Дисертації з теми "Gated communitie"

The primary purpose of the study is to explore the connections between residents' perception of safety and their crime experience, and the existence of gates and fences in multi-family housing communities in urban areas. For cultivating discussions regarding the connections between gated community territory, safety, and crime experience, this study classifies apartment communities according to the conditions of their gating and fencing: gated communities, perceived gated communities, and non-gated communities. It investigates residents' perceptions of safety and their opinions and managers' opinions on gated territory and safety. The major findings from the surveys are: Residents felt safer in gated communities than in non-gated communities. Residents' perceptions of safety in perceived gated communities were similar to those in gated communities. These results reflected the territoriality issue for improving residents' perceived safety in apartment communities. Residents' perceptions of safety in architectural spaces showed that residents' fear of crime in public and semi-public spaces must first be addressed in order to ease residents' fear of crime in an apartment territory. The reality of crime in apartment communities differed from residents' perceptions of safety. Gated community residents reported a higher crime rate than nongated community residents. In addition to gates and fences that define apartment territory, such elements as patrol services, bright lighting, direct emergency buttons, and visual access to the local police were indicated as the important factors for improving residents' perceived safety. Some architectural factors and demographic factors exhibited statistical correlations with residents' perceptions of safety. Those were types of communities, dwelling floor level, educational attainment, family size, and annual income. For predicting residents' perceptions of safety in their apartment territory, multiple regression models were obtained and residents' neighborhood attachment was also considered in the multiple regression models. The apartment community managers emphasized direct maintenance issues and residents' social contact with neighbors for improving residents' perceived safety. In conclusion, design and managerial suggestions for safer communities were proposed. For creating safer multi-family housing communities, territoriality and related architectural conditions and managerial considerations and residents' participations are emphasized. The concept of community programming for safer multi-family housing communities is suggested.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2000.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 328-349). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9963441.

Since economic liberalization period, Chinese housing typologies have experienced a dramatical change. From the traditional Siheyuan building type to the current gated communities, which prototype has become the most widespread residential housing type in modern China Cities. At the same time, many negative feedbacks about the city life have been appearing, such as traffic congestion, the loss of street vigor and the one side thousand cities phenomenon, etc, of which gated communities prototype is blamed as one of the causes. It seems that the traditional living habits had been overlooked for purpose of solving the population growth. While through the review of Chinese history changes, we could have a comprehensive understanding of the physical evolution and the social change behind it. The gated communities in contemporary China have their particular socio-political evolution process, which could not be explained directly by Western housing theory. And for the consequence, the unique tradition and the living habit, as well as the characteristic momentums during the developing process have a profound influence on the formation of Chinese gated communities, in both conceptual and materialistic way.

Gated communities exclude the public by presenting barriers to entry. Barriers take many forms, ranging from simple gates and fences to sophisticated electronic devices and security guards. Today, more than 20,000 communities in the United States are gated, housing a population in excess of 8 million. Those figures continue to rise, and there is no indication that current trends will slow in the immediate future. While several factors are fueling the growth of gated communities, crime tops the list. This paper evaluates the effect of gating on crime inside gated communities. To provide a context for the paper, a detailed description of gated communities is offered by way of introduction. Scholarly findings and several brief case examples are then presented in order to evaluate the impact of gating on crime. The notion that gating delivers crime prevention benefits stems from defensible space theory. This paper introduces defensible space theory, discusses the links to gated communities, and uses the findings to evaluate the contentions of defensible space theory. Several additional crime theories are also introduced, and their implications for gated communities discussed. Gated communities excite a number of concerns. Those that are relevant to planning objectives and ideals are presented in the final chapter of this paper. Areas for further research involving gated communities are also identified. Attention to these issues will further our understanding of gated communities and answer many questions that remain unresolved. Opinions, insights, and recommendations for addressing gated communities and crime are offered in conclusion.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Against the backdrop of market transition and urbanisation, the gated community have gained a strikingly fast growth in China in the last two decades. Looking at the key forces shaping the design and the socio-spatial consequences, this research aims to understand the design issues of gated community with respect to the well-being of the neighbouring public spaces and urban life in-between. From the perspective of spatial political economy, and based on Manuel Castells's definition of 'urban design', this study develops a research framework emphasizing the significance of context around the gated community phenomenon. A two-phase strategy is adopted to explore firstly the historical background of gated community in China with respect to the general morphological transformation and the socio-cultural and political-economic impetus behind it. Then, it narrows the focus on to a case study of a set of gated communities in the Dragon Lake Garden urban neighbourhood in Chongqing, aiming to examine in detail the design process and consequences for local public spaces. The specific methods of documentary analysis, secondary survey, direct observation, semi-structured interview are used for this research. It was the reform towards commodity housing system, and fundamentally, the de facto neo-liberal governance, that decisively gave birth to China's gated community in an era of rapid urbanisation, rural-to-urban mass migration, widening gap and confrontation between the rich and poor. But the conventional roots help account for the prevalence of the gated community in contemporary China, which embodies, or re-interprets, the traditional values, habitat culture, and morphologies that are deeply embedded in Chinese urban history. As the laissez-faire attitude in local authorities has created a favourable context for gated community development, the specific physical features have been decided largely by the developers who emphasize their own economic interests and the needs of their member-residents. However, this private-oriented approach does not necessarily result in a negative relationship between gated community and the neighbouring public spaces. The empirical investigation in this research shows that both spatial-morphological and socio-behavioural outcomes vary greatly according to different physical arrangements, and could be either positive or negative. In this regard, the design features have played an effective role in manipulating such relationship, and there are three key elements for the design of gated community. By limiting the enclosure size, diversifying the boundary effect visually and functionally, and maximising the shared amenities and facilities, a spatially and socially integrated urban neighbourhood can be fostered on the basis of a reciprocal and interdependent relationship between the gated community and the adjoining public spaces. Such physical manipulation and changes, although oriented to the public good, were not contradictory to the private interest of gated communities by nature. The private effort in this case should be encouraged and supported, but it should also be supervised and guided by the public sector. Therefore, sufficient supervision/support from government is the prerequisite of the successful physical manipulation and the final performance of the gated community development at large. Unfortunately, the local government failed to take a leading role in this regard. Very often, it was the failings or inactions on the part of the current planning regime rather than the gated community itself that resulted in the fragmented urban space which amplified the negative impacts of gated communities.

The effects of Gated Communities (GCs) were analysed. According to the literature, these urban artefacts are negative for society. They are blamed to provoking social segregation, social exclusion and undermining democracy. In a Latin American context the consequences could be worse. Latin America has the highest level of social inequality in the world and the rapid growth of GCs is making this inequality more visible. This study implemented the concept of Social Capital, in order to understand the urban problems in this urban geography. The study is based in Machala, a mid-sized city in Ecuador. It was found that GCs’ residents lack of trust of outsiders, residents are more distant from disadvantage groups, social networks are being homogenised and there is a stigmatisation of life outside the community’s walls. This study seeks to create awareness on the type of urban growth in Machala by exploring the consequences of fragmentation, privatisation and segregation via GCs.

Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Gated communities are a rapidly growing global residential occurrence and the long-term impact of this phenomenon on the urban landscape is of great importance to planners, local and provincial governments, urban decisionmakers, and legislation policies. The assignment is a comprehensive literature study, because in South Africa only the CSIR (BOUTEK) recently attempted to explain this fairly new development type. Internationally extensive studies have been conducted in the USA and Europe, although only in the last decade. In the study the term "gated community" is conceptualised, the general characteristics of gated communities, the pros and cons of the enclosed communities are discussed. The discussion focuses on the postmodern theory movement and how it relates to gated communities, with examples from the USA, especially Los Angeles. Additionally, the history of gated communities is discussed from Greek times to modern times and an overview is given of the international debate on gated communities. The debate emphasises important issues such as safety and security, exclusion, privacy, urban fragmentation and other issues. The last chapter looks at the current situation of gated communities in South Africa and the effect that apartheid had on the urban structure. Gated communities in South Africa are unique compared to other countries and a summary is given on the positive and negative features of gated communities in South Africa. The fear of crime is growing in South Africa, and the number of gated communities or enclosed neighbourhoods are growing daily, and calls for in-depth studies of this phenomenon in South Africa. Although there seems to be an increasing trend in larger cities to enclose areas, requests for neighbourhood enclosures have also been received by smaller cities and towns. Most of the metropolitan areas tend to have policies in place, or are in the process of compiling policies to regulate road closures and gated communities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geslote gemeenskappe is 'n vinnig groeiende globale residensiële gebeurtenis en die langtermyn impak wat hierdie fenomeen het op stedelike landskap is baie belangrik vir beplanners, plaaslike en provinsiale regerings, stedelike besluitnemers, en wetgewende beleide. Die werkstuk is 'n omslagtige literatuurstudie, omdat in Suid-Afrika het die WNNR (BOUTEK) onlangs probeer om die taamlik nuwe ontwikkelingstipe te verklaar. Internasionale uitgebreide studies is al gedoen deur die VSA en Europa, alhoewel net in die laaste dekade. In hierdie studie word die term "geslote gemeenskappe" gekonseptualiseer, die algemene kenmerke van geslote gemeenskappe, die positiewe en negatiewe eienskappe van geslote gemeenskappe bepreek. Die bespreking fokus op die postmoderne teorie beweging en hoe dit verwant is aan geslote gemeensakppe, met voorbeelde van die VSA, veral Los Angeles. Gevolglik word daar gekyk na die geskiedenis van geslote gemeenskappe vanaf die Griekse tye tot die moderne tye en 'n oorsig word gegee van die internasionale debat op geslote gemeenskappe. Die debat beklemtoon belangrike kwessies soos veiligheid en sekuriteit, uitsluiting, privaatheid, stedelike opbreking en baie meer. Die laaste hoofstuk kyk na die huidige toestand van geslote gemeenskappe in Suid-Afrika en die effek wat apartheid gehad het op die stedelike struktuur. Geslote gemeenskappe in Suid-Afrika is uniek in vergelyking met ander lande en 'n opsomming word gegee op die positiewe en negatiewe eienskappe van geslote gemeenskappe in Suid-Afrika. Die angs vir geweld groei in Suid-Afrika en die hoeveelheid geslote gemeendskappe groei ook daagliks, en dus styg die noodsaaklikheid vir in-diepte studies van hierdie verskynsel in Suid-Afrika. Alhoewel dit wil voorkom dat daar 'n stygende tendens in groter stede is om areas te omsluit, is die aanvrae vir geslote gemeenskappe ook gekry van kleiner stede en dorpe. Meeste van die metropolitaanse areas neig om beleide in plek te hê, of is in die proses om beleide te struktureer vir die beheer van padsluitings en geslote gemeenskappe.

In the process of globalisation, big cities in Turkey have witnessed the emergence of gated communities a much debated issue in public opinion. This thesis is a comparative research, which distinguishes it methodologically from the rest of the Turkish literature. Contrary to the mainstream literature, I will show that gated communities interact with their surroundings, rather than being isolated housing developments. For this purpose, I selected the communities of Istanbul Istanbul and Kasaba built by the same developer company in Gokturk and Omerli. I have four main interests in this research. First, I examine the relations established with the residents in nearby communities, the local populations and municipalities which lead to economic, political and cultural changes in Gokturk and Omerli. Second, I examine how residents establish boundaries with different groups. In doing this, I argue that gated communities are the reflections of different class and cultural groups so that each social group has its “socially situated symbolic capitals” relevant for that group. Third, I also examine how space is shaped by and shapes people’s lives. For this purpose, I examine the competition between imaginary and real spaces, i.e. “designed” and “lived” places, which gives interesting results about how residents experience their homes leading to the reevaluation of “sign-value”. Fourth, I explore the “security” aspect of gated communities. For this purpose, I examine how residents perceive Istanbul which has become a dangerous city due to increasing crime rates and the threat of a future earthquake. I also examine how security is ensured inside gated communities. Finally, I argue that gated communities do not create totally safe and isolated places, but they lead to new insecurities.

In recent years, a growing proportion of the population has moved into gated communities in response to an increasingly pandemic fear of crime. While a sizable body of research has addressed fear of crime and perceived safety in gated communities, few studies have investigated actual rates of victimization. The studies that do compare victimization in gated and non-gated communities tend to be localized assessments and present mixed findings on the effectiveness of community gating as a form of protection from crime. The present study utilizes a cross-section of National Crime Victimization Survey data to investigate the micro-level effects of living in gated communities across the United States. Additionally, a routine activities approach is used to determine whether increasing levels of guardianship exhibit differential effects in gated versus non-gated communities. Findings from logit and rare events logit regression analyses generally suggest that living in a gated community does not significantly influence the likelihood of victimization, although in some cases the odds either increased or decreased. Other measures of guardianship exhibit a variety of positive and negative effects on victimization likelihood. Suggestions for future research on gated communities and victimization include more comprehensive measurement of community- and household-level security as well as taking account of community characteristics such as informal social control and residential solidarity. Policy implications from this research include greater attention to gated community design and layout in order to reduce the likelihood of residents being victimized. In addition, residents may benefit from education on the actual risks of crime and realistic steps to reduce the likelihood of being targeted by potential offenders.

I en tid där allt fler människor bosätter sig i städer har syftet med denna studie varit att undersöka människors gränsdragningar i det urbana och framför allt vilka gränsteknologier som omgärdar det egna bostadsområdet. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar har Charles Tillys (2004) teori om beständig ojämlikhet och Richard Sennetts (2008) teori om sökandet efter gemenskap i den moderna staden varit givande utgångspunkter. Det fall som studerats är Täby kommun norr om Stockholm och i ett vidare syfte har gränsdragningar i kommunen med hjälp av Blakely & Snyders (1997) teori om Gated Communities jämförts med inhägnade bostadsområdens fysiska murar. Genomförandet har utgjorts av kvalitativa samtalsintervjuer i kombination med en observation på plats vilket lett fram till resultatet att det finns både enande och åtskiljande faktorer som omgärdar Täby. Fysiska gränser har visat sig vara det geografiska avståndet och upplåtelseformer och socialt har viljan av att bo nära familjen visat sig vara en stark faktor till att sociala flyttmönster både skapas och upprätthålls. De boende visar en kalkylerande inställning där kommunens för- och nackdelar vägs mot varandra men trots att stadslivet i Stockholm lockar så ses Täby som det bästa alternativet. Täby är lagom och kommunen där flest möjligheter tillgodoses.
In a time when more and more people are moving to cities, the purpose of this study has been to analyze lines of demarcation in the urban landscape and to see if there are border technologies that surrounds the community. Charles Tilly's (2004) theory Durable Inequality and Richard Sennett's (2008) theory on the search for communalism in today's urban landscape have been fruitful starting-points for fulfilling the aim of this study. Täby Municipality, which is located north of Stockholm, has been the object of this study and with the theories presented by Blakely & Snyder (1997) as guidelines a further aim of this study has been to compare the lines of demarcation within Täby with physical boundaries in Gated Communities. The study has been conducted with qualitative interviews in combination with an observation, and the results of the study show that there are both unifying and excluding elements within Täby. The physical boundaries that the study has shown to be present in the municipality consist of geographical distance and forms of tenure. Furthermore, the wish to be near one's family has proven to be an important factor for social migration patterns. The analyzed statements of the residents of Täby display a calculating outlook towards their choice of residency where the benefits and downsides of the municipality are weighed against each other. However, regardless of the fact that Stockholm, with its exciting city life, is an alluring option of residency, Täby is perceived as the best alternative. Täby is the adequate option and the municipality where most opportunities are presented.

