Статті в журналах: "GB-InSAR"

1

Xiao, Ting, Wei Huang, Yunkai Deng, Weiming Tian, and Yonglian Sha. "Long-Term and Emergency Monitoring of Zhongbao Landslide Using Space-Borne and Ground-Based InSAR." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081578.

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This work presents the ideal combination of space-borne and ground-based (GB) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) applications. In the absence of early investigation reporting and specialized monitoring, the Zhongbao landslide unexpectedly occurred on 25 July 2020, forming a barrier lake that caused an emergency. As an emergency measure, the GB-InSAR system was installed 1.8 km opposite the landslide to assess real-time cumulative deformation with a monitoring frequency of 3 min. A zone of strong deformation was detected, with 178 mm deformation accumulated within 15 h, and then a successful emergency warning was issued to evacuate on-site personnel. Post-event InSAR analysis of 19 images acquired by the ESA Sentinel-1 from December 2019 to August 2020 revealed that the landslide started in March 2020. However, the deformation time series obtained from satellite InSAR did not show any signs that the landslide had occurred. The results suggest that satellite InSAR is effective for mapping unstable areas but is not qualified for rapid landslide monitoring and timely warning. The GB-InSAR system performs well in monitoring and providing early warning, even with dense vegetation on the landslide. The results show the shortcomings of satellite InSAR and GB-InSAR and a clearer understanding of the necessity of combining multiple monitoring methods.

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2

Ferrigno, Federica, Giovanni Gigli, Riccardo Fanti, Emanuele Intrieri, and Nicola Casagli. "GB-InSAR monitoring and observational method for landslide emergency management: the Montaguto earthflow (AV, Italy)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 6 (June 9, 2017): 845–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-845-2017.

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Abstract. On 10 March 2010, because of the heavy rainfall in the preceding days, the Montaguto landslide (Southern Italy) reactivated, affecting both state road 90 Delle Puglie and the Rome–Bari railway. A similar event occurred on May 2005 and on September 2009. As a result, the National Civil Protection Department (DPC) started an accurate monitoring and analysis program. A monitoring project using the GB-InSAR (ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar) system was emplaced to investigate the landslide kinematics, plan urgent safety measures for risk mitigation and design long-term stabilization work.Here, we present the GB-InSAR monitoring system results and its applications in the observational method (OM) approach. GB-InSAR is an established instrument for long-term campaigns aimed at early warning and monitoring during construction works. Our paper further develops these aspects in that it highlights how the OM based on the GB-InSAR technique can produce savings in terms of cost and time in engineering projects without compromising safety. This study focuses on the key role played by the monitoring activities during the design and planning activities, with special reference to the emergency phase.

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3

Wang, Peng, Cheng Xing, and Xiandong Pan. "Reservoir Dam Surface Deformation Monitoring by Differential GB-InSAR Based on Image Subsets." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020396.

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Ground-based synthetic aperture radar interferometry (GB-InSAR) enables the continuous monitoring of areal deformation and can thus provide near-real-time control of the overall deformation state of dam surfaces. In the continuous small-scale deformation monitoring of a reservoir dam structure by GB-InSAR, the ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) image acquisition may be interrupted by multiple interfering factors, such as severe changes in the meteorological conditions of the monitoring area and radar equipment failures. As a result, the observed phases before and after the interruption cannot be directly connected, and the original spatiotemporal datum for the deformation measurement is lost, making the follow-up monitoring results unreliable. In this study, a multi-threshold strategy was first adopted to select coherent point targets (CPTs) by using successive GB-SAR image sequences. Then, we developed differential GB-InSAR with image subsets based on the CPTs to solve the dam surface deformation before and after aberrant interruptions. Finally, a deformation monitoring experiment was performed on an actual large reservoir dam. The effectiveness and accuracy of the abovementioned method were verified by comparing the results with measurements by a reversed pendulum monitoring system.

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4

Zheng, Xiangtian, Xiufeng He, Xiaolin Yang, Haitao Ma, Zhengxing Yu, Guiwen Ren, Jiang Li, Hao Zhang, and Jinsong Zhang. "Terrain Point Cloud Assisted GB-InSAR Slope and Pavement Deformation Differentiate Method in an Open-Pit Mine." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 2337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082337.

