Дисертації з теми "Génération solaire"
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Lin, Qinglong. "Etude, modélisation dynamique et développement d'un capteur solaire thermique à concentration de nouvelle génération." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10099.
This work is for the purpose to develop a new solar concentrating technology. It covers the presentation of the concept, the prototype realization and the optical and energy study of a new solar concentrator QingSun™. This concentrator has a shape of rectangular parallelepiped and includes linear Fresnel lenses, mirror-lined walls and a mobile solar receptor controlled by a tracking system inside the casing. An optical model and an energy model were developed and validated with a series of experiments. The both models permitted us to examine the function and the energy performance of the concentrator. A parametric study of the influence of the tilt and the orientation was performed and showed that the tilt had more influence than the orientation. Finally, the optimal energy performance of this concentrator was estimated
Amelot, Dylan. "Etudes des propriétés d'interfaces pour les cellules solaires de nouvelle génération." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS321.
Next-generation solar cells consist of thin-films of different materials stacked-up. The purpose of those layers is to extract and transport free charge carriers generated by the absorption of the solar spectrum. Engineering layers in a solar cell consist in maximizing the separation of the charge carriers and their extraction towards electrodes, and limiting their recombination. Surface states, energy level alignement between materials and potential at interfaces dictate the behavior of photogenerated charge carriers in solar cells, which is responsible for the performance of devices. Properties of different surfaces and interfaces in organic and perovskite solar cells are explored in my thesis work. In a first study, I present the properties of an electron transport layer extensively used in organic and perovskite solar cells, titanium dioxyde, prepared at low temperature and at the interface with organic molecules. In a second study, I present my results regarding the integration of FAPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals (PNC) in solar cells. The characterization of optoelectronic properties of PNC and their evolution at the interfaces with an electron transport layer (TiO2) and hole transport layer (MoO3) are presented. Photoemission spectroscopy techniques are used to reveal the energy levels and electronic properties of the different systems. The different results obtained in this work allow for a better understanding of the energetic and chemical landscape at the interfaces between the mentionned materials, and thus explains the behavior of charge carriers in the associated cells
Aurousseau, Antoine. "Modélisation dynamique et régulation des centrales solaires thermodynamiques linéaires à génération directe de vapeur." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMAC0003/document.
Direct steam generation concentrated solar power plants use the optical concentration of solar direct irradiation to generate high pressure and high temperature steam in the absorber tubes. Steam is used as the working fluid of a Rankine-type thermodynamic cycle for the propelling of a steam turbine and an electric generator. The conjunction of the natural transient condition of solar irradiation and the presence of a two-phase flow inside the absorber tubes leads to a strong dynamic behavior of the steam generation system. Moreover, steam turbines being very sensitive to inlet temperature transients, the control of steam generation has to be achieved with the best possible efficiency. Because of the large time constants of the flow in the solar field (among other reasons), basic control strategies are poorly efficient and not well suited. The aim of this thesis work is the study, through modeling and simulation, of the dynamic behavior of the steam generation system. Dynamic modeling of linear Fresnel and parabolic-trough solar plants is carried out, and experimental data from a parabolic-trough prototype are used for validation. The models are used for the study of advanced control strategies, for a better control of steam conditions at the solar field outlet, under irradiation transients. Short-term irradiation prediction methods are evaluated for a use in the control strategies
Barros, Barbosa Juliana. "Matériaux 2D TMDC pour la génération d'hydrogène par photo-décomposition de l'eau." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30108.
