Дисертації з теми "Gaz – Effets des hautes températures"
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Nuzzo, Manon. "Influence de l'environnement gazeux sur les performances électrochimiques de cellules à oxyde solide (SOC) en mode Electrolyse à Haute Température (EHT)." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066141.
Повний текст джерелаHigh Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE) is a promising technology for hydrogen production, leading candidate as future fuel. However, massive hydrogen production remains difficult considering the fast performance degradation of solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOEC) mainly due to extreme experimental conditions (high working temperature (700-1000°C), oxidising atmosphere, high current density). In these conditions, degradation is due to reactivity between SOEC components, evolution of their microstructure and internal stresses emphasized by temperature and gas composition gradients. This work is dedicated to the study of the influence of the gaseous environment on electrochemical performance on SOEC in HTSE mode and to the development of a homogeneous method for gas distribution over the SOEC surface to enable a more uniform cells operation and limit internal stresses. Commercial electrolyte supported cells are studied (Ni/CGO–3YSZ–LSM/YSZ). First to start with, the SOEC electrochemical behaviour is studied with a traditional experimental set-up. Electrochemical characterisations are carried out in situ through chronopotentiometry and impedance spectroscopy. Secondly, new specific experimental sets-up were developed in order to vary the homogeneity of the gas distribution over the hydrogen electrode. To finish with, the influence of the gas distribution method has been studied on the initial electrochemical behaviour and then on the SOEC durability
Ledoux, Xavier. "Contribution à la mise au point de matériaux métalliques pour les unités de production d'hydrogène par vaporéformage du gaz naturel : 1/ Étude de l'oxydation de matériaux de structure à l'air entre 650 et 1050°C. 2/ Élaboration de revêtements et étude de leur résistance à l'oxydation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0017/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe LokiR project aims to develop new steam reforming reactor to optimize the production of hydrogen. In this context, the protection of metallic alloys composing the reactor must be improved. In this thesis, the behavior of two chromia-forming alloys (Haynes© 120 and 230) was studied at high temperature under oxidizing conditions and protective coatings, able to improve their resistance against oxidation, have been developed. The study reveals that the alloys protect themselves by the growth of a chromia layer during their oxidation in air in the range 650-1050°C. This leads to a parabolic-like oxidation kinetics with low constant values for these types of alloys. The magnitude of the alloys life time at 1000°C was estimated at about 8 years in air. Chromia growth is controlled by the diffusion of the oxygen vacancy defect as well as high and low oxygen pressure. The tests indicate that the chromization of Haynes© 120 alloy leads an alpha-(Cr, Fe, Ni) phase that can be enriched with silicon. However, the behavior of these coatings oxidation at 1050°C, is, overall, unsatisfactory. The aluminization of the alloy Haynes © 120 leads to the formation of a beta-Al (Ni, Fe, Cr) coating. The oxidation study of the alloy thus coated leads to the initial growth of a transition alumina and, then, to the growth of the steady alpha-Al2O3. This last reduces the rate of oxidation and improves the thermal shock resistance. The aluminized alloy maintains the alumina-forming nature at least 10000 hours at 1000°C
Plennevaux, Cécile. "Etude des risques de corrosion et de rupture différée des aciers en présence d'H2S dans les conditions d'exploration de pétrole et de gaz à haute pression et haute température." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0101.
Повний текст джерелаThe production of high pressure (HP) and high temperature (HT) wells has considerably increased in the last decade. It is therefore needed to reassess the risks of corrosion in always more severe environments. This work was three fold to better assess the risk of Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) in these environments. Firstly, there was a need to improve prediction methods for the evaluation of HP/HT environments severity, especially the in situ pH calculation. A model was which taking into account the non-ideal behaviour of gas and liquid phases in equilibrium. The determination of the in situ pH and the acid gas fugacity at high pressure and high temperature is more accurate. In a second part of the work, the impact of CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) on surface reactions and hence on the risk of SSC was examined. Electrochemical and hydrogen permeation measurements in the absence of an iron sulphide film showed that CO2 induces an increase of both cathodic reactions kinetics and hydrogen charging in the steel, especially at low H2S partial pressure (PH2S). In the last part of this work, SSC tests were performed at constant pH and constant PH2S, with various PCO2 from 0 to 100 bar. The objective was to experimentally confirm that increasing PCO2 increases the SSC risk, as inferred from the electrochemical study. Unfortunately, experimental artefacts linked with autoclave test conditions did not lead to clear conclusions on this point. However, this work shows that conventional tools might lead to underestimate SSC risks at high PCO2 and low PH2S. In these specific conditions, the new results presented in this report may contribute to improve materials selection criteria for high pressure and high temperature conditions
Vounki, Brenda. "Adsorbants à base de phosphates pour l'abattement des métaux lourds en phase gazeuse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023EMAC0015.