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Ground-based synthetic aperture radar interferometry (GB-InSAR) is a valuable tool for deformation monitoring. The 2D interferograms obtained by GB-InSAR can be integrated with a 3D terrain model to visually and accurately locate deformed areas. The process has been preliminarily realized by geometric mapping assisted by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). However, due to the line-of-sight (LOS) deformation monitoring, shadow and layover often occur in topographically rugged areas, which makes it difficult to distinguish the deformed points on the slope between the ones on the pavement. The extant resampling and interpolation method, which is designed for solving the scale difference between the point cloud and radar pixels, does not consider the local scattering characteristics difference of slope. The scattering difference information of road surface and slope surface in the terrain model is deeply weakened. We propose a differentiated method with integrated GB-InSAR and terrain surface point cloud. Local geometric and scattering characteristics of the slope were extracted, which account for pavement and slope differentiating. The geometric model is based on a GB-InSAR system with linear repeated-pass and the topographic point cloud relative observation geometry. The scattering model is based on k-nearest neighbor (KNN) points in small patches varies as radar micro-wave incident angle changes. Simulation and a field experiment were conducted in an open-pit mine. The results show that the proposed method effectively distinguishes pavement and slope surface deformation and the abnormal area boundary is partially relieved.

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5

Han, Jianfeng, Honglei Yang, Youfeng Liu, Zhaowei Lu, Kai Zeng, and Runcheng Jiao. "A Deep Learning Application for Deformation Prediction from Ground-Based InSAR." Remote Sensing 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 5067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205067.

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Ground-based synthetic aperture radar interferometry (GB-InSAR) has the characteristics of high precision, high temporal resolution, and high spatial resolution, and is widely used in highwall deformation monitoring. The traditional GB-InSAR real-time processing method is to process the whole data set or group in time sequence. This type of method takes up a lot of computer memory, has low efficiency, cannot meet the timeliness of slope monitoring, and cannot perform deformation prediction and disaster warning forecasting. In response to this problem, this paper proposes a GB-InSAR time series processing method based on the LSTM (long short-term memory) model. First, according to the early monitoring data of GBSAR equipment, the time series InSAR method (PS-InSAR, SBAS, etc.) is used to obtain the initial deformation information. According to the deformation calculated in the previous stage and the atmospheric environmental parameters monitored, the LSTM model is used to predict the deformation and atmospheric delay at the next time. The phase is removed from the interference phase, and finally the residual phase is unwrapped using the spatial domain unwrapping algorithm to solve the residual deformation. The predicted deformation and the residual deformation are added to obtain the deformation amount at the current moment. This method only needs to process the difference map at the current moment, which greatly saves time series processing time and can realize the prediction of deformation variables. The reliability of the proposed method is verified by ground-based SAR monitoring data of the Guangyuan landslide in Sichuan Province.

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6

Ferrigno, F., G. Gigli, R. Fanti, and N. Casagli. "GB-InSAR monitoring and observational method for landslide emergency management: the Montaguto earthflow (AV, Italy)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 12 (December 7, 2015): 7247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-7247-2015.

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Abstract. On 10 March 2010, due to the heavy rainfall that occurred on the previous days, the Montaguto earthflow reactivated, involving the road SS 90 "Delle Puglie", as had happened previously in May 2005 and in September 2009, and reaching the Roma–Bari railway. This determined a special attention of the National Civil Protection Department and a widespread monitoring and analysis program was initiated. A monitoring activity using GB-InSAR (Ground Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) system began, in order to investigate the landslide kinematics, to plan urgent safety measures for risk mitigation and to design long term stabilization work. In this paper the GB-InSAR monitoring system results and its applications in the Observational Method (OM) approach are presented. The paper also highlights how the OM based on the GB-InSAR technique can produce savings in cost and time on engineering projects, without compromising safety, and how it can also benefit the geotechnical community by increasing scientific knowledge. This study focuses on the very much active role played by the monitoring activities, in both the design and plan modifications; with a special consideration for the emergency phase.

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7

Qiu, Zhiwei, Minglian Jiao, Tinchen Jiang, and Li Zhou. "Dam Structure Deformation Monitoring by GB-InSAR Approach." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 123287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3005343.

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8

Lin, Zihao, Yan Duan, Yunkai Deng, Weiming Tian, and Zheng Zhao. "An Improved Multi-Baseline Phase Unwrapping Method for GB-InSAR." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112543.

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Ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR) technology can be applied to generate a digital elevation model (DEM) with high spatial resolution and high accuracy. Phase unwrapping is a critical procedure, and unwrapping errors cannot be effectively avoided in the interferometric measurements of terrains with discontinuous heights. In this paper, an improved multi-baseline phase unwrapping (MB PU) method for GB-InSAR is proposed. This method combines the advantages of the cluster-analysis-based MB PU algorithm and the minimum cost flow (MCF) method. A cluster-analysis-based MB PU algorithm (CA-based MB PU) is firstly utilized to unwrap the clustered pixels with high phase quality. Under the topological constraints of a triangulation network, the connectivity graph of any non-clustered pixel is established with its adjacent unwrapped cluster pixels. Then, the absolute phase of these non-clustered pixels can be identified using the MCF method. Additionally, a spatial-distribution-based denoising algorithm is utilized to denoise the data in order to further improve the accuracy of the phase unwrapping. The DEM generated by one GB-InSAR is compared with that generated by light detection and ranging (LiDAR). Both simulated and experimental datasets are utilized to verify the effectiveness and robustness of this improved method.

