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Статті в журналах з теми "Genital tract infections"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Nguyen Tien, Nhut, and Huong Le Lam. "LOWER GENITAL TRACT INFECTIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE WOMEN AT HUE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL." Volume 8 Issue 5 8, no. 5 (October 2018): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34071/jmp.2018.5.15.

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Introduction: Lower genital tract infections is one of the most common deseases among women in reproductive age and affects the quality of their lives. Objective: To assess the status of lower genital tract infections in reproductive age women and some factors related to vaginosis. Subjects and methods: Crosssectional study of 130 coming for examination at Hue University Hospital from August 2016 to December 2016. Results: The incidence of lower genital infections was 72.3%, with: vaginitis was 34%, vaginitis was 25.5%, vaginitis and cervical was 40.5%. Fungal infection is 20.2%, Gardnerella vaginalis infection is 33%, Parasitic infection is 0%. There is a signification relation between hygiene habits, inflammatory history and numbers of pregnancies with the rates of lower genital infections. There is not a signification relation between history of used contraceptive with lower genital infections. Conclusion: Lower genital tract infections are high percentage among women in reproductive age. There is a signification relation between hygiene habits, inflammatory history and numbers of pregnancies with the rates of lower genital infections. Key words: Women, reproductive age, lower genital tract infections

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2

Dao Nguyen Dieu, Trang, Ngọc Phan Thi Bich, and Huy Nguyen Vu Quoc. "STUDY ON THE STATUS OF LOWER GENITAL TRACT INFECTIONS AMONG MINORITY ETHNIC ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN A LUOI DISTRICT, THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE&NBSP;." Volume 8 Issue 6 8, no. 6 (December 2018): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34071/jmp.2018.6.28.

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Objectives: To describe the knowledges, attitudes, practices of preventing lower genital tract infections among adolescent girls in A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province and identify the percentage lower genital tract infections among adolescent girls. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted in A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province. All 960 adolescent girls between 10 – 19 years old of 8 communes in A Luoi district participated in the study. Results: The percentage of adolescents who do not know about symptom of lower genital tract infections were 71.6%. The percentage of adolescents who know itchy symptom were 21.3%. The percentage of adolescents who do not know the factors to cause disease were 51.9%. 34.1% adolescents who know poor menstrual hygien, 31.9% know poor hygien daily. - The percentage of adolescents who do not know the methods to prevent lower genital tract infections were 42.2%. The percentage of adolescents who know to go to health center when they have symptoms were 76.1%, however still have 31% adolescents do not know how will they do when they have symptoms. The percentage of adolescents who know there is need to education for them to prevent lower genital tract infections. 87.1% adolescents use fresh water to wash and hygien daily. 98.4% adolescents do genital hygien. The percentage of lower genital tract infections in adolescents was 2.2%. Conclusion: The knowledge of lower genital tract infection among adolescent girls are not good. The percentage of lower genital tract infections in adolescents was 2.2%. Key words: lower genital tract infections, A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province

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3

Anderson, Jean R. "Genital tract infections in Women." Medical Clinics of North America 79, no. 6 (1995): 1271–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30002-5.

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4

Cardozo, L. "Genital Tract Infections in Women." Postgraduate Medical Journal 65, no. 761 (March 1, 1989): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.65.761.192-b.

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5

Pellati, Donatella, Ioannis Mylonakis, Giulio Bertoloni, Cristina Fiore, Alessandra Andrisani, Guido Ambrosini, and Decio Armanini. "Genital tract infections and infertility." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 140, no. 1 (September 2008): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.03.009.

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6

Saidu, Abdulhadi D., Karima A. Tunau, Abubakar A. Panti, Emmanuel I. Nwobodo, Yahaya Mohammed, Jamila Amin, and Jamila A. Garba. "Effect of hormonal and copper IUDs on genital microbial colonisation and clinical outcomes in North-Western Nigeria." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 6 (May 25, 2017): 2143. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20172304.

