Mountain division (3.3 oncologists per 100 000 pediatric population) and highest in the New England division (8.1 oncologists per 100 000 pediatric population).Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this study showed that most children and AYAs in the continental US had adequate access to pediatric cancer care, although disparities existed among racial and ethnic groups and residents in rural areas, areas with high deprivation levels, and some Southern and Midwestern states. Reducing these disparities may require innovative approaches, such as expanding the capabilities of local facilities and creating partnerships with adult oncology centers and primary care physicians.

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Kaki, Kawa Rashid, and Jaza Tofiq Talib. "A Geographical Analysis of Population Distribution in Said Sadiq District." Halabja University Journal 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10404.

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The geographic distribution of population is an important topic in geography and constitutes an important topic in population researches because through it, the facts about the inhabiting of the population and its relations to the location and the environment are shown. For that reason, an attempt is made in this paper to demonstrate the facts of the population distribution onto the location studied in this paper because population distribution is the outcome of the interactions between the population with all the environmental factors that exist in the place where they have dwelt. The divisions can also make some patterns that can be analyzed and explained. In the research, despite using numeric data and information about the population, an attempt is made to use systematic techniques for geo-information and specific statistics relation to the population division to, through the results, show a suitable solution to the (GIS) problems related to the distribution and the imbalance of the distribution of the population. The research includes four main topics (the distribution of the location and the number population, The volume of the population division, The environmental division of the population, and the sorts of the population division) and it is noticed that there is an imbalance in the location, mass, and environmental distribution and the types of the distributions can be a good evidence for such imbalances.

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Rylov, Maxim, and Andreas Reimer. "Pairwise Line Labeling of Geographic Boundaries: An Efficient and Practical Algorithm." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 79 (May 20, 2015): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp79.1212.

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We present an algorithm that labels linear features with two matched toponyms describing the left and the right side of a line, respectively. Such a pairwise line labeling strategy is commonly used in manually produced maps to differentiate administrative or other geographic divisions. Our approach solves two basic tasks of the automated map labeling problem, namely candidate-position generation and position evaluation for a given scale. The quality of the name placement is evaluated by comparison to a set of established cartographic principles and guidelines for linear features. We give some results of our experiments based on real datasets. The implementation of our algorithm shows that it is simple and robust, and the resulting sample maps demonstrate its practical efficiency.

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Okereke, Robyn, Cory Janney, Aryan Rezvani, and Kiya Shazadeh Safavi. "Gender and Geographic Trends Amongst Foot & Ankle Surgeons: Where Are We and Where Do We Need to Improve?" Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 1 (January 2022): 2473011421S0038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00382.

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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Clinical and elective experiences as well as the guidance of mentors are all critical factors in the pursuance of orthopedic residencies and fellowships. Women have historically been underrepresented in orthopedics. Some propose that the root cause lies in the lack of availability in the aforementioned factors. Previous studies demonstrated geographic differences in sex representation in orthopedic residency programs. Studies over geographic distributions of orthopedic foot and ankle (OFA) surgeons showed high variation in geographic density of OFA surgeons throughout the U.S. This study seeks to determine both the gender and geographic distributions of OFA surgeons as well as to determine geographic patterns between their training locations and current practices. Methods: AOFAS data regarding fellowship completion from 1988 through 2021 was analyzed with regards to gender and fellowship location. Internet searches were performed for all those identified within the database for their medical school, residency, and current practice location. This biographical data was obtained from their front-facing biographical webpage or hospital affiliation. States were placed into regions and subsequent divisions as defined according to the US Census Bureau definition: Northeast (New England and Middle Atlantic), Midwest (East North Central and West North Central), South (South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central) and West (Mountain and Pacific). Results: 1,088 OFA surgeons were analyzed. 168 (15.3%) were female and 922 (84.7%) were male. Female-held OFA fellowship positions increased over time, currently sitting at 13 (22% of all fellowship positions), with a maximum of 15 (25%) in 2017. Geographically, the Pacific had most females (n=26, 15.6% of females), while East South Central had least (n=10, 6.0%). The South Atlantic had most males (n=193, 20.9% of males) while East South Central had least (n=59, 5.3%). The region with the most OFA surgeons in total was the South Atlantic (n=218, 20.0% of the total) whereas the regions with the least were East South Central and New England (n=59, 5.4% in each). Conclusion: Although the amount of female OFA surgeons has increased, the numbers are still low. Geographically, the East South Central division of the U.S consistently had the least number of OFA surgeons whereas the South Atlantic division had the highest.