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9

Del Ventisette, C., E. Intrieri, G. Luzi, N. Casagli, R. Fanti, and D. Leva. "Using ground based radar interferometry during emergency: the case of the A3 motorway (Calabria Region, Italy) threatened by a landslide." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 9 (September 22, 2011): 2483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2483-2011.

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Abstract. The rapid assessment of the evolution of the phenomena which occur during an emergency, along with an all weather and h24 monitoring capability, are probably the main characteristics of a system aimed at optimizing intervention in natural disasters, such as landslide collapses. A few techniques are able to provide all these features remotely, hence assuring safe conditions to operators. This paper reports on an application of the GB-InSAR (Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technique to monitor a landslide threatening an infrastructure, the A3 motorway in the Calabria Region (Southern Italy), in emergency conditions. Here, it is evaluated how well this technique is able to satisfy these requirements. On 30 January 2009, a mass movement never detected before and located near Santa Trada viaduct caused the closure of that sector of the A3 motorway. The prompt installation of a GB-InSAR permitted to follow and to understand the temporal evolution of the landslide until the end of the emergency and then safely reopen of the motorway. The main steps of the GB-InSAR interferometry data interpretation used in managing this emergency are described and discussed here. In detail, data collected through a continuous acquisition have permitted the division of the unstable area into three smaller zones characterized by different extents of displacement.

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10

Tian, Weiming, Zheng Zhao, Cheng Hu, Jingyang Wang, and Tao Zeng. "GB-InSAR-Based DEM Generation Method and Precision Analysis." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (April 26, 2019): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11090997.

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Ground-based interferometric technology plays an important role in the terrain mapping sphere because it is characterized by short observation intervals, a flexible operation environment, and high data precision. Ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR) has a wide beam, a scene breadth comparative to the slant range, and a large downwards-looking angle. The observation scenes always show the type of slope terrain with various gradients and slope orientations. These particularities cause the invalidation of the typical terrain generation method and produce poor precision analysis results using typical values. This paper first proposes a three-dimensional-coordinate generation method based on the geolocation concept. Then, the models and analyses of the error sources and their propagations are reported. The method of calculating the correlation coefficient is meticulously discussed, and a system error distribution diagram is presented that considers the spatial distribution information of the viewing scene. The result can be adapted to different viewing scenes and encompasses the performance of the whole area, and it will help with baseline optimization. The digital elevation map (DEM) generated by GB-InSAR is compared with one produced by light detection and ranging (LiDAR). The error magnitude and the similarity of the distribution between theory and reality prove the correctness and effectiveness of the presented DEM generation method, the correlation coefficient estimation formula, and the system precision analysis method.

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11

Su, Yuhan, Honglei Yang, Junhuan Peng, Youfeng Liu, Binbin Zhao, and Mengyao Shi. "A Novel Near-Real-Time GB-InSAR Slope Deformation Monitoring Method." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 5585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215585.

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In the past two decades, ground-based synthetic aperture radars (GB-SARs) have developed rapidly, providing a large amount of SAR data in minutes or even seconds. However, the real-time processing of big data is a challenge for the existing GB-SAR interferometry (GB-InSAR) technology. In this paper, we propose a near-real-time GB-InSAR method for monitoring slope surface deformation. The proposed method uses short baseline SAR data to generate interferograms to improve temporal coherence and reduce atmospheric interference. Then, based on the wrapped phase of each interferogram, a network method is used to estimate and remove systematic errors (such as atmospheric delay, radar center shift error, etc.). After the phase unwrapping, a least squares estimator is used for the overall solution to obtain the initial deformation parameters. When new data are added, a sequential estimator is used to combine the previous processing results and dynamically update the deformation parameters. Sequential estimators could avoid repeated calculations and improve data processing efficiency. Finally, the method is validated with the measured data. The results show that the average deviation between the proposed method and the overall estimation was less than 0.01 mm, which could be considered a consistent estimation accuracy. In addition, the calculation time of the sequential estimator was less sensitive than the total amount of data, and the time-consuming growth rate of each additional period of data was about 1/10 of the overall calculation. In summary, the new method could quickly and effectively obtain high-precision surface deformation information and meet the needs of near-real-time slope deformation monitoring.

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12

Zhang, J. "INSAR COLLABORATIVE MONITORING MODE AND MULTI-MODE COMPUTING SERVICES FOR GEOHAZARDS IDENTIFICATION IN OPEN-PIT MINING AREA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2021 (June 28, 2021): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2021-241-2021.