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Background: Intrauterine devices are one of the popular long term reversible contraceptive methods. Earlier forms were associated with genital infections, however more recent types such copper IUDs and hormonal types have been shown to have better safety profile. However, there is no conclusive evidence to demonstrate that hormonal IUD is less associated with genital infection when compared with copper IUDs. The objectives include determination of prevalence of genital tract infections among IUD users, to determine the type of IUD that is less associated with genital infection, and also determine clinical features seen among IUD users.Methods: We conducted a descriptive, cross sectional study of clients who were at 6 months following IUD insertion. Endocervical and high vaginal samples were taken to isolate microbes.Results: The prevalence of genital tract infection was 20% in Copper IUD users and 8.6% among LNG-IUS users. Genital infection was significantly higher among copper IUD users compared to hormonal IUD users (p=0.038, OR= 2.88). Abnormal vaginal discharge was the commonest symptoms among IUD users and formal education was associated with less risk of genital infections (p=0.048).Conclusions: Hormonal IUDs are less associated with genital tract infection compared to copper IUDs and women with formal education are less likely to have genital infection among IUD users.

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7

Shumytskyi, A. V., O. A. Burka, and T. M. Tutchenko. "Criteria for the diagnosis of infectious lesions of the lower urinary tract and pelvic organs." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 10(146) (December 30, 2019): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2019.146.101.

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Urinary tract infections are the third most prevalent in humans after respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. In fact, bacterial infections of the urinary tract are the most common cause of both hospital and community hospital infections in patients. Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) are infectious inflammatory diseases of the upper female genital tract. In addition, the infection can also spread to the abdomen. The classic patient with a high risk of developing a PMTCT is, first and foremost, a woman with multiple sexual partners and unprotected sex. Key words: urethritis, PID, laboratory diagnostics, PCR, cultural research.

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8

Paavonen, Jorma, and Walter E. Stamm. "Lower Genital Tract Infections in Women." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 1, no. 1 (March 1987): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30102-1.

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9

De Seta, Francesco, Secondo Guaschino, Bryan Larsen, Gilbert Donders, and Gonzaga Andabati. "The Infections of Lower Genital Tract." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/926435.

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10

Singh, Sapna, Manju Nawani, Sanjay Kumar Nigam, and Amit Jha. "OBSTETRICAL MORBIDITIES IN GENITAL TRACT INFECTIONS." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2, no. 21 (May 25, 2013): 3739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/757.

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11

Barton, Simon E. "Viral infections of the genital tract." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 9, no. 1 (February 1996): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199602000-00012.

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12

Tharpe, Nell. "Postpregnancy Genital Tract and Wound Infections." Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 53, no. 3 (May 6, 2008): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2008.01.007.

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13

Nasraty, Soraya. "Infections of the female genital tract." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 30, no. 1 (March 2003): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(02)00055-6.

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14

Hakenberg, Oliver W. "Editorial: Infections of the Genital Tract." European Urology Supplements 16, no. 4 (April 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eursup.2017.01.004.

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15

Yeruva, Laxmi, Anne K. Bowlin, Nicole Spencer, Anthony T. Maurelli, and Roger G. Rank. "Chlamydial Variants Differ in Ability To Ascend the Genital Tract in the Guinea Pig Model of Chlamydial Genital Infection." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 8 (May 26, 2015): 3176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00532-15.