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Okereke, Robyn, Cory Janney, Kiya Shazadeh Safavi, and Aryan Rezvani. "Gender and Geographic Trends Amongst Foot & Ankle Surgeons: Where are We and Where Do We Need to Improve?" Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 4 (October 2022): 2473011421S0086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00860.

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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Clinical and elective experiences as well as the guidance of mentors are all critical factors in the pursuance of orthopedic residencies and fellowships. Women have historically been underrepresented in orthopedics. Some propose that the root cause lies in the lack of availability in the aforementioned factors. Previous studies demonstrated geographic differences in sex representation in orthopedic residency programs. Studies over geographic distributions of orthopedic foot and ankle (OFA) surgeons showed high variation in geographic density of OFA surgeons throughout the U.S. This study seeks to determine both the gender and geographic distributions of OFA surgeons as well as to determine geographic patterns between their training locations and current practices. Methods: AOFAS data regarding fellowship completion from 1988 through 2021 was analyzed with regards to gender and fellowship location. Internet searches were performed for all those identified within the database for their medical school, residency, and current practice location. This biographical data was obtained from their front-facing biographical webpage or hospital affiliation. States were placed into regions and subsequent divisions as defined according to the US Census Bureau definition: Northeast (New England and Middle Atlantic), Midwest (East North Central and West North Central), South (South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central) and West (Mountain and Pacific). Results: 1,088 OFA surgeons were analyzed. 168 (15.3%) were female and 922 (84.7%) were male. Female-held OFA fellowship positions increased over time, currently sitting at 13 (22% of all fellowship positions), with a maximum of 15 (25%) in 2017. Geographically, the Pacific had most females (n=26, 15.6% of females), while East South Central had least (n=10, 6.0%). The South Atlantic had most males (n=193, 20.9% of males) while East South Central had least (n=59, 5.3%). The region with the most OFA surgeons in total was the South Atlantic (n=218, 20.0% of the total) whereas the regions with the least were East South Central and New England (n=59, 5.4% in each). Conclusion: Although the amount of female OFA surgeons has increased, the numbers are still low. Geographically, the East South Central division of the U.S consistently had the least number of OFA surgeons whereas the South Atlantic division had the highest.

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Xu, Tianyu, Erzhu Li, Alim Samat, Zhiqing Li, Wei Liu, and Lianpeng Zhang. "Estimating Large-Scale Interannual Dynamic Impervious Surface Percentages Based on Regional Divisions." Remote Sensing 14, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 3786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153786.

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Impervious surface information is an important indicator to describe urban development and environmental changes. The substantial increase in impervious surface area will have a significant impact on the regional landscape and environment. Therefore, the timely and accurate acquisition of large-scale impervious surface percentage (LISP) is of great significance for urban management and ecological assessment. However, previous LISP estimation methods often ignored the impact of regional geographic environment and climate differences on remote sensing information, resulting in low overall accuracy and obvious regional differences in the estimated results. Thus, in this study, based on the time-series characteristics of multi-temporal remote sensing images combined with the information on geographical environment and climate heterogeneity, a method of time-series remote sensing image fusion and LISP estimation based on regional divisions was proposed. Firstly, the entire region was divided into several regions according to the spatial differences of Köppen–Geiger climate data and MODIS NDVI time-series data. Subsequently, adaptive time-series image fusion methods and remote sensing feature construction methods were proposed for different regions. Finally, the proposed method was used to estimate the percentage of impervious surfaces in other years in Asia. The results indicate that the overall R2 of each region is better than 0.82, and the estimation models have a good ability to transfer across time and can directly estimate the impervious surface percentage in other years without using additional samples. In addition, compared with other existing impervious surface products, the proposed method has higher overall estimation accuracy and regional consistency.

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Garcia, DM, M. Marmontel, FW Rosas, and FR Santos. "Conservation genetics of the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis (Zimmerman, 1780)) (Carnivora, Mustelidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, no. 4 suppl (December 2007): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000500004.

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The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) is an aquatic mammal of the Mustelidae family, endemic to South America. Its original distribution corresponds to the region from the Guyanas to Central-North Argentina, but it is extinct or on the verge of extinction in most of its historical range. Currently, the species is considered endangered by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Based on its geographic distribution in the South American continent and on some morphological characters, two subspecies were suggested: P. brasiliensis brasiliensis, occurring in the Amazon and Orinoco River Basins, and P. brasiliensis paranensis, in the Paraná and Paraguai River Basins. However, there is no consensus on assuming this subspecies division and no detailed studies have been carried out to elucidate this question. This study aims to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of Pteronura brasiliensis along its range in Brazil to check the possibility of the existence of two distinct subspecies using also a reciprocal monophyly criterion. We analyzed the control region, and the Cytochrome b and Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I genes of the mitochondrial DNA in several giant otter populations from the Amazon and Paraguai River Basins. Analyses have indicated some degree of geographic correlation and a high level of inter-population divergence, although the subspecies division is not highly supported. As we observed strong population structure, we cannot rule out the existence of further divisions shaping the species distribution. The results suggest that a more complex population structure occurs in P. brasiliensis, and the conservation practice should concentrate on preserving all remaining local populations.