This study looks at characteristics of rental gated communities in the United States from a national perspective and based on a case study of four Southwestern Counties, Riverside County and San Bernardino County in California, Maricopa County in Arizona, and Clark County, Nevada. Tenure differences between owned and rental gated communities are compared. The study also debates who actually benefits from rental gated communities and what that effect that has upon the community. This analysis is done by assessing whether minorities experience higher housing opportunities in rental gated communities newer, fast growing areas as the study area. Descriptive statistics of rental gated community characteristics are presented and neighborhood diversity indices are analyzed. The study finds that rental gated communities are much like their owned gated community counterparts and that new housing markets do not present better housing opportunities (at the neighborhood level)for minorities, particularly those neighborhoods with more rental gated properties present. Policy implications are discussed.
Ph. D.

This dissertation focuses on a private residential estate, known as Grotto Bay, situated on the West Coast of the Western Cape province of South Africa. It examines the motivations of its participants to move to a non-metropolitan gated community and focuses on the participants' experiences of life in gated nature. In analysing the participants' subjective experiences, this work aims to understand how such experiences contribute to the development of place attachment, against the backdrop of the understanding of whiteness in the post-apartheid landscape. This qualitative, ethnographic research uses semi-structured interviews and participant observation to collect data. To analyse the data collected, this research uses thematic content analysis of texts and observations to identify motivations and link them to the body of literature on gated communities and lifestyle migration in South Africa. Drawing on the Person, Place and Process Framework, this work further probes into an understanding of the processes of place attachment to Grotto Bay, by speaking back to insights from the literature on place attachment, landscape and identity, within the post-apartheid South African context. The findings show that through gating and a migration back to the rural land, the participants of this research have enlisted the natural landscape to root themselves to place and to find a sense of continuity in self and in their identity, by linking the reconstruction of their past with the present and future. The results further indicate that discourses of withdrawal and attachment to place, read through a lens of white privilege, drive the making and re-making of boundaries in the post-apartheid context of South Africa. This work shows that through the privatisation of the rural landscape, Grotto Bay facilitates notions of power and control through the respondents' romantic and nostalgic idealisation of their new social imaginary. The respondents' subjective experiences exemplify the ways in which estates such as Grotto Bay may stand to perpetuate white hegemony and environmental injustice in the post-colonial and post-apartheid contexts.

This is an essay about gated communities and their impact on society. The key questions of my essay are: why people choose to live in gated communities; how the city is impacted by gated communities and what the difference concerning the reasons and impact of gated communities in Florida and Sweden is, and what this difference might depend on. I am using postmodern urbanism as a starting point, and I look closer on Edward J. Soja’s theories about the postmodern metropolis. The research about gated communities is almost nonexistent in Sweden, so the literature I have read and used in my essay has mostly an American perspective. For a Swedish perspective I have among other things interviewed a professor in urban planning from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. My study shows that a search for security and a certain lifestyle are the main reasons for people to live or want to live in gated communities, both in Florida and in Sweden. However, there is a big difference in the subject between Florida and Sweden, mainly because there are only a few living areas in Sweden that can be considered as being gated communities. In Sweden a new lifestyle community called Victoria Park and is considered being a “Swedish gated community” has gotten a lot of critique in the media. This shows that gated communities are not really accepted in Sweden yet. In Florida gated communities are not considered extraordinary and you can see the negative impacts they have had on the city, like empty cities without the service that is now found inside gated communities. Gated communities can be seen by some as a dream living situation, and for others a nightmare. Living in a private community with gates are not yet something you can do in Sweden, but the development of living areas like Victoria Park and its popularity show that maybe it won’t take long until it’s not considered as an irregularity.

Historically in the United States people have sought perfection in society. In the 1700 and 1800s America's immigrants attempted to create utopian communities. In the 1960s and 1970s people formed cults in which, like this country's first Utopian communities, they have been unable to isolate themselves from reality and create a society without problems.During the 1980s and 1990s emerging militias signaled a dissatisfaction with the political and moral structure of the country. At the same time a second group of people began to escape to gated communities. Gated communities are often promoted as a means of escaping from the problems plaguing many communities today, especially crime.The results of the gated community escape movement are that America has a large portion of its population removing itself from taking any responsibility for America's social ills. This isolation is going to affect not only the "gated escapists", but local governments and society overall. If municipalities address the reasons driving people to live behind walls the walls will no longer be needed.
Department of Urban Planning

Uppsatsen behandlar ”gated community” ett känt fenomen i många delar av världen och börjar även växa fram i Sverige. Syftet med uppsatsen är att förstå begreppet ”gated community”. Mer specifikt undersöka och jämföra förhållandet mellan tre olika företags marknadsförings innehåll med definitionen av gated community och teorierna som tas upp i arbetet. Metoden utgörs av en grund givande intervju samt en text- och bildanalys av företagens respektive marknadsföringsmaterial. Den empiriska text- och bildanalysen är den huvudsakliga metoden som kommer att utgöra resultat i denna studie. Resultatet visar på att gated communities är en växande boendeform, även i Sverige är det fastslaget att företaget Victoria Park kommer att expanderas. Vad gäller företagens marknadsföring sker det en försköning då en fantasivärld målas upp på hemsidorna i kontrast med verkligheten. Fenomenet är en demonstration mot samhällets utveckling då medborgarna inte är nöjda med den urbana stadens hantering av trygghetsfaktorn. Detta leder till att en del av befolkningen tar saken i egna händer genom att flytta in i gated communities. Med andra ord leder detta till boendesegregering.

This study examines the ways in which residents of a Canadian gated community in southern Ontario, Canada socially construct the meaning of both "community" and "safety". In particular, the study examines whether the assumptions and findings on community safety found in the literature on American gated communities apply to similar communities in Canada. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with four participants to explore the underlying assumptions and stereotypes that participants used in the discussions of community safety. Participants defined a safe community as one that is: homogeneous; excludes strangers and 'others'; provides both physical and social security; built on a sense of community life; and governed by rules and regulations. This study found empirical evidence that helps to validate many of the assumptions in the existing literature: the restriction of access helps residents feel safe; physical infrastructure is needed in order to feel safe; the ability to recognize who is a member of the community makes residents feel safe; and gated communities are viewed by their residents as nostalgic neighborhoods.

