Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Gas manufacture and works By-products"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся зі списками актуальних статей, книг, дисертацій, тез та інших наукових джерел на тему "Gas manufacture and works By-products".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Статті в журналах з теми "Gas manufacture and works By-products"
1
Saparudin, Muhammad Agus, Rizal Justian Setiawan, Eko Budi, Aji Puspito, and Imam Fauzi. "DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF BAMBOO HANDICRAFT DRYER MACHINE BASED ON LPG GAS." Tadulako Science and Technology Journal 2, no. 1 (August 12, 2021): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/sciencetech.v2i1.15555.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bamboo plant is one of Indonesia's natural resources. People use bamboo to make household furniture, fences, frames, and handicrafts. Bamboo plant is a special commodity that can be used as various kinds of handicraft products in DIY, precisely in Brajan area, Sleman Regency. Based on observations that have been conducted on one of the bamboo craftsmen in the Brajan area, bamboo handicraft is in great demand due to they have a unique and ethnic appearance, but the production process is quite complicated and takes a long time. According to the literature, this is due to bamboo plants are classified as herbaceous plants, namely plants with watery or wet stems. So far, the method used is drying bamboo handicrafts under the hot sun, and using a dryer that can only be used for one type of handicraft. This method is not optimal and not effective for producing bamboo handicrafts. Therefore, it is necessary to apply appropriate technology to optimize the production of bamboo crafts, the solution is to manufacture bamboo dryers to facilitate bamboo handicraft producers in the bamboo drying process. In general, the appearance of this tool resembles a cupboard. This tool has a size of 1200x800x1800 mm with three chambers. This tool works by utilizing the heat from the LPG gas stove. As a temperature controller, this tool is equipped with a blower that has been programmed with Arduino Uno and functions to stabilize the temperature if the heat generated exceeds the maximum limit. The dryer machine can dry bamboo handicrafts to a water content of 2.5% in just 40 minutes, very efficient compared to conventional methods. This tool can facilitate and optimize the production of bamboo handicrafts in the Brajan area, Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta.
2
Magerramova, L. A., Yu A. Nozhnitsky, S. A. Volkov, M. E. Volkov, V. Zh Chepurnov, S. V. Belov, I. S. Verbanov, and S. V. Zaikin. "Prospects of application of additive technologies to develop parts and components of gas turbine engines and ramjets." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2019-18-3-81-98.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The possibility of reducing the weight, simplifying the design, reducing the time and cost of development, production and operation are important advantages in the implementation of additive technologies (AT). The use of AT can significantly improve fuel efficiency, environmental and other characteristics of aircraft engines. The possibility of using AT in the production of various parts and components of engines is being currently investigated at CIAM. Examples of these developments, advantages of the use of AT and problems arising in the implementation of these technologies are presented in this article. Models of turbine blades with a highly efficient cooling system, in particular, with penetration cooling were designed and manufactured using optimization methods and taking into account the capabilities of AT. The possibilities of using AT for the manufacture of elements of molds for precision casting of gas turbine engine (GTE) blades of heat-resistant alloys and ceramic rods are shown. Elements of a two-zone front module of the low-emission combustion chamber of an advanced GTE are designed and manufactured using the AT method. Research of prospective branched tree channels of heat exchangers with mutually porous bodies that can be made only by AT methods and the use of which will make it possible to increase the efficiency of heat exchange in the case of lower weight, than that of the structures made by traditional technologies, is being carried out. The AT was used to manufacture complex elements of a ramjet engine. Fire tests of printed sections of the combustion chamber were carried out successfully. Cellular structures to be used in gas turbine engine parts with the aim of reducing their weight were developed. A hollow blade model with cellular-type core was made using AT. Tests of the designed cellular prototypes were carried out. The possibilities of reducing the mass of structural elements using cellular structures obtained by AT methods are shown. Research of hollow disks of turbines and other engine components produced with the aid of AT are carried out. Despite the fact that experimental studies of structural elements obtained by additive technologies have not been completed yet, these works show the prospects for the use of AT in the development of a wide range of engine parts and components.
3
Satria, Eko, Melany Febrina, Mitra Djamal, Wahyu Srigutomo, and Martin Liess. "CO2 Thermal Conductivity Detection in Gas Mixture for Concentration Measurement Using Bridge Configuration of Thermopiles." Science and Technology Indonesia 7, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/sti.2022.7.4.443-448.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this research, improvisation was carried out by modifying the market IR thermopile which functions as a thermal conductivity detector to measure the concentration of CO2 gas in the gas mixture. Four thermopiles are configured with a Wheatstone bridge with the aim of increasing the accuracy of the measurement system in detecting changes in CO2 concentration in the gas mixture (N2 and CO2). Using the bridge configuration of these four thermopiles, this measurement system can measure changes in CO2 concentration in small orders. The sensor developed is easy to manufacture, low cost, and has high linearity as evidenced by a correlation coefficient of 0.9943. From the experiments carried out, the sensor works quite accurately in detecting CO2 concentrations with the sensor’s sensitivity of -88.19 Volt/%, the detection range is 0% to 100%, and the RMS error value is 2.25.
4
Kokoev, M. N., V. T. Fedorov, and G. N. Hadgishalapov. "WIND ENERGY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PENOSTEKL AND KERAMZIT." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 46, no. 1 (July 16, 2019): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2019-46-1-187-194.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objectives. Foamglass and expanded clay are absolutely fireproof, reliable and environmentally friendly heat insulators. But in the cost of their production, energy costs reach 40 ... 60%.Method. A part of the thermal energy required for the production of building materials was proposed to be developed by a wind power station (WPP).Result. A heating plant with a Darya turbine capable of operating in severe climatic conditions has been developed. The bearing part of the wind power installation consists of three simple masts, working mainly in compression. The masts are symmetrically placed relative to the center of the wind farm. The design feature is that the vertical shaft with the turbine is suspended at the top of the swivel at the point where the three almost horizontal cables meet. The free ends of the ropes pass through the blocks on the tops of the masts and are secured with anchors at ground level. Therefore, the shaft works mainly in tension and torsion and is well opposed to transverse vibrations. A simple generator without equipment for voltage and frequency regulation operates at WPPs, as for electric heaters of furnaces to which the generator current is supplied, power conditioning is not required. With a decrease in wind speed and a drop in HPP power, the automation supplies more fuel to the burners to maintain the temperature according to the regulations.Conclusion. Thus, the WPP capacity fills a part of the required heat output of the furnaces, and the missing part of the heat output is compensated by burning gas or fuel oil. If the WPP is located near the enterprise, then electricity is supplied to the consumer without transformers. It is cheaper to lay cables of a larger section than to complete a wind farm with two power transformers.
