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Статті в журналах з теми "Gaseous photomultiplier"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Tokanai, Fuyuki, Toru Moriya, Mirei Takeyama, Hirohisa Sakurai, Shuichi Gunji, Takayuki Sumiyoshi, Takayuki Ito, et al. "Newly developed gaseous photomultiplier." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 766 (December 2014): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.05.014.

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2

Tokanai, Fuyuki, Takayuki Sumiyoshi, Hiroyuki Sugiyama, Teruyuki Okada, Noboru Ohishi, Hirohisa Sakurai, Shuichi Gunji, and Shunji Kishimoto. "Sealed gaseous photomultiplier with CsI photocathode." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 628, no. 1 (February 2011): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.314.

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3

Azevedo, C. D. R., F. A. Pereira, T. Lopes, P. M. M. Correia, A. L. M. Silva, L. F. N. D. Carramate, D. S. Covita, and J. F. C. A. Veloso. "A Gaseous Compton Camera using a 2D-sensitive gaseous photomultiplier for Nuclear Medical Imaging." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 732 (December 2013): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.05.116.

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4

Paredes, B. Lopez, C. D. R. Azevedo, S. Paganis, A. L. M. Silva, N. J. C. Spooner, and J. F. C. A. Veloso. "Cryogenic Gaseous Photomultiplier for position reconstruction of liquid argon scintillation light." Journal of Instrumentation 10, no. 07 (July 24, 2015): P07017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/07/p07017.

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5

Duval, Samuel, Lior Arazi, Amos Breskin, Ranny Budnik, Wan-Ting Chen, Hervé Carduner, A. E. C. Coimbra, et al. "Hybrid multi micropattern gaseous photomultiplier for detection of liquid-xenon scintillation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 695 (December 2012): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.11.018.

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6

Duval, S., A. Breskin, R. Budnik, W. T. Chen, H. Carduner, M. Cortesi, J. P. Cussonneau, et al. "On the operation of a micropattern gaseous UV-photomultiplier in liquid-Xenon." Journal of Instrumentation 6, no. 04 (April 12, 2011): P04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/6/04/p04007.

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7

Lopes, T., A. L. M. Silva, C. D. R. Azevedo, L. F. N. D. Carramate, D. S. Covita, and J. F. C. A. Veloso. "Position sensitive VUV gaseous photomultiplier based on Thick-multipliers with resistive line readout." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 09 (September 5, 2013): P09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/09/p09002.

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8

Mörmann, D., A. Breskin, R. Chechik, and C. Shalem. "Operation principles and properties of the multi-GEM gaseous photomultiplier with reflective photocathode." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 530, no. 3 (September 2004): 258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.03.212.

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9

Ferrero, Francisco J., Marta Valledor, Juan C. Campo, Alberto López, Pablo Llano-Suárez, María T. Fernández-Arguelles, José M. Costa-Fernández, and Ana Soldado. "Portable Instrument for Monitoring Environmental Toxins Using Immobilized Quantum Dots as the Sensing Material." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093246.

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Анотація:

A portable instrumental system was designed for the routine environmental monitoring of toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in atmospheric conditions based on changes in the photoluminescence emission of semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots) entrapped in a sol-gel matrix as the solid sensing material. The sol-gel sensing material displayed a long-lived phosphorescent emission, which is quenched in the presence of trace levels of a volatile organic compound (acetone) in gaseous atmospheres. The developed instrument could measure and process the changes in the photoluminescence of the sensing material after exposure to gaseous acetone. The developed prototype device consists of a deep-ultraviolet ligtht-emitting diode (UV LED), which excites the chemical sensing material; an optical filter to remove scattered light and other non-desirable wavelengths; a photomultiplier tube (PMT) to convert the phosphorescence emission of the sensor phase to an electrical signal; and a microcontroller to correlate the signal with the analyte concentration. The developed prototype was evaluated for its ability to measure low levels of gaseous acetone in contaminated atmospheres with high sensitivity (detection limit: 9 ppm). The obtained results show the feasibility of this type of instrument for environmental analytical control purposes.