Collecting and storing solar energy in chemical energy is a highly desirable approach to solve energy challenge. The great potential of a photoelectrochemical cell technology combines the harvesting of solar energy with the water splitting into a single device. 2D semiconducting nanosheets of Transition Metal Di-Chalcogenides (TMDC) are seen as an attractive material to design an efficient photocatalyst for the conversion of solar energy into hydrogen. Despite the unique optoelectronic properties of the TMDCs, the passivation of surface defects in high concentration is a remaining challenge for the development of this class of materials. In this context, the present work has aimed the elaboration of thin 2D TMDC photocatalyst for solar water splitting. The development of high performance photocatalysts was evaluated following two main axis. A first strategy consists in the surface defects passivation of 2D p-WSe2 nanosheets using Mo-S complexes to decrease the photogenerated charge carrier recombination and improve photocatalytic activity. We demonstrated these Mo thio and oxo-thio- molecular complexes films as an ideal class of catalysts, well-suited to functionalize 2D materials since they are stable in aqueous environments, cheap and environmentally benign. Current densities of -2 mA cm-2 at -0.2 V vs NHE electrode were obtained for the new p-WSe2/MoxSy photocathode. Besides developing high electro-catalytic activity, the Mo complexes films were shown to display ability to heal surface defects. The respective contributions in catalytic and healing effects observed experimentally for the various molecular Mo complexes involved strong adsorption on point defects of the 2D WSe2 substrate of Mo complexes such as (MoS4)2-, (MoOS3)2-and (Mo2S6O2)2-. The Mo complexes films spontaneously formed at well-defined pH were demonstrated to present n-semi-conducting behaviour and band engineering formed with p-WSe2 showed to be suitable for ensuring charge separation and efficient migration of the photo-induced electrons for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction, thus representing an example of multicomponent passivation layer exhibiting multiple properties. A second strategy focus in the nanostructure optimization of WSe2 with high specific surface area and pore walls composed of few layers. Nanostructured WSe2 films of high surface area and good charge carrier collection were obtained by co-assembling WSe2 nanosheets and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets with an optimal rGO/WSe2 nanosheet ratio. After deposition of co-catalyst thin layer, the new layered nanojunctions of rGO-WSe2/MoxSy exhibited photocurrents up to -5 mA cm-2 at -0.2V vs NHE. Incident-photon-to-current efficiency conversion of 10% were achieved for WSe2 nanoflakes of 70 nm thickness in presence of rGO and MoxSy co-catalyst.[...]
Rauma, Kalle. "Aspects industriels de la gestion de tension et la capacité d'accueil de la génération photovoltaïque dans les réseaux basse tension." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT036/document.
In this thesis, voltage measurements provided by the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) are used to control an on-load tap changer located at the secondary substation. The thesis presents a practical and a straightforward method of selecting the low voltage customers whose voltage measurements are used as an input to the controller of the on-load tap changer. The developed method takes into account the load and the topology of the network. Furthermore, a simple method of creating synthetic and statistically correct load curves for networks studies is presented. The created methods have been tested by using real data of low voltage networks on a common platform in the power distribution industry leading to encouraging results; a few customers per low voltage network should be monitored in order to achieve accurate voltage measurements.This methodology is further applied to estimate the hosting capacity of photovoltaic power generation in a given low voltage network.In the first part, the evolution of the hosting capacity by using three different types of voltage control; an on-load tap changer of five and nine tap positions and voltage control through photovoltaic power generators, is studied. The study considers two different cases for placing and sizing the photovoltaic generators in a low voltage network. The results of 38 low voltage networks are provided.In the second part, the hosting capacities of 631 low voltage networks, located in a French metropolitan area, are analysed by using an on-load tap changer of five and an on-load tap changer of nine tap positions.The work has been together with Électricité Réseau Distribution France (ERDF), the major French distribution system operator. All studies presented in the thesis are based on the real operational data of the company. Moreover, all studies are implemented on a platform that is widely used in the power distribution industry.As an introductory part to low voltage networks, the thesis provides a general view about the French power system. In addition, the thesis presents a number of selected technologies considering low voltage networks that seem promising in the future
Nguyen, Thi Quyen. "Développement de photoélectrodes hybrides via l'assemblage d'un photosensibilisateur à base de ruthénium et d'un nanocatalyseur métal-oxyde métallique pour la génération d'O2 solaire." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30046.
