Дисертації з теми "Genius of the language"

Like taking a private class with an engaging literature professor, Book Smart is your ticket for literary enlightenment all year long and for the rest of your life. Whether you're a passionate turner of pages or you aspire to be better-read, Book Smart expands your knowledge and enjoyment with a month-by-month plan that tackles 120 of the most compelling books of all time. Throughout the year, each book comes alive with historical notes, highlights on key themes and characters, and advice on how to approach reading. Here is a sampling of what you can expect: January: Make a fresh start with classics like Beowulf and Dante's Inferno April: Welcome spring in the company of strong women like Jane Eyre, Anna Karenina, and Vanity Fair's Becky Sharpe August: Bring a breath of fresh air to summer's heat with comedic works from Kingsley Amis and Oscar Wilde October: Get back to school with young people struggling to grow up in classics like Little Women and recent bestsellers such as The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time December: Celebrate year's end with big prizewinners such as The Remains of the Day and Leaves of Grass
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The purpose of this thesis was to explore why and how the author Dave Eggers subverts the genre of traditional autobiography in his memoir A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius. I compared Eggers' work to Gertrude Stein's The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas and William S. Burroughs' Junky. I found that like Stein and Burroughs, Eggers utilized various rhetorical devices outside of traditional autobiography because he could not find the means to express himself within the genre. Eggers employed various rhetorical methods reserved for fictional texts, such as stream of consciousness, characterization, and irony, in order to reconcile his feelings towards his parents' deaths and render those feelings in his memoir. I established that Eggers concluded his memoir with impossibility of arriving at one Meaning that could summate his tragic experience. Thus, I proved that Eggers gave the reader the only authentic interpretation he could: the memoir as a small, incomplete glimpse into his life.

Dissertação de Mestrado com a especialização em Arquitetura, para obtenção do grau de Mestre
Reflectindo sobre a insatisfação e sobre as alterações de comportamento que se verificaram nos habitantes da aldeia da Luz aquando da sua mudança para a nova aldeia, ponderámos se essa insatisfação poderia estar relacionada com a arquitectura do novo lugar. Partindo de um estudo levado a cabo na comunidade mineira de Arkwright, também ela forçada a uma mudança de morada, pode-se intuir que a arquitectura afecta, de facto, as vivências dos habitantes que nela moram, podendo levar à alteração dos seus comportamentos. Ao contrário do que sucedeu no caso de Arwkright, contudo, a nova aldeia da Luz parece, à primeira vista, reproduzir os códigos da antiga. Esta reprodução permitiria, à partida, que os costumes e as vivências da comunidade da aldeia da Luz fossem mantidos na mudança do velho para o novo povoado. Uma vez que tal não sucedeu, procura-se nesta dissertação identificar quais os elementos e características arquitectónicas essências à vida na antiga aldeia da Luz, tentando descobrir posteriormente se esses traços se mantêm na nova aldeia, comparando-as. Tem-se como objectivo nesta comparação entre a velha e a nova aldeia da Luz descobrir se a nova aldeia consegue repropor correctamente os códigos do antigo povoado que à partida parece querer reproduzir, ao mesmo que se reflecte na importância destas características para a saúde mental dos habitantes e para o equilíbrio daquela comunidade.
ABSTRACT: Reflecting on the dissatisfaction and the behavioral changes verified on the inhabitants of the village of Luz upon their change to the new village, it was pondered if such dissatisfaction was related with the architecture of the new place. Based on a study developed on the mining community of Arkwright, a community that was also forced to a change of dwelling, one can accept the idea that architecture affects, in fact, the life habits of its inhabitants, leading sometimes to changes in their behaviors. Although unlike what happened in Arkwright town, the new village of Luz seems to, at a first glance, reproduce the codes of the old village. This reproduction, one would expect, allowed for the old habits and life of the community to be maintained in the new dwelling. Since that did not happen, this thesis tries to identify the elements and architectural characteristics essential to the life of the old village, trying at the same time to find out if such elements were maintained in the new village, comparing them. The goal of the comparison between the old and the new village of Luz is to find out if the new one is able to propose correctly the codes of the old village that it appears to want to reproduce. At the same time, this thesis tries to reflect on the importance of said codes to the mental health of the village inhabitants and the balance of the community.
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Pause analysis is a method that investigates processes of writing by measuring the amount of time between pen strokes. It provides the field of second language studies with a means to explore the cognitive processes underpinning the nature of writing. This study examined the potential of using free handwritten copying of sentences as a means of investigating components of the cognitive processes of adults who have English as their Second Language (ESL). A series of one pilot and three experiments investigated possible measures of language skill and the factors that influence the quality of the measures. The pilot study, with five participants of varying English competence, identified copying without pre-reading to be an effective task and ‘median' at the beginning of words to be an effective measure. Experiment 1 (n=20 Malaysian speakers) found jumbled sentences at the letter and word levels to effectively differentiate test-taker competence in relation to grammatical knowledge. Experiment 2 (n=20 Spanish speakers) investigated the jumbling effects further, but found that participants varied their strategy depending on the order of the sentence types. As a result, Experiment 3 (n= 24 Malaysian speakers) used specific task instructions to control participant strategy use, so that they either attended to the meaning of the sentences, or merely copied as quickly as possible. Overall, these experiments show that it is feasible to apply pause analysis to cognitively investigate both grammar and vocabulary components of language processing. Further, a theoretical information processing model of copying (MoC) was developed. The model assists in the analysis and description of (1) the flow of copying processes; (2) the factors that might affect longer or shorter pauses amongst participants of varying competence level; and (3) sentence stimuli design.

One of the central tenets of the embodied theory of language comprehension is that the process of understanding prompts the same perceptuo-motor activity involved in actual perception and action. This activity is a component of comprehension that is not memory–dependent and is hypothesized to be intact in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Each article in this thesis is aimed at answering the question whether individuals with probable AD, healthy older adults and younger adults show differences in their performance on tests where perceptual and motoric priming take place during language comprehension. The second question each article asks is whether language comprehension in AD can be facilitated by the specific use of this perceptual and motoric priming. Article I examines whether the way individuals with pAD represent verbs spatially matches the way healthy older and younger adults do, and how stable these representations are. It also explores in what way spatial representations may relate to verb comprehension, more specifically, whether representations matching the norms translate into a better quality of verb comprehension. Article II tests the interaction between the verbs' spatial representations taking place during comprehension and perceptual cues - compatible and incompatible to the representations - in order to investigate whether individuals with pAD show differences in susceptibility to perceptual cues, compared to healthy older and younger participants. The second aim of this article is to explore in what way performance on a word-picture verification task can be affected, with reference to the fact that in previous studies on young participants, both priming and interference have resulted from the interaction of linguistic and perceptual processing. Article III explores the Action Compatibility Effect (ACE) (Glenberg & Kaschak, 2002) with the aim of finding out whether the ACE exists for volunteers with pAD and whether it can facilitate language comprehension. The order of presentation of language and movement is manipulated to establish whether there is a reciprocal relationship between them. This information could be crucial in view of possible applications to individuals with pAD. These articles test, for the first time, the effects of the manipulation of the perceptuo-motor component during language comprehension in individuals with pAD; they are intended as a methodological exploration contributing to a better understanding of the potential of embodiment principles to support language comprehension changes associated with pAD. Embodiment effects need to be studied further with a view to putting them to use in either clinical or real-life applications.