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10

Israelashvili, I., A. E. C. Coimbra, D. Vartsky, L. Arazi, S. Shchemelinin, E. N. Caspi, and A. Breskin. "Fast-neutron and gamma-ray imaging with a capillary liquid xenon converter coupled to a gaseous photomultiplier." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 09 (September 25, 2017): P09029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/09/p09029.

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11

Arazi, L., A. E. C. Coimbra, E. Erdal, I. Israelashvili, M. L. Rappaport, S. Shchemelinin, D. Vartsky, J. M. F. dos Santos, and A. Breskin. "First results of a large-area cryogenic gaseous photomultiplier coupled to a dual-phase liquid xenon TPC." Journal of Instrumentation 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2015): P10020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/10/p10020.

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12

Rodionov, I., T. Francke, V. Peskov, and T. Sokolova. "Hybrid gaseous photomultipliers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 478, no. 1-2 (February 2002): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(01)01778-8.

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13

Biteman, V., S. Guinji, V. Peskov, H. Sakurai, E. Silin, T. Sokolova, and I. Radionov. "Position sensitive gaseous photomultipliers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 471, no. 1-2 (September 2001): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(01)00967-6.

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14

Chechik, Rachel, and Amos Breskin. "Advances in gaseous photomultipliers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 595, no. 1 (September 2008): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.07.035.

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15

Reichardt, Jens. "Cloud and Aerosol Spectroscopy with Raman Lidar." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 1946–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00188.1.

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Abstract A spectrometer for height-resolved measurements of the Raman backscatter-coefficient spectrum of water in its gaseous and condensed phases is presented. The spectrometer is fiber coupled to the far-range receiver of the Raman Lidar for Atmospheric Moisture Sensing (RAMSES) of the German Meteorological Service and consists of a Czerny–Turner spectrograph (500-mm focal length) and a 32-channel single-photon-counting detection system based on a multianode photomultiplier. During a typical measurement (transmitter wavelength of 355 nm), the spectrum between 385 and 410 nm is recorded with a spectral resolution of 0.79 nm; the vertical resolution is 15 m and the height range is 15 km. The techniques outlined are those that are applied to calibrate the spectrum measurement and to monitor fluorescence by atmospheric aerosols that have the potential to interfere with the water observation. For the first time, Raman spectra of liquid-water, mixed-phase, and cirrus clouds are reported, and their temperature dependence is investigated by means of band decomposition. The spectrum-integrated condensed-water Raman backscatter coefficient strongly depends on cloud particle volume, but it is not tightly correlated with the cloud optical properties (particle extinction and backscatter coefficient), which implies that retrieval of cloud water content from optical proxies is likely impossible. Aerosol measurements are also discussed. Depending on type, aerosols may show no backscattering in the spectrometer range at all, or a featureless spectrum that stems quite likely from fluorescence. Finally, the example of a cloud forming in an aerosol layer demonstrates that the new instrument not only opens up new perspectives in cloud research but also contributes to studies of cloud–aerosol interaction.

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16

Chechik, R., M. Balcerzyk, A. Breskin, A. Buzulutskov, G. P. Guedes, D. Mörmann, and B. K. Singh. "Progress in GEM-based gaseous photomultipliers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 502, no. 1 (April 2003): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)00273-0.

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17

Breskin, A., M. Balcerzyk, R. Chechik, G. P. Guedes, J. Maia, and D. Mörmann. "Recent advances in gaseous imaging photomultipliers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 513, no. 1-2 (November 2003): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2003.08.041.

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18

Carlson, P., T. Francke, B. Lund-Jensen, and V. Peskov. "Gaseous photomultipliers with solid photocathodes for the detection of sparks, flames and dangerous gases." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 505, no. 1-2 (June 2003): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01053-2.