5
Шоринов, Александр Владимирович. "ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ХОЛОДНОГО ГАЗОДИНАМИЧЕСКОГО НАПЫЛЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАЩИТЫ И ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ДЕТАЛЕЙ ИЗ МАГНИЕВЫХ СПЛАВОВ". Aerospace technic and technology, № 2 (26 квітня 2018): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2018.2.03.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Magnesium alloys are widely used in modern technology, especially in the aviation and automotive industries, primarily due to low density, which allows reducing the weight of products and structures significantly. However, one of the main disadvantages of magnesium alloys is low corrosion resistance, which limits the possibilities of their wide application. A large number of magnesium parts of helicopters are prone to corrosion in places of contact with parts made of other metals forming a galvanic couple. Moreover, magnesium alloys are also susceptible to surface damage due to impact, which often occurs in the manufacture, repair and maintenance of aviation equipment. Scratches and damage can lead to local corrosion. It is shown that energy- and resource-saving cold spraying technology is effective and advanced technology for repairing and recovering of magnesium parts against corrosion. The cold gas-dynamic spraying technology is a relatively new industry among the processes of thermal spraying. The cold spray process is based on accelerating the metal powder particles with a supersonic gas stream in the Laval nozzle followed by an impact on the substrate and the formation of a coating. The process is characterized in that the powder material used in the spraying process does not melt and therefore the oxidation of the coating decreases; there are no phase changes in the material and no considerable heating of the substrate. The results of the analysis of the current state of cold spraying of protective and restorative coatings as well as the analysis of the aviation engines magnesium parts manufactured by «MOTOR SICH», their damages, in particular corrosion, causes of occurrence and current protection methods are accomplished. The works aimed to deposition of cold spray corrosion-resistant coatings and its application for restoration and protection of magnesium parts against corrosion are analyzed. The previous work in the field of cold spraying of anticorrosive coatings was mainly aimed to achieving maximum density of coatings, since the absence of through porosity provides reliable protection of the base material. Coatings with a minimum porosity were obtained using the high-pressure cold spray systems. The analysis showed that the issue of using low-pressure cold-spray equipment remains open and confirms the urgency of further research
6
Biantoro, Agung Wahyudi. "GLEDS (Gas Leakage Early Detection System) PROTOTYPE FOR EARLY DETECTION OF GAS LEAKS BASED ON MICROCONTROLLER ON MOTOR VEHICLES." Jurnal Teknik Mesin 9, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jtm.v9i1.5990.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agung Wahyudi Biantoro Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta. Jl. Meruya Selatan No. 1, Jakarta Barat. Email : agung_wahyudi@mercubuana.ac.idPresent the need for efficient transportation is very important for modern human life. Various types of studies continue to be carried out to support the implementation of the use of Gas Fuel (CNG), to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The use of BBG is considered more efficient and environmentally friendly than using fuel oil (BBM). However, thus, the use of CNG can hurt a negative impact on human safety and even cause considerable losses if it is not used carefully, especially if there is no known leakage from the tube and cause a fire to the vehicle. CNG gas that has a leak does smell so normal leakage is easily detected. However, if the leaky gas seeps into the engine, and the bottom of the bus or under the carpet, it will be difficult to detect. CNG gas is famous for its flammability so that the leakage of CNG equipment is at high risk of fire. Based on this description, the need for an early gas leak detection device using a microcontroller can monitor the presence of gas leaks in vehicles that can be observed directly through the LED screen in the form of a warning that can be placed on the cabin dashboard. From the above problems, the authors are interested in making a study by creating an innovation tool called GLEDS (Gas Leakage Early Detection System) in Microcontroller-Based Motorized Vehicles. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of the design of the gas cylinder position in motorized vehicles and design the manufacture and GLEDS tool to detect gas leaks in motorized vehicles. Based on the whole system starting from the design and manufacture of GLEDS tools The conclusion is that the GLEDS gas leak detector can work well, this is indicated by the functioning of the tool when given butane gas. The buzzer sounds, the green LED lights up and displays graphical data on Android. Next, the sensor will detect a leak in the gas cylinder, if near the gas cylinder regulator there is really a butane gas content at a concentration of 280 ppm which then increases to 400 ppm. At a concentration of 300 ppm, the tool works well, with active buzzer alarms and LED lights. This GLEDS tool can be placed in the trunk of a car, close to gas cylinders of LNG four-wheeled motorized vehicles. Keywords: Gas Leak Detection, GLEDS, Arduino Uno, Microcontroller
7
Daviend Benaya Nugroho, Tandya, Albert Gunadhi, Evelyn Raguindin, and Hartono Pranjoto. "Tire Pressure and the Availability of Gasoline Monitoring Tools Based on IOT." E3S Web of Conferences 188 (2020): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018800024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This final project discusses the design and manufacture of tire pressure and the availability of gasoline monitoring tools based on internet of things (IOT). Tire pressure monitoring tools are made because many of the motorcycle driver don’t have a time to check tire pressure, and often experience a reduction in pressure to leak on the highway. While the gasoline monitoring tool is made so that driver can see the contents of the available motorcycle tank volume, and estimate the price paid when filling in the gas. Conventional methods of estimating gasoline prices often cause failure to refuel at gas stations, and make motorists complain about improper prices. Basically this tool works by means of a gasoline indicator and is connected to the ADC port of the NodeMCU microcontroller. As for tire pressure, the measurement is done by using a pressure sensor and additional ADC, because the microcontroller only has one ADC port. Both of these tools work in the second way the microcontroller receives input data from the gasoline ADC indicator, and there is data processing in the microcontroller to connect the monitoring system via the internet.
