Дисертації з теми "Gender projection"

This study focuses on literature. The dissertation seeks to explore how Magqashela’s works Isangxa siyawhuza (2006), Amathaf’entandabuzo (2006) and Umlindi (2015) represent her characters to reveal gender based violence and stereotypes. As we, South Africans enfranchised and given the Act 108, a South African Constitution with Bill of rights, but it seems as if women and children do not enjoy these privileges because of high rate of violence against them. Through observation it is clear that theoretically every South African is free but practically some humans particularly women and young girls and discrimination. The researcher decided to choose female writer assuming that she is addressing women challenges as male writers are less interested to excavate women’s issues in their literary works. The reseacher also wanted to find out whether our female writer is disseminating women’s predicaments. By means of textual analysis the study investigates how gender based violence violates survivors and victims’ rights in chapter 3, and chapter 4 explores how unfaithful partners cause violence. It also explores the intervention of traditional justice and formal justice system in violent behavior caused by anger, jealousy and acquaintance of violent environment. Chapter 5 projects a stereotypical character in three selected literary texts. The whole thesis brings the prominent picture of how Gender Based Violence bodily harm the survivors and victims psychologically, physically and economically. It reveals rural women and young girls as the most vulnerable people and men as the worst perpetrators of Gender Based Violence in these literary texts. The thesis explains that the perpetrators are known by the survivors and victims hence there is a culture of silence. They are afraid of multiple abuses. The thesis relates character depiction of violence and stereotypes with current societal incidents quoting from newspapers, articles, journals and SABC online news as to disclose the accuracy of the author’s projection. Character analysis reveals that women are still discriminated and oppressed by their counterparts. The discussions succinctly elucidate that the underestimation of women and children are rooted by cultural traditional norms and values as well as Christian religion .These societal factors are promoting patriarchal perception which says men are dominant and women are submissive. It says men are obliged to take control over women. African feminist theory; Feminism, Womanism and Stiwanism and Motherism are employed as a theoretical framework. These theories are against gender inequality, they are against African women and children maltreatment .The changes of the current society including women’s independency propels insecurity, unemployed, illiterate and underprivileged men to use violence as the way of taking back control over their intimate partners and the whole family. Relevant quotations from selected texts are employed to project character portrayal of gender based violence and stereotypes.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de comprendre trois phénomènes de genre en entreprise au regard d’un seul modèle : le Modèle de la Projection de Genre (MPG). Le phénomène du plafond de verre (Kanter, 1977 ; Cook & Glass, 2014) met en avant deux explications cognitive à la sous-représentation des femmes aux postes de directrices : le Think Manager – Think Male (Schein, 1973, 1975) et le lack-of-fit model (Heilman, 1983). Les femmes ne posséderaient pas les bonnes caractéristiques pour devenir directrices, au contraire des hommes. Cependant, si les femmes se présentent avec les caractéristiques adéquates, elles vivront un effet de backlash (Rudman, 1998) : elles ne seront pas choisies pour être directrices car elles sont contre-normatives à leur groupe de genre. Le rôle des femmes (Eagly & Karau, 2002) n’est pas de diriger une entreprise ou une équipe. Néanmoins, sous certaines conditions, les femmes voient leurs chances d’obtenir un poste de directrice augmenter : c’est le phénomène de la falaise de verre (Ryan & Haslam, 2005). Lorsque l’entreprise est dans une position précaire, une femme et les caractéristiques féminines seront alors préférées pour diriger. De nouveaux, des explications cognitives sont avancées : Think Crisis – Think Female (Ryan et al., 2011 ; Gartzia et al., 2012) et Think Crisis – Think not Male (Bruckmuller & Branscombe, 2010 ; Ryan et al., 2011). Le MPG propose une seule explication cognitive et motivationnelle basée sur l’Approche de l’Identité Sociale (Haslam, 2004) et le Modèle de la Projection de l’Endogroupe (Wenzel et al., 2007) à ces trois phénomènes. Le MPG montrent que les hommes projettent plus de caractéristiques masculines sur le prototype du directeur que les femmes (Chapitre 3) et cette projection est modéré par la situation de l’entreprise (Chapitre 4). Et c’est cette élaboration du prototype du / de la directeur.rice qui permet l’évaluation d’un.e candidat.e conforme (Chapitre 3). Lorsqu’une femme est non conforme à son groupe de genre (Chapitre 5), nos résultats soutiennent partiellement la projection de genre comme mécanisme explicatif de l’effet de backlash. Néanmoins, cela ne semble pas être le cas pour un homme non conforme à son groupe de genre (Chapitre 6)