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19

Dangendorf, V., A. Breskin, R. Chechik, and H. Schmidt-Böcking. "Progress in ultrafast CsI-photocathode gaseous imaging photomultipliers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 308, no. 3 (October 1991): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)90065-x.

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20

Moriya, Toru, Fuyuki Tokanai, Keisuke Okazaki, Hirohisa Sakurai, Shuichi Gunji, Hironobu Kawabata, Takayuki Sohtome, et al. "A concise quantum efficiency measurement system for gaseous photomultipliers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 732 (December 2013): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.08.054.

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21

Breskin, A., A. Lyashenko, R. Chechik, F. D. Amaro, J. Veloso, and J. M. F. Dos Santos. "Progress in gaseous photomultipliers for the visible spectral range." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 623, no. 1 (November 2010): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.02.234.

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22

Shefer, E., A. Breskin, A. Buzulutskov, R. Chechik, and M. Prager. "Composite photocathodes for visible photon imaging with gaseous photomultipliers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 419, no. 2-3 (December 1998): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(98)00841-9.

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23

Shefer, E., A. Breskin, R. Chechik, A. Buzulutskov, B. K. Singh, and M. Prager. "Coated photocathodes for visible photon imaging with gaseous photomultipliers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 433, no. 1-2 (August 1999): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(99)00358-7.

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24

Breskin, A., V. Peskov, M. Cortesi, R. Budnik, R. Chechik, S. Duval, D. Thers, et al. "CsI-THGEM gaseous photomultipliers for RICH and noble-liquid detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 639, no. 1 (May 2011): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.10.034.

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25

Mörmann, D., M. Balcerzyk, A. Breskin, R. Chechik, B. K. Singh, and A. Buzulutskov. "GEM-based gaseous photomultipliers for UV and visible photon imaging." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 504, no. 1-3 (May 2003): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)00760-5.

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26

Lyashenko, A. V., A. Breskin, R. Chechik, J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. M. F. Dos Santos, and F. D. Amaro. "Development of high-gain gaseous photomultipliers for the visible spectral range." Journal of Instrumentation 4, no. 07 (July 3, 2009): P07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/4/07/p07005.

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27

Matsumoto, K., T. Sumiyoshi, F. Tokanai, H. Sakurai, S. Gunji, H. Sugiyama, and T. Okada. "Ion-Feedback Suppression for Gaseous Photomultipliers with Micro Pattern Gas Detectors." Physics Procedia 37 (2012): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.02.406.

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28

Vartsky, D., A. Roy, A. Coimbra, S. Shchemelinin, I. Israelashvili, L. Arazi, E. Erdal, and A. Breskin. "CsI-photocathode in-situ monitoring system in gaseous and noble-liquid photomultipliers." Journal of Instrumentation 14, no. 07 (July 30, 2019): T07006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/07/t07006.

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29

Lyashenko, A., A. Breskin, R. Chechik, F. D. Amaro, J. F. C. A. Veloso, and J. M. F. dos Santos. "High-gain continuous-mode operated gaseous photomultipliers for the visible spectral range." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 610, no. 1 (October 2009): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.05.112.

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30

Arazi, L., A. E. C. Coimbra, E. Erdal, I. Israelashvili, M. L. Rappaport, S. Shchemelinin, D. Vartsky, J. M. F. dos Santos, and Breskin A. "Cryogenic gaseous photomultipliers and liquid hole- multipliers: advances in THGEM-based sensors for future noble-liquid TPCs." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 650 (November 16, 2015): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/650/1/012010.

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31

Breskin, A., D. Mörmann, A. Lyashenko, R. Chechik, F. D. Amaro, J. M. Maia, J. F. C. A. Veloso, and J. M. F. dos Santos. "Ion-induced effects in GEM and GEM/MHSP gaseous photomultipliers for the UV and the visible spectral range." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 553, no. 1-2 (November 2005): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.08.005.