In this work, different nanostructured catalytic systems have been synthesized by an organometallic approach to produce nanoparticles (NPs) of small size and narrow size distribution, and their catalytic activity in the water oxidation reaction has been evaluated. First Fe NPs stabilized by oleic acid were synthesized that displayed an average size of ca. 10 nm ± 1.1 nm. A gamma-Fe_2O_3 oxide layer ca. 2.6 nm thick has been formed at their surface to obtain Fe@FeOx core-shell structure of ca. 11.5 ± 2.3 nm in diameter. Despite their hydrophobicity, these nanoparticles showed good electrocatalytic activity in alkaline conditions. As the gamma-Fe_2O_3 oxide shell is well adapted to the grafting of phosphonic groups, these Fe@FeOx NPs were grafted with different aminophosphonic acids in order to transfer them into water. Preliminary assessment of their catalytic activity showed improved activity for the NPs functionalized by 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid which opens promising prospects. Subsequently, a Ru-phenanthroline light-harvester with a pendant phosphonate group was synthesized and grafted onto the Fe@FeOx core/shell NPs to afford a novel hybrid photoanode for solar-driven water splitting. Mono- and biphasic processes were investigated to graft the Ru-complex at the surface of the NPs. The monophasic process was found to be more efficient as it provided a higher grafting density at the surface of the NPs (respectively 56 and 9 Ru per nanoparticles for the mono and biphasic processes). Photoelectrochemical measurements showed that the hybrid nanocatalyst comprising the highest Ru content was ca. 9-fold more catalytically active than a simple mixture between a ruthenium polypyridyl photosensitizer bearing no grafting group and the Fe@FeOx nanoparticles, and 40-fold more active than the pristine Fe@FeOx NPs. The performance enhancement could be attributed to a more efficient electron transfer between the ruthenium polypyridyl photosensitizer and the Fe@FeOx water oxidation catalyst thanks to the covalent bonding between these two components. The covalent grafting was found to improve not only the photocatalytic activity but also the stability of the system. Finally, amorphous NiFe NPs (diameter ca. 4 nm) with two different ratios between Ni and Fe (Ni_0.5Fe_0.5 NPs and Ni_0.68Fe_0.32 NPs) were synthesized, oxidized in air and grafted with 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid in order to obtain hydrophilic systems. The electrocatalytic activity of these water-soluble NPs was studied in alkaline solution, in comparison with that of crude NiOx NPs, FeOx NPs, and Ni_0.1Fe_0.9Ox NPs. The water soluble NPs containing 32 % of Fe (Ni_0.68Fe_0.32Ox) showed the highest activity and a good durability in alkaline solution. These characteristics make these amorphous NPs potentially applicable in photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting
Moreno, Rodrigo de Freitas Bruno. "Ressources Energétiques distribuées dans un context de pays émergents : Trois Essais sur l' adoption du photovoltaïque résidentiel au Brésil." Thesis, Pau, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PAUU2088.
The traditional vertically integrated power systems are changing towards a smarter ones with the high presence of renewable technologies, distributed generation (DG), greater energy efficiency and electric vehicles. Solar PV is the technology with the highest share among residential DG systems, due to several reasons among them: falling costs, increase of energy conversion efficiency and scalability features. The present thesis presents an investigation on the dynamics of residential PV adoption in Brazil. In the first chapter, I investigate how electricity tariffs structured as volumetric charges affect residential PV adoption under a net metering scheme in Brazil, a developing country and an emerging DG market. A two-ways fixed effects panel data regression covering 4,995 municipalities over the period of 2013-2017 is employed. Since the explanatory variable shows a high content of zero-valued observations, I use the PPML estimator to run the regressions. The main result is that for each one BRL cent of tariff increase, there will be an expansion of about 5.3\% in new residential PV projects in the following year.In the second chapter, I investigate the determinants of residential PV adoption in an emerging country context using social, economic and environmental variables. The analysis is realized using a dataset in census sector level with 310,120 observations, with 42 covariates. Territory fixed effects are applied in the municipality-level. The main results show that 21 covariates are statistically significant and that most of them may be related to income distribution issues in some degree. Therefore, net metering incentive mechanism had a positive influence to boost residential renewable energy generation, mainly PV technology. However, those who benefit from the incentive are wealthier people, which does not make sense in respect to social justice, because those who indeed need to be subsidized in order to reduce the electricity bills and increase the purchasing power are the underprivileged population.Finally, in the third chapter, I examine the relationship between certain socioeconomic covariates and PV market diffusion in the municipality level. I conduct a two-stage empirical analysis. At first, I use the Bass technology diffusion model to estimate the innovation and imitation coefficients. For that, I build the $q/p$ ratio to represent a risk aversion index to each respective municipality's adoption rate over time. In the second stage, I run regressions based on the PPML estimator, due to the non-gaussian nature of the dependant variable, to investigate associations between the risk aversion index and different socio-demographic and economic covariates. The results show evidences of the association of PV technology risk aversion and households socioeconomic characteristics. This behavior may be based on several assumption as regulatory uncertainty, technology information and easy to understand rules for average customers etc
Lorquin, Faustine. "Développement de préparations solaires éco-participatives et de nouvelle génération : utilisation de la lignine comme booster de SPF et production d'une mélanine de substitution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/201215_LORQUIN_365ob597het970zyydtn580hoga_TH.pdf.