8
Kubik, John, Grant Shaw, and Melissa Vicario. "Unlocking Gippsland reserves with a minimum kit solution – West Barracouta." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S137—S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21143.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The West Barracouta (BTW), field one of the largest proven undeveloped gas fields off the south-eastern Australian coast, commenced production in April 2021. The project was developed by Esso-BHP Gippsland Basin Joint Venture (JV), a 50–50 JV between ExxonMobil’s subsidiary Esso Australia and BHP Petroleum. The BTW gas field is situated ~6 km south west of the existing Barracouta gas field and platform, the first Gippsland Basin Joint Venture platform in Bass Strait. The BTW development involved drilling two subsea production wells, installation of umbilical controls from the existing platform and installation of a ~6 km subsea flowline to connect to existing gas pipeline via a hot tap. The BTW team will share insights on how it: (1) utilised minimum kit solution and verification of existing asset condition; subsea hot tap into operational gas pipeline and re-use of existing platform J-tube to minimise works on and around the Barracouta Platform (including diving work). (2) Managed an Operator first – co-mingled wet gas subsea pipelines while operating in hydrate regions; via detailed water detection metre/software solution, downhole zone isolation and systematic operating guidelines. (3) Leveraged Installation Contractor competitive Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) enabling optimisation of facilities design/execution strategies to align with strengths and maximise overall project value. (4) Leveraged the OneSubsea/Subsea 7 Subsea Integration Alliance and global worldwide network to execute the subsea design (including qualification), manufacture and installation. (5) Utilised the incumbent Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor to integrate the subsea and topsides control systems to support a single operation system linked to the existing to Distributed Control System (DCS).
9
Alina, A. A., V. Y. Kulikov, P. V. Kovalev, and A. M. Dostayeva. "Study of thermal resistance of cold mixtures with clay addition." Kompleksnoe ispolʹzovanie mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 316, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the results of heat resistance of cold-harmful mixtures with the addition of clay. The article presents the results of an experimental laboratory study of the properties of samples from CTS, obtained by various methods. The scientific novelty of the technology lies in the fact that the technology of casting in cold-rolled steel ensures high quality of the casting surface, the absence of gas defects and blockages in the casting. The selection of the composition and technological parameters for the manufacture of the mold, contributing to the production of high-quality defect-free castings, will significantly reduce their cost, which will have a positive effect on the economy of our country. The study of the change in density over time depending on the applied load was studied in a series of experiments. The density of the mixture was determined every thirty seconds during the entire time of the formation of the dispersed medium. These experiments showed that at the beginning of the formation of the shell, its density increases significantly. In works on the thermal stability of polymers, the general laws of thermal decomposition and carbonization of cyclic, spatially crosslinked hot curing polymers were investigated and it was shown that the kinetics of destruction, the composition of gaseous products, the amount of coke formed and its properties depend on the properties of the initial polymers - the degree of crosslinking of molecular chains, chemical structure, the presence of impurities of catalysts and other curing conditions, as well as the heating conditions - speed and temperature. The article summarizes some of the results of the study, which is most appropriate for thin-walled steel castings to use the following mixture composition: filler - quartz sand; binder - clay of the Kazakhstani deposit, epoxy resin, hardener.
10
Sych, Oleh, Andrii Kornienko, and Nadiia Yevtushenko. "FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF OXYGENATES IN MOTOR TYPES OF GASOLINE." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 67 (August 9, 2022): 396–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2022.67.40.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main types of oxygenates, which are used in the manufacture of motor types of gasoline, are considered. Oxygenates (oxygen-containing compounds) is the general name for lower alcohols and ethers used as high-octane components of motor fuels. For the manufacture of motor types of gasoline, a low-octane base is used to which high-octane components are added. In many cases, lower alcohols (methanol, ethanol, etc.) and ethers (methyl tert-butyl ether, tert-amyl methyl ether, etc.) are used as high-octane components of motor types of gasoline. Straight-run gasoline and stable gasoline are often used as the low-octane gasoline base for mixed motor types of gasoline. Methanol (CH3OH) is the simplest monohydric alcohol. Methyl alcohol is now produced synthetically from carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is a representative of monohydric alcohols with the formula C2H5OH. The production of ethyl alcohol is possible in several ways: biochemical, hydrolysis, synthetic, or ethylene hydration. For the manufacture of motor types of gasoline, dehydrated ethyl alcohol (bioethanol, an alternative universal component of motor fuel (KMPU), etc.) is used. Bioethanol is produced according to DSTU 7166: 2010 “Bioethanol. Technical mind”. According to DSTU 7166: 2010, bioethanol is dehydrated ethyl alcohol made from biomass or from raw ethyl alcohol for use as biofuel. As a technological and denaturing additive, gasoline (petroleum products) is introduced into bioethanol in an amount of up to 1.5 % by volume. KMPU is produced in accordance with TU U 20.5-00372536-001: 2013 “Component of firing motor alternative universal (KMPU). Technical conditions”. An alternative universal motor fuel component is dehydrated ethyl alcohol with a complex of additives, which is used for the manufacture of mixed motor types of gasoline and alternative types of motor types of gasoline. Compositionally, KMPU is similar to bioethanol but differs from it in the presence of another high-octane component – methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Methyl tert-butyl ether, formula CH3-O-C (CH3)3 is a product that can be obtained in large quantities by reacting isobutylene with methanol. The advantage of MTBE is its good solubility in gasoline, and, at the same time, it is not washed out of it with water. MTBE does not impair the physical and chemical stability of gasoline; it is characterized by stable anti-knock properties during storage and operation. The article discusses the results of the study of the listed oxygenates by gasliquid chromatography. This method makes it possible to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition of oxygenates and motor types of gasoline based on them. It is shown that from readily available petroleum components (stable gas gasoline) without the use of complex technological equipment by mixing with oxygenates, it is possible to obtain a gasoline mixture with a high detonation resistance, which is fake gasoline in composition. When mixing in certain proportions a low-octane gasoline base, for example, stable gas gasoline and oxygenates (lower alcohols, ethers), which have appropriate performance characteristics, it is possible to obtain commercial gasoline that will meet the requirements of regulatory documents (DSTU) for motor types of gasoline. The considered technology also allows, when mixing in the calculated proportions of commercial gasoline A-92 (A-95) with oxygenates and stable gasoline, to improve the operational characteristics (knock resistance) of the obtained gasoline mixture or to increase the volume of the resulting gasoline mixture without improving its operational characteristics. Key words: blended types of gasoline, alternative types of gasoline, oxygenates, lower alcohols, ethers, bioethanol, alternative motor fuel component universal.
Книги з теми "Gas manufacture and works By-products"
1
Eng, Robert. Survey of town gas and by-product production and locations in the U.S. (1880-1950). Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.
Знайти повний текст джерела
2
Company, Halifax Gas Light. Report of the provisional committee appointed by the stockholders of the Gas-Light and Water Company to ascertain the whole cost of erecting gas works for the town of Halifax. [Halifax, N.S.?: s.n.], 1987.
Знайти повний текст джерела
3
International Symposium on Biogas Production, Wastewater Treatment, and Management Strategies of Organic Resources (2005 Suwŏn-si, Korea). International Symposium on Biogas Production, Wastewater Treatment, and Management Strategies of Organic Resources: Suwon, Korea, Sep. 5, 2005. Suwon, Korea: National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2005.