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32

Gola, Alberto, Fabio Acerbi, Massimo Capasso, Marco Marcante, Alberto Mazzi, Giovanni Paternoster, Claudio Piemonte, Veronica Regazzoni, and Nicola Zorzi. "NUV-Sensitive Silicon Photomultiplier Technologies Developed at Fondazione Bruno Kessler." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020308.

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Анотація:

Different applications require different customizations of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) technology. We present a review on the latest SiPM technologies developed at Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK, Trento), characterized by a peak detection efficiency in the near-UV and customized according to the needs of different applications. Original near-UV sensitive, high-density SiPMs (NUV-HD), optimized for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) application, feature peak photon detection efficiency (PDE) of 63% at 420 nm with a 35 um cell size and a dark count rate (DCR) of 100 kHz/mm2. Correlated noise probability is around 25% at a PDE of 50% at 420 nm. It provides a coincidence resolving time (CRT) of 100 ps FWHM (full width at half maximum) in the detection of 511 keV photons, when used for the readout of LYSO(Ce) scintillator (Cerium-doped lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate) and down to 75 ps FWHM with LSO(Ce:Ca) scintillator (Cerium and Calcium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate). Starting from this technology, we developed three variants, optimized according to different sets of specifications. NUV-HD–LowCT features a 60% reduction of direct crosstalk probability, for applications such as Cherenkov telescope array (CTA). NUV-HD–Cryo was optimized for cryogenic operation and for large photosensitive areas. The reference application, in this case, is the readout of liquid, noble-gases scintillators, such as liquid Argon. Measurements at 77 K showed a remarkably low value of the DCR of a few mHz/mm2. Finally, vacuum-UV (VUV)-HD features an increased sensitivity to VUV light, aiming at direct detection of photons below 200 nm. PDE in excess of 20% at 175 nm was measured in liquid Xenon. In the paper, we discuss the specifications on the SiPM related to different types of applications, the SiPM design challenges and process optimizations, and the results from the experimental characterization of the different, NUV-sensitive technologies developed at FBK.

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33

Lyashenko, A., A. Breskin, R. Chechik, J. M. F. dos Santos, F. D. Amaro, and J. F. C. A. Veloso. "Efficient ion blocking in gaseous detectors and its application to gas-avalanche photomultipliers sensitive in the visible-light range." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 598, no. 1 (January 2009): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.08.063.

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34

Hwang, D., Y. Song, and K. Ahn. "Combustion instability characteristics in a dump combustor using different hydrocarbon fuels." Aeronautical Journal 123, no. 1263 (April 30, 2019): 586–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2019.19.

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ABSTRACTThe combustion instability characteristics in a model dump combustor with an exhaust nozzle were experimentally investigated. The first objective was to understand the effects of operating conditions and geometric conditions on combustion instability. The second objective was to examine more generalised parameters that affect the onset of combustion instability. Three different premixed gases consisting of air and hydrocarbon fuels (C2H4, C2H6, C3H8) were burnt in the dump combustor at various inlet velocity, equivalence ratio and combustion chamber length. Dynamic pressure transducer and photomultiplier tube with a bandpass filter were used to measure pressure fluctuation and CH* chemiluminescence data. Peak frequencies and their maximum power spectral densities of pressure fluctuations at same equivalence ratios showed different trends for each fuel. However, the dynamic combustion characteristics of pressure fluctuations displayed consistent results under similar characteristics chemistry times regardless of the used hydrocarbon fuels. The results showed that characteristic chemistry time and characteristic convection time influenced combustion instabilities. It was found that the convective-acoustic combustion instability could be prevented by increasing the characteristic chemistry time and characteristic convection time.

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35

Lyashenko, A., A. Breskin, R. Chechik, and T. H. V. T. Dias. "Ion-induced secondary electron emission from K–Cs–Sb, Na–K–Sb, and Cs–Sb photocathodes and its relevance to the operation of gaseous avalanche photomultipliers." Journal of Applied Physics 106, no. 4 (August 15, 2009): 044902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3197063.

