Добірка наукової літератури з теми "GEO STUDIO SLOPE"

At present, there are still some gaps in the theoretical calculation of the permanent displacement of the multi-stage loess slope under the action of earthquake. Therefore, this paper firstly uses the GEO-Studio finite element software to explore the influence of the comprehensive slope rate on the permanent displacement when the slope rate of each grade of multi-stage loess slope changes and the stage of multi-stage slope changes. The results show that it is feasible to use the comprehensive slope rate to calculate the permanent displacement of the sliding body of the multi-stage loess slope under the action of earthquake. On the basis of this conclusion, in order to simplify the calculation of permanent displacement of potential sliding soil, the other geometric parameters of the multi-stage loess slope are replaced by the comprehensive slope rate, combined with the Newmark slider displacement analysis method and energy conservation principle, and then the calculation method of permanent displacement of potential sliding soil of multi-stage loess slope under the action of earthquake is deduced. Through an example, the permanent displacement calculated by the proposed algorithm are compared with those calculated by the PLAXIS 3D software and GEO-Studio software. The results show that the permanent displacement calculated by this method is close to that calculated by the GEO-Studio software, and the difference is only 2%, and thus, the rationality of the proposed method for calculating the permanent displacement of the multi-stage loess slope under the action of earthquake is verified. The algorithm proposed in this paper provides a theoretical reference for the calculation of the permanent displacement of multi-stage loess slope under the action of earthquake.

The current study is designed to analyze theslope stability of Haditha damwhich is an earth-fill dam constructed on the Euphrates River in the middle-west of Iraq. Finite element modeling was used in the present study to analyze the combined seepage and post-earthquake slope stability of Haditha earth dam. The maximum water level of a steady seepage case was considered to evaluate seepage. - Three different water levels (maximum, normal, and minimum) were applied, and nine different equilibrium slope stability limits were used to analyze the upstream and downstream slopes of the dam with three horizontal maximum accelerations.The input data given to the software are the dam geometry and its material properties with the earthquake records in the year2019.The dam was investigated by considering the water in the reservoir to be at maximum, minimum and normal water levels in its actual design. It was concluded that the dam is on the safe side in terms of stability even though the change in the earthquake's conditions in Iraq.

Slope stability estimation is a complex engineering problem involving many factors. A hybrid model based on the combination of finite element software GEO-STUDIO and support vector machine (SVM) is proposed to address the problem. The study took a high slope of Jingjiang reach of Yangtze River as the research object. Several important parameters, including values of geometric and geotechnical properties of slope as well as rainfall and water level data were used to establish the finite element model for the high slope. Besides, the validity of the model was estimate using the measured data of pore water pressure. The slope stability coefficients were calculated in GEO-STUDIO environment. And the data were used as the input samples to train and test SVM model. Results show that the agreement achieved in pore water pressure between measurement and analysis using the finite element model can be considered very reasonable. And the slope stability coefficient results by SVM coincided well with that of finite element analysis. It suggests that the proposed model has the potential to be a useful tool for the prediction of slope stability coefficient considering the influence of rainfall and water level.

Malalak is one of the youngest sub-districts in Agam Regency, the district was previously included in the administration of the district IV koto. Malalak sub-district officially separated its elf into its own sub-district on May 24, 2007. Simalaka Road (Sicincin-Malalak-Balingka) connects between Balingka nagari in district IV Koto, Malalak nagari in Malalak sub-district, and Tandikek nagari, Patamuan, Sicincin in Padang Pariaman district.This study is classified into applied research. will use soil parameter and rainfal to find out, and analyze the extent of rain characteristics on slope collapse, as well as compare the safe factors obtained using fellenius medote and Geo-studio V Software, due to disturbed soil stability or slope building rocks.In determining the value dari the safety factor of the slope by using software Geo-Slope /W obtained the value of safety factor is 0.70. The result of vibrational influence as well as the frequent rain stability of the slopes experienced a considerable decrease in the safety value of the slopes and showed that the slope conditions unstable. Analisis safety factor from research conducted on malalak road section KM 31 can be summed up a few things as follows. From the analysis obtained a definition of the factors that cause slope unstableness. From the calculation results can be that rainwater infiltration is very influential to the stability of the slope, where safety factors or FK (Safety Factor) slopes decrease along with the length of rainwater infiltration that occurs in the area especially during the soil hoarding process occurs, this can be seen from the results of geostudio analysis and fellenius method that shows reduced slope safety factors.