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An important question in the study of chlamydial genital tract disease is why some women develop severe upper tract disease while others have mild or even “silent” infections with or without pathology. Animal studies suggest that the pathological outcome of an infection is dependent upon both the composition of the infecting chlamydial population and the genotype of the host, along with host physiological effects, such as the cyclical production of reproductive hormones and even the size of the infecting inoculum or the number of repeated infections. In this study, we compared two variants ofChlamydia caviae, contrasting in virulence, with respect to their abilities to ascend the guinea pig genital tract. We then determined the effect of combining the two variants on the course of infection and on the bacterial loads of the two variants in the genital tract. Although the variants individually had similar infection kinetics in the cervix, SP6, the virulent variant, could be isolated from the oviducts more often and in greater numbers than the attenuated variant, AZ2. SP6 also elicited higher levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) in the lower genital tract and increased leukocyte infiltration in the cervix and uterus compared to AZ2. When the two variants were combined in a mixed infection, SP6 outcompeted AZ2 in the lower genital tract; however, AZ2 was able to ascend the genital tract as readily as SP6. These data suggest that the ability of SP6 to elicit an inflammatory response in the lower genital tract facilitates the spread of both variants to the oviducts.

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16

Soper, David E., and Harold C. Wiesenfeld. "The Continued Challenges in the Diagnosis of Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Focus on Clinically Mild Disease." Journal of Infectious Diseases 224, Supplement_2 (August 15, 2021): S75—S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab158.

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Abstract Many women with lower genital tract infections associated with sexually transmitted pathogens have evidence of upper genital tract inflammation despite the absence of symptoms and signs traditionally associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). New biomarkers are needed to identify these women with clinically mild PID or subclinical PID (silent salpingitis) to facilitate initiation of early treatment and ameliorate the sequelae associated with upper genital tract infection and inflammation.

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17

Anderson, Deborah J. "Male reproductive tract immune capacity and genital tract infections." Journal of Reproductive Immunology 34, no. 1 (August 1997): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0378(97)90377-6.

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18

Gondek, David, Andrew Olive, Georg Starry, and Michael Starnbach. "CD4+ T cells are necessary and sufficient to confer protection against C. trachomatis infection in the murine upper genital tract. (49.18)." Journal of Immunology 188, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2012): 49.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.49.18.

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Abstract Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States. Chlamydia infections that ascend to the upper genital tract can persist, trigger inflammation, and result in serious sequelae such as infertility. However, current mouse models where the vaginal vault is infected with C. trachomatis do not recapitulate the course of human disease. These intravaginal infections of the mouse do not cause significant infection of the upper genital tract, do not cause persistent infection, do not induce significant inflammation, and do not induce CD4+ T cell infiltration. Here we describe a non-invasive transcervical infection model where we bypass the cervix and directly inoculate C. trachomatis into the uterus. We show that direct C. trachomatis infection of the murine upper genital tract stimulates a robust Chlamydia-specific CD4+ T cell response that is both necessary and sufficient to clear infection and provide protection against re-infection.

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19

Marks, Ellen, Martina Verolin, Anneli Stensson, and Nils Lycke. "Differential CD28 and Inducible Costimulatory Molecule Signaling Requirements for Protective CD4+ T-Cell-Mediated Immunity against Genital Tract Chlamydia trachomatis Infection." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 9 (July 16, 2007): 4638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00465-07.

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ABSTRACT Th1 cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production play critical roles in protective immunity against genital tract infections by Chlamydia trachomatis. Here we show that inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS)−/− mice develop greatly augmented host resistance against chlamydial infection. Protection following a primary infection was characterized by strong Th1 immunity with enhanced CD4+ T-cell-mediated IFN-γ production in the genital tract and high expression of T-bet in the draining para-aortic lymph node. This Th1 dominance was associated with low expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10) mRNA in the uteruses of protected ICOS−/− mice. By contrast, CD28−/− mice were severely impaired in their adaptive immune response, demonstrating a lack of CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ in the genital tract, with a substantial delay in bacterial elimination compared to that seen in wild-type (WT) mice. Upon reinfection, WT mice exhibited a transient local infection with evidence of regulatory T-cell (Treg)/Foxp3 mRNA and a more balanced Th1 and Th2 response in the genital tract than ICOS−/− mice, whereas 90% of the latter mice developed sterile immunity, poor expression of local Treg/Foxp3 mRNA, and macroscopic signs of enhanced local immunopathology. Therefore, different requirements for CD28 signaling and ICOS signaling clearly apply to host protection against a genital tract infection by C. trachomatis. Whereas, CD28 signaling is critical, ICOS appears to be dispensable and can have a dampening effect on Th1 development by driving Th2 immunity and anti-inflammation through IL-10 production and promotion of the Foxp3+ Treg populations in the genital tract. Both the CD28-deficient and the ICOS-deficient mice demonstrated poor specific antibody production, supporting the fact that antibodies are not needed for protection against genital tract chlamydial infections.