Повний текст джерелаEnvironmental standards for emissions of pollutants into the air are becoming increasingly restrictive, with new emission thresholds that must complied with. It is therefore necessary to develop and/or improve current techniques to remove heavy metals. This thesis aims to develop a calcium phosphate sorbent with controlled properties to remove heavy metals from the gas phase at high temperature (> 240°C). Although the process from getting the removal of heavy metals at low temperature (< 240°C), the one for high temperature conditions are still scarce. Initially, various syntheses of calcium phosphates were carried out to identify the influence of operating conditions on the physico-chemical and thermal properties. The liquid/solid ratio and the stirring speed proved to be the most influential parameters to control the final properties of the product. A hydroxyapatite with a specific surface area of between 90 and 100 m2/g was obtained. Based on the results obtained, the hydroxyapatite chosen for the laboratory-scale fixed-bed cadmium or lead adsorption tests was the one with the best characteristics in terms of thermal, physical, and chemical stability. Nevertheless, this manuscript mostly covered the work on cadmium adsorption. A second hydroxyapatite was also used for the adsorption tests. The adsorption tests were carried out by varying parameters such as the gas flow rate (1-3 L/h), the temperature (700-1000 °C), the contact time, the initial concentration of the pollutant and the height of the adsorbent powder bed (0.5-1.5 cm). The results demonstrated the ability of these sorbents to capture heavy metals under thermal stress (T > 700°C). Experimental data on cadmium adsorption were modelled using a mathematical approach based on the kinetics of adsorption processes and mass transfer phenomena. The model was used to predict the dynamic of cadmium adsorption on hydroxyapatite using breakthrough curves describing the cadmium concentration profile as a function of time. This work has shown that the synthesised hydroxyapatites have interesting surface, flow, thermal and thermomechanical properties, showing their possible application at high temperatures at industrial scale in a waste incineration unit
Dawi, Kamel. "Corrosion à haute température de fontes GS à matrice ferritique et austénitique sous atmosphères complexes." Compiègne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009COMP1803.
Повний текст джерелаNoudeviwa, Albert M. D. "Etude et optimisation de dispositifs à base de matériaux faibles gap pour applications hautes fréquences et ultra faible consommation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10132/document.
Повний текст джерелаAdvent of itinerant technologies was done with the autonomy needs increase in the mobile electronics devices. In addition the high devices integration density leads to the thermal dissipation limits of the classic cooling systems. Thus in this thesis the low Vds operation mode is investigated in narrow band gap materials based HEMTs in order to reduce the power consumption. This study is done at room temperature (300K) and at cryogenic temperature (77K). Concerning antimonide based HEMTs, record performances was published at 300K (fT = 144GHz à 100mV for Lg=120nm). In terms of noise performances both of industrial studied HEMTs and antimonide based HEMTs present at 30GHz and Vds=100mV NFmin value around 1.6dB and Gass around 6dB for power dissipation lower than 10mW/mm. Finally low noise amplifier (LNA) design is done in order to evaluate the potential use of those devices in low power consumption electronics at room and cryogenic temperature. Those designs allowed to obtain at Vds=100mV NF value around 1.7dB and Gass around 6dB with power dissipation lower than 6mW/mm at room temperature and at cryogenic temperature NF value around 0,6dB for Gass value higher than 7dB
Peyrovi, Parnian. "Improved resistance to deactivation of coupled NH3-SCR/ DPF catalyst for diesel exhaust emissions control." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R041.
Повний текст джерелаDiesel engines have been extensively implemented because they emit lesser CO2 than gasoline engine of equivalent power, since they work in lean condition, i.e. in excess of oxygen. Recently, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalysts coated on Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) have been introduced for automotive applications due to capability of reducing NOx and PM simultaneously. However, such implementation requires improved thermal resistance of the SCR catalyst due to the exotherms related to the periodic regeneration of DPF. The point of this manuscript is to propose a catalyst active in NOx reduction by NH3 after aging at high temperature. The first part of this manuscript details the modifications of CeV0.95W0.05O4 catalyst by adding of rare earths elements (Pr3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, and Er3+). The most promising catalyst obtained by the partial substitution of cerium by rare earths was finally Ce0.5Er0.5V0.95W0.05O4 catalyst. A partial substitution of the cerium by the erbium allows obtaining an increase of the activity after an aging at 600°C and 850°C attributed to the ability of erbium to promote thermal stability of the vanadium-containing catalysts. This behaviour might be also correlated with the characteristics of Er3+_O_V5+ bond and to their ability to alter the characteristics of the V_O bond and the acid/base surface properties. Ce0.5Er0.5V0.95W0.05O4 catalyst, an optimized formulation, is able to get a NOx conversion superior to 80% between 250 and 400°C in Fast-SCR condition after an aging at 850°C
Plennevaux, Cécile. "Etude des risques de corrosion et de rupture différée des aciers en présence d'H2S dans les conditions d'exploration de pétrole et de gaz à haute pression et haute température." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0101.