This dissertation aims to understand three gender phenomena in business with regard to a single model: the Gender Projection Model (GPM). The glass ceiling phenomenon (Kanter, 1977; Cook & Glass, 2014) puts forth two cognitive explanations for the underrepresentation of women in director positions: the Think Manager - Think Male (Schein, 1973, 1975) and the lack-of-fit model (Heilman, 1983). Women would not have the right characteristics to become managers, while men would. However, if women present themselves with the right characteristics, they will experience a backlash effect (Rudman, 1998): they will not be chosen to be directors because they are counter-normative to their gender group. The role of women (Eagly & Karau, 2002) is not to lead a company or a team. Nevertheless, under certain conditions, women's chances of obtaining a managerial position increase: this is the glass cliff phenomenon (Ryan & Haslam, 2005). When the company is in a precarious position, a woman and female charecteristics will be preferred to lead. Again, cognitive explanations are offered: Think Crisis - Think Female (Ryan et al., 2011; Gartzia et al., 2012) and Think Crisis - Think not Male (Bruckmuller & Branscombe, 2010; Ryan et al., 2011). MPG offers a single cognitive and motivational explanation based on the Social Identity Approach (Haslam, 2004) and the Ingroup Projection Model (Wenzel et al., 2007) to these three phenomena. The MPG shows that men project more masculine characteristics onto the manager prototype than women do (Chapter 3) and this projection is moderated by the company's situation (Chapter 4). And it is this elaboration of the prototype of the manager that allows the evaluation of a normative applicant (Chapter 3). When a woman is non-normative to her gender group (Chapter 5), our results partially support gender projection as an explanatory mechanism for the backlash effect. However, this does not seem to be the case for a gender non-normative man (Chapter 6)

This qualitative study is aimed at understanding the experiences of three pre-operative male-to-female transgender individuals' perceptions of their genitalia. The participants completed a semistructured interview utilizing projective drawings to elicit a narrative about their perceptions regarding their genitalia. Interview transcripts were analyzed via interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and three master themes were identified: former identity, detachment, and depersonalization. Each one of the themes sheds a light on the challenges preoperative male-to-female transgender individuals face in living with genitalia that are not congruent with their desired gender. This understanding of the male-to-female transgender perceptions of their genitalia further supports the literature review, suggesting the importance of sex reassignment surgery in order to transition fully to the desired sex for those who wish to do so (Lev, 2004). The findings indicate that sex reassignment surgery is an important step in treatment of gender dysphoria for individuals who wish to obtain surgery.

Masters thesis "Analysis of perception of gender roles" describes opinions of current society on status of men and women. The objective of the diploma thesis is to gain information about how people perceive gender roles and gender stereotypes. It is very important to discover whether today society still follow gender stereotypes. The theoretical part focuses on description of gender history from period of industry revolution to the present. Furthermore, it defines and deeply describes gender roles and stereotypes and indicates results of several researches that focused on gender issue. The empirical part analyses results of questionnaire survey which was discovering perception of gender roles on a conscious level of human. Second part of the empirical analysis, unstructured interviews and projective techniques, such as test of unfinished sentences and implicit association test, which examined perspectives on this issue in relation to subconsciousness. The conclusion evaluates and compares results of each method used in this paper and deduces verdicts specifically attitudes of current society.