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Abstract. InSAR has developed a variety of methods, such as D-InSAR, PS-InSAR, MBAS, CT, SqueeSAR, POT, etc., which have been widely used in land subsidence monitoring. For open pit mining areas, there are usually mining activity, complex terrain features, low coherence, and local large deformation gradients, which makes it difficult for time series InSAR technology to obtain high-density surface deformation information in open pit mining areas. Traditional methods usually only monitor the linear deformation of the surface caused by the mining of a few working zone above the underground mining area, and the temporal and spatial resolution is lower. How to obtain high-precision, high-density, and time-sensitive deformation information is the main difficulty of InSAR monitoring in open pit mining areas. Make full use of the geosensor network monitoring system, optimize monitoring mode of collaborated satellite-to-ground based InSAR, further realize whole calculation and geographic information services, to achieve early identification and discovery of abnormal in large-area macro-monitoring, and accurate monitoring of local areas in real-time early warning, which is the development direction of ground deformation monitoring of mining areas. The study area is Pingshuo open pit mining area. we fully study the application mode and services of InSAR monitoring for geohazards in open-pit mining area, through the establishment of satellite InSAR technology system for large-scale macro-monitoring and forecasting, and GBSAR and GSN for local precision monitoring. The effective mode of InSAR monitoring of geohazard in open-pit mines is summarized. A combination of D-InSAR, POT (Pixel offset tracking), Time Series-InSAR and GB-SAR is used in a wide range, and high-resolution optical images are used to identify localized changes in subsidence areas and open-pit mining areas.

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13

Twardzik, Matthias, Matteo Cecchetti, and Francesco Coppi. "An Innovative GB-INSAR System for Deformation Monitoring and Disaster Management." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012079.

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Abstract Disaster management is a critical issue, needs timely reaction to mitigate the risks and to re-establish a safety condition. For that reason, remote monitoring solution play a crucial role to measure structure healthy and slope stability keeping operators and equipment in the safe zones. A clear understanding of displacement and stability of the target is vital to define proper remediation actions, prioritizing the most critical ones. IDS GeoRadar is a provider of radar remote monitoring technology for complex structures and natural hazards, that recently developed an ArcSAR interferometric radar system for deformation monitoring and disaster management. The innovative solution has been designed to have a portable, easy-to-use solution able to monitor the structures and area after few minutes of its deployment. The radar system detects structure displacement and slope fall precursors, triggering early warning to increase safety for emergency operations and to evacuate people and machinery at risk. The new radar system provides sub-millimeter displacement accuracy at a spatial resolution of tens of centimetres, with updated displacement information every 30 seconds. In this paper, the system is described, along with emergency monitoring experiences.

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14

Intrieri, Emanuele, Giovanni Gigli, Massimiliano Nocentini, Luca Lombardi, Francesco Mugnai, Francesco Fidolini, and Nicola Casagli. "Sinkhole monitoring and early warning: An experimental and successful GB-InSAR application." Geomorphology 241 (July 2015): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.04.018.

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15

Weiming, Tian, Zhao Zheng, Wang Jingyang, Zeng Tao, and Deng Yunkai. "GB-InSAR interferogram processing method to generate DEM based on PS technology." Journal of Engineering 2019, no. 20 (October 1, 2019): 6625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2019.0291.

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16

Michelini, Alberto, Francesco Coppi, Alberto Bicci, and Giovanni Alli. "SPARX, a MIMO Array for Ground-Based Radar Interferometry." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020252.

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Ground-Based SAR Interferometry (GB-InSAR) is nowadays a proven technique widely used for slope monitoring in open pit mines and landslide control. Traditional GB-InSAR techniques involve transmitting and receiving antennas moving on a scanner to achieve the desired synthetic aperture. Mechanical movement limits the acquisition speed of the SAR image. There is a need for faster acquisition time as it plays an important role in correcting rapidly varying atmospheric effects. Also, a fast imaging radar can extend the applications to the measurement of vibrations of large structures. Furthermore, the mechanical assembly put constraints on the transportability and weight of the system. To overcome these limitations an electronically switched array would be preferable, which however faces enormous technological and cost difficulties associated to the large number of array elements needed. Imaging Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radars can be used as a significant alternative to usual mechanical SAR and full array systems. This paper describes the ground-based X-band MIMO radar SPARX recently developed by IDS GeoRadar in order to overcome the limits of IDS GeoRadar’s well-established ground based interferometric SAR systems. The SPARX array consists of 16 transmit and 16 receive antennas, organized in independent sub-modules and geometrically arranged in order to synthesize an equally spaced virtual array of 256 elements.