O tema da loucura na obra pessoana tem sido objecto de várias aproximações interpretativas, decorrentes da multiplicidade de textos que fazem eco do fenómeno e da sua persistência enquanto topos ao longo de praticamente toda a sua produção. Na sua acepção literal, manteve constantes interferências com a dimensão empírica do autor sobretudo quando sustentadas na contingência de certos textos basilares, os quais têm vindo a ser questionados quanto ao seu valor estritamente testemunhal. Como fenómeno desde cedo relacionado com a criação artística, a loucura surge neste estudo não apenas na representatividade da condição distintiva do sujeito criador mas ainda como figuração da contingência que envolve qualquer acto criativo que tome a linguagem na sua dimensão essencialmente metafórica e ambígua. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho pretende a abertura de várias vias de leitura do fenómeno através da análise crítica dos vocabulários relativos a diferentes âmbitos e concepções de loucura e a sua relação com o génio (capítulos I e II), focando o seu interesse no que diz respeito a alguma produção pessoana pré-heteronímica, nomeadamente Charles Robert Anon, Alexander Search (capítulo III) e Jean Seul de Méluret (capítulo IV), a que acrescentaremos o Primeiro Fausto (capítulo IV), de modo a conseguirmos estabelecer uma possível relação entre as primeiras experiências de alterização e a descoberta simultânea da irredutibilidade do discurso literário face a tentativas de literalização e de racionalização da linguagem, defendidas por outros modelos (paradigma biologista). A identificação da ambiguidade e da ironia nas suas mais variadas acepções como componentes essenciais da aprendizagem do valor contingente do processo de criação contribuirá tanto para a definição da autonomização da literatura como para a redescrição moderna do sujeito criador, paradoxalmente investido do pathos criativo anunciado no Romantismo e confrontando-se com os seus limites, que corresponderão aos da própria linguagem, situação de crise de que a figuração do louco lúcido será um dos tópicos mais produtivos. ABSTRACT: The theme of madness in the Pessoa work has been the subject of several interpretive approaches, from the multiplicity of texts that echo the phenomenon and its persistence as a topos priority over virtually all its production. ln its physiological sense, remained constant interference with the empirical dimension of the author when sustained in the contingency of certain basic texts that have been questioned as to their strictly testimonial value. As early phenomenon associated with artistic creation, the madness in this study is not only representative in the distinctive condition of the subject creator but also as the contingency figuration involving any creative act to take the language mainly in its essential metaphorical and ambiguous dimension. Accordingly, this work intends to open several analysis manners of the phenomenon through critical analysis of vocabularies for different areas and concepts of madness and its special relationship with the genius (Chapters I and II), focusing its interest in respect to some of the previous-heteronomy Pessoa production, including Charles Robert Anon, Alexander Search (Chapter III) and Jean Seul de Méluret (Chapter IV), and the Primeiro Fausto (Chapter IV), among others, to establish a possible relationship between changing early experiences and the discovery simultaneous literary discourse of irreducibility in the face of the attempts of literacy and the rationalization of language defended by other models (biologist paradigm). The identification of the ambiguity and irony in its many different meanings as essential components of learning the contingent value of the creation process which will contribute to the definition of empowerment in the literature as to the redescription of the modem subject creator that paradoxically had the creative pathos announced in Romanticism and from the confrontation with its limits, which will correspond to the language itself, the crisis situation from which the mad-lucid figuration will be one of the most productive topics.

 

Taboo language is a broad definition, and researchers have defined it in various categories. Using taboo language, to a great extent, is widely considered as offensive and inappropriate, as well as a specialty of men rather than women. Men and women are often said to use taboo language differently. This study aims to analyze the use of taboo language in conversations of women’s, men’s and mixed-gender talk in some episodes from the American TV series Sex and the City. The study will examine the differences and similarities of using taboo language in male and female speech in terms of gender differences, and conversational strategies in general.

 

I attempt to capture the simple and fleeting beauty of Washington, DC, before it folds into time. In my representational paintings and monotypes, I want to convey the elegance and serenity of the streets, cars, pedestrians, and the majestic buildings of our nation’s capital. As a native Washingtonian, I’ve always admired the view of the city from across the Potomac River, from sunrise to sunset. I want to share these views and these experiences of my daily life with the viewer.

The PhD research project focus on the study of evolution, adaptation, and speciation inthe subterranean environment using troglobitic Coleoptera of the genus Anthroherponas a model organism. Genus Anthroherpon belongs to the tribe Leptodirini (Coleoptera:Leiodidae: Cholevinae), a group that has undergone extensive diversification in thesubterranean environment. All species of this genus have developed typicaltroglomorphic modifications: complete anophthalmy, apterism, extreme elongation ofappendages, head, and pronotum, and physogastric elytra. To understand theevolutionary history of this group, the troglomorphic adaptations need to be studied ina phylogenetic framework. The thesis provide a comprehensive evolutionary analysisof the Anthroherpon radiation, using a dated molecular phylogeny as a framework forunderstanding Anthroherpon diversification, reconstructing the ancestral range, andexploring troglomorphic diversity. In light of these findings, a new taxonomicalorganisation of the group has been proposed.
Doktorska disertacija predstavlja studiju evolucije, adaptacije i specijacije upodzemnim staništima troglobiontnih tvrdokrilaca roda Anthroherpon. Pomenuti rodpripada tribusu Leptodirini (Leiodidae, Cholevinae), grupi koja je prošla intenzivnudiverzifikaciju u uslovima podzemnih staništa. Sve vrste pomenutog roda posedujutipične troglomorfne osobine, kao što su: anoftalmija, apterizam, ekstremno izduženitelesni nastavci, glava i pronotum, i fizogastrija. Radi razumevanja evolucione istorijegrupe, troglomorfne adaptacije su studirane u filogenetskom kontekstu. U analizievolutivne radijacije roda Anthroherpon korišćena je datirana molekularna filogenijakao okvir za razumevanje diverzifikacije roda, evolucije troglomorfnih karaktera irekonstrukciju predačkog areala. U svetlu novih nalaza predložena je novataksonomska organizacija grupe.

Our thoughts and behaviours can sometimes be influenced by stimuli that we are not consciously aware of having seen. For example, the presentation of a word that is blocked from entering conscious visual perception through masking can subsequently influence the cognitive processing of a further target word. However, the idea that unconscious cognition is sophisticated enough to process the semantic meaning of subliminal stimuli is controversial. This thesis attempts to explore the extent of subliminal priming. Empirical research centering on subjective methods of measuring conscious knowledge is presented in a series of three articles. The first article investigates the subliminal priming of negation. A series of experiments demonstrates that unconscious processing can accurately discriminate between two nouns beyond chance performance when subliminally instructed to either pick or not pick a given noun. This article demonstrates not only semantic processing of the instructional word, but also unconscious cognitive control by following a two-word subliminal instruction to not choose the primed noun. The second article investigates subliminal priming of active versus passive verb voice by presenting a prime sentence denoting one of two characters as either active or passive and asking which of two pictorial representations best matches the prime. The series of experiments demonstrates that overall, participants were able to identify the correct image for both active and passive conditions beyond chance expectations. This article suggests that individuals are able to process the meaning of word combinations that they are not aware of seeing. The third article attempts to determine whether subliminal processing is sophisticated enough to allow for the activation of specific anxieties relating to relationships. Whilst the findings reveal a small subliminal priming effect on generalised anxiety, the evidence regarding the subliminal priming of very specific anxieties is insensitive. The unconscious is shown in these experiments to be more powerful than previously supposed in terms of the fine grained processing of the semantics of word combinations, though not yet in terms of the fine grained resolution of emotional priming.