A cultura, concomitantemente às características biológicas do homem, modelou normas de convivência, posturas sociais, formas de ser e pensar nas diversas sociedades existentes. Entre posturas, modos de ser, agir e pensar percebe-se uma clara distinção entre homens e mulheres. Distinção essa que não abrange somente o fato de nascer biologicamente homem ou mulher (sexo), mas, também, ser culturalmente homem ou mulher (gênero). As implicações e como essa diferença se apresenta na vida individual e em sociedade, nas instituições (especificamente na família e escola), são abordadas nesse trabalho. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo compreender se os papéis de gênero possuem relações com as escolhas de meninos e meninas em situação escolar na condição de alunos, se suas expectativas se pautam em modelos de homem e mulher de sua sociedade quando planejam e projetam suas vidas. Objetivou também analisar se as projeções de vida futura dos meninos e meninas estão relacionadas à percepção de sua auto-eficácia acadêmica. A metodologia adotada foi descritiva e qualitativa. Os procedimentos de coleta de dados foram: dois roteiros para avaliação da autoeficácia acadêmica e uma redação. Os participantes foram alunos das 1ªs e 2ªs séries do ensino médio de escolas públicas e privadas. As questões referentes a projetos de escolaridade, de constituição familiar, pretensões acadêmicas e a relação do indivíduo com o trabalho, mostram que o planejamento do futuro depende principalmente do bom desempenho escolar, apresentado pelos participantes através da autoeficácia positiva, que parece ser, para eles, condição fundamental para a realização de planos e metas. A análise dos dados também mostra que as relações de gênero são permeadas por desigualdades seja na esfera pessoal ou social. As desigualdades de gênero estão presentes no discurso dos participantes, que reproduzem e se enquadram em relações desiguais, tanto meninos como meninas, sendo a diferença ainda um parâmetro para a desigualdade.
The culture, concomitantly with the human biological characteristics, has shaped rules of acquaintanceship, socials postures, manners of being and thinking in the various existents societies. Among postures, manners of being, acting and thinking, it is possible clearly realizes a distinction between men and women. This distinction, not only covers the fact that be born biologically man or woman (sex), but also to be culturally man or woman (gender). The implications and how this difference is presented in the personal and social life, institutions (specifically family and school) are approached in this study. That way, the present study had as objective to understand if the gender roles have relations with the choices of boys and girls as regular students; if their expectations are ruled by society`s models of man and woman when they plan and project their lives. Objected, also, to analyze if the boys` and girls` future projections of life are related to the perception about their academic self-efficacy. The methodology adopted was descriptive and qualitative. The procedures of data collection were: two roadmaps to assess the academic self-efficacy and one writing. The participants were 1st and 2nd year High School students of public and private schools. The questions about academic projects, family, and the individual\'s relationship with the work, shows that the future planning of these students depends on the good academic performance, presented by positive self-efficacy, that seems to be, for them, a fundamental condition for the plans and targets realization. The data analysis also shown that, the gender relations are permeated by inequalities whether in personal or social life. The inequalities of gender are present in the speech of the participants, these that reproduce and still fit themselves in unequal gender relations, both boys and girls. Being yet the difference a parameter to the inequality.

This thesis reexamines the beginnings of Swedish hardboiled crime literature, in part tracking its lineage to American culture and unpacking Swedish identity. Following the introduction, the second chapter asserts how this genre began as a form of escapism, specifically in Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö’s Roseanna. The third chapter compares predecessor Raymond Chandler’s The Big Sleep with Roseanna, and how Sweden’s greater gender tolerance significantly outshining America’s is reflected in literature. The fourth chapter examines how Henning Mankell’s novels fail to fully accept Sweden’s complicity in neo-Nazism as an active component of Swedish identity. The final chapter reveals Helene Tursten’s Detective Inspector Huss engaging with gender and racial relations in unique ways, while also releasing the suppressive qualities found in the Swedish identity post-war. Therefore, this thesis will better contextualize the onset of the genre, and how its lineage reflects the fruits and the damages alike in the Swedish identity.