Дисертації з теми "Futur simple"

The general view by some linguists seems to be that the French simple future is often replacedby the periphrastic future in spoken language; a natural development characterized by anincrease of analytical forms at the expense of synthetic forms. However others claim that theusage of both simple and periphrastic future are still present in ordinary French, both havingdifferent implications. In this particular study, we examine the usage of simple future andperiphrastic future in the corpus ESLO2, which consist of transcripts of interviews andconversations from Orléans, France. We also examine some of the linguistic factors thatmight affect the usage of the two forms. Our hypothesis, based on previous literature andarticles treating the subject, being that the periphrastic future is used more frequently than thesimple future and that the traditional distinction between the two forms is not adequate inexplaining their usage in spoken French. The results of the study show that the periphrasticfuture is used more frequently than the simple form, and that there are linguistic factors thatcould explain their usage, however it is difficult to find unison explanations and furtherstudies are needed to conclude the factors behind the two forms.

Cette thèse se donne pour objet la notion de futurité et recense certaines formes verbales dont le futur complète les siennes. Le futur envisage nécessairement un temps non advenu. Il dispose de marques formelles moins nombreuses que celles affectées à l'expression du passé. Le futur, originellement périphrastique (habeo+infinitif), évolue en futur synthétique, puis se trouve en concurrence avec un futur, périphrastique également, en dynamique diachronique de cycles. La question du morphème -R qu'il partage avec le conditionnel, nourrit régulièrement les débats sur son classement en mode ou en temps. La première partie de la thèse explore les outils linguistiques propres à l'analyse du temps verbal, puis une analyse sémantique vérifie la relation entre les temps et divers effets de sens en discours.La deuxième partie s'attache à combler une certaine défectivité formelle à laquelle le futur remédie via d'autres formes verbales, même si elles ils n'y sont pas systématiquement dédiées, leur sens plein se maintenant. Ces substitutions n'en sont pas vraiment : la variété des expressions du futur relève de la difficulté à concevoir l'avenir. Les constructions en « si » +rais ne doivent pas toutes être prises pour transgressions, aussi elles termineront cette thèse. Sans vœu d'exhaustivité, ce sont ces réalités du futur et leurs représentations que nous nous proposons d'examiner
This thesis attempts to draw a notion of future meaning and counts some verbal forms from which future provides its own. Future necessarily shows to consider a still not occurred time. Variants used to express future temporal reference are fewer compared to past tenses. Future tense, originally periphrastic (habeo+infinitif) moves into a synthetic form, and, concurrently turns out to another future, periphrastic too, along diachronic dynamics by the way of recurring cycles. The point at issue of the -R morpheme shared by conditional tense, participates in recurring debates about its distinguishability into tense or into modal mood. The first part of the thesis takes into account linguistic tools for analyzing verbal tense, then turns on a semantic analysis checking tenses and gathering various usages which works in speech.In a second part, we focus on (to a certain extent) a defective conjugation that future fulfills by verbal answers, even not plainly assigned to future expression, chief meaning subsisting. These substitutions are not really, in the full sense, defined as being that; indeed, variety of expression of future is due to difficulty for visualizing future. “SI utterances” are not all to be considered as infringements, consequently they will conclude this thesis. Without aim of exhaustiveness, here are the grounds of future and their depiction that we attempt to assess

L'analyse formelle des variantes fléchies du verbe à l'indicatif aboutit à la mise en évidence de la combinaison de deux morphèmes [Ø/(±R)] et [Ø/ai/a]. C'est ainsi que le conditionnel et le futur se différencient des autres temps de l'indicatif par la présence du (+R)- dont on peut postuler qu'il est commun également à l'infinitif- mais se distinguent l'un de l'autre par l'opposition ai/a, opposition qui différencie également l'imparfait du passé simple en se combinant au (–R).
Ce constat éclaire de façon nouvelle la relation qui se construit entre les différents « temps » du mode indicatif. En effet, la prise en compte d'une opposition supplémentaire conduit à réinterroger la prédominance de la temporalité dans les analyses des « temps » de l'indicatif au profit d'une déconstruction de la combinaison des valeurs. Cette analyse permet alors de rendre compte de la diversité des effets de sens tout en évitant l'atomisation des explications temporelles, modales, aspectuelles au gré des occurrences.
La première partie de la thèse s'articule autour de la relation entre cette analyse morphologique et les différentes analyses formelles du futur et du conditionnel qui ont pu être menées auparavant.
Dans un second temps, se nourrissant de la confrontation avec les analyses conceptuelles existantes de l'infinitif, du passé simple, de l'imparfait, du futur et du conditionnel, elle explore le versant sémantique de l'hypothèse de l'existence d'un morphème ±R qui se combine avec un autre morphème a/ai. Hypothèse qui oblige, d'une part, à caractériser la valeur sémantique du morphème dénoté par ±R et c'est le concept ±potentiel qui lui sera associé, d'autre part, à redéfinir l'opposition imparfait/passé simple puisque c'est cette même opposition qui se retrouve dans le couple futur/conditionnel. C'est le trait ± défini qui sera proposé.
La prise en compte de la combinaison de ces deux traits sémantiques permet de déjouer la complexité d'énoncés dont la richesse n'a d'égal que la variété.