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Bloch, Rebecca A., Grace Faulkner, Elizabeth D. Hilborn, Tina Wismer, Nicole Martin, and Sarah Rhea. "Geographic Variability, Seasonality, and Increase in ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Harmful Blue-Green Algae Calls—United States and Canada, 2010–2022." Toxins 15, no. 8 (August 15, 2023): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15080505.

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Harmful cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) exposures can cause illness or death in humans and animals. We characterized American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) harmful blue-green algae (HBGA) call data, compared it to a measure of harmful algal bloom public awareness, and considered its suitability as a public health information source. ASPCA APCC dog and cat “HBGA exposure” calls made 1 January 2010–31 December 2022 were included. We calculated annual HBGA call percentages and described calls (species, month, origin, exposure route). We characterized public awareness by quantifying Nexis Uni® (LexisNexis Academic; New York, NY, USA)-indexed news publications (2010–2022) pertaining to “harmful algal bloom(s)”. Call percentage increased annually, from 0.005% (2010) to 0.070% (2022). Of 999 HBGA calls, 99.4% (n = 993) were dog exposures. Over 65% (n = 655) of calls were made July–September, largely from the New England (n = 154 (15.4%)) and Pacific (n = 129 (12.9.%)) geographic divisions. Oral and dermal exposures predominated (n = 956 (95.7%)). Harmful algal bloom news publications increased overall, peaking in 2019 (n = 1834). Higher call volumes in summer and in the New England and Pacific geographic divisions drove HBGA call increases; public awareness might have contributed. Dogs and humans have similar exposure routes. ASPCA APCC HBGA call data could serve as a public health information source.

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Zhang, Yan Chun, Qi Wang, and Meng Jun Wang. "On General Scheme of Railway Bureau Emergency Command System." Advanced Materials Research 459 (January 2012): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.459.523.

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In order to prevent and handle all kinds of railway emergencies efficiently and improve emergency management efficiency and capability of Railway Bureau, it is of great importance to construct the emergency command system which takes geographic information system as core and is visualized, intelligent and networking. Based on the reality of railway emergency management, the three level structure of emergency command system, which takes the Railway Bureau as core and consists of the Ministry of Railways, the Railway Bureau and Divisions, is proposed. The overall frame structure of the system which consists of user layer, interface layer, application service layer and data layer is designed and the function of the system is analyzed. Some key technologies namely geographic information service platform technology, information resources integration technology and decision support techniques are introduced.

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Sjulin, Thomas M., and Adam Dale. "Genetic Diversity of North American Strawberry Cultivars." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 2 (March 1987): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.2.375.

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Abstract Pedigrees of 134 North American strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars introduced since 1960 were used to calculate 1) the genetic contribution of founding clones to these cultivars; 2) genetic relatedness among these cultivars; and 3) inbreeding coefficients of these cultivars. Fifty-three founding clones accounted for the pedigrees of these cultivars, with a mean genetic contribution ranging from <0.1% to 11%. Cultivars were clustered according to the genetic contribution into groups strongly related to geographic region of origin. Cultivars developed in California plus those derived in large part from California germplasm were a distinct cluster. The remaining cultivars divided strongly into two geographical divisions, with cultivars of a western or northern origin primarily in the first division, and cultivars of a southern or eastern origin primarily in the 2nd division. Cluster groups within each division also were related to the region of origin of cultivars. Cultivars also were clustered on the basis of Wright’s coefficient of relationship, a measure of genetic relatedness. Cluster groups from this analysis were strongly related to region of origin of cultivars, and were similar in content to groups based on genetic contributions. Inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0.0 to 0.875, but were <0.5 for all cultivars developed from cross-fertilization. Inbreeding coefficients were related partly to region of origin of the cultivars, but this relationship was probably an indirect result of unequal numbers of generations of controlled hybridization from common ancestors. For example, cultivars developed in California, which resulted from more generations of hybridization, generally had higher inbreeding coefficients. Strategies are suggested for maintaining and increasing genetic diversity of North American breeding populations.

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Liu, Dongge, Tao Wang, Xiaojuan Li, Yeqing Ni, Yanping Li, and Zhao Jin. "A Multiresolution Vector Data Compression Algorithm Based on Space Division." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9120721.