Повний текст джерелаThe production of high pressure (HP) and high temperature (HT) wells has considerably increased in the last decade. It is therefore needed to reassess the risks of corrosion in always more severe environments. This work was three fold to better assess the risk of Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) in these environments. Firstly, there was a need to improve prediction methods for the evaluation of HP/HT environments severity, especially the in situ pH calculation. A model was which taking into account the non-ideal behaviour of gas and liquid phases in equilibrium. The determination of the in situ pH and the acid gas fugacity at high pressure and high temperature is more accurate. In a second part of the work, the impact of CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) on surface reactions and hence on the risk of SSC was examined. Electrochemical and hydrogen permeation measurements in the absence of an iron sulphide film showed that CO2 induces an increase of both cathodic reactions kinetics and hydrogen charging in the steel, especially at low H2S partial pressure (PH2S). In the last part of this work, SSC tests were performed at constant pH and constant PH2S, with various PCO2 from 0 to 100 bar. The objective was to experimentally confirm that increasing PCO2 increases the SSC risk, as inferred from the electrochemical study. Unfortunately, experimental artefacts linked with autoclave test conditions did not lead to clear conclusions on this point. However, this work shows that conventional tools might lead to underestimate SSC risks at high PCO2 and low PH2S. In these specific conditions, the new results presented in this report may contribute to improve materials selection criteria for high pressure and high temperature conditions
Xiong, Bao Kou. "Quantification des gaz générés lors du fonctionnement d'une batterie Li-ion : effet des conditions opératoires et rôle de l'électrolyte." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4003/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe functioning of lithium-ion batteries, may it be under normal use or under abusive conditions, is accompanied by gas generation, especially during the first cycles. This extent of gas generation is dependent on the choice of electrode materials, the electrolyte, and the operating conditions. This gas generation is detrimental: the build-up of pressure leads to the over-pressure in the battery, raising serious concerns. This study is aimed at understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing these reactions. To do so, the « pouch cell » configuration was adopted throughout this thesis. The electrolyte we worked on is the mixture EC:PC:3DMC + 1 mol.L-1 LiPF6. The first chapter of this work is dedicated to development of an experimental protocol based on (i) the analysis of the electrodes materials (NMC, LFP, Gr and LTO), (ii) the gas solubilities (O2, H2) compared to (CO2, CH4) by PVT method, and (iii) the quantification of the volume of generated gases during the cycling of pouch cells which was correlated to the electrochemical performances. A preliminary analysis of half-cells and full cells Gr//NMC and LTO//LFP were also conducted to foresee the performances of the pouch cells. A critical analysis of data taken from the literature and from our own experiments enabled the optimization of a proper procedure to get reproducible and comparable results. The second part of this thesis consists in the quantification of the volume of gases generated during the cycling of Gr//NMC, Gr//LFP, LTO//LFP and LTO//NMC pouch cells. In that respect, the voltages of the end of charge and the effect of salt and of temperature were discussed to figure out the essential parameters in the gas generation and in particular during the formation of SEI. Lastly, a compositional analysis of gases was performed using GC-MS and FTIR. Based on those results, a mechanism is proposed and discussed herein
Kunc, Jan. "Gaz électronique bidimensionnel de haute mobilité dans des puits quantiques de CdTe : études en champ magnétique intense." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00586639.
Повний текст джерелаTroncy, Romain. "Synthesis and high-temperature behavior of self-restoring coatings." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS034.
Повний текст джерелаThe selection of materials used in the hot parts of aeronautical turbines or in power plants has become a crucial issue in view of ecological and economic imperative. Turbine blades are amongst the most critical components. Their mechanical resistance is ensured by the substrate itself (steels and Ni alloys and superalloys). However, their low environmental resistance requires the application of protective coatings delivering Al to form oxide barriers blocking the external oxidative and corrosive attack. Upon exposure at high temperatures, Al depletes from the coating by oxidation to grow the oxide scale and by interdiffusion with the substrate’s elements resulting in the loss of protection. Some specific coating structures like the diffusion barriers have been investigated in the past but the overall mechanical properties are lowered and the fabrication and environmental costs are high. Therefore, a pioneering and original investigation has been conducted to synthesize “self-regenerating” aluminum diffusion coatings. These coatings are characterized by a composite structure whereby the matrix made of NixAly intermetallic phases is strengthened with microreservoirs made of NixAly core and an Al2O3 shell through which Al diffuses out to maintain the adequate Al concentration in the matrix, hence to stabilize the external protective Al2O3 scale.Our studies demonstrate that the aluminothermic reactions between NiO and Al lead to the formation of such a self-regenerating coating with an interdiffusion barrier at the coating/substrate interface whenever Ni is preoxidized at 1100°C for 2h beforehand. However, all the coatings sintered through this method possess residual NiO, which may compromise their adherence to the substrate. In contrast, the use of electrochemical methods allows to incorporate Al3Ni2 microparticles in the NI electrodeposits. With a subsequent slurry aluminizing treatment, the preoxidized particles incorporate homogeneously in a β-NiAl coating matrix. After exposure at 1100°C for 48h in air, the Al content in the self-regenerating coatings is greater than 40 at% as opposed to the micro-reservoirs-free aluminide coating allowing to demonstrate the self-regenerating property of these new coatings
Terki, Rachida. "Simulation du comportement des barrières thermiques déposées par projection thermique." Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESA2015.