Since every potential failure scenario might result in significant losses in both lives and property, the construction of dams needs extensive research to ensure the safety and feasibility of these large engineering structures. In this article, the Analyses should be performed upon specifically to evaluate seepage, slope stability, and soil liquefaction of significant earthen dam. A numerical technique employing the finite element method (FEM) was used in this article. Finite element software (GEO-STUDIO 2022) was used to carry out both steady-state and transient seepage analyses and pseudo-static ground motion That deals with the present work behavior of the Narasimharaya Sagar (Gorakallu Balancing Reservoir) earthen dam which is in the earthquake prone area of Zone II (as per IS 1893-2002).Geostudio 2022’s SLOPE/W, SEEP/W, and QUAKE/W tools examine the stability characteristics slope, seepage, and earthquake (finite element modelling based software). The model with the reservoir at full capacity is initially examined using SEEP/W to identify the piezometric line, which serves as the foundation for SLOPE/W to determine slope stability. Afterwards, it is exposed to a 0.1 peak ground acceleration earthquake motion using QUAKE/W to know its dynamic stability.

Cofferdam is a building in the form of earth, stone, concrete or masonry filling and holds water, prevents flooding, provides irrigation. The building has many functions such as for agriculture, power generation, and tourist attractions. Cofferdam will also be very helpful in flood control which will control flood water so that it will not overflow excessively which endangers the surrounding community. Besides having great benefits. If the cofferdam collapses (broken) it will cause flash floods that result in casualties. Therefore the cofferdam must be designed safely and technically feasible. The research approach used in this study is a quantitative approach using the 2012 GEO-SLOPE program. The conclusions from the analysis of slope seepage and seepage stability are the Critical Safety Factors for cofferdam stability according to the results of the analysis after running SLOPE/W are 1.711 & 1.512 because it is higher than 1.5 (SNI 8460:2017 Geotechnical Requirements Design, This means that the stability of the cofferdam is safe. The modeling results show that the seepage discharge is 1.81x10-7 m3/s = 1.81x10-4 liters/sec = 15.64 liters/day which is smaller than the maximum allowable discharge of 50 liters/day. So it can be concluded that the seepage discharge is safe.

In the last two decades, there has been a significant increase in infrastructure development on slopes of hilly regions of the world, due to population growth. There are many infrastructures on unsaturated expansive slopes, especially in semi-arid and arid regions. Rainfall infiltration is one of the major factors that contributes to the slope and infrastructure foundations failures on hilly slopes with unsaturated expansive soils. In the current study, a rational approach is proposed considering the combined influence of the foundation-slope behavior based on the principles of unsaturated soil mechanics. This is achieved by a novel numerical modelling approach using the commercial software Geo-studio to investigate the performance of strip foundation located on the top of the unsaturated expansive soil slope subjected to various rainfall infiltration conditions. Hydro-mechanical coupling analysis is conducted to evaluate the rainfall water infiltration influence combined with slope stability analysis using limit equilibrium method. Comparisons are made between both the foundation bearing capacity, slope stability before and after rainfall water infiltration. Different failure mechanisms of the foundation and slope system are presented with and without foundation loading for various rainfall scenarios. Results summarized in this paper are helpful for the geotechnical engineers for understanding the performance of shallow foundations on unsaturated expansive soil slopes considering the influence of rainfall infiltration conditions.

This paper analyzes the slope stress analysis of seepage-stress field under the condition of water lifting of reservoir slope, taking a practical reservoir slope project for example, on the basis of investigation and study of the geological environment, the soil geology model of the reservoir slope is established. On the basis of interaction calculation module of the fluid structure in the software Geo-Studio and Biot theory, finite element method of seepage-stress field coupling is applied to study the variation of stress field of the reservoir slope mainly with strong weathering argillaceous sandstone and marl, on the condition that reservoir water level rise and fall. The maximum principal stress is mainly compressive stress, the tensile stress just distributes near the top of the slope; the minimum principal stress is mainly compressive stress.