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17

Liu, Jie, Honglei Yang, Linlin Xu, and Tao Li. "Novel Model-Based Approaches for Non-Homogenous Atmospheric Compensation of GB-InSAR in the Azimuth and Horizontal Directions." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112153.

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Atmospheric disturbance is a main interference for deformation monitoring by GB-InSAR. Most approaches for atmospheric correction are based on the homogenous atmospheric medium assumption that usually does not hold due to complex topography and various environmental factors, leading to low atmospheric correction accuracy. This study proposes two novel model-based approaches for non-homogenous atmospheric compensation in the azimuth and horizontal directions. The conception of a coordinate system is introduced to design the model for the first time. The 2D atmospheric compensation method designed based on the polar coordinate system can address the non-homogenous atmospheric phase screen (APS) correction in the azimuth direction. The 3D atmospheric compensation method based on the rectangular coordinate system deals with the non-homogenous APS in all three directions, and can better address the non-homogenous APS in the elevation direction than the 2D method. Compared with conventional models, the 2D and 3D models consider the other non-homogenous APS conditions in their respective coordinate systems, which helps to broaden the application of model-based approaches. Experiments using different equipment over two study areas are conducted to test the efficiency of the proposed models. The results demonstrate that the proposed approaches can eliminate non-homogenous atmospheric disturbance and enhance the accuracy of GB-InSAR atmospheric compensation, leading to great improvements in slope deformation estimation.

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Woods, A., M. T. Hendry, R. Macciotta, T. Stewart, and J. Marsh. "GB-InSAR monitoring of vegetated and snow-covered slopes in remote mountainous environments." Landslides 17, no. 7 (May 4, 2020): 1713–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01408-4.

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Frodella, William, Teresa Salvatici, Veronica Pazzi, Stefano Morelli, and Riccardo Fanti. "GB-InSAR monitoring of slope deformations in a mountainous area affected by debris flow events." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 10 (October 19, 2017): 1779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1779-2017.

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Abstract. Diffuse and severe slope instabilities affected the whole Veneto region (north-eastern Italy) between 31 October and 2 November 2010, following a period of heavy and persistent rainfall. In this context, on 4 November 2010 a large detrital mass detached from the cover of the Mt. Rotolon deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD), located in the upper Agno River valley, channelizing within the Rotolon Creek riverbed and evolving into a highly mobile debris flow. The latter phenomena damaged many hydraulic works, also threatening bridges, local roads, and the residents of the Maltaure, Turcati, and Parlati villages located along the creek banks and the town of Recoaro Terme. From the beginning of the emergency phase, the civil protection system was activated, involving the National Civil Protection Department, Veneto Region, and local administrations' personnel and technicians, as well as scientific institutions. On 8 December 2010 a local-scale monitoring system, based on a ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR), was implemented in order to evaluate the slope deformation pattern evolution in correspondence of the debris flow detachment sector, with the final aim of assessing the landslide residual risk and managing the emergency phase. This paper describes the results of a 2-year GB-InSAR monitoring campaign (December 2010–December 2012) and its application for monitoring, mapping, and emergency management activities in order to provide a rapid and easy communication of the results to the involved technicians and civil protection personnel, for a better understanding of the landslide phenomena and the decision-making process in a critical landslide scenario.

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Tian, Weiming, Lin Du, Yunkai Deng, and Xichao Dong. "Partition of GB-InSAR deformation map based on dynamic time warping and $k$-means." Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 33, no. 4 (August 2022): 907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/jsee.2022.000088.

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Yang, Honglei, Jie Liu, Junhuan Peng, Jingyang Wang, Binbin Zhao, and Bin Zhang. "A method for GB-InSAR temporal analysis considering the atmospheric correlation in time series." Natural Hazards 104, no. 2 (August 17, 2020): 1465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04228-w.

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Lombardi, Luca, Massimiliano Nocentini, William Frodella, Teresa Nolesini, Federica Bardi, Emanuele Intrieri, Tommaso Carlà, et al. "The Calatabiano landslide (southern Italy): preliminary GB-InSAR monitoring data and remote 3D mapping." Landslides 14, no. 2 (November 4, 2016): 685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0767-6.

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Intrieri, Emanuele, Federico Di Traglia, Chiara Del Ventisette, Giovanni Gigli, Francesco Mugnai, Guido Luzi, and Nicola Casagli. "Flank instability of Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Southern Italy): Integration of GB-InSAR and geomorphological observations." Geomorphology 201 (November 2013): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.007.

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Woods, A., R. Macciotta, M. T. Hendry, T. Stewart, and J. Marsh. "Updated understanding of the deformation characteristics of the Checkerboard Creek rock slope through GB-InSAR monitoring." Engineering Geology 281 (February 2021): 105974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105974.