This work on the improvement of solar protection according to an eco-participatory concept proposes 2 parts, (i) the elaboration of a simple formulation, (ii) the synthesis of substitute melanin. The formulation contains only 8 ingredients, including 2 organic filters selected on their photostability, physicochemical characteristics, and absence of impact (health, ecosystems), BEMT and DHHB. Total protection is achieved by the addition of lignosulfonate (LiS), a widely available, non-toxic, anti-free radical, and a water-soluble polymer. Experimental design allowed to minimize the concentrations, resulting in 2 stable formula, SPF30 and SPF50, containing 9 and 12% filters respectively, and 5% LiS each. From the observed booster effect, hypotheses on LiS-filter interactions were proposed. The second part concerns the production of pyomelanin. While the quantities produced by the microorganisms remain low, 3 processes are compared: autooxidation of HGA-Mn2+ (yield 0.317 g/g substrate), an induced culture of Halomonas titanicae (0.55 g/L), and a method based on a laccase polymerization (PyoENZ, 1.25 g/g). The 3 structures had been characterized by 13C NMR (CP-MAS) and FTIR, a partial biological decarboxylation reaction was occurred and led to the formation of gentisic alcohol and gentisaldehyde which are incorporated in the polymer. PyoENZ is hyperthermostable, non-(photo)cytotoxic, traps ROS, effectively reduces Fe3+, and is proposed for applications
Martinez, Simon. "Études expérimentales et numériques d'un micro-cogénérateur solaire : intégration à un bâtiment résidentiel." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS019/document.
This work consists of the experimental and numerical study of the energy performance of a prototype of solar micro-cogeneration. The facility, located on the campus of the University of La Rochelle, operates by coupling a 46.5 m² parabolic trough solar collector field with an oil-free piston steam engine operating according to the Hirn thermodynamic cycle. The solar tracking system is carried out in two axes and the water is evaporated directly into the absorber of the parabolic trough collectors. Electricity generation is provided by a generator and the recovery of fatal heat must make it possible to meet the heating and domestic hot water needs of a building. The first part of this work presents the tests performed. The objective is to carry out additional tests to characterize the solar concentrator, to study the conditions of steam overheating, as well as the operation of the complete installation in winter. This work has allowed the development of models for the parabolic trough sensor, the tests in overheated mode have shown the need for an extra charge for the operation of such an installation while the tests with motor present productions compatible with the electricity and heat consumption of a residential building. The second part concerns the modelling of the elements constituting the micro-cogenerator as well as the integration of this installation into the building using dynamic thermal simulation software (TRNSYS©). This study proposes two integration options depending on the positioning of the auxiliary heater. For both configurations, weekly and annual reviews are presented to discuss the advantages/disadvantages of each provision. It appears that the positioning of the auxiliary on the primary circuit makes it possible to control the electrical production. The addition of back-up boiler on the distribution seems more easily achievable but prevents the control of power generation
Kintz, Harold. "Réalisation de couches minces nanocomposites par un procédé original couplant la pyrolyse laser et la pulvérisation magnétron : application aux cellules solaires tout silicium de troisième génération." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958453.
Aoun, Youva. "Evaluation de la sensibilité de l’instrument FCI à bord du nouveau satellite Meteosat Troisième Génération imageur (MTG-I) aux variations de la quantité d’aérosols d’origine désertique dans l’atmosphère." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM030/document.