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Vector data compression can significantly improve efficiency of geospatial data management, visualization and data transmission over internet. Existing compression methods are either based on information theory for lossless compression mainly or based on map generalization methods for lossy compression. Coordinate values of vector spatial data are mostly represented using floating-point type in which data redundancy is small and compression ratio using lossy algorithms is generally better than that of lossless compression algorithms. The purpose of paper is to implement a new algorithm for efficient compression of vector data. The algorithm, named space division based compression (SDC), employs the basic idea of linear Morton and Geohash encoding to convert floating-point type values to strings of binary chain with flexible accuracy level. Morton encoding performs multiresolution regular spatial division to geographic space. Each level of regular grid splits space horizontally and vertically. Row and column numbers in binary forms are bit interleaved to generate one integer representing the location of each grid cell. The integer values of adjacent grid cells are proximal to each other on one dimension. The algorithm can set the number of divisions according to accuracy requirements. Higher accuracy can be achieved with more levels of divisions. In this way, multiresolution vector data compression can be achieved accordingly. The compression efficiency is further improved by grid filtering and binary offset for linear and point geometries. The vector spatial data compression takes visual lossless distance on screen display as accuracy requirement. Experiments and comparisons with available algorithms show that this algorithm produces a higher data rate saving and is more adaptable to different application scenarios.

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Parker, Joshua. "Formal, geographic and cultural metalepsis: The fiction of Russell Banks." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 19, no. 3 (August 2010): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947010370257.

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This article investigates how narrative form and thematic content work in conjunction to encourage a reader’s support for specific political, cultural and social views, using examples of metalepsis that mirror and support thematic socio-political stances in Russell Banks’s fiction. Metalepsis (the crossing of a text’s narrative levels) and plot themes of geographic and cultural boundary crossings play together in Banks’s writing, which explores the permeability of divisions between African American and European American, the Caribbean and continental North America, male and female, and parent and child, consistently emphasizing issues surrounding national, cultural, gender and generational borders. Mirroring these more obvious sociological themes and arguments of his plots, Banks’s structural border crossings force us to consider the permeability of conceptual boundaries between author and reader, reader and character, and narrator and narratee. Banks examines these boundaries’ porosity — on both levels — by exploiting an increasingly common technique for shifting focalization in contemporary fiction — episodic use of second-person narration. This metaleptic technique, crossing the borders of narrative levels, not only reflects, but inherently supports Banks’s themes of geographic border crossings as a means of intercultural, interracial and interclass understanding.

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Zaman, Meryem F. "Guest Editorial." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): v—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v36i4.670.

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The papers in this special issue and the one preceding it have their roots in a panel titled “Ethnography, Misrepresentations of Islam, and Advocacy,” which Timothy Daniels and I organized for the 116th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. We were joined on this panel by Alisa Perkins, Katrina Thompson, Robert Hefner, and Yamil Avivi, where we all grappled with our struggles with the increasingly political nature of our work on Islam. Although we work in a variety of geographic regions, with diverse subjects, we all shared similar concerns regarding the complexity of accurately depicting the Muslim communities we study while challenging the anti-Muslim stereotypes that exist in popular culture and contemporary news media. At the same time, we did not wish to reify popular divisions between “good” and “bad” Muslims or inaccurately depict the lives of our research subjects in order to cater to that popular division. To download full editorial, click on PDF.

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Zaman, Meryem F. "Guest Editorial." American Journal of Islam and Society 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): v—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v36i4.670.

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Анотація:

The papers in this special issue and the one preceding it have their roots in a panel titled “Ethnography, Misrepresentations of Islam, and Advocacy,” which Timothy Daniels and I organized for the 116th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. We were joined on this panel by Alisa Perkins, Katrina Thompson, Robert Hefner, and Yamil Avivi, where we all grappled with our struggles with the increasingly political nature of our work on Islam. Although we work in a variety of geographic regions, with diverse subjects, we all shared similar concerns regarding the complexity of accurately depicting the Muslim communities we study while challenging the anti-Muslim stereotypes that exist in popular culture and contemporary news media. At the same time, we did not wish to reify popular divisions between “good” and “bad” Muslims or inaccurately depict the lives of our research subjects in order to cater to that popular division. To download full editorial, click on PDF.

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Mauntel, Christoph, Klaus Oschema, Jean-Charles Ducène, and Martin Hofmann. "Mapping Continents, Inhabited Quarters and The Four Seas. Divisions of the World and the Ordering of Spaces in Latin-Christian, Arabic-Islamic and Chinese Cartography in the Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries. A Critical Survey and Analysis." Journal of Transcultural Medieval Studies 5, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 295–367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtms-2018-0022.