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36

Gaie-Levrel, F., S. Perrier, E. Perraudin, C. Stoll, N. Grand, and M. Schwell. "Development and characterization of a single particle laser ablation mass spectrometer (SPLAM) for organic aerosol studies." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 4 (July 4, 2011): 4165–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-4165-2011.

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Abstract. A single particle instrument has been developed for real-time analysis of organic aerosols. This instrument, named Single Particle Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry (SPLAM), samples particles using an aerodynamic lens system for which the theoretical performances were calculated. At the outlet of this system, particle detection and sizing are realized using two continuous diode lasers operating at λ = 403 nm. Polystyrene Latex (PSL), sodium chloride (NaCl) and dioctylphtalate (DOP) particles were used to characterize and calibrate optical detection of SPLAM. The optical detection limit (DL) and detection efficiency (DE) were determined using size-selected DOP particles. The DE is ranging from 0.1 to 90 % for 100 and 350 nm DOP particles respectively and the SPLAM instrument is able to detect and size-resolve particles as small as 110–120 nm. Scattered light is detected by two photomultipliers and the detected signals are used to trigger a UV excimer laser (λ = 248 nm) used for laser desorption ionization (LDI) of individual aerosol particles. The formed ions are analyzed by a 1 m linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer in order to access to the chemical composition of individual particles. The TOF-MS detection limit for gaseous aromatic compounds was determined to be 0.85 attograms. DOP particles were also used to test the overall functioning of the instrument. The analysis of a secondary organic aerosol, formed in a smog chamber by the ozonolysis of indene, is presented as a first scientific application of the instrument. Single particle mass spectra are obtained with a global hit rate of 10 %. They are found to be very different from one particle to another, reflecting chemical differences of the analyzed particles, and most of the detected mass peaks are attributed to oxidized products of indene.

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37

Liu, Erwei, Qin Liao, and Shengli Xu. "Aerosol Shock Tube Designed for Ignition Delay Time Measurements of Low-Vapor-Pressure Fuels and Auto-Ignition Flow-Field Visualization." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030683.

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Анотація:

An aerosol shock tube has been developed for measuring the ignition delay times (tig) of aerosol mixtures of low-vapor-pressure fuels and for visualization of the auto-ignition flow-field. The aerosol mixture was formed in a premixing tank through an atomizing nozzle. Condensation and adsorption of suspended droplets were not observed significantly in the premixing tank and test section. A particle size analyzer was used to measure the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the aerosol droplets. Three pressure sensors and a photomultiplier were used to detect local pressure and OH emission respectively. Intensified charge-coupled device cameras were used to capture sequential images of the auto-ignition flow-field. The results indicated that stable and uniform aerosol could be obtained by this kind of atomizing method and gas distribution system. The averaged SMD for droplets of toluene ranged from 2 to 5 μ m at pressures of 0.14–0.19 MPa of dilute gases. In the case of a stoichiometric mixture of toluene/O2/N2, ignition delay times ranged from 77 to 1330 μs at pressures of 0.1–0.3 MPa, temperatures of 1432–1716 K and equivalence ratios of 0.5–1.5. The logarithm of ignition delay times was approximately linearly correlated to 1000/T. In contrast to the reference data, ignition delay times of aerosol toluene/O2/N2 were generally larger. Sequential images of auto-ignition flow-field showed the features of flame from generation to propagation.

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38

Hwang, Donghyun, Cheolwoong Kang, and Kyubok Ahn. "Effect of Mixing Section Acoustics on Combustion Instability in a Swirl-Stabilized Combustor." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 8492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228492.