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Zheng, Xiangtian, Xiaolin Yang, Haitao Ma, Guiwen Ren, Zhengxing Yu, Feng Yang, Hao Zhang, and WenYuan Gao. "Integrative Landslide Emergency Monitoring Scheme Based on GB-INSAR Interferometry, Terrestrial Laser Scanning and UAV Photography." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1213 (June 2019): 052069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1213/5/052069.

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Guo, Yanhui, Zhiquan Yang, Yi Yang, Zhijun Kong, Caikun Gao, and Weiming Tian. "Experimental Study on Deformation Monitoring of Large Landslide in Reservoir Area of Hydropower Station Based on GB-InSAR." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (July 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5586340.

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The monitoring and early warning of a landslide in the reservoir area of a hydropower station are of great significance in the dam structure of the hydropower station and in the safety of people’s life and property on the reservoir bank. In this study, a new ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar system LKR-05-KU-S100 was used to carry out field monitoring tests on Lagu landslide and Xiaozhaju landslide of Dahuaqiao hydropower station and No. 1 landslide on the left bank of Xiaowan hydropower station on the Lancang river. The results show that, during the monitoring period, Lagu landslide of Dahuaqiao hydropower station and No. 1 landslide on the left bank of Xiaowan hydropower station are basically stable, and the deformation trend of Xiaozhaju landslide is obvious so it should undergo continuous monitoring. At the same time, the field monitoring test also shows that the new ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar system LKR-05-KU-S100 has the advantages of high precision and long-distance, all-day, all-weather, and large-scale monitoring and has unique advantages and broad application prospects for the overall deformation monitoring of large landslides in the reservoir area.

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Baroň, I., and R. Supper. "Application and reliability of techniques for landslide site investigation, monitoring and early warning – outcomes from a questionnaire study." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 12 (December 9, 2013): 3157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-3157-2013.

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Abstract. The presented questionnaire study summarizes an evaluation of approaches, techniques and parameters of slope-instability investigation and monitoring of their occurrence, reliability and the applicability of the monitoring techniques for early warning. The study is based on information collected from 86 monitored landslides in 14 European and Asian countries. Based on the responses, lidar ALS (airborne laser scanners), geophysical logging, aerial photographs, resistivity surveying, GB InSAR (ground-based synthetic aperture radar interferometer) and the refraction seismic were considered the most reliable methods for investigation of structure and character of landslides. Especially lidar ALS and geophysical logging were ranked high despite their application at relatively few landslides. Precipitation amount, pore-water pressure and displacement monitored by wire extensometers, dGPS and total stations, followed by air temperature and EM-emissions monitoring and displacement monitored by the TM 71 crack gauge were considered the most promising parameters for early warning.

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Kromer, Ryan A., Antonio Abellán, D. Jean Hutchinson, Matt Lato, Marie-Aurelie Chanut, Laurent Dubois, and Michel Jaboyedoff. "Automated terrestrial laser scanning with near-real-time change detection – monitoring of the Séchilienne landslide." Earth Surface Dynamics 5, no. 2 (May 24, 2017): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-293-2017.

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Abstract. We present an automated terrestrial laser scanning (ATLS) system with automatic near-real-time change detection processing. The ATLS system was tested on the Séchilienne landslide in France for a 6-week period with data collected at 30 min intervals. The purpose of developing the system was to fill the gap of high-temporal-resolution TLS monitoring studies of earth surface processes and to offer a cost-effective, light, portable alternative to ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR) deformation monitoring. During the study, we detected the flux of talus, displacement of the landslide and pre-failure deformation of discrete rockfall events. Additionally, we found the ATLS system to be an effective tool in monitoring landslide and rockfall processes despite missing points due to poor atmospheric conditions or rainfall. Furthermore, such a system has the potential to help us better understand a wide variety of slope processes at high levels of temporal detail.

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Bardi, Federica, Federico Raspini, William Frodella, Luca Lombardi, Massimiliano Nocentini, Giovanni Gigli, Stefano Morelli, Alessandro Corsini, and Nicola Casagli. "Monitoring the Rapid-Moving Reactivation of Earth Flows by Means of GB-InSAR: The April 2013 Capriglio Landslide (Northern Appennines, Italy)." Remote Sensing 9, no. 2 (February 17, 2017): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9020165.

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30

Li, Zhao, Jin'an Wang, Lin Li, Lixiang Wang, and Robert Y. Liang. "A case study integrating numerical simulation and GB-InSAR monitoring to analyze flexural toppling of an anti-dip slope in Fushun open pit." Engineering Geology 197 (October 2015): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.08.012.

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31

Mucchi, Lorenzo, Sara Jayousi, Alessio Martinelli, Stefano Caputo, Emanuele Intrieri, Giovanni Gigli, Teresa Gracchi, et al. "A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network Based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 5, 2018): 2948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092948.