The decay of soil strength and the change of soil infiltration characteristics caused by the dry and wet cycle effect generated by the rainfall-evaporation process are important factors that induce slope instability. How to consider the effect of soil strength decay and water-soil characteristic curve hysteresis effect on transient stability change of slope is the key to solve this problem. In this paper, transient stability analysis of slopes considering soil strength decay and water-soil characteristic curve hysteresis is carried out based on Geo-Studio. The results of the study showed that the change of transient safety factor of the slope caused by rainfall-evaporation dry and wet cycle process has an overall decreasing trend and the safety factor decreased by 43% compared to the initial state. The seepage characteristics of the rainfall-evaporation dry-wet cycle have certain regularity. The location of slope measurement points has a greater influence on the magnitude of the pore pressure change: foot of slope > middle of slope > top of slope. Also, there is a significant response hysteresis in the change of pore pressure with increasing depth at the same location. The rainfall intensity has a certain influence on the change of slope safety factor, but its influence is not obvious when the rainfall intensity exceeds a certain amount.

The one of the main trouble in the industry of construction is on account of topography nature and the weather conditions is Slope stability . Excavations, hill roads, railway lines, embankments, earth dams, open-cut mines, reservoirs and coastal slope stability these type of applications can come under the consideration of slope engineering. One of the frequent disaster is Slope failure which can generate great loss in property and life. The project namely “Slope Stability and Factor of safety analysis” gives analysis of Four region soil (Himalaya, Jammu and Punjab and on DTU, Delhi) using Geo Studio Slope/w software. The analysis for stability of earth structures can be get from a general software tool Slope/W which is design and develop accordingly. The main essential thing that must be taking care of in the slope stability is in order to undergo the mountainous region project. The study is focus on slope stability analysis for Himachal Jammu and Punjab State and Delhi soil slope using Slope/w. Slope failure has become one of the most frequent geological disaster along the road network in the hilly terrain of Himalayan Jammu , Punjab and Delhi regions that lead to huge loss of life, property and above all the environment. The process of slope stability is very important to defence of the slopes from failure and minimize the likelihood of failure of slopes. By helping Geo Studio(Slope/w) software, the factor of safety and slope stability slope stability will be analyzed.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

AbstractThe analysis of landslide processes and consequent damages constitutes an important aspect in risk assessment. The potential reach zones of a landslide can be estimated by analyzing the behavior of past events under particular geological, geomorphological, and climatic conditions. Although landslide risk models have been developed for temperate zones, little information is available for tropical countries, so empirical equations are used without validation. In this study, a dataset comprising characteristic parameters for 123 landslides from the Andean region of Colombia was compiled from the digital inventory of the Colombian Geological Survey Mass Movement Information System (SIMMA). Empirical landslide travel-distance models were developed using simple and multiple regression techniques. The results revealed that the volume of the displaced mass, the slope angle, the maximum landslide height, and geomorphological environment were the predominant factors controlling the landslides travel distances in the study area. Similarly, a strong correlation was found between the planimetric area and landslide volume, validating the model of Iverson et al. (1998) (Iverson et al., in Geol Soc Am Bull 110:972–984, 1998). The proposed models show a reasonable fit between the observed and predicted values, and exhibited higher prediction capacity than other models in the literature. An example of application of the prediction equations developed here illustrates the procedure to delineate landslide hazard zones for different exceedance probabilities.

