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Статті в журналах з теми "Génétique des populations – Épidémiologie – Modèles mathématiques":
ELSEN, J. M. "La gestion des populations : De l’optimisation au progrès génétique réalisé dans les schémas de sélection." INRAE Productions Animales 5, HS (December 2, 1992): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1992.5.hs.4297.
Toussaint, J., T. Habtemariam, D. Oryang, and S. Wilson. "Développement d’un modèle de simulation informatique pour l’anaplasmose, notamment dans les Antilles." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 46, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1993): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9396.
Leclerc, Véronique, Alexandre Tremblay, and Chani Bonventre. "Anthropologie médicale." Anthropen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.anthropen.125.
Дисертації з теми "Génétique des populations – Épidémiologie – Modèles mathématiques":
Saubin, Méline. "Effets des variations démographiques sur la structure génétique de populations, dans le cadre d'une maladie émergente." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AGPT0013.
The demography and genetic structure of a population are closely linked. The study of this interplay is crucial, especially for organisms with frequent demographic fluctuations such as pathogen species responsible for emerging diseases. Classical population genetics models have been used to explore this link for simplified demographic processes. In this thesis, I further investigate the interplay between demography and genetic evolution in pathogen species that display complex life cycles. For this purpose, I focus on two ecological systems that strongly deviate from demographic equilibrium, each of which allows for realistic modelling assumptions. The first ecological system focuses on a major selection event with the temporal dimension being of prime importance. The second system reports recurrent colonisation events in which the spatial aspect is decisive.In the first part, I study an event of resistance overcoming by a pathogen population. Firstly, a modelling approach is used to establish the conditions for observing resistance overcoming and to identify the determinants of resistance durability. The results highlight the antagonistic effect of the proportion of resistant hosts deployed in the agricultural landscape, which decreases the probability of overcoming but increases the speed of overcoming when it occurs. Secondly, this model is implemented to account for genetic evolution at neutral loci. The results identify three demographic scenarios associated with distinct genetic signatures during resistance overcoming: 1) small variations in population sizes and small changes in genetic structures, 2) a strong founder event on the resistant host that in turn creates a genetic structure on the susceptible host, and 3) an evolutionary rescue event that results in a strong founder event on the resistant host, preceded by a bottleneck on the susceptible host. Finally, this theoretical framework of demogenetic analysis is applied to empirical data to infer the parameters underlying the overcoming of resistant RMlp7 poplars by the pathogen Melampsora larici-populina. Two parameters are particularly well estimated and the inferred values are in agreement with our biological knowledge: a high proportion of resistant hosts in the landscape (more than 80%) and an initial frequency of virulent alleles in the pathogen population between 5 and 10%.In the second part, I study colonisation and its genetic consequences. These analyses focus on the recurrent invasion of the Durance River valley by Melampsora larici-populina. Firstly, a mechanistic-statistical model is coupled to epidemiological data to infer the parameters underlying the pathogen's expansion dynamics. This approach shows that colonisation results from frequent long-distance dispersal events, with an average dispersal distance of more than two kilometres. Secondly, the characterisation of several annual colonisation events highlights a similar genetic structure which amplitude however varies greatly between years. Two extremes are identified: in 2011, strong conservation of the initial genetic diversity along the colonised domain; in 2004, rapid erosion of genetic diversity. The inter-annual variations in these structures can be explained by variations in the frequency of long-distance dispersal events.This work highlights the importance of contextualised models that take into account demogenetic variations for a better understanding of biological systems. The information obtained is then crucial for developing relevant control strategies against pathogen populations responsible for emerging diseases
Sibert, Alexandre. "Héritabilité non génétique de la fécondité : effets sur le polymorphisme." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MNHN0017.
The transmission of fertility from one generation to the next is well documented. Several population genetics models integrate this phenomenon, assuming a genetic basis. Nevertheless, non-genetic inherance of fertility was described in some Human populations, whose subtle effects on genetic diversity are unknown. The present work describes an extension of the Wright-Fisher model for axesual populations, suitable for the simulation of any kind of fertility inherance. The probability of fertility is introduced as a key notion, and an algorithm for the simulation of fertility transmission from parents to their offspring is developed for a constant size population. The demographic and genealogical properties of this model show that the effects of fertility inheritance cannot be compared with any of the various models studied until now (selection, size variations, ect. ). The careful study of genetic diversity confirms these results and paradoxically shows that current neutrality tests do not allow one to distinguish between fertility inheritance and some types of selection or population expansion. Therefore, the detection of fertility inheritance from observed polymorphism data remains an open question
Ravaz, Nathalie. "Croissance de populations levuriennes mixtes : effet Killer : analyse et modélisation." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT058G.