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An innovative wireless sensor network (WSN) based on Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) technology for 3D accurate superficial monitoring of ground deformations, as landslides and subsidence, is proposed. The system has been designed and developed as part of an European Life+ project, called Wi-GIM (Wireless Sensor Network for Ground Instability Monitoring). The details of the architecture, the localization via wireless technology and data processing protocols are described. The flexibility and accuracy achieved by the UWB two-way ranging technique is analysed and compared with the traditional systems, such as robotic total stations (RTSs) and Ground-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR), highlighting the pros and cons of the UWB solution to detect the surface movements. An extensive field trial campaign allows the validation of the system and the analysis of its sensitivity to different factors (e.g., sensor nodes inter-visibility, effects of the temperature, etc.). The Wi-GIM system represents a promising solution for landslide monitoring and it can be adopted in combination with traditional systems or as an alternative in areas where the available resources are inadequate. The versatility, easy/fast deployment and cost-effectiveness, together with good accuracy, make the Wi-GIM system a possible solution for municipalities that cannot afford expensive/complex systems to monitor potential landslides in their territory.

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32

Kromer, Ryan, Gabe Walton, Brian Gray, Matt Lato, and Robert Group. "Development and Optimization of an Automated Fixed-Location Time Lapse Photogrammetric Rock Slope Monitoring System." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 1890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11161890.

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An automated, fixed-location, time lapse camera system was developed as an alternative to monitoring geological processes with lidar or ground-based interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (GB-InSAR). The camera system was designed to detect fragmental rockfalls and pre-failure deformation at rock slopes. It was implemented at a site along interstate I70 near Idaho Springs, Colorado. The camera system consists of five digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras which collect photographs of the rock slope daily and automatically upload them to a server for processing. Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry workflows were optimized to be used without ground control. An automated change detection pipeline registers the point clouds with scale adjustment and filters vegetation. The results show that if a fixed pre-calibration of internal camera parameters is used, an accuracy close to that obtained using ground control points can be achieved. Over the study period between March 19, 2018 and June 24, 2019, a level of detection between 0.02 to 0.03 m was consistently achieved, and over 50 rockfalls between 0.003 to 0.1 m3 were detected at the study site. The design of the system is fit for purpose in terms of its ground resolution size and accuracy and can be adapted to monitor a wide range of geological and geomorphic processes at a variety of time scales.

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Wei, Xu, and Feng Wenkai. "Application of Slope Radar (S-SAR) in Emergency Monitoring of the “11.03” Baige Landslide." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (October 27, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2060311.

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On October 11 and November 3, 2018, the disaster chain of landslide-barrier lake occurred twice in Baige Village, Xizang Province. After the second sliding of the landslide, the danger of the landslide dam was eliminated by the manual excavation of the drain grooves. During this period, a ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR) called “S-SAR” was utilized for real-time monitoring and analyzing 48 selected target pixels on the residual deformation bodies of landslides (divided into K1, K2, and K3 deformation zones) for 8 days. Through the real-time deformation map of pixels in the monitoring area obtained by S-SAR, the ranges of five strong deformation regions were identified and delineated. Based on the apparent cumulative deformation-time curve of each target pixel, the overall deformation law of K1, K2, and K3 deformation zones could be monitored and analyzed in real time. Based on a curve graph of the deformation rate, acceleration, and time of each target pixel, the K1, K2, and K3 deformation zones were within a uniform deformation stage. Taking the target pixel point and the corresponding time in which the deformation rate and deformation acceleration had a large, abrupt jump at the same time as the position and time of the near-slip failure, the 11 positions and moments of the near-slip failure were counted. The results presented here may represent a workable reference for emergency monitoring and early warning of similar sudden geological disasters.

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Desrues, Malet, Brenguier, Point, Stumpf, and Lorier. "TSM—Tracing Surface Motion: A Generic Toolbox for Analyzing Ground-Based Image Time Series of Slope Deformation." Remote Sensing 11, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 2189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11192189.

