Статті в журналах: "General Unknown Screening"

1

Böhme. "Improved “General Unknown” Drug Screening Using GCxGCqMS." Scientia Pharmaceutica 77, no. 1 (2009): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.oephg.21.sl-16.

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Lowres, Nicole, Lis Neubeck, Julie Redfern, and S. Ben Freedman. "Screening to identify unknown atrial fibrillation." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 110, no. 08 (2013): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th13-02-0165.

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SummaryAtrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with a significantly increased stroke risk which is highly preventable with appropriate oral anticoagulant therapy (OAC). However, AF may be asymptomatic and unrecognised prior to stroke. We aimed to determine if single time-point screening for AF could identify sufficient numbers with previously undiagnosed AF, to be effective for stroke prevention. This is a systematic review of clinical trials, by searching electronic medical databases, reference lists and grey literature. Studies were included if they evaluated a general ambulant adult population, using electrocardiography or pulse palpation to identify AF. We identified 30 individual studies (n=122,571, mean age 64 years, 54% male) in nine countries. Participants were recruited either from general practitioner and outpatient clinics (12 studies) or population screening/community advertisements (18 studies). Prevalence of AF across all studies was 2.3% (95% CI, 2.2–2.4%), increasing to 4.4% (CI, 4.1–4.6%) in those ≥65 years (16 studies, n= 27,884). Overall incidence of previously unknown AF (14 studies, n=67,772) was 1.0% (CI, 0.89–1.04%), increasing to 1.4% (CI, 1.2–1.6%) in those ≥65 years (8 studies, n= 18,189) in whom screening setting did not influence incidence identified. Of those with previously unknown AF, 67% were at high risk of stroke. Screening can identify 1.4% of the population ≥65 years with previously undiagnosed AF. Many of those identified would be eligible for, and benefit from OAC to prevent stroke. Given this incidence, community AF screening strategies in at risk older age groups could potentially reduce the overall health burden associated with AF.

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Richeval, C., J. F. Wiart, L. Humbert, M. Shbair, and M. Lhermitte. "General unknown screening of xenobiotics: the contribution of an acidic extraction." Annales de Toxicologie Analytique 23, no. 3 (2011): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ata/2011120.

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Sukumaran, NimishaPulikkal, and RHiranmai Yadav. "General unknown screening, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl." Ancient Science of Life 35, no. 4 (2016): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.188181.

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Duretz, B., S. Robinson, S. Scurati, E. Genin, and D. Lamiable. "General unknown screening of illicit drugs: A novel approach using high resolution and accurate mass." Toxicology Letters 196 (July 2010): S291—S292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.920.

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6

Marquet, P., N. Venisse, É. Lacassie, and G. Lachâtre. "In-source CID mass spectral libraries for the “general unknown” screening of drugs and toxicants." Analusis 28, no. 10 (December 2000): 925–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/analusis:2000280925.

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7

Köppel, C., and J. Tenczer. "Scope and limitations of a general unknown screening by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry in acute poisoning." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 6, no. 11 (November 1995): 995–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-0305(95)00585-4.

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8

Sauvage, François-Ludovic, Nicolas Picard, Franck Saint-Marcoux, Jean-Michel Gaulier, Gérard Lachâtre, and Pierre Marquet. "General unknown screening procedure for the characterization of human drug metabolites in forensic toxicology: Applications and constraints." Journal of Separation Science 32, no. 18 (September 2009): 3074–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200900092.

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9

Picard, Nicolas, Dorra Dridi, François-Ludovic Sauvage, Naceur A. Boughattas, and Pierre Marquet. "General unknown screening procedure for the characterization of human drug metabolites: Application to loratadine phase I metabolism." Journal of Separation Science 32, no. 13 (June 30, 2009): 2209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200900099.

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Tos, Tina, Helle Klyver, and Krzysztof T. Drzewiecki. "Extensive screening for primary tumor is redundant in melanoma of unknown primary." Journal of Surgical Oncology 104, no. 7 (June 30, 2011): 724–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.21994.

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Taha, Reza, Kozak Marta, Turner Rushia, Schoen Alan, and Duretz Benedicte. "A quantitative general unknown screening method for drugs and toxic compounds in urine using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry." Toxicology Letters 180 (October 2008): S157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.302.

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12

Broecker, Sebastian, Sieglinde Herre, and Fritz Pragst. "General unknown screening in hair by liquid chromatography–hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF-MS)." Forensic Science International 218, no. 1-3 (May 2012): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.004.

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13

Kim, Hyung-seung, Junghyun Kim, Joon Hyuk Suh, and Sang Beom Han. "General unknown screening for pesticides in whole blood and Korean gastric contents by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry." Archives of Pharmacal Research 37, no. 10 (July 23, 2014): 1317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-014-0440-3.

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14

Garcia, Maria E., Ladson Hinton, John Neuhaus, Mitchell Feldman, Jennifer Livaudais-Toman, and Leah S. Karliner. "Equitability of Depression Screening After Implementation of General Adult Screening in Primary Care." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): e2227658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27658.