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os pacientes com distúrbios do desenvolvimento sexual (DDS) constituem um desafio para os profissionais que se empenham no seu tratamento e acompanhamento. São raros os estudos na área psicológica com acompanhamento destes pacientes a longo prazo. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar os aspectos psicossociais e sexuais em relação ao diagnóstico etiológico, avaliar a influência de diversas variáveis na manutenção ou mudança da identidade de gênero nos pacientes que atingiram a idade adulta e a qualidade de vida numa grande coorte de pacientes com DDS 46,XY e 46,XX acompanhados em um mesmo serviço a longo prazo. MÉTODOS: O estudo teve caráter principalmente retrospectivo e foi realizado em pacientes com DDS de ambos os sexos acompanhados até o período pós-puberal ou idade adulta, num total de 151 pacientes maiores de 15 anos; destes, 55 pacientes apresentavam cariótipo 46,XX e 96 cariótipo 46,XY, tendo sido incluído neste ultimo grupo 6 pacientes que apresentavam cariótipo 46,XY em mosaicismo com a linhagem 45,X. O diagnóstico etiológico do DDS foi estabelecido pela avaliação clínica, citogenética, hormonal e por imagem em todos os casos e na maioria deles complementada pelo diagnóstico molecular. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento clinico, psicológico e cirúrgico. Os instrumentos utilizados para a avaliação psicológica foram: a entrevista semi-estruturada com aplicação de um questionário específico com 192 questões, desenvolvido para avaliar os aspectos sociais, profissionais e sexuais, o teste projetivo do HTP para auxiliar na identificação da identidade de gênero e o questionário Whoqol-Bref para avaliar a qualidade de vida. RESULTADOS: A atribuição do sexo social feminino foi predominante em ambos os grupos com DDS. Houve mudança do sexo social em 20% dos pacientes com DDS 46,XY e em 14% dos pacientes com DDS 46,XX. Houve associação significativa da mudança para o gênero masculino nos pacientes do grupo DDS 46,XY por deficiência de 5-redutase 2 quando comparados ao grupo de pacientes com DDS 46,XY por deficiência da produção ou ação da testosterona. Foi encontrada uma maior frequencia de pacientes com orientação homo ou bissexual nas pacientes com sexo social feminino com maior prevalência em pacientes com hiperplasia adrenal virilizante. Nas pacientes com DDS 46,XX por deficiência da 21 hidroxilase não houve influência do número de repetições CAG nos estádios de Prader e na mudança da identidade de gênero. Observamos disforia de gênero em 8 pacientes com DDS 46,XX por deficiência da 21 hidroxilase, sendo que 5 deles mudaram para o sexo social masculino. Todos haviam sido tratados de maneira irregular, apresentaram virilização importante e provinham de famílias de baixa renda, indicando o papel da exposição dos andrógenos e do meio ambiente sobre a identidade de gênero. Três variáveis na análise univariada foram significativamente associadas com a mudança de sexo social para o masculino nos pacientes com DDS 46,XY e DDS 46,XX: brincadeiras masculinas ou neutras na infância, tarefas domiciliares tipicamente masculinas e auto-percepção da aparência física como masculina ou ambígua na infância. Houve associação significativa entre os aspectos da identidade de gênero inicial e o sexo social final no teste do HTP, mostrando ser este um instrumento útil para avaliação dos pacientes com DDS. A qualidade de vida, avaliada pelo teste Whoqol Bref, das pacientes com sexo social feminino foi melhor nas pacientes com DDS 46,XX em comparação com as pacientes com DDS 46,XY. A qualidade de vida dos pacientes com DDS 46,XY registrados no sexo social feminino que mudaram para o sexo social masculino, foi semelhante a daqueles registrados no sexo social masculino. Por outro lado, os pacientes com sexo social final masculino tiveram melhor qualidade de vida quando comparados aos pacientes com sexo social final feminino. O diagnóstico etiológico não teve influência sobre o grau de satisfação pessoal, atribuição do sexo e relacionamento amoroso. CONCLUSÃO: A atribuição do sexo social feminino foi predominante em ambos os grupos. A variável brincadeiras masculinas ou neutras na infância teve valor preditivo para a mudança de sexo social para o masculino nos pacientes com DDS 46,XY e 46,XX educados no sexo social feminino. O teste HTP foi útil na avaliação dos pacientes com DDS. A qualidade de vida dos pacientes 46,XY com sexo social final masculino foi melhor do que a dos pacientes com sexo social final feminino. A maioria dos pacientes referiu elevado índice de satisfação com o tratamento, mostrando a importância de uma equipe multidisciplinar no tratamento dos distúrbios do desenvolvimento sexual.