Повний текст джерелаFor the application as a thermal barrier coating (TBC), the partially stabilized zirconia approaches some limits of performance which hardly can be overcome in the near future. Considerable effort is being invested, therefore, in identifying new materials with better performance than the current industry standard. Intuitive arguments based on crystallography and simulation may lead most rapidly to the development of new TBC materials. In this work, we have studied the physical properties of some ceramics that can be used in TBC system, such as : perovskite and pyrochlore compounds, zirconia and hafnia as well as zircon. The full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FPLAPW) method is used to investigated the structural and electronic properties, giving more insight on the mechanical behaviour of these materials. The quasi-harmonic Debye model is applied to determine the thermal properties such as temperature dependence of bulk modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, specific heats at constant volume and pressure. Our results show mainly that lanthanum pyrohafnate is the best candidate for application as TBC
Panicaud, Benoît. "Contraintes "de croissance" et cinétiques d'oxydation dans des couches d'oxydes thermiques de fer et de nickel : étude in-situ par diffraction des rayons X et modélisation." La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS121.
Повний текст джерелаA metal oxidation leads to a specific strain link to the oxide growth. This growth strain is supposed to be proportional to the oxide layer thickness. We study the " growth " stresses in some metals : nickel, untreated iron and phosphated iron. The first two materials oxidation is parabolic. On the other hand, the phosphated iron oxidation shows several features : phases inversion in the oxide layer, kinetic transition. Complementary analyses led by X – Rays Diffraction showed that the layer of phosphate seemed to play the role of a diffusion barrier. The stability of the phosphate layer during the oxidation and the oxide layers morphology confirmed that the kinetic accident has a mechanical origin. The measure of the stresses in the oxides has been achieved by XRD, with Synchrotron Radiation. In the first time, the stresses modelling in thermal oxides on metals allowed us to reproduce experimental results. Finally, we develop an identification method of the system parameters
Le, Guern François. "Ecoulements réactifs à hautes températures, mesures et modélisations." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077222.
Повний текст джерелаDesserrey, Franck. "Comportement mécano-chimique du nickel vis à vis de l'oxygène à haute température : aspects expérimentaux et prévisionnels." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS057.
Повний текст джерелаTalby, Riad. "Mesure des fluctuations de température avec des thermocouples fins, par référence à un fil "froid"." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22011.
Повний текст джерелаCarlier, Thibault. "Couches minces vitreuses autocicatrisantes pour applications hautes températures." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10072/document.
Повний текст джерелаGlassy thin films are promising candidates as protective coating for high temperature applications. However, due to thermal and/or mechanical stresses under operating conditions, these materials may crack. Previous studies have shown that self-healing glasses in bulk form can be prepared by incorporating active particles. These latter, when damages occur in the material, oxidize at high temperature to form oxides that flow into the crack and form a “new” glass by reaction with surrounding matrix.Based on these results, our work aimed at transposing this concept to glass materials deposited as thin layers, and so to envisage coating applications. We have shown the feasibility of forming these innovative coatings composed of alternating vitreous and healing agent layers. They have been prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) and Electron Beam-Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD). A first part of our work was devoted to the optimization of the deposition parameters and their influence on homogeneity, thickness and composition of thin films. The efficiency of the self-healing process of these composite materials was demonstrated in situ at 700°C by High Temperature Environmental Scanning Electronic Microscopy (HT-ESEM). Finally, we studied the behavior of these coatings when they were submitted to thermal cycles as well as the structural changes generated by their crystallization
Royer, Laurent. "Élaboration et caractérisation d’alliages base chrome pour applications à très haute température." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10016/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the glass making industry, for glass wool insulation production, cobalt or nickel based alloys are used. They operate at high temperature (HT) under specific conditions resulting from glass melts contact and burner proximity. When the T exceeds 1200°C, the properties of these alloys are lost. Increasing T can only be obtained by changing the alloys’ based material. In this frame, choosing chromium alloys is relevant because of the properties its oxide Cr2O3 confers. However, due to its high brittleness at low T and its ductility at HT, Cr has to be alloyed with other elements. In this work, the oxidation behavior of Cr at 1300°C was studied. Then 3 different systems were characterized. Towards the oxidation behavior only one is compatible with a HT environment. Its characterization then its optimization as well as the study of the phenomena met at HT (oxidation, corrosion, ageing, …) were then begun
Willaime, François. "Dynamique de la transition α/β et de la diffusion dans le zirconium : modelisation par un potentiel de liaisons fortes". Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA112185.