Gated communities are the new forms of residential settlements, which emerged as a response to changing urban dynamics, becoming increasingly common across the world. Fenced or walled off from the surrounding and limiting the access of the nonresidents, gated communities are in an attempt to create an alternative way of living by eliminating the disadvantages of the ordinary city life and providing secure, well-managed, well-maintained and peaceful environments. On the other hand, gated communities are open to ongoing discussions and controversies. Gating attitude is mostly criticized in many fields, especially causing corruptions on the social and physical cohesion of the cities. Turkey is also witnessing these conflicts by the growing number of private residential areas. In this respect, this study tries to examine the contemporary development of gated communities in Turkey. To this end, a research study was conducted in Ç
ankaya, the central district of Ankara. Zirvekent residential settlement &ndash
as an exemplar of gated communities- and its close neighborhood Birlik Mahallesi &ndash
as an exemplar of non-gated communities- were chosen as the study areas. Thereby, in the light of the analysis it was aimed to reveal the relationships and the differences between gated and non-gated residents, addressing their demographic characteristics, preferences, perceptions and evaluations for the certain physical and social aspects. Due to the results of the research study, the demographic characteristics of the residents in Zirvekent Settlement and Birlik Mahallesi showed differences especially regarding their ages, their education and income levels. The findings also revealed that Zirvekent residents were feeling much more secure in their houses when compared to Birlik residents. Furthermore, the residents of Zirvekent were mostly satisfied with their physical and social environments, and accordingly they associated their present houses to their ideal ones and they desire to continue to live in them more than non-gated residents in Birlik Mahallesi.

Orientador: Auro Aparecido Mendes
Banca: Bernadete Aparecida Caprioglio de Castro Oliveira
Banca: Geisa Daise Gumiero Cleps
Resumo: Na sociedade de consumo o cidadão-consumidor está condicionado a interagir com relações virtuais, consumir mercadorias signos e simulacros. Nesta referida sociedade tudo pode ser transformado em mercadoria e o espaço não é exceção. O espaço passa a ser produzido a fim de satisfazer as necessidades símbolos criadas com o propósito de oferecer status, privacidade, segurança associado a um ambiente mais próximo da natureza. Encontramos nos condôminos residenciais, horizontais e verticais, de direito ou de fato, um produto elaborado que se propõe a satisfazer tais necessidades , existentes nas diferentes categorias sócioeconômicas. Os condomínios residenciais não possuem, em si, a capacidade de suprir tais necessidades e acabam sendo o mecanismo utilizado pelas empresas imobiliárias para a valorização especulativa do espaço urbano. Este processo acaba culminando na produção de segregação sócio-espacial, devido ao estímulo a auto - segregação, além de ser um instrumento, utilizado pelo Estado, à produção de segregação imposta no Município de Rio Claro(SP). O trabalho, como objetivo geral, identificou os condomínios no tempo e no espaço bem como sua tipologia .Como objetivo específico , encontrou através de pesquisa realizada em cinco condomínios de diferentes categorias sociais, que a busca por segurança é, inicialmente, a maior motivação para as pessoas que buscam morar em condomínio nesses lugares.
Abstract: In the society of consumption the citizen consumer is conditioned to interact with virtual relations, goods, signs and simulacrums. In that society everything can be transformed in goods and the space is not an exception. The space will be produced to meet the needs symbols created with the aim of offering status, privacy, security associated with a more close to nature. We find in residential condominiums, horizontal and vertical, in law or in fact, a developed product that proposes to meet those needs that exist in the various socioeconomics categories. The residential condominiums have not, in itself, the ability to meet such needs and end up being the mechanism used by real estate companies for the speculative valorization of urban space. This process eventually culminate in production of spatial partner segregation, due to stimulate the self - segregation, besides being an instrument, used by the State, to the production of imposed segregation in the city of Rio Claro (SP). The work, as general purpose, identified the condominiums in time and space and their typology. As a specific objective, was found through research done in five different social categories condominiums', that the quest for security is, initially, the biggest motivation for people seeking live in condominium.
Mestre

Gated communities are becoming an increasingly distinctive feature in contemporary cities worldwide. Their growth and multiplication has provoked serious concerns about their argued role in encouraging urban social segregation. This thesis sustains that this is an area of contention characterised by contradictory empirical descriptions. It also sustains that the absence of a conceptual framework constitutes a major obstacle for the understanding of the social consequences of gated communities. The purpose of the thesis is therefore to provide a conceptual framework and to answer two main questions: Is there a relationship between living in gated communities and urban social segregation? And if there is, how can this be explained? The thesis develops a conceptual framework drawing upon concepts from structuration theory to address these questions. This framework defines and establishes relationships between four key concepts: gated communities, urban social group segregation, social practices and viewpoints. The latter two are proposed as instruments for the analysis of urban social group segregation carried out by gated communities' residents. The thesis identifies and examines social practices and viewpoints of particular urban social groups living inside and in the surrounding areas of a gated community, in terms of their influences on urban social group segregation. The fieldwork of the research was carried out in a gated community called "Conjunto Urbano Palmares" in Mendoza, an intermediate city in Argentina. The research used a qualitative methodology with in-depth interviews as the main research tool. The findings of the research indicate that living in gated communities favours urban social group segregation. There is a relationship between living in gated communities and urban social group segregation that can be explained through the social practices and viewpoints of their residents. The particular attributes of the gated communities also contribute to the segregation of their residents from the outside local communities.

Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 55).
Contemporary gated communities in China have only risen to prominence over the past two decades since the Housing Reform and market economy. Research on this field mainly criticize Chinese gated community on their negative social impacts by directly borrowing arguments from the studies of Western gated communities, especially from the US counterparts. However, the socioeconomic connotation attached to gated communities in the US is not necessarily applicable to gating in the Chinese cases. Conceptions of cities in the US as the leading parts of this Chinese urban trend thus have to be questioned and investigated. This paper aims at analyzing the formation of Chinese gated community based on its unique historical context and socioeconomic conditions, and constructing a study framework to measure the degree of openness with its social impact. The historical formation of this peculiar spatial layout derived from a centralized administration concern, which in turn blended into the traditional value as a symbol of social order and belonging. As people's preferences for residence follow the historical traditions and customs, the way residents perceive gatedness is different from the opinions of the Western liberals. Moreover, the current socioeconomic environment contributes to distinguishing the specificities of Chinese urbanization process. The common interests shared by local government, private developers and customers prompt the prevalence of gated communities around the country. Translating the spatial language into measurable quantitative index enables the dissection of the gating phenomenon for objective openness degree assessment. As Chinese gated communities account for a large proportion of the land development, a comprehensive understanding of the measurable openness degree based on local context will better facilitate the research on Chinese gated communities and the rapid urbanization process.
by Rong Chen.
M.C.P.

This thesis asks the question: how can one describe the development of gated communities in Guatemala City? It collects and analyzes data on gated communities in Guatemala City in order to explore the nature of their development in a violent geographical region, which has also been neglected by the academic community. It argues that the development of gated communities in Guatemala City does not fit the mutually exclusive ‘security’ argument as scholars have made. Instead, a mixture of economic factors, social status, weak governance, and security concerns are involved as large private corporations draw upon security-related fears, unregulated development of real estate and weak governance, resulting in a disorganized model of spatial organization. This study adds to the growing body of literature on gated communities by laying the groundwork needed to fill the gap that currently exists in Central America.