INTRODUCTION: Patients with disorders of sex development (DSD) constitute a challenge for professionals working in their treatment and follow-up. Studies of patients with DSD have been focused on dissatisfaction in adulthood with sex assigned at birth. However, other parameters, such as psychosocial adjustment, sexual function, psychological health, social integration and the quality of life are rarely described. This study aims to evaluate the professional and psychosocial aspects, in order to identify the variables involved in gender identity and sexual orientation of a large cohort of patients with DSD 46 XY and, 46, XX and also assess the quality of life of patients in adulthood. METHODS: The study was mainly retrospective and was conducted in patients with DSD of both sexes followed until puberty or adulthood, a total of 151 patients older than 15 years; of these, 55 patients had 46, XX karyotype and 96 of them 46,XY karyotype, having been included in the latter group 6 patients who had 46, XY karyotype in mosaicism with the 45, X lineage. Etiological diagnosis of DSD was established by clinical evaluation, cytogenetics, hormonal and image studies in all cases and most of them complemented by molecular diagnosis. All patients underwent surgical and psychological treatment. Instruments used for psychological evaluation were: a semi-structured interview with application of a specific questionnaire with 192 questions developed to assess the social, professional and sexual aspects. The projective HTP test was used to assess gender identity and the Whoqol-Bref questionnaire to evaluate the quality of life. RESULTS: The female social sex assignment was prevalent in both groups with DSD. A change of assigned sex was found in 20% of the 46, XY DSD patients and in 14% of the 46,XX DSD patients. There was a significant association between the change to male social sex with DSD 46, XY due to 5 alpha-RD2 deficiency when compared with DSD 46,XY group due to defects in testosterone secretion or action. A greater frequency of homo or bisexual orientation was found in the patients with female social sex with higher prevalence in patients with virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In these patients the number of CAG repeats and Prader stage did not influence sexual orientation. We observe gender dysphoria in 8 patients with 46, XX DSD due to 21- hydroxylase deficiency, and 5 of them have changed to the male social sex. All of these patients had been treated irregularly, showed significant virilization and derived from low-income families indicating the role of exposure of androgens and environment on gender identity. Three variables in univariate analysis were significantly associated with change to male social sex in patients with 46, XY DSD and 46, XX DSD educated on female social sex: male or neutral plays in childhood, typically masculine household tasks and self perception of physical appearance as male or ambiguous in childhood but the male or neutral toys in childhood presented the best predictive value of male gender identity in adulthood. There was significant association between aspects of initial gender identity and final gender social sex in HTP test, showing that this is a useful tool for evaluation of patients with DSD. The quality of life of patients with 46,XX DSD was similar to patients with 46, XY DSD however patients with male social sex showed better quality of life than those with female social sex. Similarly, the quality of life of patients with 46, XY DSD the female register social sex who had switched to the male sex social was similar to those assigned in sex male indicating a good social adaptation of patients to new social sex. However, among the patients with female social sex, those with 46,XY DDS showed lower quality of life than 46, XX DSD patients. Male patients with 46,XY DDS had better quality of life than the 46,XY DSD patients with female gender. DDS patients who underwent masculinizing surgery showed better quality of life than the group which underwent feminizing surgery and both groups with DDS showed lower quality of life of patients than patients who undergone to kidney transplantation. The etiological diagnosis had no influence on the assignment of sex and the degree of personal satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Patients with 46,XY and 46, XX DDS showed good social, professional and sexual integration at adulthood. The variable male or neutral plays in childhood had better predictive value of male gender identity in adulthood in patients with 46,X and 46,XX DDS reared in the female social sex. The HTP projective test was useful in the overall assessment of patients with DSD. The quality of life of the patients with male social was better than those with female social sex. Most DSD patients expressed high satisfaction with treatment, showing the importance of a multidisciplinary team in the treatment of the disorders of sex development.