Повний текст джерелаMillet, Patrice. "Supraconducteurs à haute température critique (Familles 1 2 3 et 2 2 1 2) : influence de la substitution de terres rares : synthèses, structures (R.X), microstructures (M.E.) et propriétés physiques." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30012.
Повний текст джерелаPlain, Jérôme. "Effets de la microstructure sur l'ancrage des vortex dans le composite texturé YBa2Cu3O7-x." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2305.
Повний текст джерелаThe effects of microstructure on vortex pinning have been studied in the melt textured YBCO composite. TEM has been used in order to characterize the microstructural changes after postprocessing treatments. The different contributions to the critical current density have been separated and associated to a particular type of defect. In-plane dislocations have been found to contribute to weak pinning when the magnetic field is applied parallel to the c-axis. Y2BaCuO5 precipitates, twin boundaries and neutron irradiation induced defect cascades were found to contribute to strong pinning. Finally, the effects of adding Y2BaCuO5 and Ag2O inclusions on the microstructure features and critical current have been studied. In these two cases, an augmentation of the density of extended defects in the YBCO matrix was observed. These two types of materials allowed to quantify the effect of microcracks on the critical currents and to confirm the relevance of the model based on the partition of defect contributions
Cabouro, Gwenaël. "Compréhension du rôle de la microstructure d’un composé intermétallique sur les propriétés de résistance en corrosion : application au système Mo/Si." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS081.
Повний текст джерелаCourtial, Yannick. "Etude du comportement mécanique à haute température de cermets WC-Co : Effets de la microstructure." Lyon, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAL0071.
Повний текст джерелаCharacterization of mechanical properties of WC-(17,5-25 %) Co cemented carbide at high temperatures (600-1000°C) and particularly of their resistance to crack propagation cannot be done by using the laws of behaviour of fragile materials (elastic range) and on the basis of the only criterion of KIc overload breakage. At this level of temperature, the behaviour of these materials is indeed of elastoplastic type. We have therefore used the notion of R CURVE : curve of resistance to crack propagation. We have thus access to the values of stable growth start of crack, of propagation and to the differentiation of elastic and plastic phenomena. Comparison of the different methods (RICE,GARWOOD and SAKAI) which allow to obtain R curves led us to the following conclusions: the RICE method is the most suitable for WC-Co cermets; KIc RICE corresponds to the start of stable growth of cracks;definition of a criterion as a criterion of overload breakage at hight temperature. We have developed at the same time a DOUBLE TORSION device and have applied this measure to the case of cermets. It has been possible to observe a slow growth of under-critical defects at 600°C. The objective of all these measurements is to observe the influence of MICROSTRUCTURE and COBALT CONTENT on the high temperature mechanical properties of cermets developed by the CERAMETAL (Lux) company
Moussa, Marwen. "Compréhension des mécanismes de l'inactivation cellulaire par les hautes pressions hydrostatiques et les basses températures." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS004.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work was to understand the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and low temperature on different cell models: bacteria, yeast, leukemia cells, spheroplasts, lipid vesicles. The viability of cells subjected to cold stress was first assessed, through long-term supercooling experiments (up to 71 days), versus freeze-thawing stress. Results showed that cells could be inactivated by the only action of sub-zero temperature, that is, without any water crystallization. The effects of HHP at room temperature were then studied as a function of cell hydration. We highlighted the crucial role of water in determining cellular damage under pressure. The combined effects of HHP and low temperature on cells were studied. Results showed a synergistic interaction between cold and HHP in their effects on microbial inactivation at pressures in the range of 100 to 300 MPa with an aw of 0. 992. However, at pressures greater than 300 MPa, this trend was reversed, and cold counteracted the inactivation effect of pressure. When the amount of water in the cell suspension was increased, the synergistic effect was enhanced. Conversely, when the aw was decreased by the addition of solute to the cell suspension, the baroprotective effect of subzero temperature increased sharply. These results support the argument that water compression is involved in the mechanisms of HHP inactivation of cells. From a thermodynamic point of view, the mechanical energy transferred to the cell during the pressure treatment can be characterized by the change in volume of the system, which depends on the water quantity in the cytoplasm. The consequences of cell volume compression at the cellular level were characterized through the assessment of metabolic activity, the study of cell membrane structure and integrity and the visualization of cell shape and ultrastructure
Variot, Bruno. "Modélisation des transferts de chaleur par rayonnement dans les systèmes gaz-solide à haute température." Perpignan, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PERP0165.
Повний текст джерелаThiévin, Jonathan. "Spectroscopie d'émission et d'absorption infrarouge en écoulements de gaz raréfiés : application aux gaz à très haute température et aux complexes moléculaires à très basse température." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S056.