This study investigates, theoretically and empirically, the role of animacy in the development of gender systems. The theoretical background is a grammaticalisation approach to language change. Concerning gender, this presupposes that classifications begin as semantic distinctions in the realm of animacy with flexible, contextually based agreement between the gender-marking elements. This kind of gender is called contextual gender. In the course of time, these classifications will spread into other areas, they become desemanticized and the agreement relation grammaticalizes into one of government where the inherent gender of the head noun controls the gender of the agreeing elements, irrespective of contextual factors When this leads to a great number of violations of the principles of contextual agreement in the realm of animacy, a new cycle of semantic classification will begin, creating layers of classifications. For German and Swedish two different layers are discerned respectively. The empirical starting point of this project was the observation of two opposite developments in the area of female person reference in Germany and Sweden. As a consequence of feminist critique of language, mainly targeted at the use of socalled masculine generics, in Germany the use of female gender-specific nouns increased substantially, the major means being female derivation with –in, so-called motion. Although similar means for female derivation exist in Swedish, i.e. -inna and -ska, the number of derivations used is decreasing. In order to isolate socio-cultural and historical facts from language-internal mechanisms behind the diverging tendencies, a historical sketch of the development of equal rights, of language criticism and of the development of the female suffixes is drawn for the respective countries. It is obvious, that the German strategy to achieve gender-fair language use is established by making women visible by means of motion, while in Sweden the use of gender-neutral forms for a long period of time has been regarded as a sign of equality. This ‘neutral’ use of former masculine and male-specific forms has been made possible by the merging of the two nominal genders masculine and feminine into uter (Sw. utrum). A contrastive study of comparable German and Swedish newspaper texts shows that the lack of motion in Swedish is partly compensated by composition and attribution with gender-specific lexemes. Still, the 64% gender-specific noun phrases in Swedish cannot compare with the 95% in German. But the use of gender-specific forms for well over half of the person references calls into doubt the general opinion shared by most Swedes that Swedish has a gender-neutral person reference system. Linguistic asymmetry persists as long as gender-specification is restricted to one half of the gendered population, whatever the means for specification. The almost exclusive use of gender-specific forms in German is seen as indicative of a grammaticalisation process. Haspelmaths invisible hand explanation of grammaticalisation is used to show how the development of -in in German fulfils just about every requirement on a grammaticalisation process – language-external as well as -internal – while -inna and -ska neither are promoted sufficiently by the speech community nor does there exist a paradigm that could accommodate them. In contrast to Swedish, where the suffixes remain strictly derivational, it is demonstrated that -in is turning into an inflectional marker. The German gender sub-system for person reference is developing into a semantically based system with genderflexible person denominations. A study of the pronouns agreeing with non-personal-agents in a parallel corpus of EU-documents shows that other aspects than purely referential or formal ones impinge on the choice of agreement forms. Non-personal-agents in certain contexts expose both agency and intentionality, which turns them into suitable agreement partners for animate pronouns. In Swedish, all animate pronouns are sexed, leaving a “Leerstelle” for these inanimate but agentive and intentional referents. In German, this problem is covered by the polysemy of the personal pronouns. Non-personal-agents are shown to be one possiblesource for the spreading of a linguistic innovation from the realm of animacy into inanimate contexts via semantic and thematic roles that share important features with animates proper. The last study makes use of different types of German monolingual corpora in order to investigate the agreement between inanimate nouns with female inherent gender – from non-personal-agents and abstracts to concrete nouns – and agent nouns which can potentially expose agreement by female derivation. Although the results are rather heterogeneous, they allow the formulation of the hypothesis that agreement is more likely to occur with nouns for which a metaphorical bridge to stereotypical conceptions of femininity can be constructed and that key collocations with high frequency such as die Kirche als Trägerin or die DNA als Trägerin der Erbinformation contribute significantly to the spread of the agreement pattern.

Lynn Riggs was an early to mid-20th century Native American playwright who wrote twenty-four full length plays, his sole enduring success being Green Grow the Lilacs, the play upon which the musical Oklahoma! is based. For much of the early part of Riggs’s career, he was considered a uniquely pioneering and promising playwright, cited in competition with Eugene O’Neill as vying for the position of best playwright of their age. But while O’Neill has gone on to be considered America’s Greatest Playwright, the life and works of Lynn Riggs, save for his contribution to Rodgers and Hammerstein, have gone largely forgotten and unexamined. It is the purpose of my paper to 1) provide a biographical sketch of the man, 2) give an overview of several major themes that run through his work, and 3) provide some theory and analysis as to why the promise of this young and distinctly Native American voice was never adequately fulfilled in his lifetime. I will attempt to argue that a combination of circumstances including Riggs’s poor home life, his at times misogynistic and racist points of view, America’s inability to see Native Americans as other than caricatures and, quite simply, bad luck put much of Riggs’s writing on a fast track to failure and contemporary obscurity.

Fragmented and heterogenous space of Mariánské náměstí needs a new unifying element that will not compete with its surroundings, and yet not blindly respectful. It will simply stand there and in time become a natural part of the area. Rough massive volumes with minimum of windows boldly face surrounding urban blocks. Its dynamic facades emphasize the opennes and chaos of the area. Rough raw boulders with single elegant crystal inserted amongst them. Like a diamond amongst coal. It is interconnected through bridges. People and life flows through the whole structure.

České Budějovice struggles with unsuitable spaces for the Theatre and the Philharmonic. It is also confronted with urbanistic challenges of underused public spaces. This diploma thesis sets out to remedy these challenges and offer a possible solution through the design of Platform of live arts – opera and philharmonic halls at Mariánské náměstí. I approach this problematic area with an effort of creating a distinctive feature, that propagates new spatial relationships and changes the existing perception of space. The center of gravity, two performance halls, are placed in the utmost tip of the plot in confrontation with historical skyline of the old city. Counterweight of this expansive volume is a park, theatrical gardens at the opposite and. The idea is to preserve quality free space around which similar institutions might find their place in the future, thus creating a cultural oasis.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera sportkrönikan ur ett genusperspektiv för att på så sätt dels belysa de skrivstrategier som sportjournalister använder för att skriva krönikor och andra texter, dels uppmärksamma och belysa de strukturer och traditioner inom genren och i samhället som styr journalisternas arbete.

För att göra detta har tre sportkrönikörer intervjuats, en kvantitativ undersökning av sammanlagt 114 av deras texter har utförts, och totalt sex texter (två av varje journalist) har djupanalyserats utifrån en modell för kritisk diskursanalys.

Resultaten visar bland annat att den manliga traditionen dominerar genren och att krönikörernas uttalade ambitioner inte alltid syns i deras texter.

I denna uppsats undersöks samtida svenska hundnamn, och syftet har varit att kartlägga och kategorisera de vanligaste namnen. Jag har använt försäkringbolaget Agrias namndatabas och undersökt de femtio vanligaste namnen hos nio raser. Det visar sig att namnbeståndet skiljer sig åt beroende av hundens kön och användningsområde. Sällskapshundar tenderar att få personnamn i högre grad än jakthundar, och de tikspecifika namnen utgörs av en mycket större andel personnamn än de hanhundsspecifika. Jakthundar har bevarat ett äldre namnskick i högre grad än sällskapshundar och brukshundar. Men personnamn har stark ställning hos alla de undersökta raserna, och i jämförelse med studier av tidigare perioder har den antroponymiska namngivningen ökat stort.

China is a high speed developing country during the past 40 years. However, when China became better and better, there were a lot of issues being left, such as boomed populations, urban village emerging, social media issues and lack of human spirit. All of these issues occurred in the modern urban context, which made the "Loci Genius" lose. So how could architects reconstruct and conserve the "Genius Loci." I try to build the temple for people in the high dense city, which help people to find and think for themselves, to keep peaceful. I believe people and space could build the journey to the pilgrimage. The Buddha joss will not be made in the temple, but be established in every visitor's mind finally.
M. Arch.