Background. Previous research on the investigation of brand personality (BP) can be found to use the personification metaphor of brands through celebrities, occupations and animals. Brand image research aims to discover the human characteristics attached to a brand. In this regard, the author suggests that as music can tell much of the personality of a person, then it would be possible to know the personality of a brand through music. The rationale behind is that music elicits “extramusical” information, such as emotions, values, dress codes and stereotypes of people; in relation to musical-genres. Purpose. This research aims to explore how music can help to produce brand knowledge. In particular how the extramusical information conveyed by musical-genres can be used as language to talk about the personality of a brand. Methodology. The empirical research was developed within an Interpretive research paradigm to learn from the perspective of consumers of hip-hop music in Sweden, how brand knowledge can be obtained from music as cognitive schema (CS). The data was gathered using a mixed-method research design. Two different projective techniques were employed in group sessions. On one session (N=11), visual collages were used to visually represent the brands using images of musicians and their description with brand personality traits. The second session (N=12) consisted of an associative task using music, followed by the application of the brand personality scale. The interpretation and analysis of findings was done through the triangulation of the methods’ data. Conclusions. The use of music genres as CS to produce brand knowledge can provide insightful information on the lifestyle and type of users that buy, consume or wear the brand. Extramusical information helps understand characteristics of BP through the lifestyle and profile of the musician or music-fan that was associated with the brand. In particular, brand knowledge can be gained in terms of demographic and psychographic characteristics associated to the brand. However, several theoretical implications for further research were identified in order to consolidate the BP/consumer/music relationship.

À travers l’analyse d’un vaste éventail de sources techniques (brevets, traités, manuels) et artistiques (pièces de théâtre, relevés et livrets de mise en scène, iconographie), cette étude propose une analyse de l’apparition de la lumière focalisée sur les scènes parisiennes, et des transformations du régime scopique propre au théâtre qu’induit ce nouvel éclairage. À partir des années 1840, en effet, les spectacles (dramatiques, lyriques, ou de danse) mettent régulièrement en scène des « rayons de lumière », produits par des dispositifs optiques (lentille, réverbères), qui permettent de créer une lumière directionnelle et focalisée. Cette étude interroge les bouleversements esthétiques et techniques qui ont mené à l’adoption, puis à la généralisation, de ces effets. Les transformations du paradigme de la vision au XIXe siècle, analysées notamment par Jonathan Crary, permettent en effet de comprendre que les contrastes de lumière, très en vogue à partir des années 1800 notamment dans les mélodrames et les drames romantiques, témoignent d’un changement de paradigme au théâtre : la construction d’un regard sur la scène, par l’emploi de la lumière, s’impose progressivement. C’est dans ce contexte que le motif du rayon émerge dans l’imaginaire romantique, d’abord comme métaphore de la vision et du drame, puis comme effet de lumière mis en scène. À partir des années 1850, l’apparition des premiers projecteurs électriques et oxhydriques permet de multiplier les effets de lumière focalisée, dont les usages se codifient peu à peu. D’une part, la lumière focalisée est utilisée comme dispositif disciplinaire et s’impose comme un moyen de contrôler spécifiquement l’attention portée à la scène, participant en cela au long mouvement de pacification des spectateurs au cours du siècle. Mais elle permet aussi d’aiguiser le regard : le projecteur devient ainsi le moyen d’instrumenter l’oeil du spectateur pour lui donner à voir ce qu’il n’aurait, sans cela, pas remarqué : les détails, les signes, les indices. Ainsi le « rayon » participe-t-il à la mise en place du « paradigme indiciaire » au théâtre, qu’a notamment décrit Jean-Pierre Sarrazac en s’appuyant sur les travaux de Carlo Ginzburg. D’autre part, la lumière focalisée est utilisée pour transformer les corps par la technologie, notamment ceux des créatures fantastiques et des femmes. Elle devient ainsi un instrument de production de l’altérité ; elle permet de produire des corps conformes aux catégories de genre. De ce point de vue, le rayon permet d’amorcer dès les années 1850 une réflexion sur les liens entre lumière et matière. Les praticiens expérimentent alors avec différents usages de la lumière : certains se font sur le mode de l’objectification, telle que définie notamment par Sandra Lee Bartky ;d’autres, particulièrement l’oeuvre de Loïe Fuller, inventent de nouvelles modalités de mise en scène de la focalisation. Le volume d’annexe de cette thèse contient des relevés d’indications de lumière dans des livrets de mise en scène du XIXe siècle, notamment la collection Palianti et les fonds de l’Association de la Régie Théâtrale