This thesis deals with a methodology to assess the capabilities of future spaceborne instruments. The case study is the Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) of the future Meteosat Third Generation Imaging mission (MTG - I), and in particular its ability to detect variations in load of desert aerosols in a realistically variable atmosphere. A better understanding of the behavior of these aerosols is part of regularly expressed needs for the study of the climate, weather forecast or assessment of the solar resource in arid areas such as the Sahara. This type of aerosols is abundant in the atmosphere. Their physical and chemical properties make them distinguishable from other types of aerosols such as those resulting from anthropogenic pollution, especially as they are emitted in areas protected from contamination by these other types. They therefore represent a simple case study to validate the methodology developed in this thesis.The methodology is to provide a simulator of the view of the instrument to perform a large number of simulations of the radiance measured under different atmospheric conditions and ground albedo, to analyze the results in order to quantify the influence of each variable in the variation of radiance, and then conclude on the capabilities of detection through a test of detectability taking into account the characteristics of the instrument.The developed simulator was validated by comparison against actual measurements of the SEVIRI instruments onboard Meteosat Second Generation satellites. The main innovation lies in the use of the global sensitivity analysis approach (GSA). The latter quantifies the influence of each variable separately as well as their crossed terms. Cumulative distribution functions were computed from actual observations and allow a realistic sensitivity analysis of the instrument. The GSA is also used to compute functional representation of the influence of one or more variables on the variability of the observed signal. The usefulness of such representations is discussed for various applications in remote sensing
Bouvier, Jean-Louis. "Étude expérimentale d'une installation de micro-cogénération solaire couplant un concentrateur cylindro-parabolique et un moteur à cycle de Hirn." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS031/document.
The objective of this thesis is the experimental study of the energy performances of a micro combined solar heat and power (micro-CHP) unit. The prototype is composed of a solar parabolic trough collector coupled to a Hirn (superheated Rankine) cycle engine. The originalities of this project are the use of solar energy which is renewable and inexhaustible but intermittent, the direct steam generation with a reduced size parabolic trough collector (46.5 m²), the two axis tracking system and the coupling with an oil-free reciprocating steam engine. The first part of this study is focussed on the solar collector. Thermal performances under sunny and cloudy conditions are presented and the thermal efficiency is evaluated. The system dynamic is also investigated through the characterization of the inertia as well as a study of its response to perturbations. Then a control strategy is set up and validated. The second part deals with the characterization of the engine. Tests have been performed with a stable and variable heat source power. From these tests, an empirical model has been developed and used in a parametrical study. This study shows the significant influence of the pressure ratio and of the rotational speed on the efficiency of the engine. In the last part, global performances (efficiency, output thermal and electrical powers) of the entire micro-CHP unit are evaluated. Tests with controlled pressure and speed are presented. From operating maps established from an empirical model, a control strategy based on the use of a by-pass is set up and tested
Risal, Laura-Line. "Production d’Hydrogène par Photo-Catalyse de TiO2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022IPPAE021.
To circumvent the intermittency of the renewable energies, the use of an energy vector like Hydrogen seems to be an ideal solution. It represents a good way to store energy massively over long periods to be later employed in a wide variety of systems such as mobility, heating or industrial processing, with no impact on the carbon footprint. This source of energy then appears then to be a good alternative to fossil fuels on which we are very dependent. However, 95% of hydrogen is currently produced by the technique of steam reforming of natural gas, which leads to a significant production of carbon dioxide (CO2)! It is therefore necessary to produce it by other techniques and, among the various technologies available, the production by using photocatalysis (a process using only sunlight and water) seems quite appropriate given the possibility of coupling this technique to a renewable energy source such as sunlight. The best-known and most currently used photocatalyst is titanium dioxide (TiO2), but its synthesis requires high temperatures on the scale of several hundreds of degrees. Moreover, its photocatalytic activity is limited and it is generally doped with noble metals in order to increase its photocatalytic power. Given this problem, as part of this doctorate, a new process for TiO2 synthesis under mild conditions at 50°C has been implemented. The materials obtained were then doped with non noble metals such as zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al). Pressure doping tests were also carried out and the hydrogen production results obtained under visible light are very promising
Vivès, Sébastien. "La nouvelle génération de coronographes solaires." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX11048.
Da, Silva Joao Lucas. "Design and control of a multicell interleaved converter for a hybrid photovoltaic-wind generation system." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19318/7/DASILVA_JoaoLucas.pdf.