The aim of this comparative study is to investigate language proficiency in English among Swedes and the Finnish-speaking population living in Sweden, henceforth referred to as Sweden Finns. The main issue is to discover to what extent Sweden Finns show similarity and how they differ from Swedes regarding their proficiency in English, concerning grammar and vocabulary. Through a proficiency test, this essay intends to compare and discover any possible tendencies among male and female monolingual and bilingual participants.      Gender issues are rather unexplored in research on bilingualism. Sex, or gender, as a variable has received a limited amount of attention compared with other factors of individual variation, such as age or language learning strategies in the field of SLA.      The results of the statistical analysis of the data indicate that results are varied, and therefore confirm previous results. Sweden Finns score higher as a group on the test than Swedes, but male Swedish participants gave the most correct answers on all questions, followed by female Sweden Finns, then male Sweden Finns and ultimately female Swedes. Interesting, but not statistically significant, findings suggest that the students participating in this study have a good vocabulary size and are acquainted with high-frequency words and pronouns. Most errors were found in the parts concerning irregular verbs and synonyms. Multiple-choice questions received a higher frequency of right answers than open questions.      As the results are varied since this type of study has not been carried out before, it shows that there is a need for nuanced quantitative research in this field of study.

The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of what preschool educators think about gender work and how they work with gender in preschool. The aim is also to contribute to a broader understanding of the educators way of promoting gender equality in preschool. The study is based on a qualitative method were eight preschool educators were interviewed. Previous research has also highlighted gender, which has also been our central research area. The theory is based on West and Zimmerman's “Doing Gender” theory and Connell's theory "About Gender". The results of the study show different ways of working with gender and the importance of gender work in preschool. Gender work at preschool was evident through conversations with the children, language usage and preschool materials. The importance of gender work was expressed through the educators' norm-critical approach and their approach to non-gender-aware colleagues. The final discussion shows a link between previous research and our results, but also how a gender perspective in the work with the children benefits society as a whole.

The purpose of this study is to map secondary school students’ perception of male andfemale language. The study was performed in two classes in 7th grade and two classesin grade 9. The survey consisted mainly of categorization questions of differentlinguistic behaviours as female or male, but also gave the students the opportunity tofreely describe differences. The responses were then processed through a quantitativeand qualitative analysis.The students perceived the male language as more dominant, curt and offensive, andthought that men took more place through language. Women’s language wasunderstood to be used to seek contact, to be eloquent, to indicate uncertainty and to becorrect and polite.

Sammanfattning

Syftet med undersökningen är att ur ett genusperspektiv beskriva, belysa, tolka och reflektera kring företeelserna: pojkars och flickors receptioner av en text, deras uppfattning om det egna skrivandet och om genus kopplat till skrivandet. Genom tidigare elevsamtal hade jag mött några pojkar som ansåg att det fanns skillnader mellan könen vad det gäller att skriva. Det jag visste sedan tidigare var att pojkar presterar sämre än flickor betygsmässigt i alla ämnen utom i idrott oavsett klasstillhörighet, etnicitet eller var de bor. Att plugga inte är förenat med att vara cool om man är pojke. Min utgångspunkt var att eleverna skriver lika, men att pojkarna inte visar detta öppet för att upprätthålla sin status. Det visade sig att alla elever utom en ansåg att flickor och pojkar skriver olika.

 

I undersökningen fick eleverna först läst en text och därefter svarat på frågor. Frågorna berörde elevernas uppfattning om texten, perception, deras attityder till skrivandet och till genus och skrivandet. I analysen tittade jag bland annat på elevernas erfarenhet av literacy och jag jämförde antal ord och pronomen mellan flickor och pojkar. Texten eleverna läste var skriven i jagform, könsneutral, till sista ordet då det visade sig handla om homosexuellkärlek. Texten kan ha varit genusprovocerande får några elever, vilket då påverkat undersökningen. Reliabiliteten skulle öka om undersökningen fick samma resultat med en annan forskare vid en annan tidpunkt och med en annan typ av text.

 

Vid en generalisering av resultaten tycker flickorna att: det är kul att skriva i skolan, det är lättast att skriva om känslor, de reflekterar över hur de skriver och de skriver längre texter. Pojkarna tycker: inte om att skriva i skolan, de skriver kortfattat, de skriver inte om känslor, de reflekterar inte över hur de skriver. Elevernas uppfattningar om kvinnligt och manligt skrivande är kopplat till traditionella könsmönster - flickor känner och pojkar är känslolösa.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa värdeladdning och användbarhet hos nio ord för det kvinnliga könsorganet. De ord som behandlas är vagina, fitta, snippa, muff, mutta, sköte, vulva, mus och springa. Uppsatsens grundläggande hypotes är att samtliga nio ord är värdeladdade och att inga ord är neutrala i den bemärkelsen att de kan användas oproblematiskt i uppsatsinformanternas vardag.

En enkät som berör igenkänning och användning av orden, uppfattning om dem, samt de¬ras eventuella positiva eller negativa klang har besvarats av 75 kvinnliga gymnasieelever på estetiska programmets tredje år. 23 informanter är från en skola i Stockholmsregionen medan 52 informanter är från en skola i Skåne.

Undersökningens resultat analyseras och förklaras med stöd av Laclau & Mouffes diskursteori, Sapir & Whorfs hypotes om språkets inverkan på vår uppfattning av omvärlden, Hirdmans genusteori samt tidigare forskning som är relevant för uppsatsämnet.

Uppsatsens resultat visar att hypotesen verifieras.

The target of this thesis is to explain the Travelling Salesman Problem and also create a special program, which will be able to make calculations using the heuristics GENIUS. The Travelling Salesman Problem will be described from two different points of view. The first one is the historical description of the idea of the Travelling Salesman Problem and later will be the problem will be described with some of the very wide number of the calculation methods. For the explanation of the methods, in the thesis there has been chosen some of the algorithms which belong to that methods. The heuristics and also the exact algorithms will be explained. The focus of this thesis is on the heuristics called GENIUS and also in the creation of the program which can calculate it. The program works first with the GENI algorithm and after that it works with US post-optimization algorithm. The program will be described from the point of view of the user and the manual will be written as well. The program will be tested on two different examples and will be compared with the exact algorithm.

Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-02

La thèse étudie la construction d'un imaginaire national de la langue française au cours du long XIXe siècle (1789-1920), tant du point de vue linguistique à travers l'émergence du concept de langue nationale que du point de vue stylistique à travers l'essor de la catégorie de style français. L’hypothèse défendue est la suivante : être écrivain à la fin du XIXe siècle, c’est d’abord être un écrivain français qui, parmi les possibles rhétoriques, stylistiques et linguistiques qui lui sont offerts, renégocie à chaque réalisation langagière une écriture française et un ethos français. À une époque où grammaire et littérature sont pensées conjointement, les grammairiens du XIXe siècle attribuent à la littérature le devoir d’illustrer la langue nationale. Le champ littéraire n’est pas imperméable aux réflexions sur la langue et la nation, et les écrivains, notamment à la fin du siècle, appréhendent le style selon l'imaginaire politique et idéologique de la francité : il y aurait un style français et des styles non-français, c’est-à-dire des styles qui ne respectent pas la supposée tradition du génie de la langue française. Après avoir étudié dans une première partie l’imaginaire linguistique de la langue nationale dans les grammaires du XIXe siècle, puis dans une seconde l’imaginaire du style français chez les écrivains, notre dernière partie constitue une analyse stylistique d’auteurs de la Troisième République pour essayer de cerner ce qui a été senti comme un style français (Renan, Daudet, Barrès, Maurras, France) et ce qui a été senti comme un style anti-national (Goncourt, Louÿs, Huysmans, Mallarmé, Valéry, Suarès, Péguy, Fargue, Claudel, Gide, Proust, Giraudoux)
This thesis is a study of the construction of a national imagination by the French language during the long 19th century (1789-1920), both from a linguistic perspective, through the emerging concept of a national language, and from a stylistic point of view, through the rise of the French style as a category. The hypothesis defended here is that the national language, in France, is less the product of a linguistic policy than a discursive construct elaborated by grammar books between the French Revolution and the Third Republic. 19th century grammarians decided that it was the duty of literature to illustrate the national language, at a time when grammar and literature were indissociable. In fact, that literature should be influenced by reflections in which language and nation are associated is inevitable: writers, especially at the end of the century, approached style according to the notion of “Frenchness”, which is at once political, ideological, and imaginary. Such a notion asserted the existence of a French style, as opposed to non-French styles that failed to abide by the alleged tradition of the so-called genius of the French language. This thesis first explores the linguistic imagination that influenced the national language in the grammar books of the 19th century. It then moves on to the writers’ use of the imaginary notions related to a specifically French style. Last but not least, it examines the style of some of the authors who wrote during the Third Republic, and seeks to identify what was perceived as a specifically French style (as in the works of Renan, Daudet, Barrès, Maurras or France), and what was perceived as an antinational style (as in the works of Goncourt, Louÿs, Huysmans, Mallarmé, Valéry, Suarès, Péguy, Fargue, Claudel, Gide, Proust or Giraudoux)

Sammandrag

Författare: Peggy Palm

År: Ht 2007

Titel: Lära våga tala. Om tal i klassrumsoffentligheten

Engelsk titel: Speak up! About communication in the classroom

Ort, Universitet: Växjö, Växjö Universitet

Sidor: 40

Innehåll:

Undersökningens syfte var att ta reda på hur det offentliga talutrymmet fördelar sig i klassrummet för de tidigare åren, för läraren, men även för hur det fördelar sig mellan flickor och pojkar. Undersökningen syftar även till att belysa på vilket sätt som eleverna fått/tagit ordet på den offentliga nivån i klassrummet och vid hur många tillfällen som läraren har vidareutvecklat svaret med sina elever vid dessa tillfällen. Samt även hur lärare och elever uppfattar att det offentliga talutrymmet fördelar sig i klassrummet för de tidigare åren.

Metoden består av observationer och ljudinspelningar i klassrummen i åk 1, 3 och 5. Jag har även utfört intervjuer av de tre berörda lärarna och av tre flickor och tre pojkar från varje klass.

Resultatet visar att läraren talar i cirka 54-78 % av den offentliga taltiden, deras uppfattning låg på cirka 50-60 %. Tidigare forskning visar att det oftast är pojkarna som dominerar det offentliga talutrymmet i klassrummet. Det gör de även i denna undersökning men med små tidsmarginaler. Den tidigare så kallade tvåtredjedelsregeln, där läraren talar i tvåtredjedelar av lektionstiden och pojkarna i tvåtredjedelar av elevtiden, verkar tyvärr stämma ganska väl överens med verkligheten fortfarande. Dock inte i åk 5 då det rådde omvända förhållanden vid elevtiden.

Lärarnas och elevernas uppfattning om hur det offentliga talutrymmet skulle fördelas stämde inte alltid med verkligheten. Läraren i åk 5 trodde att flickorna skulle dominera, men det visade sig att det var pojkarna som gjorde det även om det var med väldigt liten tidsmarginal.

Det är läraren som har makten över det offentliga ordet i klassrummet. Det är hon/han som fördelar ordet och ser till att gällande regler följs. Det är därför viktigt att läraren fördelar ordet rättvist och skapar ett positivt klassrumsklimat!

Nyckelord: talträning, talutrymme, klassrum, genus, lärare, elev

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka tre gymnasielärares upplevelser av att arbeta genuspedagogiskt med litteratur i svenskundervisningen. Avsikten är även att undersöka om lärarna har en planerad struktur för hur detta bör genomföras samt att undersöka hur de upplever läromedlen som finns på respektives skolor, ur ett genusperspektiv. Arbetet är baserat på tre intervjuer med lärare som är verksamma vid olika gymnasieskolor i en medelstor stad i Sverige.

Under intervjuerna har det framkommit att de tre svensklärarna i denna undersökning i olika hög grad anser att genusperspektivet är någonting angeläget att arbeta med i undervisningen. Trots detta har inte samtliga en positiv syn på begreppet genus. Att den negativa synen på genusperspektivet beror på rädsla inför att förändra den egna uppfattningen av könsroller är en möjlighet. Hur strukturen för den genuspedagogiska undervisningen bör te sig skiljer sig mellan de tre lärarna. Två av dem förespråkar en integration av genusperspektivet i övrig undervisning medan den tredje läraren anser att ett temaarbete är att föredra. Vad som är mest påtagligt i denna studie är att männens perspektiv saknas. Lärarna talar mycket om kvinnoroller samt kvinnohistoria, men utelämnar till viss del männens könsroller och historia i sin undervisning. Genusperspektivet inbegriper bägge könen, men lärarna i studien verkar i det närmaste förknippa genusperspektivet med ett feministiskt perspektiv. Samtliga lärare anser att det är en underrepresentation av kvinnor i de läromedel som skolan tillhandahåller. Möjligtvis ligger deras fokus på kvinnors historia inom litteraturen som grund för att uppväga den förringning som finns i läromedlen.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka skillnader i hur manliga och kvinnliga författare presenteras i läromedlet Den levande litteraturen, för att se om det lever upp till läroplanens mål om att skolan skall förmedla jämställdhet. Janssons lärobok från 1995 är ett vanligt förekommande läromedel och passar därför bra för en kvalitativ analys av hur isärhållandet av män och kvinnor verkställs och vilka normer som tillämpas vid bedömningen av författarskapen. Textanalysen är inspirerad av Williams studie från 1997 och har även Hirdmans teori om genussystemets två principer som utgångspunkt. Resultaten visar att läroboken bidrar till att bekräfta och förstärka dikotomin och hierarkin, det vill säga att isärhålla kvinnor och män och framhålla mannen som norm, med vilken kvinnan jämförs. Slutsatsen blir att det finns stora skillnader mellan läroboken Den levande litteraturen och läroplanens mål om att förmedla jämställdhet och låta undervisningen spegla både manliga och kvinnliga perspektiv.

Several critics have sought to identify the central features in the multiplicity of Thomas De Quincey's work. J. Hillis Miller speaks of the 'common essence', Robert Maniquis of 'those essential patterns', Edmund Baxter of 'the key themes which, to my mind, make of De Quincey's disparate works a unified whole.' Yet despite their merits, these critical deliberation have not revealed the essential De Quincey. De Quincey's genius is constituted in four distinct elements. One: the periodical writer. De Quincey never sat down to write anything without one eye fixed firmly on the monthly magazine audiences he was expected to entertain and enlighten. It was his job to provoke an argument, debunk a trend, relate an amusing anecdote, interpret an idea. Two: the logician. De Quincey's analytical bent is the primary influence on his work as a literary critic and a detective and it serves him extremely well as a populariser, especially of economics. The same bent leads De Quincey to insist on precision in the use of language. Even highly imaginative works like Suspiria are characterised by his love of the analytical. Three: the disciple. Wordsworth is everywhere in the writings of De Quincey. At the same time Wordsworth respected De Quincey's literary abilities and often sought to exploit them. Yet Wordsworth and De Quincey are two strikingly different writers. The most critical difference between the two is the way in which they depict the guilt and fear of their childhood experience. Four: the rhetorician. De Quincey championed the 'literature of power' as a moral force which would galvanise and enliven the energies of man's heart. In the vast majority of his essays he crafts a mellifluous and pliant prose. But in works of 'impassioned prose' like the Confessions Trilogy he produces his own form of 'power' in order to try and beat back the blight of modern industrial advance. These four elements make his work instantly identifiable: they are the fundamental and indelible strands from which he weaves the endless variety of his writing, the 'fixed predetermined centres' around which gather 'whatever heterogeneous elements ... may have accumulated from without'.