Знайти повний текст джерела
4
Newbigging, Thomas. Handbook for Gas Engineers and Manager: By Thomas Newbigging. Arkose Press, 2015.
Знайти повний текст джерела
5
Kiefner, J. F., and E. B. Clark. History of Line Pipe Manufacturing in North America. ASME, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.812334.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored through the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Center for Research and Technology Development by Columbia Gas Transmission Corporation, El Paso Natural Gas Company, Gas Research Institute, Research Committee on Gas Pipelines Safety, and Washington Gas and Electric Company. This document’s purpose is to provide pipeline operators with historical data on line pipe, so that they will be able to operate their pipelines, particularly the older ones, with greater confidence in their safety and reliability. The document is comprised of four major sections. The first explains the manufacturing processes that have been and are being used to make line pipe. The second presents tables by type of pipe listing the manufacturers of line pipe, past and present, in North America. At the end of this section some techniques for identifying unknown pipe samples are presented. In the third section the API line pipe specifications as they have evolved since 1928 are reviewed. The fourth section is a glossary of terms frequently associated with line pipe manufacturing.
6
Patterson, Christopher B. Open World Empire. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479802043.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Video games vastly outpace all other entertainment media in revenue and in global reach. On the surface, games do not appear ideological, nor are they categorized as national products, yet their very existence has been conditioned upon the spread of militarized technology, the exploitation of already existing labor and racial hierarchies in their manufacture, and the utopian promises of digital technology. Like literature and film before them, video games have become the main artistic expression of empire today and thus form an understanding for how war and imperial violence proceed under the signs of openness, transparency, and digital utopia. To understand games as such, this book uses Asian American critiques to discusses games as Asian-inflected commodities, with their hardware assembled in Asia, their most talented e-sports players of Asian origin, and most of their genres formed by Asian companies (Nintendo, Sony, Sega). Games draw on established discourses of Asia to provide an “Asiatic” space, a playful sphere of racial otherness that straddles notions of the queer, the exotic, the bizarre, and the erotic, reminiscent of the works of Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, and Eve Sedgwick. Thinking through games like Overwatch, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, Shenmue II, and Alien: Isolation, Patterson reads against the open world empire by playing games erotically, as players do—seeing games as Asiatic playthings that afford new passions, pleasures, desires, and attachments, with grave attention to how games allow us to tell our own stories about ourselves.
7
Shengelia, Revaz. Modern Economics. Universal, Georgia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/rsme012021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.
Частини книг з теми "Gas manufacture and works By-products"
1
Areth Koroth, Rohith, Fredrik Elgh, Martin Lennartsson, and Dag Raudberget. "Design for Producibility: A Case Study on Theory, Practice and Gaps." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220640.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Changing customer requirements, regulations, technology and regulations, shift to automated assembly and product variety are common challenges faced by many manufacturing industries and alignment between product and production system is critical for business success. Design engineers should be aware of production constraints and capabilities to ensure efficient manufacture and assembly of products that are developed. This requires different and detailed support to guide the work, evaluate different design solutions, enable continuous and concurrent work with design for producibility and production preparation. A study was conducted in three companies to understand alignment and integration of product development and production preparation processes. Also, utilization of production requirements, design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA) and failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA) to support design for producibility (DFP) was studied. Currently, production preparation is done through discussions between design and production engineers. Production preparation and work with DFMA and FMEA is skill and experience dependent. Definition, structuring and sharing of production requirements on different system levels, from production and product perspectives are identified as critical to supporting design for producibility and production preparation. The work with FMEA and DFMA can be developed and improved with systematic and structured way of working with production requirements.
2
Lechuga, Gilberto Pérez, Francisco Venegas Martínez, and Elvia Pérez Ramírez. "Stochastic Optimization of Manufacture Systems by Using Markov Decision Processes." In Handbook of Research on Modern Optimization Algorithms and Applications in Engineering and Economics, 185–208. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9644-0.ch007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In real-world most of manufacturing systems are large, complex, and subject to uncertainty. This is mainly due to events as random demands, breakdowns, repairs of production machines, setup and cycle times, inventory fluctuations and more. If items move too quickly, workers may work too hard. If items move too slowly, workers may have great leisure times. However, must make decisions here and now regarding the operation of the system optimally and quickly. In practice, these decisions are based on recent statistics of the system behavior, in the experience of the analyst and the urgency of the solution. In this chapter, we present a real problem associated with the production of individual parts in metalworking industry for the refrigerators production. We develop a model based on the Markov Decision Process to study the dynamics of the trajectory of end products in a manufacturing line that works by process. Then, we propose a measure of the average production rate of the line by using the Monte Carlo method. We illustrate our proposal using a numerical example with real data obtained in situ.
3
Aliila Greyson, Kenedy. "Vehicles Power Consumption: Case Study of Dar Rapid Transit Agency (DART) in Tanzania." In Internal Combustion Engine Technology and Applications of Biodiesel Fuel. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy consumption and its environmental impact are now among the most challenging problems in most developing cities. The common sources of energy used as the fuel in transportation sector include gasoline, diesel, natural gas, propane, biofuels, electricity, coal, and hydrogen. However, in Tanzania, diesel and gasoline are still the dominant source of energy used by public and private vehicles. We have experienced significant efforts of converting conventional vehicles (gasoline engines) to operate on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or on hybrid system (gasoline and natural gas) as an alternative source of energy in Tanzania. The CNG is considered as cleaner combustion energy used as a vehicular fuel alternative to gasoline or diesel. In this chapter, the amount of energy consumption from the fuel combustion, the impact of environmental health (toxicity gas emission), the cost of fuel used by the transit buses in terms of fuel energy consumption, and driving profile are discussed. The scope of this work is based on the total energy contained in the fuel only. The ability of the engine to transform the available energy from the fuel into useful work power (efficiency) is left to the designers and manufacturers.