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ImportanceDepression is a debilitating and costly medical condition that is often undertreated. Men, racial and ethnic minority individuals, older adults, and those with language barriers are at increased risk for undertreatment of depression. Disparities in screening may contribute to undertreatment.ObjectiveTo examine depression screening rates among populations at risk for undertreatment of depression during and after rollout of general screening.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study from September 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019, of electronic health record data from 52 944 adult patients at 6 University of California, San Francisco, primary care facilities assessed depression screening rates after implementation of a general screening policy. Patients were excluded if they had a baseline diagnosis of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or dementia.ExposuresScreening year, including rollout (September 1, 2017, to December 31, 2017) and each subsequent calendar year (January 1 to December 31, 2018, and January 1 to December 31, 2019).Main Outcomes and MeasuresRates of depression screening performed by medical assistants using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Data collected included age, sex, race and ethnicity, and language preference (English vs non-English); to compare English and non-English language preference groups and also assess depression screening by race and ethnicity within the English-speaking group, a single language-race-ethnicity variable with non–English language preference and English language preference categories was created. In multivariable analyses, the likelihood of being screened was evaluated using annual logistic regression models for 2018 and 2019, examining sex, age, language-race-ethnicity, and comorbidities, with adjustment for primary care site.ResultsThere were 52 944 unique, eligible patients with 1 or more visits in one of the 6 primary care practices during the entire study period (59% female; mean [SD] age, 48.9 [17.6] years; 178 [0.3%] American Indian/Alaska Native, 13 241 [25.0%] English-speaking Asian, 3588 [6.8%] English-speaking Black/African American, 4744 [9.0%] English-speaking Latino/Latina/Latinx, 760 [1.4%] Pacific Islander, 22 689 [42.9%] English-speaking White, 4857 [9.0%] English-speaking other [including individuals who indicated race and ethnicity as other and individuals for whom race and ethnicity data were missing or unknown], and 2887 [5.5%] with language barriers [non–English language preference]). Depression screening increased from 40.5% at rollout (2017) to 88.8% (2019). In 2018, the likelihood of being screened decreased with increasing age (adusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.89 [95% CI, 0.82-0.98] for ages 45-54 and aOR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.65-0.85] for ages 75 and older compared with ages 18-30); and, except for Spanish-speaking patients, patients with limited English proficiency were less likely to be screened for depression than English-speaking White patients (Chinese language preference: aOR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.51-0.67]; other non–English language preference: aOR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.47-0.64]). By 2019, depression screening had increased dramatically for all at-risk groups, and for most, disparities had disappeared; the odds of screening were only still significantly lower for men compared with women (aOR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.81 to 0.93]).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study in a large academic health system, full implementation of depression screening was associated with a substantial increase in screening rates among groups at risk for undertreatment of depression. In addition, depression screening disparities narrowed over time for most groups, suggesting that routine depression screening in primary care may reduce screening disparities and improve recognition and appropriate treatment of depression for all patients.

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15

Perez-Lopez, J., A. Selva-O’Callaghan, J. C. Milisenda, L. Gallego, E. Trallero-Araguas, M. Juanos-Iborra, I. Pinal, J. M. Grau-Junyent, and M. Vilardell-Tarrés. "FRI0410 Adult pompe’s disease: screening in patients with myopathies of unknown etiology." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 72, Suppl 3 (June 2013): A512.2—A512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.1537.

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Sauvage, François-Ludovic, Franck Saint-marcoux, Bénédicte Duretz, Didier Deporte, Gérard Lachatre, and Pierre Marquet. "Screening of Drugs and Toxic Compounds with Liquid Chromatography-Linear Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 1735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.067116.

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Abstract Background: In clinical and forensic toxicology, general unknown screening is used to detect and identify exogenous compounds. In this study, we aimed to develop a comprehensive general unknown screening method based on liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Methods: After solid-phase extraction, separation was performed using gradient reversed-phase chromatography. The mass spectrometer was operated in the information-dependent acquisition mode, switching between a survey scan acquired in the Enhanced Mass Spectrometry mode with dynamic subtraction of background noise and a dependent scan obtained in the enhanced product ion scan mode. The complete cycle time was 1.36 s. A library of 1000 enhanced product ion–tandem mass spectrometry spectra in positive mode and 250 in negative mode, generated using 3 alternated collision tensions during each scan, was created by injecting pure solutions of drugs and toxic compounds. Results: Comparison with HPLC-diode array detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of 36 clinical samples showed that linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry could identify most of the compounds (94% of the total). Some compounds were detected only by 1 of the other 2 techniques. Specific clinical cases highlighted the advantages and limitations of the method. Conclusion: A unique combination of new operating modes provided by hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometers and new software features allowed development of a comprehensive and efficient method for the general unknown screening of drugs and toxic compounds in blood or urine.

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17

Spertini, Diego, Catherine Béliveau, and Guy Bellemare. "Screening of Transgenic Plants by Amplification of Unknown Genomic DNA Flanking T-DNA." BioTechniques 27, no. 2 (August 1999): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/99272st01.

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18

Petrakis, Evangelos C., Ioannis A. Trantakis, Despina P. Kalogianni, and Theodore K. Christopoulos. "Screening for Unknown Mutations by a Bioluminescent Protein Truncation Test with Homogeneous Detection." Journal of the American Chemical Society 132, no. 14 (April 14, 2010): 5091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja909200p.

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19

Cawley, Adam, Daniel Pasin, Namuun Ganbat, Laura Ennis, Corrine Smart, Candace Greer, John Keledjian, Shanlin Fu, and Alex Chen. "The potential for complementary targeted/non-targeted screening of novel psychoactive substances in equine urine using liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry." Analytical Methods 8, no. 8 (2016): 1789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ay00156d.

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20

Petroff, David, Olaf Bätz, Katrin Jedrysiak, Anja Lüllau, Jan Kramer, Hjördis Möller, Renate Heyne, Burkhard Jäger, Thomas Berg, and Johannes Wiegand. "From Screening to Therapy: Anti-HCV Screening and Linkage to Care in a Network of General Practitioners and a Private Gastroenterology Practice." Pathogens 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121570.