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20

Mitreski, Anita, and Gordana Radeka. "Prostacyclin and hormone levels in patients with symptoms of miscarriage and infection." Medical review 55, no. 9-10 (2002): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0210371m.

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During pregnancy, ascending infection into the uterus, is followed by local increase of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, and consequently elevated prostaglandin production. Subclinical infections of fetal amniotic membranes are well known to cause preterm delivery. Spreading of infection from vagina and cervix into uterine cavity, can be tragic for the fetus. The aim of this study was to reveal whether lower genital tract infections are associated with symptoms of threatened miscarriage. Our investigation included 140 patients with symptoms of threatened miscarriage and 70 patients with uncomplicated pregnancies. Infections were detected by vaginal or cervical smears as well as tests for Chlamydial infection. Levels of prostacyclin, main prostaglandin product during pregnancy, were evaluated via its stable metabolite, 6-keto-PGF1-alpha. Both prostaglandin levels and hormones were determined by ELISA method. We found that serum values of prostacyclin were elevated, while levels of estradiol, progesterone and prolactin were significantly lower in patients with lower genital tract infections. Increased prostacyclin levels in pregnancies complicated by lower genital tract infections are caused by stimulation of COX/2 enzyme, due to elevated production of various cytokines which are possibly a compensatory mechanism resolving problems caused by bacterial endotoxins.

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21

Yap, Tet, Nicholas Watkin, and Suks Minhas. "Infections of the Genital Tract: Human Papillomavirus–Related Infections." European Urology Supplements 16, no. 4 (April 2017): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eursup.2016.08.005.

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22

Mohamed Abdallah, Samah, Nadia Hamed Farahat, and Asmaa Talaat Mohamed. "Women Perception Related To Genital Tract Infections." Egyptian Journal of Health Care 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 1785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejhc.2021.257844.

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23

Patsner, Bruce, David A. Baker, and James W. Orr. "Human Papillomavirus Genital Tract Infections During Pregnancy." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 33, no. 2 (June 1990): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003081-199006000-00008.

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24

Christopher, George W., John A. Hucker, Daniel W. White, and Bruce L. Carter. "Pneumococcal Infections of the Female Genital Tract." Clinical Infectious Diseases 12, no. 6 (November 1, 1990): 1203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/12.6.1203.

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25

Brown, Darron R., and Kenneth H. Fife. "Human Papillomavirus Infections of the Genital Tract." Medical Clinics of North America 74, no. 6 (November 1990): 1455–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30490-4.

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26

Martinez-Garcia, Francisco, Javier Regadera, Rodolfo Mayer, Susan Sanchez, and Manuel Nistal. "Protozoan Infections in the Male Genital Tract." Journal of Urology 156, no. 2 (August 1996): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(01)65846-4.

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27

Donders, Gilbert G. G. "Lower genital tract infections in diabetic women." Current Infectious Disease Reports 4, no. 6 (December 2002): 536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-002-0042-y.

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28

Wittenbrink, M. M. "Bacterial infections of the equine genital tract." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 28, no. 1 (2012): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem20120107.

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29

Askienazy-Elbhar, M., and J. Henry-Suchet. "Persistent “Silent”Chlamydia trachomatisFemale Genital Tract Infections." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 1-2 (1999): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744999000071.

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30

Silva, J. B., V. G. Gandulfo, and N. R. Pereira. "Elderly Women and Low Genital Tract Infections." Menopause 2, no. 4 (1995): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042192-199502040-00080.