Slope failures are among the common geo-environmental natural hazards in the hilly and mountainous terrain of the world. Specially it is the major difficulty for the development of construction as it causes considerable damage on the infrastructure, human life and property. Different causes of slope failure and stabilization methods are proposed by different scholars. In this study the performance of geometric modification in slope stability was investigated using numerical method. The study uses slope height, slope angle and slope profile i.e. single slope, multi slope and bench slope as a governing parameter in the performance evaluation of geometric modification on the slope stability. The evaluation was conducted on a newly constructed road cut slope using a finite element based plaxis software. The result from performance evaluation of slope profiles show that geometric modification provides better and economical slope stability. The stability of slope decreases with increase in slope height and slope angle leading to an uneconomical design of high slopes in a single slope profile. However, the use of benching improves the stability of cut slope (i.e. the use of 2 m and 3 m bench improves the factor of safety by 7.5% and 12% from single slope profile). The method is more effective in steep slopes. Similarly, the use of a multi slope profile improves the stability of slope in stratified soil with varied strength. The performance is more significant when it is used in combination with benches. The study also provides comparison of slope profiles based on different criteria’s and recommend the selection profile based on site-specific considerations.

The stability analysis carried out by GEO5 software and uses free sliding analysis by wet and pore saturated weight charting provided the safety factor of 1.35. The safety precautions were followed by inclinometers and wire extensometer measurements. The other pore saturated asphalt bound shear box and unaxial test compression tests were resulted in the geotechnical and geoseismical data over sliding soil /shale inter surface quality and the characteristics of free rock falling risk and discontinuity distribution, sub crack density and distribution on stereo nets were determined. The research was firstly followed the perched water levels on geoseismical data over causing water burst or explosion of highly free mud and landslides. The hazardous rock falls over saturated soil and uncohesive rock explosions. The proposed study was secondly as strengthening methods such as asphalt mixing as precautious on shear stabilization and other wire mesh barriers anchored. The free sliding cracks was filled by asphalt and compressed for stabilization strengthening known as the characteristics of avoiding shear falls in the future. The unconditional expectations related to this study was also defined for this region such as the influence of the ground water, rock cracks and slope design, explosion exchange dynamics leading to landslide.

We have used 2H NMR methods to examine the order and dynamics of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in multilamellar and small unilamellar vesicles in water as a function of pressure. Multipulse 2H NMR techniques were used with selectively deuterated DPPC on both chains at positions C-2, C-9, or C-13, to obtain lineshapes, spin-lattice relaxation times (T1), and spin-spin relaxation times (T2) at 50 °C from 1 bar to 5.2 kbar pressure. This pressure range allowed us to explore the phase behavior of DPPC from the liquid crystalline (LC) phase through various gel phases (Gl, Gll, Glll, GX), including the interdigited Gi phase. Pressure has an ordering effect: on all chain segments in all the phases. In the LC phase, the order parameter (SCD) decreases from C-2 > C-9 > C-13, while in the gel phases SCD decreases from C-9 > C-13 > C-2, indicating that in the gel phases the middle segments of the chains are more restricted in their motions than the ends. In the LC phase, T1 and T2 values for all segments decrease with pressure and have an order from C-13 > C-9 > C-2. These results suggest that similar conformational motions and molecular rotational motions occur in the LC state in all segments, but have increased amplitudes and frequencies toward the methyl ends. At the phase transitions, discontinuities and abrupt reversal of the slopes for the T1 or T2 dependences on pressure indicate major changes in motional modes and rates for DPPC molecules in the different structures. In the second part of this study, we have measured the lateral diffusion of DPPC in sonicated vesicles in D2O as a function of pressure. The spin-lattice relaxation rate in the rotating frame T−11p was plotted as a function of the square root of the spin-locking field angular frequency (ω1)1/2, and the lateral diffusion coefficient (D) was calculated from the slope. Pressure effects are observed on lateral diffusion in the LC phase (D = 5.4 − 2 × 10−9 cm2 seconds, from 1 to 300 bar) but are negligible in the GI phase (D ≈ 1.0 × 10−9 cm2 seconds, from 400 to 800 bar).