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(1) Background: Low rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnosis and sub-optimal linkage to care constitute barriers toward eliminating the infection. In 2012/2013, we showed that HCV screening in primary care detects unknown cases. However, hepatitis C patients may not receive further diagnostics and therapy because they drop out during the referral pathway to secondary care. Thus, we used an existing network of primary care physicians and a practice of gastroenterology to investigate the pathway from screening to therapy. (2) Methods: HCV screening was prospectively included in a routine check-up of primary care physicians who cooperated regularly with a private gastroenterology practice. Anti-HCV-positive patients were referred for further specialized diagnostics and treatment if indicated. (3) Results: Seventeen primary care practices screened 1875 patients. Twelve individuals were anti-HCV-positive (0.6%), six of them reported previous antiviral HCV therapy, and one untreated patient was HCV-RNA-positive (0.05% of the population). None of the 12 anti-HCV-positive cases showed up at the private gastroenterology practice. Further clinical details of the pathway from screening to therapy could not be analyzed. (4) Conclusions: The linkage between primary and secondary care appears to be problematic in the HCV setting even among cooperating partners, but robust conclusions require larger datasets.

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21

Venisse, N., P. Marquet, E. Duchoslav, J. L. Dupuy, and G. Lachâtre. "A General Unknown Screening Procedure for Drugs and Toxic Compounds in Serum using Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray-Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/27.1.7.

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22

Maynard, Julie H., and Meena Upadhyaya. "High-Throughput Screening for the Detection of Unknown Mutations: Improved Productivity Using Heteroduplex Analysis." BioTechniques 25, no. 4 (October 1998): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/98254dt02.

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23

Le Harle, Jean-Pierre, and Bruno Bellier. "Optimisation of the selectivity of a pulsed flame photometric detector for unknown compound screening." Journal of Chromatography A 1087, no. 1-2 (September 2005): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.02.045.

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Jakobsen, Markus D., Mikkel Brandt, Emil Sundstrup, Kenneth Jay, Per Aagaard, and Lars L. Andersen. "Reliability of Mechanical Trunk Responses During Known and Unknown Trunk Perturbations." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32, no. 1 (February 2016): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0120.

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This study evaluates the between-day reliability of a newly developed trunk perturbation test and compares mechanical response during known and unknown conditions. Mechanical trunk responses were measured in 17 female subjects during unloading and loading perturbations of the abdomen (A: preloaded abdomen condition) and low back (B: preloaded back condition). The loading perturbation increased the preload from 5.5 kg to a 10.9 kg pull on the trunk whereas the unloading perturbation decreased the pull from 5.5 kg to 0.1 kg. A sequence of loading (known), unloading (known), and randomized loading/unloading (unknown) perturbations were performed for A and B. Between-day reliability of stopping time, trunk displacement, and velocity was quantified using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). ICCs were good to excellent for all loading and unloading measures during the known (0.70–0.98) and unknown (0.64–0.94) perturbations of A and B. In general, larger trunk displacements were seen after the unknown perturbations compared with the known perturbation. The method may be used as a diagnostic tool for screening workers who are in risk of future work-related low back injuries.

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25

Luhua, Song, Alicia Hegie, Nobuhiro Suzuki, Elena Shulaev, Xiaozhong Luo, Diana Cenariu, Vincent Ma, et al. "Linking genes of unknown function with abiotic stress responses by high-throughput phenotype screening." Physiologia Plantarum 148, no. 3 (March 20, 2013): 322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12013.

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Ross, Jonathan D. C., and Jennifer Champion. "How are men with urethral discharge managed in general practice?" International Journal of STD & AIDS 9, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462981922025.

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Chlamydia and gonorrhoea remain major causes of morbidity despite the availability of effective therapy. Because of the asymptomatic nature of many infections, particularly in women, active case finding is necessary to trace and offer screening and treatment to sexual contacts of those infected. Genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics provide investigation and treatment for a variety of sexual health problems but the proportion of infections treated outside these clinics is unknown. A questionnaire survey of general practitioners (GPs) was used to examine the prevalence and management of male urethritis in Scotland. Responses were received from 277/347 (80%) of GPs. A median of one case/year of male urethritis was seen and screening for gonorrhoea and chlamydia was undertaken in 82% and 63% of cases not referred to a GUM clinic respectively. Six per cent of GPs attempted to trace sexual contacts. Twenty-nine per cent (60) of patients were not referred to a GUM clinic and increasing distance to the clinic was associated with non-referral. Eleven per cent (18) of patients objected to referral to a GUM clinic. There is scope to improve the management of male urethritis by providing greater support for GPs, encouraging clinic referral where possible and appropriate investigations and treatment when not.

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Boriani, Giuseppe, Pietro Palmisano, Vincenzo Livio Malavasi, Elisa Fantecchi, Marco Vitolo, Niccolo’ Bonini, Jacopo F. Imberti, Anna Chiara Valenti, Renate B. Schnabel, and Ben Freedman. "Clinical Factors Associated with Atrial Fibrillation Detection on Single-Time Point Screening Using a Hand-Held Single-Lead ECG Device." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040729.