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31

Arvin, Ann M., and Charles G. Prober. "Herpes Simplex Virus Infections: The Genital Tract and the Newborn." Pediatrics In Review 13, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.13.3.107.

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There are six recognized members of the human herpes group of viruses. These include type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicellazoster virus (VZV), and human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6). These ubiquitous double-stranded DNA viruses are relatively large and lipid-enveloped. The capacity to induce a state of latency in the infected host has been proved for all of the herpes viruses. That is, after primary infection, the viruses remain forever with the host with the possibility for subsequent reactivations. The mechanisms of these reactivations are not understood completely. Both primary infections and recurrences may be associated with clinical illness or may be asymptomatic. To a large extent, the status of the host immune system determines the severity of the infection and the likelihood of recurrences. In general, infections are more severe and recurrences are more frequent in the most compromised hosts. This review focuses on HSV-1 and HSV-2, with emphasis on neonatal infections and maternal genital infections as a source of infection in the newborn. The clinical illnesses caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2 are usually quite distinct. HSV-1 is the predominant cause of oral, ocular, and central nervous system infections occurring after the neonatal period, and HSV-2 is the predominant cause of genital and neonatal infections.

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32

S. M. Yasnikovska and A. V. Hoshovska. "The influence of associated infection on the development of miscarriage." Clinical anatomy and operative surgery 19, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/1727-0847.19.1.2020.6.

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The article presents the results of a study of the vaginal microbiota in women with miscarriage in early term of gestation. It has been established that pregnant women with lower genital tract infections are at high risk for perinatal and postpartum complications. In most of them (76.0 %) there was a lack of Preconception Prevention with the study of the vaginal biotope. In pregnant women at risk of miscarriage on the background of lower genital tract infection, microbial and viral associations are more common than monoinfection. Taking into account the negative effects of lower genital tract infection on the further course of pregnancy and childbirth and the condition of newborns, at the stage of Preconception Prevention should be studied vaginal microbiota. During pregnancy, it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination of women with timely identification of risk factors for miscarriage, which include associated infections, and their adequate correction.

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33

Mohammad, Hannah, and Nancy Borja-Hart. "Pharmacovigilance of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors for Genital Fungal Infections and Urinary Tract Infections: A Review of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System Database." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 34, no. 4 (February 23, 2018): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122518760984.

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Background: Postmarketing surveillance had previously identified the need for revisions in the labeling of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors drug class related to the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. Other adverse events have been reported. Objective: To examine postmarketing surveillance data of the SGLT2 inhibitors, using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database, specifically to assess prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and genital fungal infections. Methods: FAERS case reports submitted between March 2013 and November 2015 were reviewed for 6 SGLT2 inhibitors (mono and combo therapies). The Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) was used to define preferred terms (genital fungal infections: vulvovaginal mycotic infection, vulvovaginal candidiasis, urinary tract infection fungal, and genital candidiasis; UTI: urinary tract infection, genitourinary tract infection, kidney infection, cystitis, and pyelonephritis). Word frequencies were queried using the qualitative data analysis software NVivo 11 (QSR International), and results were then individually reviewed. Results: A total of 12 581 cases were received, but 466 were excluded (total n = 12 115). A total of 348 cases related to genital fungal infections were reported (2.9% of reports submitted): dapagliflozin = 53, empagliflozin/linagliptin = 6, canagliflozin = 267, canagliflozin/metformin = 3, empagliflozin = 17, and dapagliflozin/metformin HCl ER = 2. A total of 727 cases related to UTIs were reported (6% of reports submitted): dapagliflozin = 168, empagliflozin/linagliptin = 5, canagliflozin/metformin = 8, canagliflozin = 503, empagliflozin = 38, and dapagliflozin/metformin HCl ER = 5. Conclusions: A causal relationship between SGLT2 inhibitors and the adverse events reported cannot be established due to the nature of postmarketing surveillance. However, health care providers should counsel patients about these potential adverse events.