Повний текст джерелаA high enthalpy source has been developped to heat gases up to 2000 K and to produce hypersonic flows. This prototype has been coupled to a high resolution Fourier transform interferometer for the investigation of the infrared emission of very hot gases. An experimental procedure has been developped to extract the line-by-line absorption cross sections of methane and acetylene. These data are needed to model the circumstellar envelop of brown dwarves and carbon rich stars. A multipass optical system has been designed to probe hypersonic shock layers by absorption spectroscopy. In parallel, the spectroscopy of Arn (CO2)m van der Waals complexes formed in a supersonic expansion at very low temperature was investigated
Tissandier, Laurent. "Étude expérimentale des interactions gaz-liquide dans les systèmes silicatés : implications sur la formation des objets primitifs du système solaire." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL015N.
Повний текст джерелаMignon, Philippe. "Étude théorique du couplage convection turbulente-rayonnement dans un écoulement de gaz dans un canal : thermodégradation de la paroi." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0228.
Повний текст джерелаValentin, Olivier. "Modélisation thermo-chimio-mécanique des conducteurs mixtes : application à la production de H2/CO." Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE2069.
Повний текст джерелаTechnologies using high temperature oxygen transport through mixed conductor materials undergo thermal andchemical expansions. The industrial structures suffer from thermo-chemo-mechanical stresses which may be modeled to predict their mechanical reliability. This work is a step toward the development of design tools for mechanics of structure made of mixed conductor. The goal is to deal with measurable parameters such as temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The first aim is to provide a realistic macroscopic modelling of chemical expansion. The second one is to model the coupling between mechanics, oxygen transport and heat transfer. The oxygen bulk diffusion is described following the Wagner theory. The kinetics of surface exchange and their consequences in terms of chemo-mechanical shocks have been explored. In order to conduct computation of complex structures in three dimensions with steady and transient state, the models have been implemented in finite element analysis software (Abaqus). Comparison with analytical results is also reported. Finally, a semi-industrial catalytic membrane reactor for partial oxidation of methane to syngas is computed. The modelling helps to analysed the impact of operating conditions on the mechanical reliability of the whole structure
Touratier, Fabienne. "Etude des mécanismes de déformation et d'endommagement du superalliage à base de nickel MC2 en fluage aux très hautes températures." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/8371/1/touratier_partie_1_sur_2.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBlanco, Éric. "Température et émissivité des matériaux sous choc : étude expérimentale par pyrométrie optique à travers un matériau fenêtre." Paris 10, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA100203.
Повний текст джерелаThe temperature is an important parameter to determine the equation of state of shock loaded materials. Indeed, to solve the hydrodynamics equations system (where this parameter does not appear explicitly), it is necessary ti use a complete equation of state connecting thermodynamics parameters : pressure, density, specific internal energy and temperature. In order to determine temperature along the isentropic release of studied material, a window material in lithium fluoride is used. Three different samples (bismuth, copper and tin) have been studied in a shock pressure range between 10 GPa and 100 GPa. We have designed and built a multispectral pyrometer having 8 measurement channels and operating in in a specral range between 0. 4 µm and 3. 5 µm. The pyrometer spectral range allows to uncouple the usually associated problems of studied material temperature and emissivity. The short wavelength measurement (visible range) allows to determine the true temperature of shocked material. Dynamic emissivity variation versus the wavelength is obtained in the infrared range and allows us to know the state changes undergo by the shocked material. The experimental results have allowed us to point out : - a temperature and emissivity increasing versus the shock pressure, - a state change (solid-liquid) for bismuth at shock pressure of 32 GPa
Iosif, Vadim. "Conception et mise au point des bobines inorganiques pour des actionneurs électriques capables de travailler aux températures extrêmes." Thesis, Artois, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ARTO0205/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe weak point of electrical machines is the Electrical Insulation System (EIS) of their windings. The best current solutions are based on polymers, they provide lifetimes over 20000h when the temperature at the hottest point of the windings does not exceed 240° C. Consequently, the organic nature of the electric machines EIS represents a technological lock for operating at higher temperatures that have many applications in aeronautics, for designing larger electric generators located near the propulsion turbines of airplanes for instance. The main goal of the research works presented consist in studying the possibility of building the windings of high-temperature electrical machines (HT°) with inorganic EIS which make it possible to work durably at 500°C. The consequences of this technological leap towards high temperatures are analyzed in detail. A large part is devoted to magnetic aspects caused by the presence of a diffusion barrier made of nickel added to the copper wire to avoid oxidation at high temperatures.The first part of the thesis is devoted to the development of a fully inorganic electrical isolation system, which allows to overcome the technological lock due to the presence of polymers in conventional solutions. The second part is devoted to the study of the voltage distribution between the turns of the HT° coil when the machine is powered by a modern electronic converter od aeronautics that imposes very steep voltage fronts
Aléon-Toppani, Alice. "Condensation expérimentale de gaz silicatés : application à la formation des premiers minéraux du système solaire et des poussières interstellaires." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MNHN0014.