This work addresses the pressure transient behavior of horizontal gas injection well in low permeable reservoirs. Low permeable reservoirs such as shale oil reservoirs have been receiving great attentions lately which normally require hydraulic fracturing and horizontal well development to maximize the oil production. However, the primary recovery factor of shale oil reservoirs is still low and has been estimated to be below 10–15% due to tight nature of the shale formations. Enhanced oil recovery method such as miscible carbon dioxide (CO2) injection is said to be one of the most efficient and effective methods used to increase the oil recovery factor of a low permeable shale oil reservoir. The objective of this paper is to study the pressure transient behavior of the horizontal gas injection well in low permeable shale oil reservoirs using numerical simulator, CMG-GEM. Flow regimes and its significant reservoir parameters are investigated from the log-log plot of pressure-derivatives. It is found that a unit-slope line is developed on pressure-derivative log-log plot at early time due to the gas compressibility effect, followed by early radial flow and early linear flow regimes. The effect of various parameters such as gas injection rate, duration of gas injection, well location and well perforation length are studied and analyzed on the changes of pressure transient characteristics. It is identified that gas injection rate affects the pressure-derivative response significantly at middle time due to gas mobility and viscosity; whereas well location and well perforation length affect the late time pressure-derivative response which relate to dominant boundary effect; however, duration of gas injection is not able to show or prove any impacts on the pressure-derivative behavior due to numerical instability issue. Reservoir characteristics such as average permeability and skin can be identified from the flow regimes equations similar to the horizontal production well.

The chapter is devoted to the design and performance of adsorptive chillers. Basic types of design and operating principle of adsorptive chillers were analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages performance of one-, two-, three-, and four-bed solar power adsorptive chillers are compared. Performance of adsorptive refrigerators based on composite adsorbents was studied. The correlation between the adsorbent composition and the coefficient of energy performance of the adsorptive chiler was revealed. An optimal composition of adsorbent 'silica gel – sodium sulphate' is stated to be of 20% silica gel and 80% sodium sulphate. The maximal values of the coefficient of performance of cycle of studied solar adsorptive chiller about of 1.14 are stated for composites containing about 20 wt. % silica gel and 80 wt% sodium sulphate. As a consequence of decreasing of adsorbent mass, the coefficient of performance is shown to increase when sodium sulphate content in the composite increased. Regeneration process parameters of the composite were shown to strongly affect on the coefficient of performance of the adsorptive chiller. The growth of the coefficient of performance is stated to result from decreasing the difference between adsorbent temperature and regeneration temperature from 85 to 55°C. The basic factors affecting the net coefficient of energy performance of the adsorptive solar refrigerator were stated daily solar radiant flux alongside with composition of the adsorbent and difference between adsorbent temperature and temperature regeneration. Net coefficients of performance of solar adsorptive refrigerator based on composite ‘silica gel – sodium sulphate' were stated to change from 0.25 to 0.34 during operating period. Utilization of the adsorption heat is suggested to warm the heat carrier which applied to heat adsorbent during regeneration. The ways to improve the design and performance of adsorptive solar chillers are suggested. The first one involves the introduction of solar collectors made of cellular polycarbonate plastics in the design of adsorptive solar chiller. Instantaneous efficiency coefficient were calculated as special thermal performance-solar radiant flux surface density ratio, optical efficiency factor is determined as special thermal performance-solar radiant flux surface density ratio at the equal temperatures of heat transfer medium and environment, reduced heat loss factor being calculated as the product of solar collector efficiency factor and net heat loss coefficient. The environmental test of developed collectors PSK-AV2-3, PSK-AV1-2, PSK-AV2-1, PSK-VS1-2, PSK-VS2-2, PSK-VS2-3, PSK-ST10-PW were conducted. The correlation of their results with laboratory tests when the thermohydraulic stand applied is shown. Relative accuracy of laboratory and environment tests was shown to be not exceeding 5 – 7%. The optical efficiency factor and the coefficient of thermal losses of polymeric solar collectors were determined. On the basis of the dependencies of the efficiency of the solar collectors vs. the reduced temperature, optimal designs of the polymeric solar collectors for the adsorption chilling solar systems are determined to be depended on the temperature of the regeneration temperature of the sorbents. As the temperatures of the regeneration of composite adsorbent ranged from 50ºС to 60ºС, appliance of the collectors PSK-AV2-1, PSK-CT10-PW occur to be expedient, and PSK-AB2-3, PSK-VS2-3, PSK-AB1-2, PSK-VS2-2, and PSK-VS1-2 are revealed to be more efficient when regeneration temperatures increased over 80 ºС. Thermotechnical characteristics of designed polymeric solar collectors are shown to surpass conventional metal and vacuum collectors. The perspectives of polymeric solar collectors in the design of adsorptive chilling solar plants were shown. Another way to improve the performance of adsorptive solar chillers concerns with equipping it with a photosensitive element and an electric drive, which will allow changing the angle of slope of the adsorber to the horizon depending on the intensity of the solar radiation. The chapter can be useful for design the efficient adsorptive chilling plants.