Through the analysis of a wide range of technical sources (patents, treaties, manuals) and artistic sources (plays, “livrets de mise en scène”, iconography), this study proposes an analysis of the emergence of focused light on Parisian stages, and the transformations of the scopic regime specific to the theatre induced by this new lighting. From the 1840s onwards, shows (dramatic, lyrical, or dance) regularly feature "rays of light", produced by optical devices (lenses, streetlights), which make it possible to create directional and focused light. This study examines the aesthetic and technical shifts that led to the adoption and generalization of these effects. The transformations of the paradigm of vision in the 19th century, analysed in particular by Jonathan Crary, make it possible to understand that the contrasts of light, very popular from the 1800s onwards, particularly in melodramas and romantic dramas, testify to a paradigm shift in theatre: the construction of a view of the stage, through the use of light, is gradually becoming imperative. It is in this context that the pattern of the ray emerges in the romantic imagination, first as a metaphor for vision and drama, then as a staged light effect. From the 1850s, the advent of the first electric and limelight projectors made it possible to multiply the effects of focused light, whose uses were gradually codified. On the one hand, focused light is used as a disciplinary device and imposes itself as a means of controlling specifically the attention paid to the stage, thus contributing to the long movement of pacification of the spectators during the century. But it also allows a sharpened gaze: the projector thus becomes the means of instrumenting the spectator's eye to give him to see what he would not otherwise have noticed: the details, the signs, the clues. Thus the "ray" participates in the implementation of the "conjectural paradigm" in the theatre, which Jean-Pierre Sarrazac described in particular on the basis of Carlo Ginzburg's work. On the other hand, focused light is used to transform bodies through technology, especially those of fantastic creatures and women. It thus becomes an instrument for the production of otherness; it allows the production of bodies conforming to gender categories. From this point of view, the ray makes it possible to start thinking about thelinks between light and matter as early as in the 1850s. Practitioners then experiment with different uses of light: some are based on objectification, as defined by Sandra Lee Bartky in particular; others, particularly the work of Loïe Fuller, invent new ways of staging focused light. The appendix volume of this thesis contains lists of light indications in 19th century staging booklets, including the Palianti collection and the collections of the Association de la Régie théâtrale

This dissertation aims to create a scholarly space where a seventy-five-year-old “special relationship” (1945-2020) between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States is examined from an interdisciplinary comparativist perspective. I posit that a comparative study of Saudi and American fiction goes beyond the limitedness of global geopolitics and proves to uncover some new literary, sociocultural, and historical dimensions of this long history, while shedding some light on others. Saudi writers creatively challenge the inherently static and monolithic image of Saudi Arabia, its culture and people in the West. They also simultaneously unsettle the notion of homogeneity and enable us to gain new insight into self-perception within the local Saudi context by offering a wide scope of genuine engagements with distinctive themes ranging from spatiality, identity, ethnicity, and gender to slavery, religiosity and (post)modernity. On the other side, American authors still show some signs of ambivalence towards the depiction of the Saudi (Muslim/Arab) Other, but they nonetheless also demonstrate serious effort to emancipate their representations from the confining legacy of (neo)Orientalist discourse and oil politics by tackling the concepts of race, alterity, hegemony, radicalism, nomadism and (un)belonging.

This diploma thesis is studying population dynamics of endangered species Silene acaulis in the High Tatra Mountains in Slovakia. Silene acaulis is a species of extreme alpine habitats creating cushions that provide a microclimate acting as a facilitator of establishment of other species in the alpine communities. This dome-like structure has one woody taproot making it easier to distinguish each individual. It is thus a perfect model species for determining the population dynamics drivers. The findings help in understanding future behaviour of the species and whole alpine ecosystems. Population data have been collected since 2013 or 2014 in two valleys in the High Tatras providing a database suitable to study various effects on species performance. Data collection includes marking, measuring, counting of flowers and capsules, viability and new seedlings recording, gender identification and comparison of vegetation structure within and in close proximity of a cushion. The data on vegetation were analysed using CCA ordination and the population data were analysed using Integral Projection Models. The results show that the breeding system of Slovak S. acaulis is gynodioecious and the gender affects the size of cushions, individuals with both female and hermaphrodite flowers being the biggest. The...