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Our aim was to assess the prevalence of unknown atrial fibrillation (AF) among adults during single-time point rhythm screening performed during meetings or social recreational activities organized by patient groups or volunteers. A total of 2814 subjects (median age 68 years) underwent AF screening by a handheld single-lead ECG device (MyDiagnostick). Overall, 56 subjects (2.0%) were diagnosed with AF, as a result of 12-lead ECG following a positive/suspected recording. Screening identified AF in 2.9% of the subjects ≥ 65 years. None of the 265 subjects aged below 50 years was found positive at AF screening. Risk stratification for unknown AF based on a CHA2DS2VASc > 0 in males and >1 in females (or CHA2DS2VA > 0) had a high sensitivity (98.2%) and a high negative predictive value (99.8%) for AF detection. A slightly lower sensitivity (96.4%) was achieved by using age ≥ 65 years as a risk stratifier. Conversely, raising the threshold at ≥75 years showed a low sensitivity. Within the subset of subjects aged ≥ 65 a CHA2DS2VASc > 1 in males and >2 in females, or a CHA2DS2VA > 1 had a high sensitivity (94.4%) and negative predictive value (99.3%), while age ≥ 75 was associated with a marked drop in sensitivity for AF detection.

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Savchenko, M. A. "Isolation gidazepam and its metabolites by solid-phase extraction." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 2 (August 14, 2018): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.2.16.02.

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Gidazepam as benzodiazepine derivative is drugs of abuse and is object of toxicological research. The first phases of analysis of analite is its insulating from biological objects. In a case of gidazepam such analites is its metabolites. One of insulating method which used in analytical toxicology is the method of solid-phase extraction (SPE). This method have advantage in comparison with is liquid extraction. However papers about studying of insulating efficiency gidazepam and its metabolites of SPE are absent now. Thus the purpose of the this paper is a study of applications of SPE in analytical toxicology. For work SPE columns Bond Elut Certify have been used (volume 3 mL, amount of a sorbent 130 mg), production of Agilent Technologies. The SPE protocols which studying have been optimised under these columns for extraction from blood and urine. Two procedures are developed for extraction in case of the general screening of an unknown drug, and two for screening of benzodiazepines. Showed that degree of extraction of the basic gidazepam`s metabolites compounds 92–98%, and for gidazepam 51–74%. Also it is positioned that acetonitrile in solutions for removal coextractive substance considerably depresses degree of extraction one of gidazeam`s metabolite. At the same time application of 1 М acetic acid promotes retention of gidazepam and its metabolites on a SPE column in the course of removal lipophilic impurities by organic solvents. Position of gidazepam and its metabolites in the schema of the general screening of an unknown drug in both SPE screening procedures is showed.

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Zetola, Nicola M., Beth Kaplan, Teri Dowling, Trevor Jensen, Brian Louie, Mahtab Shahkarami, Grant Colfax, and Jeffrey D. Klausner. "Prevalence and Correlates of Unknown HIV Infection among Patients Seeking Care in a Public Hospital Emergency Department." Public Health Reports 123, no. 3_suppl (November 2008): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00333549081230s306.

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Objectives. Screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the emergency department (ED) has been proposed as an effective approach to increase early HIV diagnosis. To evaluate the potential for the implementation of routine screening, we determined the prevalence of unknown HIV infection among patients being seen in an urban public hospital ED. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study among patients presenting to the San Francisco General Hospital's ED during March 2007. We reviewed patients' medical records to determine HIV infection status. In patients with unknown or negative HIV-infection status, we tested de-identified remnant blood specimens by HIV-antibody and nucleic-acid assays. We used a sensitive/less sensitive testing algorithm to determine the duration of HIV infection. Results. During the study period, 1,820 patients had blood collected for clinical evaluation. Of those patients, 146 (8.0%) were known to be HIV-infected. Among the remaining 1,674 patients with unknown HIV-infection status, HIV-infection prevalence was 0.9% (15 of 1,674, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55, 1.47). In addition, one case of acute HIV infection (HIV-antibody negative, HIV RNA detected) was identified. Patients with unknown HIV infection vs. those who were uninfected were more likely to be homeless (odds ratio [OR] = 3.89, 95% CI 1.32, 11.45, p<0.05) and 18 to 30 years of age (OR=3.15, 95% CI 1.03, 9.61, p<0.05). Conclusions. In a sample of patients visiting a county ED, the relative prevalence of unknown HIV infection (10%) was modest and less than national estimates (25%). Acutely HIV-infected patients might account for a significant proportion of those with unknown HIV infection in an ED setting.

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Karacan, Meric, Melike Batukan, Ziya Çebi, Munip Berberoglugil, Semra Levent, Mustafa Kır, Alpaslan Baksu, Emine Ozel, and Teksen Camlıbel. "Screening cytomegalovirus, rubella and toxoplasma infections in pregnant women with unknown pre-pregnancy serological status." Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 290, no. 6 (July 16, 2014): 1115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-014-3340-3.

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Decaestecker, Tineke N., Willy E. Lambert, Carlos H. Van Peteghem, Dieter Deforce, and Jan F. Van Bocxlaer. "Optimization of solid-phase extraction for a liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric general unknown screening procedure by means of computational techniques." Journal of Chromatography A 1056, no. 1-2 (November 2004): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.010.

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Warlan, Heather, Lois Howland, and Cynthia Connelly. "Detection of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Patients After Discharge From Intensive Care." American Journal of Critical Care 25, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2016573.

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Background Despite emphasis on identifying personal and clinical characteristics that place patients at higher risk for posttraumatic stress syndrome after intensive care, the extent of screening for the syndrome in intensive care patients is unknown. Objectives To examine the feasibility and acceptability of a screening tool to detect posttraumatic stress syndrome, screen for the syndrome soon after discharge from intensive care to identify patients at risk for post-traumatic stress disorder, and determine personal and clinical factors related to higher scores on the screening instrument. Methods A single-center, cross-sectional design was used. At 2 to 4 weeks after hospital discharge, 41 patients treated in an intensive care unit completed the screening instrument and the Screening Experience Questionnaire via telephone. Associations between participants’ characteristics and scores were examined, and screening experiences were described. Results Participants reported that the screening instrument was easy to understand, caused little distress, and could be completed in an acceptable time frame. Participants reported that they had not been screened via a formal process or received education during or after their stay in the unit. Among the participants, 44% preferred screening in the outpatient setting. Higher scores on the screening tool were associated with history of depression, moderate levels of sedation, and intensive care unit delirium. Conclusions The majority of intensive care patients most likely are not being screened for posttraumatic stress syndrome despite a higher risk for the syndrome in these patients than in the general population.