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Abstract This paper explores the presence and development of large-scale geographic categories in pre-modern cartography (twelfth to sixteenth centuries) in a combination of comparative and transcultural perspectives. Analysing Latin-Christian, Arabic-Islamic and Chinese maps, we demonstrate the varying degrees of importance accorded to large-scale geographic structures. The choice of related as well as independent traditions allows for the identification of specific emphases which reflect the influence of the respective cultural backgrounds and strategies applied in the ordering of space. While the analysed Chinese material concentrates on a geographical space that was perceived to form an ideal political and cultural unity without representing the entire physical world, Latin-Christian and Arabic-Islamic traditions share the focus on the whole “oecumene” that they both inherited from antique models. However, only Latin-Christian maps consistently and explicitly present a tripartite world that resonates with Trinitarian structures in Christian thought.

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Thomas, Erik R., Jeff Mielke, and Kirk A. Hazen. "Regional vowel patterns as shown by discrete cosine transforms." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (March 1, 2024): A165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027177.

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This project presents a new approach to analyzing geographical patterning in vowel variation that combines discrete cosine transforms (DCTs) with cluster analysis. It offers a means of reducing bias from analyses of geographical patterning in vowel variation. DCT0 and DCT1 capture the overall position of vowels in the vowel envelope and DCT2 adds information about curvature. To mitigate anomalies, these metrics are based on numerous tokens and measurement points. Cluster analysis can then be applied to the DCT data to indicate which speakers are most similar without predetermined groupings. The procedure suggests how vowel realizations are correlated with geographical divisions, if at all, within the area covered by a dialect survey. Here, we apply DCTs and hierarchical clustering to a corpus of speakers born 1970 or later and covering eastern Ohio, West Virginia, and western North Carolina. The results align only partially with isophones from earlier dialect surveys. Analyses of individual vowel phonemes typically exhibit considerable intermixture of forms; clearer geographic patterns emerge primarily when multiple vowels in named chain shifts are considered together. Recent dialect leveling appears to play a role in the paucity of distinguishable regional patterns.

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Yaschenko, Sergei, Vladimir Polyakov, and Tatiana Sabitova. "Organizational structures of mining companies: composition and development." SHS Web of Conferences 106 (2021): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110601011.

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The organizational structures of large companies from the same industry are typical. But the geographic, economic and political conditions of activity impose some particularities on them. In-depth analysis of the organizational structure allows us to notice these external factors and identify the internal characteristics and management model. The paper studies the organizational structures of large potash mining companies. The criteria for identifying the structural divisions of companies are determined, conclusions are drawn about the most typical organizational structures in the industry, the most likely ways of developing the corresponding management models are considered.

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MAXWELL, RAHSAAN. "Cosmopolitan Immigration Attitudes in Large European Cities: Contextual or Compositional Effects?" American Political Science Review 113, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 456–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000898.

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Europe is geographically divided on the issue of immigration. Large cities are the home of Cosmopolitan Europe, where immigration is viewed positively. Outside the large cities—and especially in the countryside—is Nationalist Europe, where immigration is a threat. This divide is well documented and much discussed, but there has been scant research onwhypeople in large cities are more likely to have favorable opinions about immigration. Debates about geographic differences generally highlight two explanations: contextual or compositional effects. I evaluate the two with data from the European Social Survey, the Swiss Household Panel, and the German Socio-Economic Panel. Results support compositional effects and highlight the importance of (demographic and cultural) mechanisms that sort pro-immigration people into large cities. This has several implications for our understanding of societal divisions in Europe; most notably that geographic polarization is a second-order manifestation of deeper (demographic and cultural) divides.

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Rahouma, Mohamed, Sherif Khairallah, Massimo Baudo, Shaikha Al-Thani, Anas Dabsha, David Shenouda, Abdelrahman Mohamed, et al. "Epidemiological Study of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma and Its Outcomes: Insights from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database." Cancers 16, no. 19 (October 3, 2024): 3383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16193383.