This dissertation contributes to the conversation about gated communities, which has become the fastest growing development sector in the post-apartheid South African city. It is a controversial form of development, due to the country’s history of residential segregation, and is regarded by many to contribute to a new form of segregated landscape causing social division and polarisation in the built environment. The study includes a discussion of the use of vernacular architecture in gated communities, a field largely unstudied by scholars of the built environment. This is explored by looking at some gated communities in the Stellenbosch area where Cape vernacular architecture is used. Stellenbosch is a historical student and tourist town with a townscape that reflects various colonial architectural styles. It is especially well known for its Cape Dutch architecture. It is also a town strongly associated with enduring white Afrikaner privilege and economic power. The history of the use and revival of Cape vernacular architecture—and specifically Cape Dutch architecture—during various periods in South African history has been well studied, as has its association with white supremacy and with later Afrikaner power. This study explores whether the use of this architectural style contributes to the perception of exclusion created by gated communities. The study could find no direct proof that this is the case, although there is some suggestion that the use of Cape vernacular architecture is promoted by various parties to enhance and protect a certain townscape, which is associated with a former and, for many, still-existing power base. However, the findings reveal that there are other factors at play in the use of this style of architecture in gated communities. These include a wider nostalgia for a former era, one considered to be a better period in time, as is reflected in New Urbanism developments. Also, developers and their architects believe that its use will enhance their chances of obtaining approval for an often-controversial type of development. They hope that the social status associated with Cape vernacular, and especially Cape Dutch architecture, will attract residents to these developments, which now include members of all racial groups of the South African society.

Les gated communities, quartiers enclos et sécurisés interdits aux non-résidents, construisent des ensembles dans lesquels l'espace public est privatisé, et proposent un mode de vie fondé sur les loisirs. Symboles d'un éclatement de la ville, ces quartiers représentent une part croissante des lotissements neufs. La fermeture physique, et la sélection sociale qui président à ces projets posent des problèmes inédits aux métropoles américaines : elles sont les manifestations d'un morcellement de la ville en communautés homogènes, gérées comme des villes privées en quête d'une indépendance politique et fiscale préjudiciable à la métropole.
Sur le terrain de Los Angeles, la thèse étudie l'impact politique, fiscal, social de ces quartiers sur les municipalités et voisinages d'appartenance, et met en évidence la construction de discontinuités produites par la fermeture.
La gated community est tout d'abord envisagée comme un produit immobilier de consommation à destination des classes moyennes et supérieures, qui ne se limite pas aux seuls ghettos dorés. La question de la privatisation des espaces et équipements publics est mise en perspective dans le cadre de l'évolution contemporaine des villes de l'étalement urbain, et de ses implications sur la structure sociale et économique. Dans ce contexte, la nature de la séparation public – privé mise en oeuvre est étudiée dans ses aspects juridiques et politiques. Les gated communities sont en quête d'autonomie, et certains de ces quartiers créent leur propre municipalité, afin de capter les ressources fiscales et de protéger la valeur immobilière. On analyse enfin la nature socio-économique des discontinuités occasionnées au niveau de l'enceinte, en comparant les gated communities et les quartiers de leur voisinage. On évalue ainsi les effets de l'enceinte sur la valeur immobilière, et sur la construction de territoires qui se distinguent de leur environnement par le statut économique et l'âge.

In contemporary society with housing construction in full swing, ‘Gated Community’ has become a new phenomenon that soundlessly changing the way people lives. ‘Gated’ means ‘safe’ and ‘private’, but it is also associated with ‘segregation’ and ‘differentiation’. This contradictory concept has rich connotations that are concerning not only physical space and urban structure but also social stability and economical fairness, etc. To have better understanding of Gated Communities and their impacts, the dissertation has taken Wuhan, one of the famous metropolises in China, as an illustration. Through observing the quality of physical environment (size and scale, boundary form and environment, road system, public facilities, and open space), analyzing the relationship between public space and private sector, and evaluating process of property development and management, we learnt that huge-sized GCs led incompleteness of urban branch road system, making urban structure fragmented, and income-based segregation contributed to many social problems as well as unreasonable allocation of public faculties, etc. Based on these evaluations, many optimization strategies have been formulated. For example, from spatial perspective, we can relief this situation through scale and size control, mixed land use, boundary optimization, social integration and policy formulation. From administrative perspective, current land leasing mode needs to be changed into a better-planned one. The development rights, property rights, and management responsibilities need to be clearly divided and some affordable housing strategies need to be adopted, etc.
published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2001.
"June 2001."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-149).
The first phase of Tren Urbano, a rail rapid transit system in San Juan, Puerto Rico, is currently under construction, with future phases in the planning stages. San Juan's built landscape is presently dominated and dramatically fragmented by gated developments, which poses fundamental problems for the success of Tren Urbano. This thesis documents and explores the negative impacts of widespread gated communities on transit use and transit-conducive development, including inhibitions on the directness of pedestrian access to stations, the quality of the pedestrian realm, the ability to sustain mixed land uses (and thus the ability of transit riders to "trip-chain"), the ability to plan efficient feeder transit service, and residents' socio-geographical perspectives of their relationships to their neighborhoods, transit, and the form of the city. If there is a way to ameliorate residents' fears of crime and achieve the sought-after benefits of gated developments while facilitating more connective pedestrian-oriented transit-supportive settlement patterns, then alternative models should be understood and promoted. The extent to which measures less restrictive than gated developments in other cities have indeed mitigated fears of crime (and actual crime) and produced more neighborhood satisfaction could provide a new model for San Juan to follow, especially around Tren Urbano stations. To arrive at such an alternative model, this research asks why Sanjuaneros are attracted to gated communities and explores urban design paradigms that take a different tack at satisfying these concerns in a more connected context. Analysis of the underlying roots of fear of crime and other perceived benefits of gated communities in San Juan reveals a common denominator concern with the physical and sociological effects of auto traffic. Gated communities provide a lure of restricted access, a refuge from the auto which brings with it the perception of uncontrollable and unpredictable threats to personal security, neighborhood livability, sense of place, and community integrity. Delving into the related physical and sociological neighborhood impacts of auto traffic enables us to work from the ground up toward pedestrian-oriented alternative models of neighborhood development. Experiments with street modification and traffic calming in Chicago neighborhoods participating in the city's Community Security Infrastructure Program confirm that by altering perceptions and use parameters of street space as well as the strutucure of the street network, residents feel enhanced control of their neighborhood domain, enhanced personal and community safety, more comfortable using public space, and generally more satisfied with their neighborhood environment. Ultimately, from the Chicago experience emerges a set of street and neighborhood design principles, that address both the space of streets and the structure of movement networks. I outline a set of urban design principles that should be applied to residential neighborhoods to satisfy individual and communal reasons that make gated communities attractive, however based on highly-connective and rich pedestrian networks within a fabric that maintains the integrity of mixed uses oriented around transit. This fabric optimizes pedestrian permeability while maintaining defined neighborhoods where the flow of movement and the tone of activity is community-defined and set within the comfort zone of the residents. The five principles that facilitate these goals are: (1) Use street space to articulate a constructive and positive vision of neighborhood activity by physically expanding the pedestrian domain to encompass the street holistically; (2) Stress elements in the street realm that act as neighborhood amenities; (3) Use street elements that exude the symbolism of invitation and accommodation by serving the dual functions of traffic control and inter-neighborhood zones of exchange; (4) Optimize the pedestrian network and constrain the auto network with street design elements that recognize and take advantage of the potential overlapping duality of these networks and their respective relationships to the same built fabric; and (5) Extend the comfort and identification zone of "home" and "neighborhood" via permeation of integrated street design and careful articulation of boundaries, potentially encompassing the transit station. While Tren Urbano first needs to figure out why gated communities are so attractive to Sanjuaneros and develop an urban design model that meets these needs while satisfying the needs of pedestrians and transit, implementation of these design principles is the next challenge. Of the strategic options available, the current realities in San Juan make (1) the creation of development incentives for building along a parallel set of design guidelines and (2) sponsoring and marketing demonstration projects the most feasible and likely to succeed at the present in forging a new direction and opening the city's eyes to new options in urban living.
by Joshua Switzky.
M.C.P.