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An experimental study was performed to investigate the characteristics of two different combustion instability modes in a swirl-stabilized combustor. The first is the eigenfrequency corresponding to the half-wave of the combustion chamber section, and the second is the quarter-wave eigenmode of the inlet mixing section. The purpose of this study is to understand the effects of the swirl number on each combustion instability mode and analyze their generalized characteristics. Premixed gases composed of hydrocarbon fuels (C2H4 and CH4) and air were burned by independently varying the experimental conditions. Three dynamic pressure transducers and a photomultiplier tube were installed to detect pressure oscillations and heat release fluctuations in the inlet and combustion chamber sections, respectively. A high-speed camera was used to capture the instantaneous flame structures. In the swirl-stabilized combustor, the bands of the dominant frequencies were strongly dependent on the swirl number of the swirler vane. When the swirl number was low, the entire combustion system was often coupled with the quarter-wave eigenmode of the inlet mixing section. However, as the swirl number increased, the combustion instability mode was almost independent of the mixing section acoustics. Analysis of the phase difference and flame structure clearly demonstrated the differences between each eigenmode. The results provide new insights into the effect of the resonance mode in the inlet mixing section on combustion instability, depending on the swirl number in the swirl-stabilized combustor.

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39

Gaie-Levrel, F., S. Perrier, E. Perraudin, C. Stoll, N. Grand, and M. Schwell. "Development and characterization of a single particle laser ablation mass spectrometer (SPLAM) for organic aerosol studies." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 1 (January 26, 2012): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-225-2012.

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Abstract. A single particle instrument was developed for real-time analysis of organic aerosol. This instrument, named Single Particle Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry (SPLAM), samples particles using an aerodynamic lens system for which the theoretical performances were calculated. At the outlet of this system, particle detection and sizing are realized by using two continuous diode lasers operating at λ = 403 nm. Polystyrene Latex (PSL), sodium chloride (NaCl) and dioctylphtalate (DOP) particles were used to characterize and calibrate optical detection of SPLAM. The optical detection limit (DL) and detection efficiency (DE) were determined using size-selected DOP particles. The DE ranges from 0.1 to 90% for 100 and 350 nm DOP particles respectively and the SPLAM instrument is able to detect and size-resolve particles as small as 110–120 nm. During optical detection, particle scattered light from the two diode lasers, is detected by two photomultipliers and the detected signals are used to trigger UV excimer laser (λ = 248 nm) used for one-step laser desorption ionization (LDI) of individual aerosol particles. The formed ions are analyzed by a 1 m linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer in order to access to the chemical composition of individual particles. The TOF-MS detection limit for gaseous aromatic compounds was determined to be 0.85 × 10−15 kg (∼4 × 103 molecules). DOP particles were also used to test the overall operation of the instrument. The analysis of a secondary organic aerosol, formed in a smog chamber by the ozonolysis of indene, is presented as a first application of the instrument. Single particle mass spectra were obtained with an effective hit rate of 8%. Some of these mass spectra were found to be very different from one particle to another possibly reflecting chemical differences within the investigated indene SOA particles. Our study shows that an exhaustive statistical analysis, over hundreds of particles, and adapted reference mass spectra are further needed to understand the chemical meaning of single particle mass spectra of chemically complex submicrometer-sized organic aerosols.

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40

Piotter, Mona, Dominick Cichon, Robert Hammann, Florian Jörg, Luisa Hötzsch, and Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia. "First time-resolved measurement of infrared scintillation light in gaseous xenon." European Physical Journal C 83, no. 6 (June 8, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11618-4.

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AbstractXenon is a widely used detector target material due to its excellent scintillation properties in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. The additional use of infrared (IR) scintillation light could improve future detectors. However, a comprehensive characterization of the IR component is necessary to explore its potential. We report on the first measurement of the time profile of the IR scintillation response of gaseous xenon. Our setup consists of a gaseous xenon target irradiated by an alpha particle source and is instrumented with one IR- and two UV-sensitive photomultiplier tubes. Thereby, it enables IR timing measurements with nanosecond resolution and simultaneous measurement of UV and IR signals. We find that the IR light yield is in the same order of magnitude as the UV yield. We observe that the IR pulses can be described by a fast and a slow component and demonstrate that the size of the slow component decreases with increasing levels of impurities in the gas. Moreover, we study the IR emission as a function of pressure. These findings confirm earlier observations and advance our understanding of the IR scintillation response of gaseous xenon, which could have implications for the development of novel xenon-based detectors.