Water leakage through the earth dam and the foundation is an important phenomenon that must be considered when designing earth dams, as it generates pore water pressure and causes internal erosion of the dam material that affects the stability of the dam by generating stresses and strain in it. There are a variety of technical methods available to minimize these concerns, such as using core, horizontal filter system, or by modifying the dam's geomatics specifications. The current study observed that at steady state flow through earth dam with horizontal filter, core, and no filter. Increasing the slope of the upstream dam reduces the amount of pore water pressure inside the dam body, while the maximum increase in pore water pressure occurs in the case of no filter. Furthermore, the highest stress at the dam's base is increased by the decrease in upstream slope. Furthermore, the dam's upstream slope has a significant effect on the values of the vertical and horizontal displacements created with in dam. Since the presence of the core generates the greatest increase in the horizontal displacement of the dam and foundation section. Changing the permeability coefficient of the dam body also produces a modification in the stresses at the dam's base by about ± 2%. Also, when utilizing the core, there is the lowest increase in seepage discharge, however when using the horizontal filter, there is the greatest rise in discharge (53.78 %) compared to the case without a filter. Furthermore, while using a horizontal filter, the percentage increase was (1.13%) as compared to when no filter being used

Water leakage through the earth dam and the foundation is an important phenomenon that must be considered when designing earth dams, as it generates pore water pressure and causes internal erosion of the dam material that affects the stability of the dam by generating stresses and strain in it. There are a variety of technical methods available to minimize these concerns, such as using core, horizontal filter system, or by modifying the dam's geomatics specifications. The current study observed that at steady state flow through earth dam with horizontal filter, core, and no filter. Increasing the slope of the upstream dam reduces the amount of pore water pressure inside the dam body, while the maximum increase in pore water pressure occurs in the case of no filter. Furthermore, the highest stress at the dam's base is increased by the decrease in upstream slope. Furthermore, the dam's upstream slope has a significant effect on the values of the vertical and horizontal displacements created with in dam. Since the presence of the core generates the greatest increase in the horizontal displacement of the dam and foundation section. Changing the permeability coefficient of the dam body also produces a modification in the stresses at the dam's base by about ± 2%. Also, when utilizing the core, there is the lowest increase in seepage discharge, however when using the horizontal filter, there is the greatest rise in discharge (53.78 %) compared to the case without a filter. Furthermore, while using a horizontal filter, the percentage increase was (1.13%) as compared to when no filter being used.