Master of Regional and Community Planning
Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Larry L. Lawhon
Gated communities are a growing residential phenomenon in the United States with almost ten percent of households living in gated communities in 2005 (Knox, 2008; Census, 2005). In this study “gated communities” are defined, according to Low (2003), as a residential neighborhood with walls and gates surrounding the development, which excludes non-residents access to all interior amenities including residences, open space, and activities. People are seeking life behind a gate for many reasons, but include the search for security, safety, privacy, prestige, exclusivity, control, and community (Blakely & Snyder, 1999). As this style of development is expanding and as all socio-economic groups want to live in gated communities, cities are beginning to realize gated communities affect all members of the community, not just the ones secluded behind the gate (El Nasser, 2002). After reviewing literature, the author found, the generally accepted social implications and consequences resulting from gated communities were identified as social segregation, loss of community, and division; although, there were also positive results for some people living within gated communities. This report, through a case study format, investigated if the social implications of gated communities are considered during the development review process. Rockwood Falls Estates and Meadows is a suburban gated community and the surrounding local governments, Johnson County and Overland Park, were the object of the case study. The author concluded that gated communities have benefits and concerns. Further, the author found that gated communities can be effectively controlled if the local governments have adopted specific policies dealing with gated communities and implement this policy through specific design review procedures.

Gated communities are a global phenomenon - a common housing choice for middle-income groups in contexts of large socio-economic disparities. They have recently gained academic attention, and scholarly work since the late 1990s has focused primarily on drivers such as security, status, prestige, and social homogeneity. However, the proliferation of these enclaves is not only the result of individual motivations and choices, but rather a complex issue that goes beyond the gates. In this thesis, I propose that the discussion should focus not on the physical artefact (gated communities) but the policies, practices, and meanings that enable their existence. I centre the discussion on the concept of “gatedness”, which embodies the three elements of practice proposed by Shove et al. (2012): materials, competences, and meanings. The research took place in Mexico, a country with a history of debt-fuelled economy that affects individual households, particularly middle class families. The thesis provides elements for better understanding the complexity of the gated communities’ social phenomenon, where global economic forces affect national housing, land, finance, and planning policies, while shaping individual practices fed by aspirations and anxieties. The focus on the middle class population is mainly due to their role in the proliferation of these enclaves, and also because of the challenges to sustaining their lifestyle in a context of social, economic, and political uncertainty. Research was conducted with a qualitative approach using the case study of Lomas de Angelópolis, a large-scale suburban gated community in Puebla, Mexico. This research adds to previous knowledge about gated communities by recognising how elements of practice shape the physical world. Understanding these spaces better could help planners and policymakers in countries with similar dynamics to Mexico, propose alternatives to make cities more equitable, addressing the aspirations and anxieties of the middle classes without critically affecting access to opportunities to others.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)
This study will use secondary data analysis of academic articles to study the topic under question. Much has been written on fear of crime from a quantitative and to a lesser extent qualitative approach (Burgess and Doran 2012) but little attention has been on this fear as an emotion from an interpretive sociological approach. The approach to emotions employed in this study will draw on Hochschild’s (1983) notion that emotions have signal functions and that emotions constitute a sense just like hearing and seeing, and in her estimation the most important one. Briefly stated, fear (of crime) signals to the person experiencing the emotion that something is worth being wary of; this in turn is based on expectations –and assumptions– of what a safe and orderly situation/environment or person is.

Les gated communities, quartiers enclos et sécurisés interdits aux non-résidents, proposent un mode de vie fondé sur les loisirs et la privatisation des espaces publics, et représent,ent une part croissante des lotissements neufs. La fermeture physique et la sélection sociale qui président à ces produits immobiliers posent des problèmes inédits aux métropoles américaines: elles sont les manifestations de leur morcellement en villes privées, en quête d'une autonomie politique et fiscale préjudiciable à la métropole. Sur le terrain de Los Angeles, on étudie l'impact politique, fiscal, et social de ces quartiers sur les municipalités et les voisinages d'appartenance, en mettant en évidence la construction des discontinuités associées à la fermeture. Les effets de l'enceinte sur la valeur immobilière et sur la construction de territoires, les différencient de leur environnement par le statut économique et l'appartenance sociale des résidents

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study seeks to understand the meaning attributed to the ties of residents of a gated community with their living environment. It is a qualitative research of multiple cases, that used the theory of attachment and the systemic perspective as a theoretical basis. The survey was conducted in a gated community on the outskirts of the city of São Paulo, with approximately six years of construction, seven towers of five floors each, and a total of 270 apartments. There were five participants, whose narratives were submitted to thematic analysis. The meaning of the themes reported the quality of the resident-housing interrelationship. The results showed that the place of housing, in the configuration of gated vertical community, represents a safe environment, since its physical and social security equipment promotes the feeling of protection in the face of fears imparted by the streets, the city — all that is beyond the walls and that escapes the control of the 24-hours surveillance and security system. A secure place bond appears as a protective factor for mental health and a resilience tutor. Housing, like family, can be the social, as well as the geographical reference for someone and still anchor the continuous process of construction of subjectivity. This study brought invisible links to the Psychology map: where apparently there was no bonds — housing in a gated community —, there are structured bonds that function in accordance with the degree of intimacy and sense of security provided by the interaction of the residents
Este estudo buscou compreender o significado atribuído aos vínculos de moradores de um condomínio vertical fechado com seu ambiente de moradia. É uma pesquisa qualitativa de casos múltiplos, que utilizou a teoria do apego e a perspectiva sistêmica como embasamentos teóricos. A pesquisa ocorreu num condomínio na periferia da cidade de São Paulo, com aproximadamente seis anos de construído, com sete torres de cinco andares cada uma, tendo um total de 270 apartamentos. Contou com cinco participantes, cujas narrativas foram submetidas a análise temática. Os significados dos temas relataram a qualidade da inter-relação morador-moradia. Os resultados evidenciaram que o lugar da moradia, na configuração de condomínio vertical fechado, representa um ambiente seguro, uma vez que o equipamento físico e social de segurança deste promove a sensação de protetividade diante de temores direcionados às ruas, à cidade — enfim, ao que está além do entre muros e que foge do controle do sistema de vigilância e segurança vinte quatro horas. Um vínculo de lugar seguro se apresentou como fator de proteção à saúde mental e tutor de resiliência. A moradia, assim como a família, pode ser a referência social — além de geográfica — de alguém e ainda ancorar o processo contínuo de construção da subjetividade. Este estudo trouxe vínculos invisíveis para o mapa da Psicologia: onde se pensava não haver vínculo, na moradia em condomínio fechado, há vínculos que se estruturam e funcionam conforme o grau de intimidade e a sensação de segurança proporcionada pelo convívio dos moradores

Gated Communities är en utbredd boendeform i USA och i många övriga länder. Fenomenet med inhägnade bostadsområden börjar nu även närma sig Sverige. Denna uppsats undersöker om livsstilsboendet Victoria Park, beläget i Malmö, kan klassas som ett Gated Community.Undersökningen är utav en kvalitativ metod. Sammanlagt har fyra intervjuer genomförts med personer bosatta på Victoria Park. En observation av området är också utförd. Syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga vilka faktorer som utmärker om Victoria Park, som i media utmålats som ett inhägnat reservat, kan klassas som ett Gated Community. Svaret fann vi genom litteraturstudier kring vad som karaktäriserar Gated Communities samt vad denna boendeform egentligen innebär. Då trygghet är primärt för Gated Communities har vi undersökt hur trygghet uppfattas på Victoria Park. Det finns inga synliga murar runt Victoria Park men området och vegetationens utformning samt bevakningen grannar emellan utgör symboliska hinder, som signalerar att Victoria Park är ett privat område och därmed slutet för allmänheten. Anläggningen kan dock beträdas men endast under särskilda villkor. Victoria Park, i likhet med ett Gated Community, lockar en viss typ av människor som lever likasinnat och passar in i den mall som råder. Denna typ av boende skulle ha svårt att fungera om människor var alltför olika och värderade olika saker i livet, då man lever väldigt nära inpå varandra. På Victoria Park råder stark sammanhållning och ”vi mot dem”-känsla och frågan är om inte dessa faktorer inhägnar ett område mer än fysiska murar? Gemenskap, sammanhållning och att alltid ha någon nära är ledord på Victoria Park vilket är definitionen på trygghet för människorna som bor där.