4
Zheng, Pai, Zuoxu Wang, and Chun-Hsien Chen. "Smart Product-Service Systems: A Novel Transdisciplinary Sociotechnical Paradigm." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde190128.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The third-wave of IT competition have embraced a promising market of low cost, high performance smart, connected products (SCP). Owing to their unique capabilities, SCPs together with their generated smart services, as a solution bundle can fulfil the everchanging individual user’s needs. Meanwhile, manufacturers/service providers leverage massive user generated data and product sensed data via the Internet-of-Things (IoT) for evergreen design innovation. This emerging IT-driven transdisciplinary engineering paradigm is named Smart Product-Service Systems (Smart PSS), which is an ecosystem consisting of various stakeholders as the key players for open innovation (social aspect), intelligent systems as the infrastructure to enable smartness and connectedness (technical aspect), and digital servitization as the value proposition to make higher profits (business aspect). Though similar terminologies have been utilized to describe such paradigm, none of them emphasizes its transdisciplinary essence, as a sociotechnical system. Moreover, scarcely any work addresses its lifecycle perspectives for sustainability concerns. Aiming to fill these gaps, this research provides a fundamental basis of Smart PSS by summarizing typical works from technical, social, and business aspects, respectively. Furthermore, its lifecycle perspectives in a circular economy is depited to motivate more in-depth research in the near future.
5
Cai, Tianxing. "Data Integration Technology for Industrial and Environmental Research via Air Quality Monitoring Network." In Enhancing Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research with Technology, 158–92. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6493-7.ch007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Industrial and environmental research will always involve the study of the cause-effect relationship between emissions and the surrounding environment. Qualitative and mixed methods researchers have employed a variety of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools, simulated or virtual environments, information systems, information devices, and data analysis tools in this field. With the collection and representation of information in a range of ways, software tools have been created to manage and store this data. This data management enables more efficient searching ability of various types of electronic and digitized information. Various technologies have made the work of research more efficient. The results of the qualitative or mixed methods research may be integrated to reach the research target. Right now, a lot of software tools are available for analysis to identify patterns and represent new meanings. The programs extend the capabilities of the researcher in terms of information coding and meaning-making. Machine-enhanced analytics has enabled the identification of aspects of interest such as correlations and anomalies from large datasets. Chemical facilities, where large amounts of chemicals and fuels are processed, manufactured, and housed, have high risks to originate air emission events, such as intensive flaring and toxic gas release caused by various uncertainties like equipment failure, false operation, nature disaster, or terrorist attack. Based on an available air-quality monitoring network, the data integration technologies are applied to identify the scenarios of the possible emission source and the dynamic pollutant monitor result, so as to timely and effectively support diagnostic and prognostic decisions. In this chapter, several systematic methodologies and preliminary data integration system designs for such applications are developed according to the real application purpose. It includes two stages of modeling and optimization work: 1) the determination of background normal emission rates from multiple emission sources and 2) single-objective or multi-objective optimization for impact scenario identification and quantification. They have the capability of identifying the potential emission profile and spatial-temporal characterization of pollutant dispersion for a specific region, including reverse estimation of air quality issues. The chapter provides valuable information for accidental investigations and root cause analysis for an emission event, and it helps evaluate the regional air quality impact caused by such an emission event as well. Case studies are employed to demonstrate the efficacy of the developed methodology.
6
de Aguiar, Ana Carolina, Arthur Luiz Baião Dias, and Juliane Viganó. "Green Extraction Techniques to Obtain Bioactive Concentrates Rich in Terpenoids." In Terpenoids: Recent Advances in Extraction, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 17–38. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681089645122010004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids or terpenes, are a large class of natural products which display a wide range of biological activities. They are major constituents of essential oils produced by aromatic plants and tree resins. Due to their notable biological activities, these compounds have enormous economic importance, being widely used as bioactive ingredients in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The growing demand from consumers and regulatory agencies to develop green sustainable industrial processes has resulted in the emergence of new technologies for obtaining bioactive compounds from natural sources. Thus, many works have been reported in the literature regarding the development and application of new methods for obtaining terpenoids from natural sources that meet the demands of green processes, with reduced consumption of solvent and energy, less waste generation, and use of non-toxic solvents. This chapter proposes to present the main methods of green extraction to obtain terpenoids-rich extracts, with an emphasis on low-pressure methods, such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE); and high-pressure methods (here considered as pressures greater than 5 bar), including extraction with supercritical fluids (SFE), subcritical water (SWE) and liquefied petroleum gas extraction (LPG). In addition, the future perspectives and the main challenges regarding the development of alternative methods for the recovery of terpenoids are presented and discussed.
7
Roy, Mrinmoy. "Good Pharmacy Practice in India: Its past, Present and Future with Need and Status in COVID 19." In Bioethical Issues in Healthcare [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100635.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The pandemic of COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of emergency preparedness and response (EP and R) in India’s education, training, capacity building, and infrastructure growth. Healthcare professionals, especially pharmacy professionals (PPs) in India, continued to provide drugs, supplies, and services during the pandemic. The public-private healthcare system in India is complicated and of varying quality. Patients face problems as a result of gaps in pharmacy practice education and training, as well as a lack of clarity about pharmacists’ positions. Job requirements and effective placement of healthcare professionals in patient care, as well as on (EP and R) task forces or policy representation, are complicated by this lack of distinction. We have also seen malpractice and spurious distribution in the healthcare and pharmaceutical domain in terms of personal protective kits, medications, injectable, life-saving oxygen, and other items during this unprecedented pandemic situation. A few of the incidents are as follows. The central division police in Bangalore (the Global BPO & IT Hub of India) booked a case of bed-blocking at a private hospital and arrested three people, one of whom is an Arogya Mitra (primary contact for the beneficiaries at every empaneled hospital care provider), for allegedly extorting ₹1.20 lakh from the son of a COVID-19 patient who later passed away. At least 178 COVID-19 patients in India have died because of oxygen shortage in recent weeks. Another 70 deaths have been attributed to an oxygen shortage by patients\' families, but this has been denied by the authorities. The Allahabad High court made a remark “Death of COVID patients due to non-supply of oxygen not less than genocide” on reports circulating on social media regarding the death of COVID-19 patients due to lack of oxygen in Lucknow and Meerut. A day ago, the Delhi police busted an industrial manufacturing unit in Uttarakhand’s Kotdwar where fake Remdesivir injections were being manufactured and arrested five people. These depict the ground reality and ethical standards of good pharmacy practice in this country. There is an utmost necessity to relook and re-establish the standards of pharmacy practice in healthcare setups available in each and every corner of the country in line with guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). For that, the dependency and responsibilities are very high on healthcare professionals, particularly in this pandemic situation. The pharmacy zone is adaptable, evolving, and increasingly diverse, offering a wide range of work and management opportunities to execute. PPs are human service professionals whose responsibilities include safeguarding individuals by dispensing medications based on prescriptions. Representing the world\'s third-largest medicinal services with active gathering, and in India, there are over 1,000,000 (1 million) enrolled PPs employed in various capacities and readily contributing to the country\'s well-being. Pharmacy practice, which includes clinical, community, and hospital pharmacy, is referred to as total healthcare in its true sense. Through adaptation and implementation of GPP in healthcare setup, PPs form an essential link between physicians, nurses, and patients in the social community group, with an ultimate emphasis on patient well-being and protection. To instill quality and raise the standard in this chaotic situation there are strict measures required in the country. The International Pharmaceutical Federation and World Health Organization define good pharmacy practice (GPP) as practices that meet the personal needs of patients or those using pharmacy services by offering appropriate evidence-based care. In developed countries, pharmaceutical assistance is defined as a pharmaceutical practice model that involves attitudes, ethical values, behaviors, skills, appointments, and co-responsibility to prevent diseases, promote and recovery health in an integrated manner as part of the healthcare process, highlighting, among other, the requirement that the institution fully adopts the GPP. There is a need for a GPP Program designed by the Indian Govt. or its stakeholders in the context of the Indian healthcare system and adopting “new normal” due to the unprecedented event of COVID 19 and also raising the standard and importance of GPP for the healthcare professionals in the current scenario.