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41

Aalseth, C. E., S. Abdelhakim, P. Agnes, R. Ajaj, I. F. M. Albuquerque, T. Alexander, A. Alici, et al. "SiPM-matrix readout of two-phase argon detectors using electroluminescence in the visible and near infrared range." European Physical Journal C 81, no. 2 (February 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-08801-2.

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AbstractProportional electroluminescence (EL) in noble gases is used in two-phase detectors for dark matter searches to record (in the gas phase) the ionization signal induced by particle scattering in the liquid phase. The “standard” EL mechanism is considered to be due to noble gas excimer emission in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV). In addition, there are two alternative mechanisms, producing light in the visible and near infrared (NIR) ranges. The first is due to bremsstrahlung of electrons scattered on neutral atoms (“neutral bremsstrahlung”, NBrS). The second, responsible for electron avalanche scintillation in the NIR at higher electric fields, is due to transitions between excited atomic states. In this work, we have for the first time demonstrated two alternative techniques of the optical readout of two-phase argon detectors, in the visible and NIR range, using a silicon photomultiplier matrix and electroluminescence due to either neutral bremsstrahlung or avalanche scintillation. The amplitude yield and position resolution were measured for these readout techniques, which allowed to assess the detection threshold for electron and nuclear recoils in two-phase argon detectors for dark matter searches. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical application of the NBrS effect in detection science.

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42

Gaudron, R., M. Gatti, C. Mirat, and T. Schuller. "Flame Describing Functions of a Confined Premixed Swirled Combustor With Upstream and Downstream Forcing." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 141, no. 5 (January 9, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4041000.

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The frequency response of a confined premixed swirled flame is explored experimentally through the use of describing functions that depend on both the forcing frequency and the forcing level. In these experiments, the flame is forced by a loudspeaker connected to the bottom of the burner in the fresh gas region or by a set of loudspeakers connected to the combustion chamber exhaust tube in the burnt gas region. The experimental setup is equipped with a hot-wire (HW) probe and a microphone, both of which located in front of each other below the swirler. The forcing level is varied between |v′0|/v¯0=0.10 and 0.72 RMS, where v¯0 and v′0 are, respectively, the mean and the fluctuating velocity at the HW probe. An additional microphone is placed on a water-cooled waveguide connected to the combustion chamber backplate. A photomultiplier equipped with an OH* filter is used to measure the heat release rate fluctuations. The describing functions between the photomultiplier signal and the different pressure and velocity reference signals are then analyzed in the case of upstream and downstream forcing. The describing function measured for a given reference signal is shown to vary depending on the type of forcing. The impedance of the injector at the HW location is also determined for both upstream and downstream forcing. For all describing functions investigated, it is found that their phase lags do not depend on the forcing level, whereas their gains strongly depend on |v′0|/v¯0 for certain frequency ranges. It is furthermore shown that the flame describing function (FDF) measured with respect to the HW signal can be retrieved from the specific impedance at the HW location and the describing function determined with respect to the signal of the microphone located in front of the HW. This relationship is not valid when the signal from the microphone located at the combustion chamber backplate is considered. It is then shown that a one-dimensional (1D) acoustic model allows to reproduce the describing function computed with respect to the microphone signal inside the injector from the microphone signal located at the combustion chamber backplate in the case of downstream forcing. This relation does not hold for upstream forcing because of the acoustic dissipation across the swirler which is much larger compared to downstream forcing for a given forcing level set at the HW location. This study sheds light on the differences between upstream and downstream acoustic forcing when measuring describing functions. It is also shown that the upstream and downstream forcing techniques are equivalent only if the reference signal used to determine the FDF is the acoustic velocity in the fresh gases just before the flame.

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