Tiret, Mathieu. "Approche multilocus du génome dans les modèles de génétique des populations." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA002/document.
Population genetics is the study of the evolution of allelic frequencies within a population and the influence of evolutionary pressures on these frequencies. Within this field, one could develop population models and measures to explain and predict genetic data. However, as technologie evolves new types of data are available, and it becomes essential to develop new models and new measures to reflect these new genetic marker data, increasingly richer and denser thanks to the advent of new techniques such as the Next Generation Sequencing. To this end, we propose in this thesis to develop new measures with the so-called multilocus approach, which considers the genome as a whole rather than an agglomerate of independent loci. We have first tried to build a theoretical basis for the multilocus approach in population genetics. Then, we have illustrated this multilocus approach with the case studies of identity by descent, ancestral recombination graphs and autocorrelograms in population genetics models. Through these different studies, we tried to identify the main issues and questions that the multilocus population genetics raises
Frichot, Eric. "Modèles à facteurs latents pour les études d'association écologique en génétique des populations." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS018/document.
We introduce a set of latent factor models dedicated to landscape genomics and ecological association tests. It includes statistical methods for correcting principal component maps for effects of spatial autocorrelation (spFA); methods for estimating ancestry coefficients from large genotypic matrices and evaluating the number of ancestral populations (sNMF); and methods for identifying genetic polymorphisms that exhibit high correlation with some environmental gradient or with the variables used as proxies for ecological pressures (LFMM). We also developed a set of open source softwares associated with the methods, based on optimized C programs that can scale with the dimension of very large data sets, to run analyses of population structure and genome scans for local adaptation
Henry, Benoit. "Processus de branchements non Markoviens en dynamique et génétique des populations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0135.
In this thesis we consider a general branching population. The lifetimes of the individuals are supposed to be i.i.d. random variables distributed according to an arbitrary distribution. Moreover, each individual gives birth to new individuals at Poisson rate independently from the other individuals. The tree underlying the dynamics of this population is called a splitting tree. The process which count the number of alive individuals at given times is known as binary homogeneous Crump-Mode-Jagers processes. Such processes are known, when properly renormalized, to converge almost surely to some random variable. Thanks to the study of the underlying splitting tree through the tools introduced by A. Lambert in 2010, we show a central limit theorem associated to this a.s. convergence. Moreover, we suppose that individuals undergo mutation at Poisson rate under the infinitely many alleles assumption. We are mainly interested in the so called allelic frequency spectrum which describes the frequency of sizes of families (i.e. sets of individuals carrying the same type) at fixed times. Thanks to the methods developedin this thesis, we are able to get approximation results for the frequency spectrum. In a last part, we study some statistical problems for size constrained Galton-Watson trees. Our goal is to estimate the variance of the birth distribution. Using that the contour process of such tree converges to a Brownian excursion as the size of the tree growth, we construct estimators of the variance of the birth distribution
Varro, Richard. "Algèbres de Bernstein périodiques." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20256.
Mathieu, Éric. "Structures génotypiques multidimensionnelles : simulations, modélisations, analyses." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20176.
Sedki, Mohammed. "Échantillonnage préférentiel adaptatif et méthodes bayésiennes approchées appliquées à la génétique des populations." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769095.
Gervais, Camille. "Evolution de l'auto-incompatibilité : modélisation des conditions de maintien et de diversification en populations finies." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10180/document.
Self-incompatibility is a widespread genetic system, which enables hermaphrodite plants to avoid self-fertilization and mating with close relatives. It is based on the pistil's capacity to recognize and reject pollen when they express cognate specificities. Specificities are encoded by alleles at the self-incompatibility gene complex (known as the S-locus), composed of two linked genes, one expressed in pollen and the other expressed in pistils. During my PhD, I studied the maintenance and evolution of self-incompatibility from a theoretical standpoint, using a modeling approach. The first part of my thesis examined the co-evolution of self-incompatibility and inbreeding depression in finite populations, focusing on the conditions for maintenance of self-incompatibility when self-compatible mutants were repeatedly introduced in the population by recurring mutations. Our results showed that the maintenance of self-incompatibility is associated with high inbreeding depression, and is facilitated by high rates of self-pollination. The second part of my thesis explored the conditions for evolution of novel self-incompatibility alleles (S alleles), which we have studied both analytically in infinite populations and in finite populations via computer simulations. Our results showed that the conditions for diversification at the S locus are much less stringent in finite than in infinite populations, and that there is more diversification at this locus when few S alleles are present in the population
Книги з теми "Génétique des populations – Épidémiologie – Modèles mathématiques":
Gillespie, John H. The causes of molecular evolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Levins, Richard. Evolution in Changing Environments: Some Theoretical Explorations. Princeton University Press, 2020.