Повний текст джерелаDuring this Ph-D, a new apparatus was developed to perform condensation experiments of silicate gases (10-3 bar, 25ʿC-1300ʿC). This study has shown that non-equilibrium condensation of silicate gases (Ca, Al, Mg, Si) at 25ʿC in presence of gaseous water and CO2 yields formation of hydrated amorphous carbonates within an amorphous silicate matrix with a composition similar to that of the gas. We propose that this type of condensation could occur in favourable environments, such as planetary nebulae. Furthermore, this study shows that high-temperature condensation (T<1300ʿC) of silicate gas yields direct formation of crystals. The condensation results in a depletion of the gas in refractory elements at high temperature. These results suggest thus that crystalline grains can be formed by high-temperature condensation in circumstellar environments
Baylet, Alexandre. "Oxydation du méthane à basse et haute température, application de procédés plasma et/ou catalyse." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/26682/2008-Baylet-Alexandre-These.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis research work deals with CH4 oxidation coming from road transport, CH4 being a well-known greenhouse gas, with CH4 removal from exhaust gas of Diesel engine. Total CH4 oxidation has been studied : - At low temperature by Plasma/Catalysis process : from all the systems tested, the combination of a coaxial DBD non-thermal plasma combined with Pd/Al2O3 catalyst in POST-plasma position allows to convert 30 % of CH4 with an energy of 225 J. L-1 (Q=600 mL. Min-1, N2/O2/CO2/H2O/0. 5%CH4, T=250 °C, H=150 mm) while minimising O3 production and avoiding NOx production. However, the power consumed (> kW) is too significant for prospective vehicle applications. - At low temperature on Pd/Al2O3 catalysts (light-off temperature) : the re-oxidation step of Pd° is faster on small particles but CH4 activation is more difficult due to stabilization of small PdO particles by the support. A series of reductant pulses (CH4 or C3H6) in isothermal conditions allows to activate the catalyst and to reach a maximum of conversion. - At high temperature on Pd/(modified oxide) catalysts (peak at high temperature) : (La, Sr, Ba, Mn) doped alumina preparation with a specific surface area of 50 m2. G-1 allows to reach 90 % of CH4 conversion at 700 °C and to maintain an excellent thermal stability. A Mars and van-Krevelen mechanism, with oxygen transfer from support to palladium particles is proposed in order to explain catalytic activity and thermal stability differences in comparison to the Pd/Al2O3 reference catalyst
Thébaud, Louis. "Etude des relations entre microstructure et propriétés mécaniques du nouveau superalliage base nickel AD730™." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0033/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn view of the turbine entry temperature evolution, the main challenge for metallurgists is to elaborate new alloys able to withstand higher temperatures while keeping great mechanical properties. Therefore, knowing the relationships between microstructural parameters and mechanical properties at high temperatures (700°C and more) is mandatory.The creep and dwell-fatigue durability as well as the damage mechanisms of AD730™, a new nickel base superalloy developed for turbine disks, have been analyzed. Several microstructural parameters were studied (grain boundaries, grain size, size and distribution of γ′ precipitates) as well as experimental parameters (temperature, environment, applied stress or dwell period). By using single crystalline specimens having the same chemical composition of the studied alloy, it has been shown unambiguously that single crystalline microstructures do not necessarily present better creep properties compared to polycristalline ones. This result is supposed to be caused by a grain boundary strengthening mechanism. Moreover, in creep at 700°C, it has been shown that the main viscoplasticity controlling parameters are the size and distribution of γ′ precipitates.An unexpected dwell-fatigue behavior has been observed for long hold times and in a specific applied stress window. This phenomena is attributed to a “Bauschinger type” effect, occurring during unloading phases
Artizzu, Paola. "Combustion catalytique du méthane à haute température : application dans les turbines à gaz." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10261.
Повний текст джерелаPeraldi, Raphaëlle. "Relations entre cinétiques de croissance des couches d'oxyde et leurs microstructures lors de l'oxydation à haute température du nickel de haute pureté." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7247/1/peraldi1.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPierrot, André. "Contribution a l'étude des transferts de chaleur à haute température dans les milieux alvéolaires." Perpignan, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PERP0032.
Повний текст джерелаTantot, Olivier. "Caractérisation hyperfréquence de matériaux diélectriques aux hautes températures par la méthode du guide rayonnant terminé par un iris épais." Limoges, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIMO0017.
Повний текст джерелаChateau, Emmanuel. "Comportement et endommagement en fluage à haute température du superalliage forgé à base de nickel Udimet 720." Paris, ENMP, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENMP0912.