Extending the previous two years of research results (Mizarch, et al, 2012, Tao, 2011, 2012), the third year’s efforts in both Maryland and Israel were directed towards the engineering of the system. The activities included the robust chick handling and its conveyor system development, optical system improvement, online dynamic motion imaging of chicks, multi-image sequence optimal feather extraction and detection, and pattern recognition. Mechanical System Engineering The third model of the mechanical chick handling system with high-speed imaging system was built as shown in Fig. 1. This system has the improved chick holding cups and motion mechanisms that enable chicks to open wings through the view section. The mechanical system has achieved the speed of 4 chicks per second which exceeds the design specs of 3 chicks per second. In the center of the conveyor, a high-speed camera with UV sensitive optical system, shown in Fig.2, was installed that captures chick images at multiple frames (45 images and system selectable) when the chick passing through the view area. Through intensive discussions and efforts, the PIs of Maryland and ARO have created the protocol of joint hardware and software that uses sequential images of chick in its fall motion to capture opening wings and extract the optimal opening positions. This approached enables the reliable feather feature extraction in dynamic motion and pattern recognition. Improving of Chick Wing Deployment The mechanical system for chick conveying and especially the section that cause chicks to deploy their wings wide open under the fast video camera and the UV light was investigated along the third study year. As a natural behavior, chicks tend to deploy their wings as a mean of balancing their body when a sudden change in the vertical movement was applied. In the latest two years, this was achieved by causing the chicks to move in a free fall, in the earth gravity (g) along short vertical distance. The chicks have always tended to deploy their wing but not always in wide horizontal open situation. Such position is requested in order to get successful image under the video camera. Besides, the cells with checks bumped suddenly at the end of the free falling path. That caused the chicks legs to collapse inside the cells and the image of wing become bluer. For improving the movement and preventing the chick legs from collapsing, a slowing down mechanism was design and tested. This was done by installing of plastic block, that was printed in a predesign variable slope (Fig. 3) at the end of the path of falling cells (Fig.4). The cells are moving down in variable velocity according the block slope and achieve zero velocity at the end of the path. The slop was design in a way that the deacceleration become 0.8g instead the free fall gravity (g) without presence of the block. The tests showed better deployment and wider chick's wing opening as well as better balance along the movement. Design of additional sizes of block slops is under investigation. Slops that create accelerations of 0.7g, 0.9g, and variable accelerations are designed for improving movement path and images.

This study was conducted to inventory, classify, and map soils and vegetation within the ecosystems of Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM) using an ecological land survey (ELS) approach. The ecosystem classes identified in the ELS effort were mapped across the park, using an archive of Geo-graphic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) datasets pertaining to land cover, topography, surficial geology, and glacial history. The description and mapping of the landform-vegetation-soil relationships identified in the ELS work provides tools to support the design and implementation of future field- and RS-based studies, facilitates further analysis and contextualization of existing data, and will help inform natural resource management decisions. We collected information on the geomorphic, topographic, hydrologic, pedologic, and vegetation characteristics of ecosystems using a dataset of 724 field plots, of which 407 were sampled by ABR, Inc.—Environmental Research and Services (ABR) staff in 2016–2017, and 317 were from existing, ancillary datasets. ABR field plots were located along transects that were selected using a gradient-direct sampling scheme (Austin and Heligers 1989) to collect data for the range of ecological conditions present within KATM, and to provide the data needed to interpret ecosystem and soils development. The field plot dataset encompassed all of the major environmental gradients and landscape histories present in KATM. Individual state-factors (e.g., soil pH, slope aspect) and other ecosystem components (e.g., geomorphic unit, vegetation species composition and structure) were measured or categorized using standard classification systems developed for Alaska. We described and analyzed the hierarchical relationships among the ecosystem components to classify 92 Plot Ecotypes (local-scale ecosystems) that best partitioned the variation in soils, vegetation, and disturbance properties observed at the field plots. From the 92 Plot Ecotypes, we developed classifications of Map Ecotypes and Disturbance Landscapes that could be mapped across the park. Additionally, using an existing surficial geology map for KATM, we developed a map of Generalized Soil Texture by aggregating similar surficial geology classes into a reduced set of classes representing the predominant soil textures in each. We then intersected the Ecotype map with the General-ized Soil Texture Map in a GIS and aggregated combinations of Map Ecotypes with similar soils to derive and map Soil Landscapes and Soil Great Groups. The classification of Great Groups captures information on the soil as a whole, as opposed to the subgroup classification which focuses on the properties of specific horizons (Soil Survey Staff 1999). Of the 724 plots included in the Ecotype analysis, sufficient soils data for classifying soil subgroups was available for 467 plots. Soils from 8 orders of soil taxonomy were encountered during the field sampling: Alfisols (<1% of the mapped area), Andisols (3%), Entisols (45%), Gelisols (<1%), Histosols (12%), Inceptisols (22%), Mollisols (<1%), and Spodosols (16%). Within these 8 Soil Orders, field plots corresponded to a total of 74 Soil Subgroups, the most common of which were Typic Cryaquents, Typic Cryorthents, Histic Cryaquepts, Vitrandic Cryorthents, and Typic Cryofluvents.