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Eko, Francis, Roshan Pais, Yusuf Omosun, Qing He, Uriel Blas-Machado, Joseph U. Igietseme, and Kohtaro Fujihashi. "Immunization with a VCG-based vaccine protects against Chlamydia-induced infertility in the mouse genital infection model." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2016): 145.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.145.7.

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Abstract Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections constitute a major public health challenge due to the significant morbidity that includes pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility. An effective vaccine is required to protect against infection and prevent development of upper genital tract pathology. Previous studies showed intramuscular immunization with a Vibrio cholerae ghost (VCG)-based chlamydial vaccine induced cross protective immunity in mice but its ability to protect against upper genital tract pathology was not evaluated. We sought to assess the ability of rectal immunization with this vaccine to protect against upper genital tract pathology following infection with a heterologous chlamydial serovar in the mouse model. Female mice were rectally immunized with VCG expressing select C. trachomatis serovar D outer membrane proteins and challenged intravaginally with live serovar E chlamydiae 2 weeks postimmunization (PI) to evaluate cross protection. To evaluate upper genital tract pathology, mice received a repeat challenge infection 8 weeks after initial challenge. Rectal immunization elicited high levels of antigen-specific Th1 cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mucosal and systemic tissues. Furthermore, immunization induced cross-protective immunity that reduced the length and intensity of genital chlamydial shedding and protected against Chlamydia-induced infertility and tubal pathologies. The ability of the VCG vaccine candidate to elicit heterotypic genital tract immunity and protect against Chlamydia-induced upper genital tract pathology is remarkable and highlights its potential for development as a universal chlamydial vaccine candidate.

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35

Maxion, Heather K., Wei Liu, Mi-Hyang Chang, and Kathleen A. Kelly. "The Infecting Dose of Chlamydia muridarum Modulates the Innate Immune Response and Ascending Infection." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 11 (November 2004): 6330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.11.6330-6340.2004.

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ABSTRACT Murine vaginal infection with the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia muridarum is commonly used as a model for ascending Chlamydia infections of the human female genital tract. Gamma interferon-producing Th1 cells, in concert with other mononuclear infiltrates, primarily mediate antichlamydial immunity. However, many factors modify this response, including the bacterial load. To investigate the manner in which the inoculating dose of C. muridarum modulates a genital infection, we measured innate and adaptive cell numbers, CD4+ lymphocyte cytokine profile, chemokine expression, course of infection, and pathological sequelae in genital tracts of BALB/c mice infected with doses of C. muridarum ranging from 104 to 107 inclusion-forming units. We found that the influx of both innate and adaptive immune cells responded similarly in the lower genital tract (cervical-vaginal tissues) and upper genital tract (oviduct tissues) to increasing inoculating doses. However, cells expressing the innate markers Gr-1 and CD11c were affected to a greater degree by increasing dose than lymphocytes of the adaptive immune response (Th1, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+), resulting in a change in the balance of innate and adaptive cell numbers to favor innate cells at higher infecting doses. Surprisingly, we detected greater numbers of viable chlamydiae in the oviducts at lower inoculating doses, and the number of organisms appeared to directly correlate with hydrosalpinx formation after both primary infection and repeat infection. Taken together, these data suggest that innate immune cells contribute to control of ascending infection.

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36

Artym, Jolanta, and Michał Zimecki. "Antimicrobial and Prebiotic Activity of Lactoferrin in the Female Reproductive Tract: A Comprehensive Review." Biomedicines 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9121940.