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Passive sensors such as multi-spectral (e.g., Single Lens Reflex, SLR) cameras are increasingly being used for geohazards monitoring (landslides, cliffs affected by rock falls, ice glaciers, and volcano flanks) because of their low cost compared to expensive terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) or radar imaging (GB-InSAR) systems. Indeed, due to the large consumer market, sensor resolution and quality (e.g., gain, dynamic range, and geometry) are increasing rapidly. For gravitational processes, such as landslides, recent research has focused on the development and implementation of image correlation techniques to estimate the spatial shift between at least a pair of images by maximizing a cross-correlation function. A generic and fully automated pipeline is proposed for the processing of long image time series acquired for several site configurations. The system associates modules for 1) the selection of the image sequences, 2) the registration of the image stacks and the correction of the camera movements, and 3) the calculation of the terrain motion using change detection approaches. The system is based on the open-source photogrammetric library MicMac and tailored for the processing of monoscopic images. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to design and test the image processing for two use cases respectively the Chambon landslide (Isère, France) characterized by slow motion (< 10 cm.day−1), and the Pas de l’Ours landslide (Hautes-Alpes, France) characterized by moderate motion (> 50 cm.day−1). Four categories of parameters are tested: the image modality, the image matching parameters, the size of the stable area used in the co-registration stage, and the strategy used to combine the images in the time series. The application of the pipeline on the two use cases provides information about the kinematics and the spatial behavior of the landslides.

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35

Arosio, D., L. Longoni, M. Papini, M. Scaioni, L. Zanzi, and M. Alba. "Towards rockfall forecasting through observing deformations and listening to microseismic emissions." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 4 (July 15, 2009): 1119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1119-2009.

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Abstract. Reliable forecasting of rockfall is a challenging task, mainly because of the lack of clearly noticeable forerunners as well as due to the geological and geo-mechanical complexity of the rock movements involved. Conventional investigation devices still present some drawbacks, since most measurements are generally carried out at isolated locations as well as on the surface only. Novel remote-sensing monitoring instruments, such as Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radars (GB-InSAR), are capable of inspecting an unstable slope with a high spatial and temporal frequency. But they still rely on measurements of the failure surface, from which displacement or velocity are measured. On the contrary, acoustic emission/microseismic monitoring may provide a deeper insight of stress and strain conditions within the sub-surface rock mass. In fact, the capability to detect microseismic events originating within an unstable rock mass is a key element in locating growing cracks and, as a consequence, in understanding the slide kinematics and triggering mechanisms of future collapses. Thus, a monitoring approach based on the combination of classical methodologies, remote sensing techniques and microseismic investigations would be a promising research field. In the present paper we discuss the technologies and we illustrate some experiments conducted in the framework of a project whose final goal is the installation of an integrated monitoring and alerting system on a rockface nearby Lecco (Italy). In particular, we present a review of performances and applications of remote sensing devices and some results concerning a terrestrial laser scanner preliminary campaign. Then, we report findings regarding amplitude, frequency content and rate of signals recorded during an in situ test carried out to evaluate the performance of three different microseismic transducers.

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Gischig, V., S. Loew, A. Kos, J. R. Moore, H. Raetzo, and F. Lemy. "Identification of active release planes using ground-based differential InSAR at the Randa rock slope instability, Switzerland." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 6 (December 4, 2009): 2027–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-2027-2009.

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Abstract. Five ground-based differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (GB-DInSAR) surveys were conducted between 2005 and 2007 at the rock slope instability at Randa, Switzerland. Resultant displacement maps revealed, for the first time, the presence of an active basal rupture zone and a lateral release surface daylighting on the exposed 1991 failure scarp. Structures correlated with the boundaries of interferometric displacement domains were confirmed using a helicopter-based LiDAR DTM and oblique aerial photography. Former investigations at the site failed to conclusively detect these active release surfaces essential for kinematic and hazard analysis of the instability, although their existence had been hypothesized. The determination of the basal and lateral release planes also allowed a more accurate estimate of the currently unstable volume of 5.7±1.5 million m3. The displacement patterns reveal that two different kinematic behaviors dominate the instability, i.e. toppling above 2200 m and translational failure below. In the toppling part of the instability the areas with the highest GB-DInSAR displacements correspond to areas of enhanced micro-seismic activity. The observation of only few strongly active discontinuities daylighting on the 1991 failure surface points to a rather uniform movement in the lower portion of the instability, while most of the slip occurs along the basal rupture plane. Comparison of GB-DInSAR displacements with mapped discontinuities revealed correlations between displacement patterns and active structures, although spatial offsets occur as a result of the effective resolution of GB-DInSAR. Similarly, comparisons with measurements from total station surveys generally showed good agreement. Discrepancies arose in several cases due to local movement of blocks, the size of which could not be resolved using GB-DInSAR.

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Ma, Deming, Yanxiong Liu, Zhenhong Li, Hongwei Bao, and Zhaoguang Jin. "Recognition of the coastal dune migration micro-deformation in Changli Gold Coast of China based on GB-InSAR." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, April 20, 2020, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1064119x.2020.1755917.

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Kuraoka, Senro, Yuichi Nakashima, Ryosuke Doke, and Kazutaka Mannen. "Monitoring ground deformation of eruption center by ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR): a case study during the 2015 phreatic eruption of Hakone volcano." Earth, Planets and Space 70, no. 1 (November 20, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0951-0.

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