Genius loci has been described as "the spirit of place". The main interest in considering an urban monastery program is to create a place that embodies the spirit and culture of Tibetan Buddhism in the context of urban Washington, D.C. Given Tibet's unique culture that has developed over centuries without much Western influence, and it recent history of Chinese rule, religious persecution and infiltration of its language, culture and environment, the challenge of this program is to represent the traditions of Tibetan Buddhism in a modern language of architecture.
Master of Architecture

Il lavoro esposto in questa trattazione si colloca all’interno dell’ambito della biologia sintetica, settore interdisciplinare fondato sulla biologia e sull’ingegneria, i cui obiettivi consistono nella progettazione e costruzione di sistemi biologici spesso finalizzati alla sintesi di particolari elementi chimici difficilmente reperibili in natura. Preso atto della complessità di realizzazione di tali sistemi, quindi, si è deciso di sfruttare le potenzialità dei nuovi linguaggi di programmazione, sempre più indirizzati verso un connubio fra il paradigma ad oggetti e quello funzionale, per sviluppare un tool adatto alla loro descrizione e, successivamente, alla simulazione dei loro comportamenti. In questo contesto, pertanto, si presenta Another Genetic Circuit Transcriber, un linguaggio dominio-specifico per la costruzione di reti geniche, nato con l’intento di essere quanto più possibile affine al linguaggio naturale e dotato di una serie – espandibile – di generatori in grado di esportare il contenuto della rete verso software esterni.

Taksonomija  i  sistematika  su  okosnica  nauke  o biodiverzitetu,  obzirom  da  su  osnova  za identifikaciju  i  razdvajanje  jedinstvenih filogenetskih  entiteta  (vrsta),  ali  i  viših taksonomskih  kategorija.  Rod  Merodon  Meigen,1803  pripada  familiji  Syrphidae,  podfamiliji Eristalinae,  tribusu  Merodontini.  Vodeći  je  rod osolikih muva po bogatstvu vrstama u Evropi (124 vrsta).  Sirfide  predstavljaju  veoma  važnu  grupuorganizama  i  njihov  značaj  u  prirodi  je  višestruk (polinacija,  regulatori  brojnosti  štetnih  insekata bioindikatori  staništa,  razlagači  materija  u raspadanju  itd).  Iako  su  se  istraživanjima  roda Merodon  bavili  brojni  autori,  dosadašnje filogenetske  analize  nisu  u  potpunosti  rasvetlile njegovu sistematsku poziciju, kao i položaj taksona na  filogenetskom  stablu.  U  cilju  što  boljeg razumevanja sistematike i filogenije roda  Merodon, neophodno  je  analizirati  genske  regione  koji evoluiraju različitim mutacionim stopama, kao i što veći  broj  filogenetski  informativnih  morfoloških karaktera. U  ovom  radu  su  u  cilju  istraživanja sistematike  roda  Merodon  analizirani  molekularni (mtDNK, 18S rRNK, 28S rRNK) i 250 morfološkihkaraktera  (pomoću  binokularne  lupe  i  Skening elektronskog  mikroskopa),  pojedinačno  i kombinovano  a  upotrebom  metoda  za  filogenetsku analizu-  maximum  parsimony  (MP)  i  maximumlikelihood (ML). Analizirano je ukupno 329 jedinki. Pokazalo  se  da  je  u  ovakvom  tipu  istraživanja neophodan  integrativni  pristup,  odnosno kombinacija  što  više  karaktera  poreklom  iz različitih  izvora.  Na  osnovu  ML  stabla  svih  gena tribus  Merodontini  je  monofiletski  gde  se  vrstaNausigaster  meridionalis  pojavljuje  kao  sestrinska ostalim rodovima tribusa (Azpeytia, Platynochaetus, Megatrigon,  Eumerus   tricolor  kladi  i  ostalim vrstama  roda  Eumerus).  Rod  Eumerus  je parafiletski  i  sastoji  se  iz  dve  monofiletske  linije: Eumerus  tricolor  klade  (potencijalnog  roda)  i ostalih  vrsta  roda  Eumerus.  Rod  Merodon  je monofiletski  prema  analizama  kombinovane matrice   molekularnih  i  morfoloških  podataka,  5' kraja  mtDNK  COI  i  analize  matrice  morfoloških karaktera.  U  okviru  roda  Merodon  detektovano  je ukupno  pet  klada  (aureus,  albifrons,  desuturinus, natans  i  avidus),  odnosno  četiri  glavne  evolutivne linije,  potencijalna  podroda:  aureus,  albifrons  + desuturinus,  natans  i  avidus.  Mitohondrijalni  geni pokazali su se veoma informativnim u sagledavanjufilogenetskih odnosa i izdvajanja većine klada, kao i grupa  vrsta,  što  ukazuje  na  veću  varijabilnost sekvenci  COI  gena  u  odnosu  na  nuklearne  gene. Nuklearni  geni  samostalno  nisu  doprineli rasvetljavanju  filogenetskih  odnosa  između  klada(28S  rRNK  izdvaja  samo  natans  kladu)  u  okviru roda  Merodon,  ali  su  izdvojili  tribus  Merodontini,kao  i  Eumerus  tricolor  liniju.  Nuklearni  geni  su izdvojili  i  pojedine  grupe  vrsta  u  okviru  roda Merodon,  što  govori  u  prilog  tome  da  nuklearni geni mogu biti informativni kako na višim, tako i na nižim  taksonomskim  nivoima.  Mala  varijabilnost nuklearnog  gena  u  okviru  roda  Merodon,  naročitoslučaju  18S  rRNK,  govori  o  njegovoj konzervativnosti.  Utvrđeno  je  da  morfološkikarakteri genitalija mužjaka nose važan filogenetski signal  za  izdvajanje  klada  i  grupa  vrsta  te  upravo kombinacija  različitih  morfoloških  struktura  i njihova uloga sa različitim stepenom selekcije koja deluje  na  njih,  uslovljava  i  njihovu  evolucionu diverzifikaciju.  Ipak,  analize  molekularnog  i morfološkog  seta  karaktera  pojedinačno  nisu  u potpunosti  rasvetlili  filogenetske  odnose  u  okviruroda  Merodon,  što  opravdava  potrebu  za kombinovanom analizom. 
Taxonomy  and  systematics  provide  the  framework  for  biodiversity  research, since  they represent a foundation for identification  and  delimitation  of  phylogenetic  units  (species), as well as higher taxonomic ranks. Genus  Merodon  Meigen,  1803  belongs  to family  Syrphidae,  subfamily  Eristalinae, tribus  Merodontini.  Hoverflies  play  crucial  ecological  roles  (pollination,  decomposition  and  recycling  of  a  vast  range  of  materials, bioindicators  etc).  Despite  the  fact  that genus  Merodon  is  the  species  richest hoverfly  genus  in  Europe  (124  described  species so far), only few authors have dealt with  its  systematics  and  phylogenetic  relationships  of  this  large  phytophagous genus. In order to understand the systematics and  phylogeny  of  genus  Merodon,  it  is  necessary to analyze comprehensive number of  gene  regions  known  to  evolve  with various  mutational  rates,  and  as  many  feasible,  phylogenetically  important  morphological  characters.  In  this  thesis, molecular (mtDNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA)and  250  morphological  characters  (with  the aid  of  binocular  and  scanning  electron microscope)  were  analyzed,  separately  and combined,  with  phylogenetic  methods maximum  parsimony  (MP)  and  maximum likelihood  (ML).  In  total  329  specimens were  analyzed.  It  has  been  proven  that  in these types of research integrative approach is crucial, as it considers a large  amount of data from various sources. In ML analysis of all  genes  tribus  Merodontini  is monophyletic,  with  Nausigaster meridionalis  grouping  as  a  sister  to  the remaining  Merodontini  (Azpeytia, Platynochaetus,  Megatrigon,  Eumerus  and Eumerus  tricolor  lineage). Genus  Eumerus is  paraphyletic,  and  within  this  genus  two main  monophyletic  lineages  can  be identified:  Eumerus  tricolor  clade  (putative genera)  and  the  remaining  taxa  of  genus Eumerus.  Genus  Merodon  monophyly  is confirmed,  based  on  all  data  analysis  5' mtDNA  COI  and  morphological  dataset. Within  genus  Merodon  five  monophyletic clades  can  be  identified  (aureus,  albifrons, desuturinus,  natans  and  avidus),  or  four evolutionary  lineages,  putative  subgenera: aureus,  albifrons  +  desuturinus,  natans  and avidus.  Mitochondrial DNA is proved to be very  informative  in  resolving  systematic position  of  clades,  species  groups  and  taxa, which confirms the higher variability of COI mtDNA  sequences  compared  to  nuclear genes. Nuclear genes alone didn't resolve the systematic  position  and  phylogenetic relationships  between  most  clades  (28S rRNA  identified  only  natans  clade)  within genus  Merodon,  but  these  genes  confirmed the  monophyly  of  tribus  Merodontini  and putative  genera  Eumerus  tricolor.  Nuclear genes  were  also  informative  for  some species  groups,  which  implies  that  nuclear genes  could  be  beneficial  in   resolving systematic position of both lower and higher taxonomic ranks. Low  variability of nuclear genes within genus Merodon, especially 18SrRNA,  proves  the  fact  that  they  are  conservative  genes.  Morphological  characters  of  male  genitalia  carry  the strongest  phylogenetic  signal,  since  they show a great evolutionary divergence in the shape  and  structural  complexity,  as  a  result of  sexual  selection.  As  molecular  nor morphological  characters  alone  couldn't fully  resolve  the  phylogenetic  relationships  within genus  Merodon,  all data  approach is proven  to  be  necessary  in  this  type  of  research. 