8
"Ultrasonic homogenizing systems are able to produce particle-size and droplet-size distributions that approach those of piston homogenizers with a lower power re-quirement. In order to work, they must be fed a well-blended premix or a metered feed of the liquid components. The vibrating element is an extra maintenance item, espe-cially in heavy or abrasive service. Overall, they offer an attractive option when fixed-gap rotor/stator devices do not produce the required size distributions. 5. Homogenizer/Extruder Another high-pressure homogenizer/extruder with an adjustable valve having produc-tion capacities from 8 mL/hr to 12,000 LL/hr is available. A positive displacement pump produces pressures up to 30,000 psig. The manufacturer claims that no O-ring is used in the product pass and pump seal, and this homogenizer/extruder was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for pharmaceutical use [36]. At this writing, in-formation concerning the internal structure is not available. The apparatus is capable of producing fine emulsions and liposomal dispersions. Figure 36 shows a laboratory unit. 6. Microfluidizer Technologies A more recent invention to find wide use in specialized forms of dispersed system dosage forms is the microfluidizer. This device uses a high-pressure positive-displacement pump operating at a pressure of 500-20,000 psig, which accelerates the process flow to up to 500 m/min through the interaction chamber. The interaction chamber consists of small channels known as microchannels. The microchannel diameters can be as narrow as 50 urn and cause the flow of product to occur as very thin sheets. The configuration of these microchannels within the interaction chamber resembles Y-shaped flow streams in which the process stream divides into these microchannels, creating two separate microstreams. The sum of cross-sectional areas of these two microstreams is less than the cross-sectional area of the pipe before division to two separate streams. This nar-rowing of the flow pass creates an (axisymmetric) elongational flow to generate high Fig. 36 Emulsiflex-C5, a high-pressure homogenizer. (From Ref. 36.)." In Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 365–67. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420000955-54.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Gas manufacture and works By-products"
1
Rafferty, John Gerard, David Gill, and Ravi Kapur. "Disrupting the Metallics Domain in Pressure Vessel and Piping Manufacture-Advanced Manufacturing in the Oil and Gas Sector." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65840.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditional design and supply chain processes have created well established approaches to the manufacture of metallic engineering products in the Oil and Gas sector. Normative references such as API 6A (Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment) and API 17D (Design and Operation of Subsea Production Systems - Subsea Wellhead and Tree Equipment), as well as national and company-based specifications and requirements (e.g., Brazilian norm NBR 15827 “Industrial Valves for Installations of Exploration, Production, Refining and Transport of Petrol Products - Requirements for Design and Prototype Test” and Chevron specification SSM - PU - 54.02 - A “Qualification Testing of Subsea Equipment”) and the ASME body of pressure vessel code requirements and derived specifications, are largely predicated on traditional design and supply assumptions with respect to metallic materials and components. The further challenge of recovering oil from deepwater basins has generated initiatives such as “Project 20K”, BP’s project to develop, with programme collaborators, the capability to drill, complete, produce and intervene in deepwater reservoirs with pressures of 20,000 psi at the mudline and temperatures up to 350°F (175°C). Here again, design and supply assumptions to date are predicated on traditional design and supply assumptions for metallic materials and components. Notwithstanding the progress being achieved in meeting performance requirements in these and similar programmes, a global paradigm change is underway in respect of the accelerating front of advanced manufacturing. This has been seen especially in the aerospace and aviation sectors, but significantly less so in the Oil and Gas sector. This paper will contribute to addressing this imbalance by presenting work being done by a major subsea equipment supplier to engage with the challenges of this disruptive manufacturing technology. Specifically, the paper will present the holistic approach and results of innovative work being done in the advanced manufacturing of a subsea metallic component using welding arc additive techniques. The work presented will review and evaluate the impact of this manufacturing technology on the core metallic component domains of Metallurgy, Welding Engineering and NDE, utilizing a robotic system for manufacturing the component. The paper directly contributes, therefore, to the emerging roadmap for advanced manufacturing of metallic components in the Oil and Gas sector.
2
Gu¨nther, Andre´, Wieland Uffrecht, Erwin Kaiser, Stefan Odenbach, and Lothar Heller. "Experimental Analysis of Varied Vortex Reducer Configurations for the Internal Air System of Jet Engine Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50738.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The continuous improvement of engine performance, combined with strict environmental and safety regulations and the reduction of time and cost of new products, is the major goal of the turbomachinery industry. Particular attention is being focused on the reduction of internal losses and weight, associated with the internal air system. The cooling air is normally bled by holes in the rotor from the main flow of the HP compressor, transported radially inwards towards the shaft and further transferred to the hot parts of the engine. The radial inflow creates vortices induced by the core rotation ratio, which create very high pressure losses and restrict the maximum cooling flow rate. The pressure loss depends strongly on the rotating speed and the mass flow rate. The vortex reducer prevents the development of vortices and therefore reduces the pressure loss. A key area of concern is to optimize the pressure loss concurrent with the use of new light weight or easy to manufacture configurations of vortex reducers. The material presented in this paper describes an experimental study, concentrating on a two cavity test rig for different internal cooling flow concepts. The test rig has steel discs, operating at engine representative flow and temperature conditions and permits several flow and heating modes with axial or/and radial flow configurations. The present work investigates the fluid flow for different vortex reducer configurations at different rotational speeds and its influence on the pressure loss. Particular attention was paid to the influence of size and location of the tubes. The experimental setup and the results concerning the pressure losses for the different configurations are presented.