Повний текст джерелаRousseau, Benoit. "Origines des propriétés thermoradiatives d'oxydes noirs : optimisation d'un émetteur infrarouge." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2079.
Повний текст джерелаMnif, Hassène. "Contribution à la modélisation des transistors bipolaires à hétérojonction Si/SiGe en température." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12786.
Повний текст джерелаThe consideration of the temperature and in particular of he self-heating effect in Si/SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors is a fundamental aspect to predict in a precise way these electric characteristics. The use of these components in microwaves applications exposes to various tempertaures and strong densities of current, accentuates enormously these effects. Consequently, a precie modelling of these phenomena is necessary. A dynamic model describing the self-heatinng, characterized by a rise in the junction temperature, is developed. An electric equivalence close to the analytical model, compatible with SPICE electric models type, is established. A specific test bench is used in order to evaluate the new model and to extracts its parameters. In a second part, the temperature dependence of the various compact model parameters is studied, in particular in the HICUM model
Koschel, Diana. "Thermodynamique des systèmes composés de gaz acides, d'eau et de sels sous hautes pressions et aux températures moyennement élevées." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CLF21653.
Повний текст джерелаRabat, Hervé. "Utilisation du spectre UV du radical OH dans la métrologie des hautes températures des gaz chauds et des plasmas." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE2050.
Повний текст джерелаDaniel, Isabelle. "Aluminosilicates à haute pression et haute température : amorphes, verres, liquides et cristaux : étude par spectroscopie Raman." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10279.
Повний текст джерелаCapron, Mickaël. "Synthèse et caractérisation d'aluminates et d'aluminosilicates de la température ambiante jusqu'au liquide à hautes températures." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2064.
Повний текст джерелаFerlat, Guillaume. "Contributions expérimentale et numérique à l'étude de l'ordre local de liquides à haute température et sous haute pression." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10248.
Повний текст джерелаDejaeghere, Laurent. "Méthode de mesure par pyrométrie multispectrale et développement d'un dispositif à hautes températures." Thesis, Lorient, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORIS406/document.
Повний текст джерелаWelding simulation can be improved by a better knowledge of molten metals thermophysical properties. This improvement requires characterization using a very high temperature apparatus. After portraying a state of the art on characterization technics adapted to this temperature range (chapter 1), this manuscript details works, principally experimental, dedicated to the developments of a device able to heat metals up to 2 500 °C (chapters 3 and 4) and of a five wavelengths pyrometer in order to measure this temperature (chapters 2, 4 and 5). The device heats by induction a graphite tower, the crucible being placed at its center, and has been dimensioned by a magneto-thermal 2D axisymmetric simulation using the Comsol Multiphysics® software. In parallel, the pyrometer has been developed in order to measure both temperature and emissivity. In the absence of a high temperature blackbody, several experiments were carried out for the calibration of it; they were based on the use of the luminance of pure metals at their melting point. In order to cover the largest temperature range possible, chosen metals were iron, chromium, and even niobium. These experiments showed the efficiency of the pyrometer and the maximal ability of the high temperature device during the niobium melting around 2 500 °C. Finally, the pyrometer has been used on an arc welding process, in which temperature has been evaluated over a 1 000 °C – 2 500 °C temperature range
Gobert, Yannick. "Étude des propriétés physiques et des performances potentielles à hautes températures ds transistors à effet de champ (TEC) à grille submicronique." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10163.
Повний текст джерелаPaquet, Jeanne. "Development of a new design method for the cross-section capacity of steel open sections at high temperatures." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69308.
Повний текст джерелаAt high temperatures, steel suffers from great lossesin strength and stiffness. Different design methods must therefore be considered to predict the resistance of steel in the exceptional situation of fire. Current standards propose simplified methods to predict the resistance of steel at high temperatures. However, these methods are inspired by steel design equations used at room temperature and are therefore generally not suitable to predict accurately the resistance of steel elements in fire situation. This thesis presents research investigations pursued to propose a new design method for open steel cross-sections subjected to high temperatures by means of the Overall InteractionConcept (O.I.C.). This calculation method is based on the interaction between resistance and stability and allows to consider geometrical and material imperfections. The advantage of this new calculation method is that it allows to obtain precise results and to keep continuity between predictions contrarily to standards that use the cross-section classification. A numerical model, initially developed for open steel cross-sections at ambient temperature,was improved to predict the resistance of steel at high temperatures. It was then verified against experimental test results to ensure its accuracy. After validation, the numerical model was used to conduct simulations using different geometries, temperatures, yield limits andload cases. Results were then used to formulate new design proposals for cross-sections at high temperatures in the O.I.C. format. The performance of the new proposal was then evaluated et compared with the performance of existing standards. This evaluation allowed to conclude that the proposition is much more accurate than existing standards. Finally, the evolution of the behaviour of steel between cold and high temperature was briefly analysed. As this point was only briefly discussed, it opens the door for future studies on the subject.