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Günthardt, Barbara F., Carina D. Schönsee, Juliane Hollender, Konrad Hungerbühler, Martin Scheringer, and Thomas D. Bucheli. ""Is there anybody else out there?" – First Insights from a Suspect Screening for Phytotoxins in Surface Water." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 74, no. 3 (March 25, 2020): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.129.

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To protect themselves, plants can produce toxic secondary metabolites (phytotoxins) that appear with widely varying structures and negative effects. These phytotoxins often show similar properties as known aquatic micropollutants in terms of mobility, persistence, toxicity, and possibly also ecotoxicity. However, their occurrence in surface waters remains largely unknown, which is also due to unknown ability of available screening approaches to detect them. Therefore, we performed a target and suspect screening based on a persistence-mobility prioritization for phytotoxins in small Swiss creeks using high resolution mass spectrometry. In total, three of 26 targets were detected, three of 78 suspects tentatively identified, and six suspects fully confirmed by reference standards. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that three different plant secondary metabolite classes are detected in the same surface water sample. Estrogenic isoflavones were detected at 73% of the sites with formononetin as main toxin, which is in agreement with previous studies. Furthermore, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and the indole alkaloid gramine were detected. Especially pyrrolizidine alkaloids might be critical due to their production by various plants including the invasive Senecio inaequidens, and their known importance in food and feed safety. Based on these first screening results, different phytotoxin classes should be assessed for their ecotoxicological effects and considered in future water monitoring.

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Chen, Jingxian, Chien-shan Cheng, Jie Chen, Lingling Lv, Xiaoheng Shen, and Lan Zheng. "Sorafenib for treating head and neck adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site: a case report." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 11 (November 2020): 030006052096435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520964355.

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The aim of the present study was to report a rare case of head and neck adenocarcinoma with an unknown primary site in a 59-year-old man. After disease progression followed by multiple cycles of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, genetic screening using next-generation sequencing identified vascular endothelial growth factor A amplification and the TP53 R209Kfs mutation. Treatment with the multi-targeted protein kinase inhibitor sorafenib controlled the patient’s symptoms and improved his quality of life.

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Laubscher, Wikus Ernst, and Marina Rautenbach. "Direct Detection of Antibacterial-Producing Soil Isolates Utilizing a Novel High-Throughput Screening Assay." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112235.

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The ever-increasing global threat of common infections developing resistance to current therapeutics is rapidly accelerating the onset of a primitive post-antibiotic era in medicine. The prevention of further antimicrobial resistance development is unlikely due to the continued misuse of antibiotics, augmented by the lack of discovery of novel antibiotics. Screening large libraries of synthetic compounds have yet to offer effective replacements for current antibiotics. Due to historical successes, discovery from large and diverse natural sources and, more specifically, environmental bacteria, may still yield novel alternative antibiotics. However, the process of antibiotic discovery from natural sources is laborious and time-consuming as a result of outdated methodologies. Therefore, we have developed a simple and rapid preliminary screening assay to identify antibacterial-producing bacteria from natural sources. In brief, the assay utilizes the presence or absence of luminescence in bioluminescent reporter bacteria and test bacterium co-cultures in a 96-well plate format to determine the absence or presence of antibacterial compound production. Our assay, called the bioluminescent simultaneous antagonism (BSLA) assay, can accurately distinguish between known antibacterial-producing and non-producing test bacteria. The BSLA assay was validated by screening 264 unknown soil isolates which resulted in the identification of 10 antibacterial-producing isolates, effectively decreasing the pool of isolates for downstream analysis by 96%. By design, the assay is simple and requires only general laboratory equipment; however, we have shown that the assay can be scaled to automated high-throughput screening systems. Taken together, the BSLA assay allows for the rapid pre-screening of unknown bacterial isolates which, when coupled with innovative downstream dereplication and identification technologies, can effectively fast-track antimicrobial discovery.

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Randera-Rees, Safiyya, Wende Clarence Safari, Dickman Gareta, Kobus Herbst, Kathy Baisley, and Alison D. Grant. "Can we find the missing men in clinics? Clinic attendance by sex and HIV status in rural South Africa." Wellcome Open Research 6 (July 2, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16702.1.

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Background: HIV-negative men are over-represented in tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys including the first South African national TB prevalence survey in 2018. Traditionally, TB screening is focused in clinics. We aimed to determine the frequency of primary healthcare clinic (PHC) attendance among HIV-negative men in a TB-prevalent setting. Methods: Since January 2017, PHC attendees in a rural South African demographic surveillance area (DSA) were asked their reason for attendance. HIV status was defined as positive if tested positive in a DSA sero-survey or attended clinic for HIV care; negative if tested negative between January 2014—December 2017 and no HIV-related visits; and HIV-unknown otherwise. Results: Among 67124 DSA residents (≥15 years), 27038 (40.3%) were men; 14196 (21.2%) were classified HIV-positive, 18892 (28.1%) HIV-negative and 34036 (50.7%) HIV-unknown. Between April 2017 and March 2018, 24382/67124 (36.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 36.0–36.7) adults made ≥1 PHC visit, comprising 9805/40086 (24.5%, 95%CI 23.6–25.3) of HIV-negative or unknown women and 3440/27038 (12.7%, 95%CI 11.6–13.8) of HIV-negative or unknown men. Overall, HIV care accounted for 37556/88109 (42.6%) of adult PHC visits. Conclusion: In this rural population, HIV-negative and -unknown men rarely attend PHCs. Improving TB screening in clinics may not reach a key population with respect to undiagnosed TB. Additional strategies are needed to diagnose and treat TB earlier.