Operating within a dense urban context, a public building recognizes the activities that are contained within its boundaries... further tying the place to a larger urban spatial sequence.
Master of Architecture

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Gated developments, also known as gated communities, have become a feature of urban living throughout the world and have been the subject of intensive research. Gated developments in South African cities are a ubiquitous feature of the post-apartheid urban landscape with many new housing developments in the form of secure estates or fortified townhouse complexes. Almost all the international literature on gated developments has focused on them as a metropolitan phenomenon. Very few international studies have investigated gated developments in non-metropolitan locales and this topic is unexplored in the South African context. This dissertation addresses this research gap. The study area is the entire non-metropolitan area of the Western Cape province. The politicoadministrative concept of non-metropolitan is used rather than the descriptor rural because the latter implies an area of primary production with no diversification of productive activities. The study area excludes the metropolitan area of Cape Town but includes the rest of the province within which there are settlements of varying sizes having a diverse range of economic activities. It is in these places that gated developments were investigated to cover and discover particular aspects of the hitherto unexplored non-metropolitan gated developments of South Africa. The specific objectives were to place the research in the theoretical and conceptual debates of gated developments; map the occurrence of the phenomenon; and spatially analyse the location and security aspects of the developments at a macro scale. Two towns, Swellendam and Ceres, were selected as case studies as their gated developments present a host of significant features warranting further micro-scale analysis. The spatial and locational analyses yielded other researchable themes specific to certain types of developments, namely retirement gated developments in Oudtshoorn and Swellendam and gated developments outside the urban edge. A comprehensive spatially-linked database of gated developments in the study area was compiled from numerous sources, culminating in a process of groundtruthing that resulted in the collection of data on the physical features of each development. Qualitative data was collected from respondents through interviews, electronic communications and a questionnaire survey. Distribution patterns of gated developments were determined from spatial data and data on physical features was used to calculate security level index values for the gated developments. These data sets enabled spatial and typological comparisons to be made. Qualitative data added a ‘voice’ to the quantitative data and provided insights into social, economic and planning aspects of gated developments. The location of gated developments in the province is largely determined by proximity to metropolitan Cape Town and areas with high occurrences of amenities. The spatio-temporal patterns and typological distinctions of gated developments are influenced by location-specific factors. In some towns the gated developments typify a living space and in others a living and lifestyle space. The security features of gated developments also vary typologically and spatially. Crime data was used to show that the distribution of non-metropolitan gated developments is not necessarily associated with towns with high levels of criminal activity. Security in these developments is not a response to rampant crime, rather a strategy brought into play in case something happens – preparedness in the unlikely event of a breach of security. The gated developments in the two case-study towns are strongly influenced by locationspecific needs, the purposes of residents and the processes of municipalities. Niche market gated developments, as represented in the thematic case studies of retirement gated developments and gated developments outside the urban edge are promoted by pull factors within towns and by the allure of an exclusive rural residential lifestyle of living in areas with high amenity offerings. The latter is linked to the transformation of agricultural land into gated developments, which signals a shift to postproductivist change in the study area. The results of this seminal investigation into non-metropolitan gated developments suggest avenues for further research endeavour. These include the need for greater understanding of the changing nature of social relations between gated and the non-gated inhabitants of non-metropolitan locales; investigation of the potential for increased topophobia within towns; and examinations of the functions of the various stakeholders and role players in establishing non-metropolitan gated developments.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geslote woonbuurte, ook bekend as geslote gemeenskappe, ’n kenmerk van baie stede regoor die wêreld, het die onderwerp van intensiewe navorsing geword. Geslote woonbuurte in Suid-Afrikaanse stede is ‘n alomteenwoordige kenmerk van die post-apartheid stedelike landskap met baie nuwe behuisingsontwikkelings wat as beveiligde landgoede en meenthuiskomplekse gebou word. Die meerderheid van die internasionale literatuur oor geslote woonbuurte beskou hulle as ’n metropolitaanse verskynsel. Baie min internasionale studies het geslote gemeenskappe in niemetropolitaanse lokaliteite ondersoek en dié onderwerp is onverken in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Hierdie proefskrif vul dié navorsingsleemte. Die studiegebied is die hele nie-metropolitaanse gebied van die Wes-Kaap provinsie. Die politiesadministriewe konsep ‘nie-metropolitaans’ word gebruik in plaas van die benaming ‘landelik’ omdat laasgenoemde ’n gebied van primêre produksie met geen diversifisering van ekonomiese aktiwiteite impliseer. Dus, sluit die studiegebied die metropolitaanse gebied van Kaapstad uit, maar sluit die res van die provinsie in waar nedersettings van verskeie grootte en met ’n diverse reeks ekonomiese aktiwiteite voorkom. Dit is in hierdie gebiedens dat geslote woonbuurte ondersoek word met die doel om besondere aspekte van hierdie tot nou toe onverkende nie-metropolitaanse geslote woonbuurte in Suid-Afrika, na vore te bring. Die spesifieke doelwitte is om die navorsing binne die breër teorietiese en konseptuele debatte rondom geslote woonbuurte te plaas; die verspreiding van die verskynsel te karteer; die ligging en die sekuriteitsaspekte van die woonbuurte op makro skaal ruimtelik te ontleed. Ceres en Swellendam word as gevallestudies behandel. Die twee dorpe se geslote woonbuurte ’n menigte beduidende kenmerke van hul geslote woonbuurte vertoon, wat verdere mikro skaalanalise regverdig. Die ruimtelike en liggingsanalises het navorsingwaardige temas oor spesifieke tipes geslote woonbuurte onthul. Die temas sluit geslote aftreewoonbuurte in Oudtshoorn en Swellendam en geslote woonbuurte buitekant dorpsgrense in. ’n Omvattende ruimtelike databasis van geslote woonbuurte binne die studiegebeid is uit verskeie bronne saamgestel en ’n proses van terreinverifiëring het vir die inwin van data oor fisiese kenmerke van elke woonbuurt gesorg. Kwalitatiewe data is by respondente verkry deur middel van onderhoude, elektroniese kommunikasie en ’n vraelys opname. Verspreidingspatrone van die geslote woonbuurte is aan die hand van die ruimtelike data vasgestel en die data oor die fisiese verskynsels is gebruik om ’n sekuriteitsindekswaardes van die geslote woonbuurte te bereken. Die datastelle het ruimtelike en tipologiese vergelykings moontlik gemaak. Kwalitatiewe data het ’n ‘stem’ aan die kwantitiewe data verleen en insig in die sosiale, ekonomiese en beplanningsaspekte van geslote woonbuurte verskaf. Die ligging van geslote woonbuurte in die provinsie is grootliks deur nabyheid aan die Kaapse metropool en gebiede met ’n hoë voorkoms van geriewe beïnvloed. Die ruimtelike- en tydspatrone en tipologiese kenmerke van geslote woonbuurte is deur liggingspesifiekefaktore beïnvloed. In sommige dorpe is die geslote woonbuurte as ’n ‘leefruimte’ gekenmerk, terwyl ander geslote woonbuurte as ‘leefruimte en leefstylruimte’ getipeer word. Die sekuriteitsverskynsels van geslote woonbuurte het ook tipologiese en ruimtelike verskeidenheid getoon. Misdaaddata is gebruik om te toon dat die verspreiding van nie-metropolitaanse geslote woonbuurte nie noodwendig ooreenstem met dorpe met hoë misdaadsyfers nie. Sekuriteit is nie ’n reaksie op buitensporige misdaadsyfers nie, eerder ’n strategie wat in werking tree in geval iets gebeur – paraatheid vir die onwaarskynlike gebeurtenis van ’n sekuriteitskending. Die ontwikkeling van geslote woonbuurte in die gevallestudiedorpe is sterk deur liggingspesifieke behoeftes, die doelstellings van inwoners en prosesse van munisipaliteite beïnvloed. Geslote woonbuurte wat nismarkte bedien, soos dié wat deur die tematiese gevallestudies verteenwoordig is, word bevorder deur sekere aantrekkingsfaktore wat dorpe bied en die bekoring van ’n eksklusiewe landelike residensiële lewensstyl in gebiede met ’n hoë voorkoms van geriewe vir lewensgenieting. Laasgenoemde is gekoppel aan die omskepping van landbougrond vir die bou van geslote woonbuurte wat ’n aanduiding van post-produktivistiese verandering in die studiegebeid is. Dié eerste en gedagteprikkelende ondersoek oor nie-metropoolitaanse geslote woonbuurte opper temas vir verdere navorsing. Dit sluit in ’n verstaan van die moontlike veranderings in sosiale verhoudings tussen die inwoners van geslote en ongeslote nie-metropolitaanse lokaliteite, die moontlikheid van verhoogde topofobie in dorpe; en ondersoeke oor die rol van verskillende insethouers en rolspelers in die ontwikkeling van nie-metropoolitaanse geslote woonbuurte.