3
Ozalp, Nesrin, and Anoop Kanjirakat. "A CFD Study on the Effect of Carbon Particle Seeding for the Improvement of Solar Reactor Performance." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90326.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the increasing concern of CO2 emissions and climate change, efforts have grown to include solar technologies in chemical processes to manufacture products that can be used both as a commodity and as a fuel, such as hydrogen. This study focuses on a technique, referred to as “solar cracking” of natural gas for the co-production of hydrogen and carbon as byproduct with zero emission footprint via the following reaction: CH4→C(s)+2H2(g). However, some portion of the incoming solar energy absorbed by the cavity greatly exceeds the surface absorption of the inner walls because of multiple internal reflections. Studies have shown that by seeding the reactor with micron-sized carbon particles, methane conversion improves drastically due to the radiation absorbed by the carbon particles and additional nucleation sites formed by carbon particles for heterogeneous decomposition reaction. This can maintain more heat at the core and can reduce the carbon deposits on the reactor walls. Present study numerically tries to investigate the above fact by tracking carbon particles in a Lagrangian frame-work. Initially, the numerical model is validated qualitatively by comparing the particle deposition on reactor window with the experimental observations. Effect of particle loading, particle emissivity, injection point location, and effect of using different window screening gases on a flow and temperature distribution inside a confined tornado flow reactor are studied. It is observed that the methane conversion substantially increases by particle seeding. The results of this research can be used in thermo-chemical reactor design.
4
Gaymann, A., F. Montomoli, and M. Pietropaoli. "Design for Additive Manufacturing: Valves Without Moving Parts." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64872.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work presents an innovative design method to obtain valves without moving parts that can be built using additive manufacturing and applied to gas turbines. Additive manufacturing offers more flexibility than traditional manufacturing methods, which implies less constraints on the manufacture of engineering parts and it is possible to build complex geometries like the Tesla valve. The Tesla valve is a duct that shows a diodicity behavior: it allows a fluid to flow in one direction with lower losses than in the other one. Unfortunately the design of the Tesla valve is two dimensional and it relies on the designer experience to obtain good performance. The method presented here allows the automatic generation of valves similar to the Tesla one, obtained automatically by a topology optimization algorithm. It is the first time that a three dimensional method is presented, the available algorithms in the open literature works in two dimensions. A fluid sedimentation process enables the creation of a new geometry optimized to meet a prescribed set of performance, such as pressure losses. The steepest descent method is used to approximate the integrals met during the calculation process. The optimizer is used to obtain three dimensional geometries for different multi-objective functions. The geometry is compared to an existing similar solution proposed in the open literature and validated. The results are compared to a Tesla valve to show the performance of the optimized geometries. The advantage of the proposed solution is the possibility to apply the design method with any spatial constraints and for a wide range of mass flow.
5
Tsai, Ying-Chien, and Wei-Yi Hsu. "A Study on the CAD/CAM of Curvic Couplings." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30486.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The curvic coupling was first developed by Gleason Works about sixty years ago. Then, it has been implemented through design and manufacture methods to be used for connecting shafts of gas-turbine engine. The stiffness and the accuracy of centering the coupling have become very important. Therefore, it is necessary to design curvic couplings with the following characteristics: high positioning accuracy, high indexing accuracy, high indexing stiffness, self-centering, and self-improving of indexing accuracy. The process of designing and manufacturing curvic coupling required prior experience as well as a series of trial and error runs. In this paper, mathematical models for designing curvic coupling are developed. First, the parametric and the generalized forms of the quadric surface are presented, and then the mathematical models of cone surface are obtained from the degeneration of quadric surface. Tooth profiles are described by using mathematical model of cone surface in conjunction with design/manufacturing parameters of curvic coupling. The contact patterns are predicted by solving the intersections of all meshing surfaces on the pair of curvic couplings simultaneously. Finally, a computer program is developed for designing curvic couplings with design parameters as input variables to predict the contact patterns of designed curvic couplings and to show them in the form of 3D models. Some design charts are also presented. It is believed that the methodology and the computer program developed in this paper will prove to be an efficient tool for the design and manufacturing of curvic couplings.
6
Richer, P., M. Yandouzi, B. Jodoin, and A. Zúñiga. "TEM Microstructural Investigation of MCrAlY Coatings Manufactured by Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying." In ITSC2009, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2009p0320.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study is part of an ongoing effort to develop high performance CoNiCrAlY bond coats by means of cold gas dynamic spraying in order to have complete control of bond coat microstructure. As such, the objective of the work presented in this paper is to perform a detailed analysis of cold sprayed CoNiCrAlY layers to assess any changes in microstructure, relative to the original feedstock powder, that may have occurred during layer build-up and compaction. Based on SEM, TEM, and XRD examination results, it is shown that, contrary to the generally accepted theory, important microstructural changes occur during the cold spray deposition process. In the coating samples examined, investigators observed evidence of grain refinement in the CoNiCr γ-phase matrix and partial dissolution of NiAl β-phase precipitates. These changes are a result of severe plastic deformation due to the high-velocity impact of sprayed particles.
7
Lefton, Steven A., Thomas D. Burnett, Todd A. Kuntz, and Steve R. Paterson. "Failure to Achieve Hot Section Component Service Intervals: Why and What to Do About it." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent work done by Aptech Engineering Services, Inc. (APTECH) has demonstrated that many hot section gas turbine components are not achieving their intended service lives and/or maintenance intervals, falling short by a factor of as much as ten. As summarized in (Makansi, 1996), this observation has been confirmed by numerous industry and literature reports of failures, degradation, reduced availability and increased maintenance for a wide variety of turbines and manufacturers. This paper focuses on hot corrosion damage as one common mechanism that is frequently the cause of failure to reach expected service intervals. In general, attempts are made to limit hot corrosion damage by specifying impurity limits for fuel oil, combustion air, NOx reduction injection water and compressor washing water. Strict adherence to manufacturers recommended impurity limits is often very difficult to achieve, particularly if the machine is frequently cycled through harsh (but not uncommon) operating transients. A discussion of various manufacturer specifications and their implications will be presented, followed by two case studies which demonstrate that extensive hot corrosion damage can result even when manufacturers specifications for fuel, air and water purity are (apparently) being met. A proposed modification of traditional impurity limit specifications is offered, which would include guidelines for acceptable corrosion rate limits. Practical recommendations for reducing the potential for hot corrosion are also offered.