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Objective: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor that mainly arises in the head and neck area. We aimed to compare the long-term survival of patients with ACC based on their geographic regions within the United States using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry data. Methods: We queried the SEER database to evaluate the geographic distribution of ACC patients based on inpatient admissions. The states included in the study were divided into four geographical regions (Midwest, Northeast, South, and West) based on the U.S. Census Bureau-designated regions and divisions. Demographic and clinical variables were compared between the groups. Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression were used to assess late mortality. Results: A total of 5150 patients were included (4.2% from the Midwest, 17.2% from the Northeast, 22.5% from the South, and 56.1% from the West regions). The median follow-up was 12.3 (95% CI: 11.6–13.1 years). Median overall survival was 11.0 (95% CI: 9.2-NR years), 14.3 (95% CI: 12.4–16.4 years), 11.3 (95% CI: 9.7–14.8 years), and 12.0 (95% CI: 11.3–13.0 years) for Midwest, Northeast, South, and West regions, respectively. In multivariable analysis, older age, male sex, thoracic cancer, the presence of regional and distal disease, receiving chemotherapy, not undergoing surgical resection, and being treated in the West vs. Northeast region were found to be independent predictors of poor survival. We identified a significant survival difference between the different regions, with the West exhibiting the worst survival compared to the Northeast region. Conclusions: In addition to the well-known predictors of late mortality in ACC (tumor location, stage, and treatment modalities), our study identified a lack of social support (being unmarried) and geographic location (West region) as independent predictors of late mortality in multivariable analysis. Further research is needed to explore the causal relationships.

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Yurkovskaya, T. K., I. S. Iljina, and I. N. Safronova. "Macrostructure of vegetation cover in Russiaranalysis of map." Geobotanical mapping, no. 2001-2002 (2002): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/2001-2002.3.

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The vegetation map s. 1:15 000 000 reflects the most important space regularities in distribution of vegetation. The regional-typological principle has been used in construction of the legend. The highest divisions of the legend are ''Vegetation of plains" and ''Vegetation of mountains''. The vegetation of plains is further subdivided into types of vegetation: the tundra, boreal, nemoral, steppe and desert one. The next hierarhic stage is represented by regional complexes including mapping categories in their subzonal sequence. In the mapping of montane vegetation we rejected the traditional showing of separate mountain belts. Every mountain massif is showed as a whole retaining the essential features of its separate parts which are accounted for latitudinal position of pedestal, height of given massif, and its meridional position. The typical belt sequence, characterizing the definite segment of mountain massif is used as a mapping unit. Due to such construction of the legend the map conveniently present the botanical-geographic macrostructure of vegetation cover and its separate subdivisions. In the paper regional division of vegetation is considered in detail.

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41

Griffis, Heather, David A. Asch, H. Andrew Schwartz, Lyle Ungar, Alison M. Buttenheim, Frances K. Barg, Nandita Mitra, and Raina M. Merchant. "Using Social Media to Track Geographic Variability in Language About Diabetes: Analysis of Diabetes-Related Tweets Across the United States." JMIR Diabetes 5, no. 1 (January 26, 2020): e14431. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14431.

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Background Social media posts about diabetes could reveal patients’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs as well as approaches for better targeting of public health messages and care management. Objective This study aimed to characterize the language of Twitter users’ posts regarding diabetes and describe the correlation of themes with the county-level prevalence of diabetes. Methods A retrospective study of diabetes-related tweets identified from a random sample of approximately 37 billion tweets from the United States from 2009 to 2015 was conducted. We extracted diabetes-specific tweets and used machine learning to identify statistically significant topics of related terms. Topics were combined into themes and compared with the prevalence of diabetes by US counties and further compared with geography (US Census Divisions). Pearson correlation coefficients are reported for each topic and relationship with prevalence. Results A total of 239,989 tweets from 121,494 unique users included the term diabetes. The themes emerging from the topics included unhealthy food and drink, treatment, symptoms/diagnoses, risk factors, research, recipes, news, health care, management, fundraising, diet, communication, and supplements/remedies. The theme of unhealthy foods most positively correlated with geographic areas with high prevalence of diabetes (r=0.088), whereas tweets related to research most negatively correlated (r=−0.162) with disease prevalence. Themes and topics about diabetes differed in overall frequency across the US geographical divisions, with the East South Central and South Atlantic states having a higher frequency of topics referencing unhealthy food (r range=0.073-0.146; P<.001). Conclusions Diabetes-related tweets originating from counties with high prevalence of diabetes have different themes than tweets originating from counties with low prevalence of diabetes. Interventions could be informed from this variation to promote healthy behaviors.

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Levernier, William, and Mark Yanochik. "Fluctuations in State-Level Monthly Unemployment Rates: A Descriptive Analysis of the Effect of Geographic Location and U.S. Unemployment Rates." International Business & Economics Studies 2, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): p34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ibes.v2n2p34.

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This study examines fluctuations in state-level monthly unemployment rates from January 1976 to December 2016, a period of 492 months. Using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Local Area Unemployment Statistics series, patterns in the monthly seasonally adjusted unemployment rates of the 50 states and the District of Columbia are examined. The study focuses on two unemployment-related issues. First, the relationship between a state’s unemployment rate and the U.S. unemployment rate is examined. Second, we explore the extent to which a state’s geographic location, using Census regions and Census divisions, affects its monthly unemployment rate.