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Women’s intimate health depends on several factors, such as age, diet, coexisting metabolic disorders, hormonal equilibrium, sexual activity, drug intake, contraception, surgery, and personal hygiene. These factors may affect the homeostasis of the internal environment of the genital tract: the vulva, vagina and cervix. This equilibrium is dependent on strict and complex mutual interactions between epithelial cells, immunocompetent cells and microorganisms residing in this environment. The microbiota of the genital tract in healthy women is dominated by several species of symbiotic bacteria of the Lactobacillus genus. The bacteria inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and inflammatory processes by virtue of direct and multidirectional antimicrobial action and, indirectly, by the modulation of immune system activity. For the homeostasis of the genital tract ecosystem, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory peptides, as well as proteins secreted by mucus cells into the cervicovaginal fluid, have a fundamental significance. Of these, a multifunctional protein known as lactoferrin (LF) is one of the most important since it bridges innate and acquired immunity. Among its numerous properties, particular attention should be paid to prebiotic activity, i.e., exerting a beneficial action on symbiotic microbiota of the gastrointestinal and genital tract. Such activity of LF is associated with the inhibition of bacterial and fungal infections in the genital tract and their consequences, such as endometritis, pelvic inflammation, urinary tract infections, miscarriage, premature delivery, and infection of the fetus and newborns. The aim of this article is to review the results of laboratory as well as clinical trials, confirming the prebiotic action of LF on the microbiota of the lower genital tract.

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37

Donders, Gilbert, Peter Greenhouse, Francesca Donders, Ulrike Engel, Jorma Paavonen, and Werner Mendling. "Genital Tract GAS Infection ISIDOG Guidelines." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10092043.

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There has been an increasing worldwide incidence of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) disease in pregnancy and in the puerperal period over the past 30 years. Postpartum Group A streptococci infection, and in particular streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and necrotizing fasciitis, can be life threatening and difficult to treat. Despite antibiotics and supportive therapy, and in some cases advanced extensive surgery, mortality associated with invasive group A streptococcal postpartum endometritis, necrotizing fasciitis, and toxic shock syndrome remains high, up to 40% of postpartum septic deaths. It now accounts for more than 75,000 deaths worldwide every year. Postpartum women have a 20-fold increased incidence of GAS disease compared to non-pregnant women. Despite the high incidence, many invasive GAS infections are not diagnosed in a timely manner, resulting in potentially preventable maternal and neonatal deaths. In this paper the specific characteristics of GAS infection in the field of Ob/Gyn are brought to our attention, resulting in guidelines to improve our awareness, early recognition and timely treatment of the disease. New European prevalence data of vaginal GAS colonization are presented, alongside two original case histories. Additionally, aerobic vaginitis is proposed as a supplementary risk factor for invasive GAS diseases.

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38

Mitchenko, M. V. "Estimation of chronic inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs in women as a risk factor of acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 10(146) (December 30, 2019): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2019.146.97.

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The objective: to study the prevalence of chronic inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs (CIDPO) in women of reproductive age with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis (AUP), and clinical peculiarities of pyelonephritis further justification for personalized therapy exposure to all sources of infection. Materials and methods. The survey was conducted by a urologist and gynecologist of 246 women of reproductive age with AUP and concomitant CIDPO. In addition, before the start of antibacterial therapy, material was collected: scrapings of the mucous membranes of the urethra, cervical canal, and vaginal washings. The complex of methods of microbiological diagnostics has been applied: cultural, culture-enzymatic, molecular-genetic. Results. In patients with AUP and concomitant CIDPO, a high rate of infections by the mollicutes was detected in urinary and genital tracts – 69.5% and 67.5%, respectively. Mollicutes were more frequently found in the urinary tract in association with classical bacteria (45.1%), and in the genital tract – in monoculture (44.7%). Importantly, in 65.8% of cases, there was a coincidence of identified pathogens by taxonomic affiliation, indicating that these pathogens are involved in the development of the inflammatory process in both the genital and urinary tracts. The proposed scheme, with the obligatory identification of pathogens of genital infections, allowed to establish that after standard urological treatment, more than two-thirds of patients require additional antibacterial therapy aimed at eradication of urinary and genital tracts of the mollicutes as pathogenic pathogens. Conclusion. The obtained results have allowed to substantiate the need for additional therapy aimed at eradication of mollicutes and to propose an algorithm of microbiological diagnostics to identify the etiological factors of AUP, to develop and implement a new approach to treatment: personalized antimicrobial therapy on all source of pathogens in the urinary and genital tracts. Key words: acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis, women of reproductive age, chronic inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, mollicutes, treatment.