Orientador: Maria Encarnação Beltrão Sposito
Banca: Arthur Magon Whitacker
Banca: Luis Renato Bezerra Pequeno
Resumo: Nesta dissertação, trata-se de mudanças ocorridas no processo de urbanização, principalmente após a década de 1970, na cidade de Marília, dando-se ênfase ao seu setor leste. Tais alterações consistem em mudanças na estrutura da cidade, a qual passa de um padrão concentrado e contínuo para extenso e descontinuo. Essas mudanças vêm acompanhadas de maior homogeneização dos subespaços da cidade, ou seja, acentuação da segregação socioespacial, bem como do surgimento de novas formas de habitat urbano, os condomínios horizontais e loteamentos fechados, situados, sobretudo em áreas periféricas, assim como o aparecimento de novos espaços de consumo, marcados pela especialização e segmentação, mudando a estrutura da cidade, passando de monocêntrica para a cidade multi(poli)cêntrica. Tais mudanças são observadas no setor leste de Marília, onde se nota forte homogeneidade socioeconômica da população, inúmeros loteamentos fechados e condomínios horizontais, bem como a consolidação de três novos espaços de consumo, marcados por níveis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This dissertation is about changes in the urbanization process, specially after the 1970's decade, in the city of Marília, with emphasis in its eastern sector. These changes are structural changes in the city, which becomes from a concentrated and continuous pattern to an extense and discontinuous one. These changes happen with greater homogenization of the city subspaces, ie, accentuation of sociospace segregation, and the emergence of new forms of urban habitat, the horizontal condominiuns and closed lots located especially in remote areas, as well as the emergence of new areas of consumption, marked by specialization and segmentation, changing the structure of the city, from a monocentric to a multi(poli)centric city. Such chances are observed in the eastern sector of Marilia, where high socioeconomic homogeneity of the population, the existence of many closed lots and horizontal condominiuns are noted, as well as the consolidation of three new areas of consuption, marked by different levels of centrality... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

In Haram City, amidst Egypt's 2011-2013 revolutionary period, two visions of the city in the Global South come together within shared walls. In this private suburban development marketed as affordable housing, aspirational middle class homebuyers embellish properties for privilege and safety. They also come to share grounds with resettled urban poor who transform their surroundings to sustain basic livelihoods. With legality in disarray and under private administration, residents originally from Duweiqa - perhaps Cairo's poorest neighbourhood - claim the right to squat vacant homes, while homebuyers complain of a slum in the gated community. What was only desert in 2005 has since become a forum for vivid public contestation over the relationship between morality, ownership, and order in space - struggles over what ought to be common in a compound. This ethnography explores residents' own legal geographies in relation to property amidst public-private partnership urbanism: how do competing normative discourses draw community lines in the sand, and how are they applied to assert ownership where the scales of 'official' legitimacy have been tipped? In other words: in a city built from scratch amidst a revolution, how is legality invented? Like the compound itself, sections of the thesis are divided into an A-area and a B-area. Shifting from side to side, four papers examine the lives of squatters and then of homeowners and company management acting in their name. Zooming in and out within sides, they depict discourses over moral ownership and then interpret practices asserting a concomitant vision of order. First, in Chapter 4, squatters invoke notions of a moral economy and practical virtue to justify 'informal' ownership claims against perceptions of developer-state corruption. Next, Chapter 5 illustrates how squatters define 'rights' as debt, a notion put into practice by ethical outlaws: the Sayi' - commonly meaning 'down-and-out' or 'bum' - brokers 'rights' to coordinate group ownership claims. Shifting sides, Chapter 6 observes middle class homeowners' aspirations for "internal emigration" to suburbs as part of an incitement to propertied autonomy, and details widespread dialogue over suburban selfhood in relationship to property, self-interest, and conviviality. Lastly, Chapter 7 documents authoritarian private governance of the urban poor that centres on "behavioural training." Free from accountability and operating like a city-state, managers simulate urban law to inculcate subjective norms, evoking both Cairene histories and global policy circulations of poverty management. Towards detailing how notions of ownership and property constitute visions and assertions of urban law, this project combines central themes in ethnographies of Cairo with legal geography on suburbs of the Global North. It therefore interrogates some key topics in urban studies of the Global South (gated communities, affordable housing, public-private partnerships, eviction-resettlement, informality, local governance, and squatting), as Cairo's 'new city' urban poor and middle classes do themselves, through comparative principles and amidst promotion of similar private low-income cities internationally. While presenting a micro-history of one project, it is also offers an alternative account of 2011-2013 revolutionary period, witnessed from the desert developments through which Egyptian leaders habitually promise social progress.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the effects of gated communities in the increasing fragmentation of urban space and in the increasing polarisation among different classes in the Turkish context, more specifically in the capital, Ankara. Since the case study is based on an upper-middle class suburban gated community, first, suburbanisation &ldquo
as a wave of urbanisation&rdquo
is analysed. Then, the debates about the middle class and the transformation that this social stratum has undergone are discussed. Later, the formation of gated communities around the world and in Turkey are analysed within the general framework of the transformation of the urban sphere. Finally, the theoretical arguments are scrutinised by incorporating the findings of the case study carried out in Angora Houses. In this study Angora Houses is concluded to be a gated community which is &ldquo
fortified&rdquo
for the preservation of an upper-middle class lifestyle rather than for security concerns and which reproduces socio-spatial inequalities among Ankaraites rather than standing as only the expression of them.