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Choi, Hye-Ryeon, Ja-Seung Koo, Cho-Rok Lee, Jan-Dee Lee, Sang-Wook Kang, Young-Seok Jo, and Woong-Youn Chung. "Efficacy of Immunohistochemistry for SDHB in the Screening of Hereditary Pheochromocytoma–Paraganglioma." Biology 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070677.

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The most common genetic backgrounds of hereditary paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma (PPGL) are SDHx germline mutations. Given the fact that the immunohistochemistry (IHC) result for SDHB is always negative regardless of the type of SDHx mutation, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of using SDHB IHC for screening SDHx mutations in PPGL cases. In total, 52 patients who underwent surgery for PPGL treatment between 2006 and 2020 and underwent genetic analysis at diagnosis were included. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed with PPGL tissues and IHC for SDHB was performed on TMA sections. All 10 patients with SDHB-negative IHC contained SDHB or SDHD mutations. The genetic test results of patients with SDHB-weakly positive IHC varied (one SDHB, two RET, one VHL, and three unknown gene mutations). There were no SDHx mutations in the SDHB-positive IHC group. Six patients with weakly positive SDHB IHC with primarily unknown genetic status were re-called and underwent next-generation sequencing. None of them had SDHx mutations. In conclusion, SDHB-negative IHC is a cost-effective and reliable method to predict SDHx mutations. However, in the case of weakly positive SDHB staining, an additional gene study should be considered.

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Sauvage, François-Ludovic, Jean-Michel Gaulier, Gérard Lachâtre, and Pierre Marquet. "Pitfalls and Prevention Strategies for Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in the Selected Reaction– Monitoring Mode for Drug Analysis." Clinical Chemistry 54, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.105478.

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Abstract Background: We observed cases of false-positive results with the use of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Different LC-MS/MS techniques that use the selected reaction-monitoring mode, routinely employed for the analysis and quantification of drugs and toxic compounds in biological matrices, were involved in the false-positive and potentially false-positive results obtained. We sought to analyze the causes of and solutions to this problem. Methods: We used a previously reported LC-MS/MS general unknown screening method, as well as manual spectral investigation in 1 case, to perform verification and identification of interfering compounds. Results: We observed that false-positive results involved: a metabolite of zolpidem that might have been mistaken for lysergic acid diethylamide, benzoylecgonine mistaken for atropine, and clomipramine and 3 phenothiazines that share several common ion transitions. Conclusions: To prevent problems such as those we experienced, we recommend the use of stable-isotope internal standards when possible, relative retention times, 2 transitions or more per compound when possible, and acceptable relative abundance ratios between transitions, with an experience-based tolerance of ±15% for transitions with a relative abundance >10% and with an extension to ±25% for transitions <10% when the concentration is at the limit of quantification. A powerful general unknown screening procedure can help to confirm suspected interferences. Our results indicate that the specificity of screening procedures is questionable for LC-MS/MS analyses performed in the selected reaction-monitoring mode and involving a large number of compounds with only 1 transition per compound.

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Dean, D. D., and S. Agarwal. "TP-PCR mediated molecular screening for Fragile X carrier status in Indian women: Knowing the unknown." New Biotechnology 44 (October 2018): S147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.1128.

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Loidl-Stahlhofen, Angelika, Werner Kern, and Gerhard Spiteller. "Gas chromatographic-electron impact mass spectrometric screening procedure for unknown hydroxyaldehydic lipid peroxidation products after pentafluorobenzyloxime derivatization." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 673, no. 1 (November 1995): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(95)00244-d.

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Phungsai, Phanwatt, Futoshi Kurisu, Ikuro Kasuga, and Hiroaki Furumai. "Changes in dissolved organic matter during water treatment by sequential solid-phase extraction and unknown screening analysis." Chemosphere 263 (January 2021): 128278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128278.

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Engler, Daniel, Coral L. Hanson, Lien Desteghe, Giuseppe Boriani, Søren Zöga Diederichsen, Ben Freedman, Elena Palà, et al. "Feasible approaches and implementation challenges to atrial fibrillation screening: a qualitative study of stakeholder views in 11 European countries." BMJ Open 12, no. 6 (June 2022): e059156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059156.

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ObjectivesAtrial fibrillation (AF) screening may increase early detection and reduce complications of AF. European, Australian and World Heart Federation guidelines recommend opportunistic screening, despite a current lack of clear evidence supporting a net benefit for systematic screening. Where screening is implemented, the most appropriate approaches are unknown. We explored the views of European stakeholders about opportunities and challenges of implementing four AF screening scenarios.DesignTelephone-based semi-structured interviews with results reported using Consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative research guidelines. Data were thematically analysed using the framework approach.SettingAF screening stakeholders in 11 European countries.ParticipantsHealthcare professionals and regulators (n=24) potentially involved in AF screening implementation.InterventionFour AF screening scenarios: single time point opportunistic, opportunistic prolonged, systematic single time point/prolonged and patient-led screening.Primary outcome measuresStakeholder views about the challenges and feasibility of implementing the screening scenarios in the respective national/regional healthcare system.ResultsThree themes developed. (1) Current screening approaches: there are no national AF screening programmes, with most AF detected in symptomatic patients. Patient-led screening exists via personal devices, creating screening inequity. (2) Feasibility of screening: single time point opportunistic screening in primary care using single-lead ECG devices was considered the most feasible. Software algorithms may aid identification of suitable patients and telehealth services have potential to support diagnosis. (3) Implementation requirements: sufficient evidence of benefit is required. National screening processes are required due to different payment mechanisms and health service regulations. Concerns about data security, and inclusivity for those without primary care access or personal devices must be addressed.ConclusionsThere is an overall awareness of AF screening. Opportunistic screening appears the most feasible across Europe. Challenges are health inequalities, identification of best target groups for screening, streamlined processes, the need for evidence of benefit and a tailored approach adapted to national realities.