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39

Letyaeva, O. I., and O. R. Ziganshin. "Pathogenic treatment of the inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract in women of reproductive age." Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health 4, no. 1 (2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-1-59-64.

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This paper discusses one of the important gynecological issues, inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract caused by opportunistic microbes. The treatment and long-term control over these conditions are challenging and depend on their occurrence and high risk of complications. Impaired local anti-infectious protection is one of the risk factors of chronic inflammation. Since the disease may recur even after successful treatment, domestic and foreign authors increasingly focus on immunotherapy as a part of complex strategy and isolated entity. Local immunotherapy may prevent recurrences and activate host defense. This paper describes the management of two women with mixed infections. The first woman with chronic recurrent inflammation (cervicitis caused by U. urealyticum, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and aerobic vaginitis) in whom prior etiological therapy was ineffective received immunotherapy which resulted in long-term remission. The second woman with coexistent papillomavirus infection (genital warts) and bacterial vaginosis received immunotherapy and topical etiological treatment. As a result, clinical symptoms, the size and number of genital warts reduced which greatly facilitated their chemical destruction. KEYWORDS: genital tract, urogenital infections, papillomavirus infection, bacterial vaginosis, local immunity, biofilms. FOR CITATION: Letyaeva O.I., Ziganshin O.R. Pathogenic treatment of the inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract in women of reproductive age. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(1):59–64. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-1-59-64.

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40

Martens, Katherine A. "Sexually Transmitted and Genital Tract Infections During Pregnancy." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 12, no. 1 (February 1994): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(20)30453-3.

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41

Nunns, D., S. P. Higgins, and D. Mandal. "Genital tract infections in women attending for colposcopy." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 16, no. 1 (January 1996): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443619609028385.

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42

Rodgers, Catherike A., and P. K. Sarkar. "Genital tract infections in women attending for colposcopy." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 16, no. 5 (January 1996): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443619609030068.

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43

Hawkins, Joellen W. "ABNORMAL PAPANICOLAOU SMEARS, GENITAL TRACT INFECTIONS, AND CONTRACEPTION." Health Care for Women International 20, no. 1 (January 1999): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/073993399245935.

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44

TAHA, TAHA E., and RONALD H. GRAY. "Genital Tract Infections and Perinatal Transmission of HIV." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 918, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05477.x.

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45

Macfarlane, D. E., and D. P. Sharma. "Haemophilus Influenzae and Genital Tract Infections in Children." Acta Paediatrica 76, no. 2 (March 1987): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1987.tb10479.x.

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46

Brunk, Doug. "Rescreen Pregnant Adolescents for Lower Genital Tract Infections." Family Practice News 35, no. 2 (January 2005): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(05)70567-3.

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47

Pekmezovic, Marina, Selene Mogavero, Julian R. Naglik, and Bernhard Hube. "Host–Pathogen Interactions during Female Genital Tract Infections." Trends in Microbiology 27, no. 12 (December 2019): 982–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2019.07.006.

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48

Sutton, Madeline Y. "Lower genital tract infections and HIV in women." Current Infectious Disease Reports 2, no. 6 (December 2000): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-000-0058-0.

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49

Meirik, Olav. "Intrauterine devices — upper and lower genital tract infections." Contraception 75, no. 6 (June 2007): S41—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2006.12.017.

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50

HILL, LESLIE V. H., EDWIN R. LUTHER, DAVID YOUNG, LINDA PEREIRA, and JUAN A. EMBIL. "Prevalence of Lower Genital Tract Infections in Pregnancy." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 15, no. 1 (January 1988): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-198801000-00002.

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