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka elevers och lärares attityd gentemot svordomar och könsord ur ett genusperspektiv, vilka effekter svordomar innehar i klassrummet samt hur de används av eleverna och lärarna. Intervjuer genomfördes med tre lärare, en kvinnlig respektive två manliga. Lärarna fick besvara frågor som behandlar svordomar och könsord i klassrummet. För att få ett trovärdigt resultat spelades informanterna in med hjälp av ljudinspelning. En enkätundersökning genomfördes med eleverna där de fick besvara 11 frågor, som behandlar deras eget språkbruk i klassrummet och deras åsikter angående lärare som använder svordomar i sin undervisning. Resultatet visar att genus har en stor inverkan på hur vi bedömer och accepterar svordomar och könsord i klassrummet. Lärare och elever av det kvinnliga könet har mindre tolerans i jämförelse med män. Undersökningen visar att de manliga eleverna inte bryr sig om ifall en lärare använder svordomar eller könsord i klassrummet. Samma inställning har de manliga eleverna gentemot vilken effekt svordomar och könsord har i undervisningen. De kvinnliga eleverna tappar däremot respekten för lärare som använder svordomar och könsord samt anser att svordomar och könsord innehar en negativ effekt i klassrummet.
A study has been conducted by investigating teachers' and students' attitudes towards swear words and sexual slurs from a gender perspective. The purpose of the investigation was to study the acceptance of swear words in classroom situations among teachers and students. Therefore, interviews were conducted with three teachers, of whom one was female and two were male. In order to get a correct analysis, the informants were recorded using a dictation machine. Teachers were allowed to answer questions related to their own use of profanities and the students' use of profanities in the classroom. A survey was conducted with the students where they answered eleven questions. Additionally, the students answered questions about their own language use in the classroom and their opinions regarding teachers' usage of swear words. The analysis of the results shows that gender has a great impact on the acceptance of swear words and vulgar words in the classroom. Female students and teachers have less tolerance compared to men, and the majority of both male and female students in the survey do not consider there to be any effect of swear words regarding the quality of teaching.  Finally, the result shows that female students lose respect for teachers who are using swear words.

Even though numerous studies on language and gender have been carried out, the number of studiesconducted in researching language and gender in cartoons is limited. The present study analyzestalkativeness and the use of questions and interruptions in two popular cartoons, the Winx Club andthe LEGO Ninjago: Master of spinjitzu in order to investigate possible differences in language usebetween female and male characters. The present study concludes that there are more similaritiesthan differences in language use of male and female characters.
Även om ett stort antal studier av språk och kön har genomförts, är antalet studier av språk och genusi tecknade serier begränsat. Den föreliggande studien analyserar pratsamhet och användandet avfrågor och avbrytningar i två populära serier: Winx Club och LEGO Ninjago: Master av spinjitzu föratt utforska eventuella skillnader i språkbruk mellan kvinnliga och manliga karaktärer. Denna studiedrar slutsatsen att likheterna i språkbruk hos manliga och kvinnliga karaktärer är större änskillnaderna.

Today’s technology of music file sharing in peer-to-peer networks is genius. Peer-to-peer are networks composed of several computers enabling files to be shared among users. A substantial part of the files shared constitute unlawful copies; uploading and downloading of such files infringes copyright legislation. File sharing through peer-to-peer networks is therefore both a genius technology and a copyright infringement.

Peer-to-peer technology has been subject to heavy debate in media, both nationally and internationally. The issue of illegal downloads of music is an international dilemma since music is a global commodity. Sweden has been accused of being file sharers’ haven by organisations such as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Internet access and broadband capacity is very high in Sweden, which is a reason why many Swedes engage in file sharing. The Swedish company, The Pirate Bay, is the creator of one of the most popular file sharing websites in the world, using the BitTorrent application. The website offers free downloading of inter alia music, films and software. Like most peer-to-peer networks the Pirate Bay website includes copyrighted material, which often is published without the consent of copyright holders. As a result The Pirate Bay is facing a lawsuit on behalf of numerous organisations and companies in the music and film industry.

The Pirate Bay is accused of contributory infringement and of preparation to commit a copyright infringement according to the Swedish Copyright Act (SwCA).  Contrary to the American copyright legislation, the SwCA does not contain any explicit provisions regarding contributory infringement. The SwCA refers to the Swedish Criminal Code, which states that preparation to copyright infringement and contributing to such infringement is illegal and punishable. There is currently a lack of Swedish case law regarding copyright infringement and there are no cases concerning contributory infringement. One reason is that the field of law is constantly changing; the copyright legislation is adjusted to the technological developments. The lack of case law causes unpredictability of the SwCA, which may be harmful to the rule of law. International organisations, such as the RIAA, consider the SwCA to be somewhat ineffective and that it needs to be amended in order to uphold the fundamental purpose of copyright.