Giraud-berbezier, Aude. "Transport quantique en formalisme des fonctions de Green et interaction électron-photon pour la modélisation de cellules photovoltaïques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4781.
This document present our work on the modeling of quantum transport coupled to electron-photon interaction in a solar cell composed of one quantum dot connected to two semi-infinite quantum wires. The proposed cell based on a dot in a wire, is a concept imagined in order to investigate quantum effects inside 1D structures in contact with 0D ones. The numerical simulation powered on the Merlin cluster (IM2NP) relies on Green’s function formalism. The philosophy of Green’s function formalism is introduced and then applied to the photovoltaic cell. An overview of the functioning of the cell is given. Results on the cell are presented in the wide band limit (approximation that simplifies the contact to wires). We observe an interlinked impact of the tunneling coupling (dot-wires coupling) and the optical coupling (to light) on the current. In the strong tunneling regime, an increase of the tunneling coupling decreases the current and similarly in the strong optical coupling regime, an increase of the optical coupling decreases the current. We investigate the counter-intuitive impact of the tunneling coupling in the strong tunneling regime through analytical calculations, considering only the first loop of the numerical code instead of the whole self-consistent process. We observe a transition in the current creation process while switching from the strong tunneling regime to the strong optical coupling regime. Results on the cell beyond the wide band limit approximation are presented in which the system exhibits another atypical response to illumination: I-V curve exhibits a negative shunt conductance! Finally, a realization proposal for the concept cell is described
Gauché, Adrien. "Stratégies d'optimisation à l'aide d'un contrôle par commande prédictive de microréseaux avec stockage d'énergie hybride batteries/hydrogène." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ECDN0005.
This thesis proposes to improve the predictive control of microgrids with renewable generation and hybrid battery-hydrogenstorage. The aim is to find a storage scheduling solution applicable to all PowiDian stations, overcoming the limitations of the current optimizer. The first contribution is a generic formulation of microgrids with storage. Next, black-box optimisers are integrated and compared in the Energy Management System (EMS) to plan the power of the electrolyser and the fuel cell over a one-day horizon. The formulation and its various optimisers are evaluated with real data over a full year. The second contribution shows that the choice of the best optimizer is based on the computational load, since the relevance of the control and the evaluated cost of the objective function are similar whatever the optimizer. Finally, the thesis proposes a linear integer formulation of Unit Commitment from large power systems adapted to hydrogen storage, with the objective of guaranteeing optimality, reducing computational complexity and integrating classical methods (uncertainty management, operating time, etc.)
Albarazanchi, Abbas Kamal Hasan. "Composant diffractif numérique multispectral pour la concentration multifonctionnelle pour des dispositifs photovoltaïque de troisième génération." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAD029/document.
Sunlight represents a good candidate for an abundant and clean source of renewable energy. This environmentally friendly energy source can be exploited to provide an answer to the increasing requirement of energy from the world. Several generations of photovoltaic cells have been successively used to convert sunlight directly into electrical energy. Third generation multijunction PV cells are characterized by the highest level of efficiency between all types of PV cells. Optical devices have been used in solar cell systems such as optical concentrators, optical splitters, and hybrid optical devices that achieve Spectrum Splitting and Beam Concentration (SSBC) simultaneously. Recently, diffractive optical elements (DOE’s) have attracted more attention for their smart use it in the design of optical devices for PV cells applications.This thesis was allocated to design a DOE that can achieve the SSBC functions for the benefit of the lateral multijunction PV cells or similar. The desired design DOE's have a subwavelength structure and operate in the far field to implement the target functions (i.e. SSBC). Therefore, some modelling tools have been developed which can be used to simulate the electromagnetic field behavior inside a specific DOE structure, in the range of subwavelength features. Furthermore, a rigorous hybrid propagator is developed that is based on both major diffraction theories (i.e. rigorous and scalar diffraction theory). The FDTD method was used to model the propagation of the electromagnetic field in the near field, i.e. inside and around a DOE, and the ASM method was used to model rigorously propagation in the free space far field.The proposed device required to implement the intended functions is based on two different DOE’s components; a G-Fresnel (i.e. Grating and Fresnel lens), and an off-axis lens. The proposed devices achieve the spectrum splitting for a Vis-NIR range of the solar spectrum into two bands. These two bands can be absorbed and converted into electrical energy by two different PV cells, which are laterally arranged. These devices are able to implement a low concentration factor of “concentrator PV cell systems”. These devices also allow achieving theoretically around 70 % of optical diffraction efficiency for the both separated bands. The impact distance is very small for the devices proposed, which allows the possibility to integrate these devices into compact solar cell systems. The experimental validation of the fabricated prototype appears to provide a good matching of the experimental performance with the theoretical model
Basta, Marek. "Low energy photovoltaic conversion in MIND structures." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAD019/document.