It is argued that key to gender empowerment and the success of women in leadership is the exploration of the work-family interface which serves to enhance the understanding of issues faced by women leaders as they navigate through their domestic and management roles. It is also contended that work-family scholarship move beyond the study of objective characteristics, and the overt conscious level of functioning of the interface, to an understanding of the intra-psychic experiences of individuals. Recognising the preoccupation with the role strain perspective, it is argued that work-family scholarship adopts a more balanced view and considers the positive and negative effects of participating in multiple roles. Hence the general aim of this qualitative study was to understand the systems psychodynamics underlying the work-family interface that influence the processes of enrichment and conflict among managerial women in the public sector. In the empirical study, data was gathered using the organisational role analysis method, and analysed by means of systems psychodynamic discourse analysis. Six themes and their related subthemes were identified, namely anxiety and conflict, identity, boundary management, authority, role and task. The findings explored the manner in which these behavioural dynamics of participants, and their family and organisational systems interacted, mutually influencing each other, and shaping the way managerial women found, made and took up their domestic and management roles at the work-family interface. This led to resource generation and role enhancement, or resource depletion and role strain in the role (domestic or management). Through relatedness, projection and introjection between the systems and roles, the quality of life in one role influenced the other role, promoting enrichment and conflict at the interface. This study concluded that both enrichment and conflict occur at the interface. While participants oscillated between experiencing enrichment and conflict, some participants experienced more enrichment than conflict, while others experienced more conflict than enrichment at the work-family interface. The extent to which enrichment or conflict occurred between the systems was mediated by participants’ ability to self-contain, and/or the receiving system’s ability to serve as a “good enough” holding environment containing the anxieties experienced in the other role.
D. Litt et Phil. (Industrial & Organisational Psychology)

Este trabalho visa compreender a acção empreendida por um grupo de mulheres que na década de sessenta e setenta do século vinte, em Portalegre e nos seus arredores, teve a coragem de realizar uma experiência piloto que veio cimentar o desenvolvimento local, intervindo a nível social, cultural e cristão, por via de uma educação emancipadora. O Projecto Promoção Humana e Evangelização constituiu-se como um “laboratório vivo” de experiência social. Contribuiu para o despertar da identidade cultural de uma região, contrariando desta forma a sua interioridade e o seu isolamento. A acção do Graal em Portalegre veio conferir uma orientação inédita e criadora aos problemas sociais quando defendeu, através de uma pedagogia da “conscientização”, que cada indivíduo se deveria assumir livre e criticamente no seio da comunidade em que vive. Procurava-se fomentar uma cidadania comprometida e empreendedora. Tratou-se de um passo pioneiro em Portugal que assentou num forte compromisso com os mais desfavorecidos, iluminado por um resistente, intenso amor a Cristo. Por último, este trabalho propõe-se evidenciar a actualidade e a pertinência da acção do Movimento Graal em Portalegre, mais especificamente do Projecto Promoção Humana e Evangelização, como uma experiência que, apesar dos seus cinquenta anos de existência, pelo seu discurso e dinamismo, continua hoje a ser oportuna e actual.
This thesis aims at understanding the action taken by a group of women who, during the 1960s and 1970s, in Portalegre and its outskirts, had the courage to carry out a pilot experience which consolidated local development, by intervening at social, cultural and Christian levels, through an emancipating education. The Human Promotion and Evangelisation Project established itself as a social experience “living laboratory”. It contributed to the awakening of the cultural identity of a region, thus countering its isolation. The action of the Graal in Portalegre gave a unprecedented and creative direction to social problems, when it defended, by way of an “awareness” pedagogy, that each individual should establish himself free and critically within the community where he lives. It aimed at fostering a committed citizenship. This was a pioneering step in Portugal, based upon a stong committment to the most disadvantaged groups, guided by an unfailing love for Christ. Finally, this thesis proposes to highlight the timeliness and relevance of the action taken by the Graal movement in Portalegre, and more specifically by the Human Promotion and Evangelisation Project, as an experiment that despite its experience of fifty years, and thanks to its message and dynamism, is still appropriate and relevant.