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Ghosh, Abhijeet, and Kelvin Tsun Wai Ng. "Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Waste Facilities and Solid Waste Management Strategies in Rural and Urban Saskatchewan, Canada." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 6887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126887.

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Saskatchewan has the highest number of landfills per capita in Canada. Given the lower population density and the skewed spatial population distribution, comprehensive analysis of municipal solid waste management systems in Saskatchewan is inherently difficult. Most of the published waste studies however focus on city-level waste management, and there is a lack of literature with respect to the rural areas. In this study, landfills and transfer stations are examined temporally and spatially using Geographic Information System. Landfills and transfer stations from 2017 and 2020 were plotted against census division land area, annual budget, and population density to study temporal changes. Saskatchewan witnessed a 54% reduction in the number of landfills and a 55% increase in number of transfer stations between 2017 and 2020. The replacement of landfills with transfer stations are more noticeable in divisions 8, 9, and 16. Regression analysis is conducted, and landfill closure operation show no obvious correlation to division land area, annual budget, or population density. Rural division 18, representing Northern Saskatchewan, has approximately 45% of the land area in the province and has the lowest population density. The findings suggest different waste management strategies are required for urban and rural areas. The results of this study will help policy makers to better implement solid waste management strategies in urban and rural areas.

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Różycki, Paweł, and Karolina Korbiel. "The theoretical concept of tourist typology in the interdisciplinary structure of tourism." Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 5, no. 3 (2022): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2022.03.07.

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In theoretical studies on the typology of tourists, various criteria for their identification can be found. A drawback of this approach is the lack of one common concept of tourist division, which would allow for comparing research results at various academic and marketing centers. There is a definition problem of tourism and the tourist themselves, the concepts often differing from each other, thus, there is no common ground on which the theories of the separation and division of tourists can be built. In the presented publication, a review of selected, varying tourist types have been conducted. Typologies of tourists are based on various criteria, ranging from sociological and psychological to demographic, geographic, economic, marketing and others often having an interdisciplinary basis. First of all, attempts were made to show the diversity of typological concepts presented in the world. They are used in scientific research but only refer to a small group of respondents and it is difficult to compare the results with other results based on other divisions. In conclusion, a new, proprietary division has been proposed, which, it seems, could be used by various academic centers, allowing greater possibilities for the comparison of research results in the area of tourism. It is based on the awareness and subjective understanding of the phenomenon of tourism which is interpreted differently in many areas and environments.

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Skare, Erik. "Affluent and Well-Educated? Analyzing the Socioeconomic Backgrounds of Fallen Palestinian Islamist Militants." Middle East Journal 76, no. 1 (May 15, 2022): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/76.1.14.

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Existing literature argues that the militants and suicide bombers of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) come from relatively advantaged socioeconomic and educational backgrounds compared to the average Palestinian in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Analyzing 2,448 martyr biographies from Hamas's military wing and PIJ from 1992 to 2012, I argue that these militants reflect Palestinian labor divisions and educational enrollment rates. There is thus little to suggest that Palestinian Islamist militants are recruited from any particular socioeconomic stratum within the wider popula tion. I demonstrate that, instead, kinship and geographic clusters are more significant variables.

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Lederer, Cynthia A., and Jerzy J. Kichner. "Maintaining Ecosystem Integrity Using Geographic-Specific Tactical Response Plans." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-1221.

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ABSTRACT There were approximately 7,900 oil spills reported to the United States Coast Guard (USCG) totaling 410,000 gallons in the navigable waterways of the United States in 1997. The USCG acts as the Federal On-Scene Coordinator for coastal oil spills and is responsible for ensuring an environmental and economic balanced oil clean up operation. The majority of oil spill responses are reactive in nature and driven by the need to remove the oil from the environment expeditiously in concurrence with public expectations. In a reactive response the primary focus is on the removal of oil with less emphasis on the ecosystem integrity of an area due to time constraints. A proactive response is an environmentally driven response, which is referred to as an “environmental response.” An environmental response is accomplished utilizing Geographic-Specific Tactical Response Plans (GSTRPs) to select response options based on area specific environmental concerns. Essential to the effective use of this system is the identification and prioritization of environmentally sensitive areas and the designation of divisions prior to an oil spill. The GSTRPs compile information in the Area Contingency Plan (ACP) into a tactical field resource document. The required information in the ACPs have turned them into a cumulative response database. The GSTRPs balance the environment and maritime commerce by providing a field tool, which identifies area specific biological, ecological, physical, chemical, archaeo-cultural, and socio-economic concerns. The information in these plans allows minimal oversight and decreases the time spent on decision making during the first 24 hours of a response. This tool is reality-based for required resources, protection strategies, and area size. It was developed specifically for use in the Incident Command System and is effectively an Incident Action Plan for the first crucial hours of oil spill response operations.