Photovoltaic devices of today convert solar energy into electricity in a clean, renewable and inexhaustible way and represent a possible replacement for the fossil fuels. However, in order to compete with classical energy sources a significant increase in the conversion efficiency is inevitable. In this work, we concentrate on the aspects able to raise the conversion efficiency above the limitations of present cells. The first part of the study is devoted to new theoretical ideas considered as 3rd generation photovoltaics, while the most interest is kept at studying the possible benefits of electron multiplication at low-energies. In the second part of the study, we develop a model that allows a precise treatment of optical and transport properties of silicon structures with buried interfaces. Extensive theoretical and experimental analyses of existing MIND structures are then conducted. By studying the exact flux and power distribution inside several structures in conjunction with their geometry, we estimate the possible quantum efficiencies and compare them with experimental results. Through the means of numerical simulations coupled with experimental characterization, we extract the carrier collection efficiency of studied cells. New effects are being observed, such a possible increase in collection efficiency above unity. A deeper analysis of the experimental results coupled with the numerical study analyzes several classical and non-classical explanations of the increase in collection efficiency or the resulting increase in the quantum efficiency. With most of the classical explanations ruled out, we conclude that the most probable, but not definitiveexplanation of this effect can be interpreted as the result of a low-energy carrier multiplication
Marin, Philippe. "Exploration des mécanismes évolutionnaires appliqués à la conception architecturale Mise en œuvre d'un algorithme génétique guidé par les qualités solaires passives de l'enveloppe." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537390.
Surana, Kavita. "Towards silicon quantum dot solar cells : comparing morphological properties and conduction phenomena in Si quantum dot single layers and multilayers." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647293.
Marin, Philippe. "Exploration des mécanismes évolutionnaires appliqués à la conception architecturale : mise en oeuvre d'un algorithme génétique guidé par les qualités solaires passives de l'enveloppe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL022N.
This research tackles the exploration and the qualification of evolutionary mechanisms applied to the architectural design. Here, it is the environmental qualities and more particularly the passive solar qualities of the envelope of the building that will guide the evolutionary process. We become attached more particularly to the initial phases of the conception, and we try to specify a aided digital tool of facilitating and stimulating a creative design. Having established and structured the knowledge on the processes of conception, on the creativity, on the thermal qualities and on the evolutionary methods, we propose a prototypal tool, based on an genetic algorithm and implanted in a modeller software. This one was experimented in the educational environment, and led to us to characterize the modalities of creation and conceptualization of the architectural shape within the framework of an evolutionary instrumentation.So we note the cognitive fall of an implicit thought towards an explicit thought as a main characteristic of the generative tools. Furthermore we insist on the importance of the significant indecision as essential constituent of the creation. Finally we propose the notion of "transform" as characteristic element of a thought of the process and the multiplicity. This "meta-shape" would arise from the description of the conditions of shaping through the parameterisation of the behaviours at the limits and from modalities of emergence
Marin, Philippe. "Exploration des mécanismes évolutionnaires appliqués à la conception architecturale : mise en oeuvre d'un algorithme génétique guidé par les qualités solaires passives de l'enveloppe." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL022N/document.