8
Burguburu, Joseph, Gilles Cabot, Bruno Renou, Abdelkrim Mourad Boukhalfa, and Michel Cazalens. "Flame Stabilization by Hot Products Gases Recirculation in a Trapped Vortex Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68451.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
New regulations regarding NOx emissions are forcing manufacturers to develop advanced research and technology strategies. Ultra-lean combustion is considered as an attractive solution; however, it generally produces combustion instabilities in swirl-stabilized burners. This work provides experimental results for a new burner technology based on two concepts: the trapped vortex combustor (TVC) and the ultra-compact combustor (UCC). Methane/air flame stabilization was achieved by generating hot product recirculation, with a rich pilot flame located in an annular cavity, and by flame holders located in the main flow slightly upstream of the cavity. In addition, azimuthal gyration could be added to the main flow to reproduce the suppression of the last diffuser stage, which increased the velocity and modified the mixing between the cavity and the mainstream due to centrifugal forces. The combustor characterization was performed by coupling several optical diagnostics, pollutant emissions, and pressure measurements (for both cold and reactive conditions) at atmospheric pressure. An understanding of the combustion dynamics was achieved through phase averaged PIV/CH* images. The analysis highlighted the importance of the stabilization process of a double vortex structure inside the cavity and the presence of reactive gas close to the upstream cavity wall. These conditions were improved by a high cavity equivalence ratio and a high main airflow rate. The addition of swirl considerably increased the flame stability.
9
Su, Ziyi, Kazuaki Inaba, Amit Karmakar, and Apurba Das. "Characterization of Mechanical Property of PLA-ABS Functionally Graded Material Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling." In ASME 2021 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2021-76025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Application of functionally graded materials (FGMs) in energy, aviation and nuclear industries has increased since the last decade due to potential reduction of in-plane and transverse through-the-thickness stresses, enhanced residual stress distribution, superior thermal properties, free from delamination, and reduced stress intensity factors. FGMs are categorized as an advanced class of composite materials where the two constituent materials are graded along the thickness direction. Absence of sharp change in material property in the interface layer eliminates the problem of delamination and debonding, which is a major concern for traditional composite material. In this work, PLA-ABS functionally graded material is manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques through fused deposition modeling (FDM) using Y-type extruder. X-ray computed tomography test is conducted to see the air void (generated during printing) distribution in the printed FGM. Tensile test (as per ISO-527standrad) is conducted to evaluate the Young’s Modulus of additive manufactured FGMs. Three different measuring positions are considered in the FGM specimens to check the effect of property change along the grading direction. Tensile test results of PLA-ABS FGM are compared with their individual constituents (ABS and PLA). Further, flexural vibration test is conducted to evaluate the natural frequency of printed FGM beam. Experimentally determined mechanical and dynamic characteristics in terms effective Young’s Modulus and natural frequency are analyzed and discussed.
10
Cormier, Y., P. Dupuis, B. Jodoin, and A. Corbeil. "Performance of Pyramidal Fin Arrays Using Streamwise Anisotropy Material Manufactured by Cold Gas Dynamic Spray." In ITSC2015, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. ASM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2015p1113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This work studies the thermal and hydrodynamic performances of pyramidal fin arrays produced using the cold spray process as an additive manufacturing process. Near-net shaped pyramidal fin arrays of various materials were manufactured (pure aluminum, pure nickel and stainless steel 304). Fin array characterization such as fin porosity level and surface roughness evaluation was performed. The nickel pyramidal fin array is shown to be rougher compared to the two other materials used in this study. The results obtained show a lower thermal efficiency for stainless steel 304 whereas the performances of the aluminum and nickel fin arrays are similar. The multi-material sample has a better thermal efficiency than stainless steel 304, which constitutes the proof of concept of using a streamwise anisotropic fin array.
Звіти організацій з теми "Gas manufacture and works By-products"
1
Amirav, Aviv, and Steven Lehotay. Fast Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695851.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The overall theme of this project was to increase the speed of analysis for monitoring pesticide residues in food. Traditionally, analytical methods for multiple pesticides are time-consuming, expensive, laborious, wasteful, and ineffective to meet critical needs related to food safety. Faster and better methods were needed to provide more cost-effective detection of chemical contaminants, and thus provide a variety of benefits to agriculture. This overarching goal to speed and improve pesticide analysis was successfully accomplished even beyond what was originally proposed by the investigators in 1998. At that time, the main objectives of this project were: 1) to further develop a direct sample introduction (DSI) device that enables fast sampling and introduction of blended-only agricultural products for analysis by gas chromatography (GC); 2) to evaluate, establish, and further develop the method of simultaneous pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection for enhanced pesticide identification capabilities; and 3) to develop a new and novel MS pesticide analysis method, based on the use of supersonic molecular beams (SMB) for sampling and ionization. The first and third objectives were successfully accomplished as proposed, and the feasibility of the second objective was already demonstrated. The capabilities of the GC/SMB-MS approach alone were so useful for pesticide analysis that the simultaneous use of a PFPD was considered superfluous. Instead, the PFPD was investigated in combination with an electron-capture detector for low-cost, simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in fatty foods. Three important, novel research projects not originally described in the proposal were also accomplished: 1) development of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticides in foods; 2) development and optimization of a method using low-pressure (LP) GC/MS to speed pesticide residue analysis; and 3) innovative application of analyte protectants to improve the GC analysis of important problematic pesticides. All of the accomplishments from this project are expected to have strong impact to the analytical community and implications to agriculture and food safety. For one, an automated DSI approach has become commercially available in combination with GC/MS for the analysis of pesticide residues. Meanwhile, the PFPD has become the selective detector of choice for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Great strides were made in SMB-MS through the manufacture of a prototype "Supersonic GC/MS" instrument, which displayed many advantages over commercial GC/MS instruments. Most notably, the QuEChERS method is already being disseminated to routine monitoring labs and has shown great promise to improve pesticide analytical capabilities and increase lab productivity. The implications of these developments to agriculture will be to increase the percentage of food monitored and the scope of residues detected in the food, which will serve to improve food safety. Developed and developing countries alike will be able to use these methods to lower costs and improve results, thus imported/exported food products will have better quality without affecting price or availability. This will help increase trade between nations and mitigate certain disputes over residue levels in imported foods. The improved enforcement of permissible residue levels provided by these methods will have the effect to promote good agricultural practices among previously obstinate farmers who felt no repercussions from illegal or harmful practices. Furthermore, the methods developed can be used in the field to analyze samples quickly and effectively, or to screen for high levels of dangerous chemicals that may intentionally or accidentally appear in the food supply.