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Keeley, Ernest R., Janet L. Loxterman, Sammy L. Matsaw, Zacharia M. Njoroge, Meredith B. Seiler, and Steven M. Seiler. "Morphological and genetic concordance of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) diversification from western North America." Canadian Journal of Zoology 99, no. 4 (April 2021): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2020-0106.

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The cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836)) is one of the most widely distributed species of freshwater fish in western North America. Occupying a diverse range of habitats, they exhibit significant phenotypic variability that is often recognized by intraspecific taxonomy. Recent molecular phylogenies have described phylogenetic diversification across cutthroat trout populations, but no study has provided a range-wide morphological comparison of taxonomic divisions. In this study, we used linear- and geometric-based morphometrics to determine if phylogenetic and subspecies divisions correspond to morphological variation in cutthroat trout, using replicate populations from throughout the geographic range of the species. Our data indicate significant morphological divergence of intraspecific categories in some, but not all, cutthroat trout subspecies. We also compare morphological distance measures with distance measures of mtDNA sequence divergence. DNA sequence divergence was positively correlated with morphological distance measures, indicating that morphologically more similar subspecies have lower sequence divergence in comparison to morphologically distant subspecies. Given these results, integrating both approaches to describing intraspecific variation may be necessary for developing a comprehensive conservation plan in wide-ranging species.

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Kalibernova, N. M. "Showing the vegetation cover of flood-plains and river valleys on the Vegetation Map of Kazakhstan and middle Asia." Geobotanical mapping, no. 1993 (1995): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/1993.58.

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The fragment of the legend of the map concerning the vegetation of flood- plains and river-valleys in the subzones of northern and southern deserts is presented in the article. The map is compiled in Department of Vegetspon Geography and Cartography of Komarov Botanical Institute by a large team of botanists-geographers of the former USSR. The nature environments determining the development of vegetation of river-valleys in arid climate are conditioned by the intrazonal factors (alluvial and flood processes) at the background of natural zonal factors. Contrasts of environments and corresponding plant communities manifest themselves first of all. Mineralization of ground waters, salinity of soils, including the alluvial ones, are of essential importance. The practice of vegetation mapping of unstable habitats, to which floodplain landscapes belong, has shown that units of phytocoenological classification is of little use for this purpose. The heterogeneity of vegetation, consisting of short-term unstable serial communities generates a need for typification of space combinations of such phytocoenoses. For this purpose it is convenient to use generalized ecological-dinamic series, including plant communities of all levels within the limits of definite segment of valley. These series are the mapping units on the map. The vegetation of the first terrace is also nessecary to include in a single series with flood-plain vegetation because it has supplementary influence of ground waters. The higher divisions of the legend are based on zonal characters: vegetation of valleys in northern, middle and southern deserts. 13 numbers are used to show the vegetation cover of flood-plains and valleys. Additional 7 numbers are used for the out-of-valley meadow vegetation. The content is enriched by using of the letters by the numbers showing the geographic variants of series and ciphers for combination of series and out-of-series communities. The text legend is supplemented by the matrix (table), showing the subordination of subtitles, zonal position and geographic distribution of divisions. The types of series in the matrix are listed with indication of the main dominant species that gives the additional information on the legend divisions. The author's conclusion is that valley vegetation reveals clearly the zonal features, correlating with zonal (desert) vegetation.

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Wang, Shuzi, Zhidong Liu, Michael Tong, Jianjun Xiang, Ying Zhang, Qi Gao, Yiwen Zhang, Liang Lu, Baofa Jiang, and Peng Bi. "Real-time forecasting and early warning of bacillary dysentery activity in four meteorological and geographic divisions in China." Science of The Total Environment 761 (March 2021): 144093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144093.

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Shapiro, Beth, and Alan Cooper. "Beringia as an Ice Age genetic museum." Quaternary Research 60, no. 1 (July 2003): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-5894(03)00009-7.

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AbstractThousands of Late Pleistocene remains are found in sites throughout Beringia. These specimens comprise an Ice Age genetic museum, and the DNA contained within them provide a means to observe evolutionary processes within populations over geologically significant time scales. Phylogenetic analyses can identify the taxonomic positions of extinct species and provide estimates of speciation dates. Geographic and temporal divisions apparent in the genetic data can be related to ecological change, human impacts, and possible landscape mosaics in Beringia. The application of ancient DNA techniques to traditional paleontological studies provides a new perspective to long-standing questions regarding the paleoenvironment and diversity of Late Pleistocene Beringia.

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