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Hoare, Sarah, Alison Powell, Rakesh Narendra Modi, Natalie Armstrong, Simon J. Griffin, Jonathan Mant, and Jenni Burt. "Why do people take part in atrial fibrillation screening? Qualitative interview study in English primary care." BMJ Open 12, no. 3 (March 2022): e051703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051703.

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ObjectivesThere is insufficient evidence to support national screening programmes for atrial fibrillation (AF). Nevertheless, some practitioners, policy-makers and special interest groups have encouraged introduction of opportunistic screening in primary care in order to reduce the incidence of stroke through earlier detection and treatment of AF. The attitudes of the public towards AF screening are unknown. We aimed to explore why AF screening participants took part in the screening.DesignSemistructured longitudinal interview study of participant engagement in the SAFER study (Screening for Atrial Fibrillation with ECG to Reduce stroke). We undertook initial interviews face to face, with up to two follow-up telephone interviews during the screening process. We thematically analysed and synthesised these data to understand shared views of screening participation.Setting5 primary care practices in the East of England, UK.Participants23 people taking part in the SAFER study first feasibility phase.ResultsParticipants were supportive of screening for AF, explaining their participation in screening as a ‘good thing to do’. Participants suggested screening could facilitate earlier diagnosis, more effective treatment, and a better future outcome, despite most being unfamiliar with AF. Participating in AF screening helped attenuate participants’ concerns about stroke and demonstrated their commitment to self-care and being a ‘good patient’. Participants felt that the screening test was non-invasive, and they were unlikely to have AF; they therefore considered engaging in AF screening was low risk, with few perceived harms.ConclusionsParticipants assessed the SAFER AF screening programme to be a legitimate, relevant and safe screening opportunity, and complied obediently with what they perceived to be a recommendation to take part. Their unreserved acceptance of screening benefit and lack of awareness of potential harms suggests that uptake would be high but reinforces the importance of ensuring participants receive balanced information about AF screening initiatives.Trial registration numberISRCTN16939438; Pre-results.

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Lowres, Nicole, Lis Neubeck, Glenn Salkeld, Ines Krass, Andrew J. McLachlan, Julie Redfern, Alexandra A. Bennett, et al. "Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of stroke prevention through community screening for atrial fibrillation using iPhone ECG in pharmacies." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 111, no. 06 (2014): 1167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th14-03-0231.

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SummaryAtrial fibrillation (AF) causes a third of all strokes, but often goes undetected before stroke. Identification of unknown AF in the community and subsequent anti-thrombotic treatment could reduce stroke burden. We investigated community screening for unknown AF using an iPhone electrocardiogram (iECG) in pharmacies, and determined the cost-effectiveness of this strategy. Pharmacists performed pulse palpation and iECG recordings, with cardiologist iECG over-reading. General practitioner review/12-lead ECG was facilitated for suspected new AF. An automated AF algorithm was retrospectively applied to collected iECGs. Cost-effectiveness analysis incorporated costs of iECG screening, and treatment/outcome data from a United Kingdom cohort of 5,555 patients with incidentally detected asymptomatic AF. A total of 1,000 pharmacy customers aged ≥65 years (mean 76 ± 7 years; 44% male) were screened. Newly identified AF was found in 1.5% (95% CI, 0.8–2.5%); mean age 79 ± 6 years; all had CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2. AF prevalence was 6.7% (67/1,000). The automated iECG algorithm showed 98.5% (CI, 92–100%) sensitivity for AF detection and 91.4% (CI, 89–93%) specificity. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of extending iECG screening into the community, based on 55% warfarin prescription adherence, would be $AUD5,988 (€3,142; $USD4,066) per Quality Adjusted Life Year gained and $AUD30,481 (€15,993; $USD20,695) for preventing one stroke. Sensitivity analysis indicated cost-effectiveness improved with increased treatment adherence. Screening with iECG in pharmacies with an automated algorithm is both feasible and cost-effective. The high and largely preventable stroke/thromboembolism risk of those with newly identified AF highlights the likely benefits of community AF screening. Guideline recommendation of community iECG AF screening should be considered.Previous Presentation: This study was presented in part as an oral presentation at the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Conference; 9 August 2013; Sydney, Australia, abstract published in Heart Lung Circulation 2013;22:S223.Trial registration: Australian New Zealand clinical trials registry: ACTRN12612000406808.

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Delitala, Alessandro P., Maria Grazia Pilia, Liana Ferreli, Francesco Loi, Nicolò Curreli, Lenuta Balaci, David Schlessinger, and Francesco Cucca. "Prevalence of unknown thyroid disorders in a Sardinian cohort." European Journal of Endocrinology 171, no. 1 (July 2014): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-14-0182.