Copyright is a partly harmonised area of law from a global perspective. However, since the Internet and file sharing through peer-to-peer networks is an international phenomenon, copyright legislation needs further harmonisation internationally. At the time there is an ongoing process of implementing the European Union (EU) Enforcement Directive into the SwCA, which grants greater rights to copyright holders. The Directive contains provisions that simplify the process of taking action against an alleged infringer, which may in the long run increase the amount of case law in Sweden. At the same time the implementation of the Enforcement Directive has been criticised as being too far reaching and intruding people’s privacy.

File sharing through peer-to-peer networks benefits consumers by offering easy access to a wide range of music for a low cost, at the same time enabling artists to reach out to a larger audience. Consumers are vital for the music industry, since they purchase the music. However, the fundamental aim of copyright is to reward copyright holders and function as an incentive to encourage creativity. Consequently, without economic rights the incentive to create is forfeit and music production might decrease. Even if the justification of copyright is primarily to protect creators of a work, it is also essential to emphasise the consumer aspect. Therefore it is of importance to balance the interests of all parties involved.

In order to uphold the purpose of copyright and interests of the general public, it is necessary to promote and develop more legal file sharing alternatives. Music in digital formats has to some extent replaced the traditional Compact Disc (CD) format. Therefore the music industry must cooperate with among others Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in order to embrace the digital developments of music and offer better solutions to consumers. Simultaneously, there is a lack of knowledge of copyright among the Swedish population, which is why more education is required. In conclusion, advertisement and education could decrease illegal file sharing and enhance all the parties’ interests.

Dagens fildelningsteknologi i peer-to-peer nätverk är genial. Peer-to-peer är nätverk bestående av flera sammankopplade datorer som möjliggör fildelning mellan användare. En betydande mängd av de delade filerna utgör dock olagliga kopior; uppladdning och nedladdning av sådana filer bryter mot upphovsrättslagstiftningen. Fildelning genom peer-to-peer nätverk är därför både genial teknologi och upphovsrättsintrång.

Peer-to-peer teknologin har väckt stor debatt i media, både nationellt och internationellt. Frågan kring illegal nedladdning av musik är ett internationellt dilemma eftersom musik är en global handelsvara. Sverige har kritiserats av organisationer som Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) för att vara en frizon för fildelare. Tillgången till internet och bredband är väldigt hög i Sverige, vilket är en anledning till varför många svenskar fildelar. Det svenska företaget The Pirate Bay som använder sig av BitTorrent protokollet, är skapare till en av världens populäraste fildelningssajter. Webbsidan erbjuder gratis nedladdning av bland annat musik, film och programvara. I likhet med de flesta peer-to-peer nätverk innehåller The Pirate Bay’s hemsida upphovsrättsskyddat material som ofta har blivit tillgängliggjort utan upphovsrättshavarens medgivande. Till följd av detta har ett flertal organisationer och företag inom musik- och filmindustrin ingett en stämningsansökan mot The Pirate Bay.        

The Pirate Bay är åtalade för medhjälp och förberedelse till brott mot upphovsrättslagen. I motsats till den amerikanska lagen om upphovsrätt innehåller inte den svenska upphovsrättslagen några uttryckliga bestämmelser rörande medhjälp till brott mot upphovsrätt. Upphovsrättslagen hänvisar istället till brottsbalken som stadgar att förberedelse och medverkan till brott är olagligt och straffbart. I dagsläget finns endast ett fåtal svenska rättsfall angående upphovsrättsintrång men inga fall kring medhjälp till upphovsrättsintrång. En bidragande faktor kan vara att rättsområdet ständigt ändras; upphovsrättslagstiftningen anpassas kontinuerligt till den tekniska utvecklingen. Bristen på svenska rättsfall leder till att upphovsrättslagens tillämpning blir oförutsägbar, vilket kan vara skadligt för rättsäkerheten. Internationella organisationer som exempelvis RIAA anser att den svenska upphovsrättslagen är ineffektiv och att ändringar behöver göras för att upprätthålla upphovsrättens grundläggande syfte.      

Upphovsrätten är till viss del en harmoniserad lagstiftning ur ett globalt perspektiv. Eftersom internet och fildelning genom peer-to-peer nätverk är ett internationellt fenomen behöver upphovsrättslagen ytterligare harmonisering på ett internationellt plan. I dagsläget pågår en implementering av Europeiska Unionens (EU:s) sanktionsdirektiv som tillerkänner större rättigheter till upphovsrättshavare. Direktivet innehåller bestämmelser som förenklar möjligheten för rättighetshavare att vidta åtgärder mot personer som begår upphovsrättsintrång, vilket på sikt kan komma att bidra till en ökad mängd rättsfall. Sanktionsdirektivet har samtidigt kritiserats för att vara alltför långtgående och inskränker människors rätt till privatliv.

Fildelning genom peer-to-peer nätverk är förmånligt för konsumenter genom att utbudet av musik är stort, lättillgängligt och till en låg kostnad; samtidigt ger nätverken artister möjligheten att nå ut till en bredare publik. Konsumenter är nödvändiga för musikindustrin eftersom de inhandlar musiken. Dock är det viktigt att upprätthålla det fundamentala syftet med upphovsrätt, vilket är att ersätta upphovsrättshavaren för sitt verk och fungera som ett incitament till att stimulera skapade. Utan de ekonomiska rättigheterna skulle uppmuntran att skapa nya alster gå förlorad, och musikproduktionen skulle minska. Trots att upphovsrätten rättfärdigas genom att skydda rättighetshavare så är det även angeläget att understryka värdet av konsumenterna. Det är därför av stor vikt att balansera samtliga parters intressen.

Det är nödvändigt att marknadsföra och utveckla fler lagliga fildelningsalternativ för att upprätthålla upphovsrättens syfte och samhällets intresse. Digital musik har till viss del ersatt det traditionella Compact Disc (CD) formatet. Musikindustrin måste därför samarbeta med bland annat internetleverantörer för att ta till sig den digitala utvecklingen av musik och erbjuda bättre lösningar till konsumenter. För närvarade har den svenska befolkningen otillräckliga kunskaper inom upphovsrätt, varför mer utbildning behövs. Avslutningsvis, skulle marknadsföring och utbildning kunna bidra till en minskning av den illegala fildelningen och gynna alla parters intressen.       

Pierre Paul Prud’hon (1758-1823) lived and worked as an artist during the last years of the French Monarchy, the Revolution, the Republic, the Empire and finally the Restoration. He mostly worked with allegory, setting him apart from other artists at the time, such as Jacques Louis David. While Prud’hon was a significant artist in his own time, he is only just being rehabilitated today. In this thesis I trace Prud’hon’s artistic career as an allegorical painter through the different governments, examining thematically his different types of allegories, from the moral to the political. In particular, the context of allegory is examined, including how Prud’hon approaches allegory and criticism and interpretation of his use of allegory. This examination of Prud’hon highlights what was so unusual about Prud’hon’s art – primarily his use, with reasonable success, of allegory. This alone makes it clear that he should be held in higher regard by today’s art historians.

This study examined leaders’ roles in fostering collective genius innovation within one private elementary school, including managing the paradoxes of innovation. Based on content analysis of eleven participants, this study found that teamwork, clear student learning outcomes emphasizing individualized learning, design thinking, and a growth mindset, all impacted willingness to innovate. To develop conditions for collective genius, leaders again focus on teamwork as well as being relational. In terms of their management of the six innovative paradoxes, the school leaders tend to balance their affirmation of the individual and the group, support staff and parents, focus on experimentation and learning, improvisation, patience, and bottom-up initiatives.