This research tackles the exploration and the qualification of evolutionary mechanisms applied to the architectural design. Here, it is the environmental qualities and more particularly the passive solar qualities of the envelope of the building that will guide the evolutionary process. We become attached more particularly to the initial phases of the conception, and we try to specify a aided digital tool of facilitating and stimulating a creative design. Having established and structured the knowledge on the processes of conception, on the creativity, on the thermal qualities and on the evolutionary methods, we propose a prototypal tool, based on an genetic algorithm and implanted in a modeller software. This one was experimented in the educational environment, and led to us to characterize the modalities of creation and conceptualization of the architectural shape within the framework of an evolutionary instrumentation.So we note the cognitive fall of an implicit thought towards an explicit thought as a main characteristic of the generative tools. Furthermore we insist on the importance of the significant indecision as essential constituent of the creation. Finally we propose the notion of "transform" as characteristic element of a thought of the process and the multiplicity. This "meta-shape" would arise from the description of the conditions of shaping through the parameterisation of the behaviours at the limits and from modalities of emergence
Tsang, Michael. "Cycle de vie de systèmes photovoltaïques organiques 3ème génération : élaboration d'un cadre pour étudier les avantages et les risques des technologies émergentes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0331/document.
Organic photovoltaics present an emerging technology with significant potential for increasing the resource efficiencies and reducing the environmental and human health hazards of photovoltaic devices. The discipline of life-cycle assessment is applied to assess how various prospective manufacturing routes, device characteristics, uses and disposal options of organic photovoltaics influences these potential advantages. The results of this assessment are further compared to silicon based photovoltaics as a benchmark for performance. A deeper look is given to the potential human health impacts of the use of engineered nanomaterials in organic photovoltaics and the appropriateness of life-cycle assessment to evaluate this impact criteria. A newly developed life-cycle impact assessment model is presented to demonstrate whether the use of and potential hazards posed by engineered nanomaterials outweighs any of the resource efficiencies and advantages organic photovoltaics possess over silicon photovoltaics
Maffeis, Valentin. "Caractérisation et intégration de nouveaux systèmes donneur-accepteur dans des cellules photovoltaïques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS376/document.
This thesis deals with thephotophysical study of donor-π-acceptorchromophores used in dye sensitized solar cells.After photo-excitation, these molecules undergointramolecular charge transfer (ICT), solvationand charge injection processes that take place inthe picosecond time domain. However, anyenergetic relaxation of the excited statedecreases the injection kinetics.Steady-state spectroscopy and time-resolvedfluorescence measurements (from the femto- tothe nanosecond) were used to solve therelaxation dynamics of these dyes in solution, onmesoporous films and in complete cells.The spectral relaxation and fluorescencequenching dynamics of the excited state couldbe characterized independently and highlight anelectronic relaxation at the excited state. Thethree dyes studied evolve towards a chargetransfer state (CT state). Such a state is in stronginteraction with its environment.To study charge injection in semiconductormesoporous oxides, a time-resolvedfluorescence set-up for the study of opaque anddiffusive systems has been implemented and isdescribed in this thesis. It provides a timeresolution of about 300 fs.The results demonstrate the existence of acompetition between the injection of chargesand the relaxation of the excited state in thecomplete cells
Letty, Elénore. "Identification and neutralization of lifetime-limiting defects in Czochralski silicon for high efficiency photovoltaic applications." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI094/document.
Photovoltaic solar cells based on crystalline silicon represent more than 90% of the worldwide photovoltaic market. High efficiency solar cell architectures are currently being developed. In order to allow their maximal performances to be reached, the electronic properties of their crystalline silicon substrate must however be enhanced. The goals of the present work are to identify the defects limiting the electronic properties of the substrate, to understand the mechanisms leading to their formation and to propose routes for their neutralization. The studied materials are n-type Czochralski silicon wafers, usually used as substrates for high efficiency photovoltaic applications. The Czochralski puller was first modeled in order to understand how the thermal history experienced by the silicon ingot during crystallization affects the defects generation. This study were validated through the comparison with experimental data using an original method developed in the frame of this work. We then studied the influence of the thermal budget associated to solar cell fabrication processes on the defects population. We thus showed that the nature of lifetime-limiting defects was completely changed depending on the solar cell fabrication process. Besides, we evidenced an unexpected degradation of the electronic properties of n-type Czochralski silicon under illumination, related to the formation of an unknown bulk defect. The formation and deactivation features of this defect were extensively studied. Finally, the main limiting defects being identified and the mechanisms resulting in their formation understood, we propose in a last chapter new characterization techniques for the detection of defective wafers at the beginning of production lines at an industrial throughput