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ObjectiveTo assess thyroid function, the presence of thyroid antibodies, as well as the presence of goiter and/or nodules in subjects without a prior diagnosis of thyroid disorders, in a region with mild to moderate iodine deficiency.Design and methodsThis cross-sectional study is based on data obtained from first and third visits of participants in the Sardinian survey. We performed two different analyses. In one, we assessed the prevalence of unknown thyroid dysfunctions among 6252 subjects who had a medical examination and blood collection for assays of thyrotropin, free thyroxine, and antibodies against thyroperoxidase (AbTPO) and against thyroglobulin (AbTG). In a second analysis, we evaluated the frequency of undiagnosed goiter and nodules among 3377 subjects who had a thyroid ultrasound scan. Subjects were excluded if they had a previous history of thyroid disorders or presence of goiter and/or nodules, or thyroid surgery, or if they were taking drugs that could impair thyroid function.ResultsWe found a low prevalence of overt thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism 0.4% and hypothyroidism 0.7%). The rates of subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were 4.7 and 2.4% respectively. Almost 16% of participants were positive for at least one antibody and 5.2% for both AbTG and AbTPO. Nodules were detected in 17.4% of subjects and the prevalence of goiter was 22.1%.ConclusionsUndiagnosed biochemical thyroid dysfunctions, unknown nodules, and goiter were common in subjects living in a mild to moderate iodine-deficient area. In this community, thyroid disorders often go undetected and screening could be reasonable in subjects at a higher risk.

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Cenin, Dayna, Pei Li, Jie Wang, Lucie de Jonge, Bei Yan, Sha Tao, and Iris Lansdorp-Vogelaar. "Optimising colorectal cancer screening in Shanghai, China: a modelling study." BMJ Open 12, no. 5 (May 2022): e048156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048156.

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IntroductionTo reduce the burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Shanghai, China, a CRC screening programme was commenced in 2013 inviting those aged 50–74 years to triennial screening with a faecal immunochemical test (FIT) and risk assessment. However, it is unknown whether this is the optimal screening strategy for this population. We aimed to determine the optimal CRC screening programme for Shanghai in terms of benefits, burden, harms and cost-effectiveness.MethodsUsing Microsimulation Screening Analysis-Colon (MISCAN-Colon), we estimated the costs and effects of the current screening programme compared with a situation without screening. Subsequently, we estimated the benefits (life years gained (LYG)), burden (number of screening events, colonoscopies and false-positive tests), harms (number of colonoscopy complications) and costs (Renminb (¥)) of screening for 324 alternative screening strategies. We compared several different age ranges, screening modalities, intervals and FIT cut-off levels. An incremental cost-effectiveness analysis determined the optimal strategy assuming a willingness-to-pay of ¥193 931 per LYG.ResultsCompared with no screening, the current screening programme reduced CRC incidence by 40% (19 cases per 1000 screened individuals) and CRC mortality by 67% (7 deaths). This strategy gained 32 additional life years, increased colonoscopy demand to 1434 per 1000 individuals and cost an additional ¥199 652. The optimal screening strategy was annual testing using a validated one-sample FIT, with a cut-off of 10 µg haemoglobin per gram from ages 45 to 80 years (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, ¥62 107). This strategy increased LY by 0.18% and costs by 27%. Several alternative cost-effective strategies using a validated FIT offered comparable benefits to the current programme but lower burden and costs.ConclusionsAlthough the current screening programme in Shanghai is effective at reducing CRC incidence and mortality, the programme could be optimised using a validated FIT. When implementing CRC screening, jurisdictions with limited health resources should use a validated test.

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Wetherell, Simon. "Current developments in diabetes in Morecambe Bay." Morecambe Bay Medical Journal 5, no. 3 (October 2, 2006): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.48037/mbmj.v5i3.368.

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There are currently a number of initiatives under development to improve the service provided for people with diabetes in the Morecambe Bay area. At present, the implications of the fragmentation of primary care trusts are unknown, but Dr Simon Wetherell, general practitioner (GP) at Queen Square, Lancaster, describes the development of diabetic services, in particular the service for eye screening, as they have prospered under the care of the now defunct Morecambe Bay Primary Care Trust (MBPCT).

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BEKTAŞ, Ahmet. "Management of patients with occult gastrointestinal bleeding." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 38, SI-1 (March 18, 2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52142/omujecm.38.si.gastro.5.

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The majority of cases of occult bleeding are found in the course of colorectal cancer screening or during the evaluation of iron deficiency anemia. In up to half of all patients with occult GI bleeding, the source will not be found on initial endoscopic evaluation. Occult gastrointestinal bleeding is an issue with difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. It may come to the clinic as asymptomatic, detected in routine screenings or as iron deficiency of unknown etiology. In recent years, there have been great advances in the diagnosis and treatment. Capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy have provided these advances. However, the problem is not fully resolved. Additional developments are needed in this regard. In this review, the management of patients with occult gastrointestinal bleeding is explained in the light of the latest literature findings.

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Stimpfl, T., J. Jurenitsch, and W. Vycudilik. "General Unknown Screening in Postmortem Tissue and Blood Samples: A Semi-Automatic Solid-Phase Extraction using Polystyrene Resins Followed by Liquid-Liquid Extraction." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 25, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/25.2.125.

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Dova, L., G. Pentheroudakis, V. Golfinopoulos, V. Malamou-Mitsi, I. Georgiou, G. Vartholomatos, A. Ntemou, G. Fountzilas, and N. Pavlidis. "Targeting c-KIT, PDGFR in cancer of unknown primary: a screening study for molecular markers of benefit." Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 134, no. 6 (December 7, 2007): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00432-007-0341-7.

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