Analyse formelle et conceptuelle du système verbal du français contemporain. A la croisée du passé simple et de l’imparfait, du futur et du conditionnel, les concepts de « potentiel » et de « défini ». L'analyse formelle des variantes fléchies du verbe à l’indicatif aboutit à la mise en évidence de la combinaison de deux morphèmes [Ø/(±R)] et [Ø/ai/a]. C’est ainsi que le conditionnel et le futur se différencient des autres temps de l’indicatif par la présence du (+R)- dont on peut postuler qu’il est commun également à l’infinitif- mais se distinguent l’un de l’autre par l’opposition ai/a, opposition qui différencie également l’imparfait du passé simple en se combinant au (–R). Ce constat éclaire de façon nouvelle la relation qui se construit entre les différents « temps » du mode indicatif. En effet, la prise en compte d’une opposition supplémentaire conduit à réinterroger la prédominance de la temporalité dans les analyses des « temps » de l’indicatif au profit d’une déconstruction de la combinaison des valeurs. Cette analyse permet alors de rendre compte de la diversité des effets de sens tout en évitant l’atomisation des explications temporelles, modales, aspectuelles au gré des occurrences. La première partie de la thèse s’articule autour de la relation entre cette analyse morphologique et les différentes analyses formelles du futur et du conditionnel qui ont pu être menées auparavant. Dans un second temps, se nourrissant de la confrontation avec les analyses conceptuelles existantes de l’infinitif, du passé simple, de l’imparfait, du futur et du conditionnel, elle explore le versant sémantique de l’hypothèse de l’existence d’un morphème ±R qui se combine avec un autre morphème a/ai. Hypothèse qui oblige, d’une part, à caractériser la valeur sémantique du morphème dénoté par ±R et c’est le concept ±potentiel qui lui sera associé, d’autre part, à redéfinir l’opposition imparfait/passé simple puisque c’est cette même opposition qui se retrouve dans le couple futur/conditionnel. C’est le trait ± défini qui sera proposé. La prise en compte de la combinaison de ces deux traits sémantiques permet de déjouer la complexité d’énoncés dont la richesse n’a d’égal que la variété
A formal analysis of the verbal endings in the indicative mode draws special attention to the combination of two morphemes, [Ø/(±R)] and [Ø/(ai/a)]. Thus, the conditional and future tenses differ from the other indicative tenses in that they share the +R morpheme – and it can be postulated that it is also shared by the infinitive. Furthermore, they differ from one another in the opposition between ai and a, which also differentiates the imperfect tense from the past historic when it is combined with the morpheme –R. This statement sheds light on the relationship between the various indicative “tenses”. Indeed, taking into account a further opposition allows the predominance of temporality in analyses of “tenses” in the indicative to be questioned while focusing on the deconstruction of the value combinations. Thus, the analysis allows the diversity of meanings to be accounted for and at the same time avoids a too large panel of temporal, modal or aspectual explanations according to the context. The first part of the doctoral thesis turns on the relationship between the morphological analysis and the various formal studies that have been undertaken on the future and the conditional tenses. In a second part, in a confrontation with the already existing conceptual studies on the infinitive, the past historic, the imperfect tense, the future and the conditional, we will explore the semantic side of the hypothesis that states that there is a combination of a ±R morpheme with an ai/a morpheme. Such a hypothesis compels us to characterize the semantic value of the ±R morpheme on the one hand – the ± potential concept will be associated with it – and on the other hand, to redefine the opposition between the imperfect tense and the past historic, since it is this very opposition that can be found in the future/conditional pair – the ± definite concept will then be suggested. Taking into account the combination of the two semantic features enables us to undermine complexity in utterances whose richness is only equalled by their diversity

Les épopées d’Homère et de Virgile, la Chanson de Roland sont marquées par une alternance qui peut paraître capricieuse. En fait, on la saisit beaucoup mieux dès lors qu’on prend en compte la présence des corps : ceux du jongleur, de l’aède, du récitant ; le corps du public. Postures, gestuelle, mouvements, regard, souffle, musique s’articulent à cette alternance pour en faire une véritable danse. Cette thèse étudie d’abord comment dansent chacun des temps principaux du récit dans ces épopées, en accordant la priorité à Homère et au Roland ; puis elle étudie comment cette danse des temps prend corps dans chacune des petites pièces dont nous décelons que sont composées les épopées anciennes comme le Roland : les laisses
The Homeric and Virgilian epics, as well as the Chanson de Roland are full of tenseswitching, the use of which might seem capricious to the modern reader. It is in fact much better understood when bodies’ presence is taken into account — these bodies being the bard’s one as well as the audience’s. Postures, gestures, moves, eyes, breath, music are joint partners to tenseswitching, so that tenses really dance in epics. This study is firstly about how each one of the main narrative tenses dances in Homer and the Roland, and also in the Æneid. Then it studies the way tenses dance in each of the small pieces we find in the classical epics as well as in the Roland : the laisses

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Nesta dissertação, são estudadas as formas mais frequentes de expressão de futuro no Português do Brasil, observadas neste e em estudos anteriores: o futuro simples, o futuro perifrástico e o presente do indicativo. Com o objetivo de investigar as especificidades relacionadas ao uso das formas referidas neste estudo, foram analisados dados extraídos de corpus constituído de manchetes e lides de jornais on-line das diferentes regiões brasileiras, no período de maio de 2015 a janeiro de 2016. Ao todo, foram selecionadas 167 notícias, totalizando 343 registros das formas de expressão de futuro em tela. Adotou-se o arcabouço teórico da Linguística Cognitiva, mais precisamente as abordagens sobre Conceptualização e Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (LANGACKER, 1991, 2008), a fim de se buscar desvelar como um determinado evento relacionado ao futuro é construído pelo conceptualizador. Na análise dos dados, observando-se a influência de fatores, tais como “atividade programada”, “presença de especificador circunstancial” e “certeza epistêmica”, constatou-se que, de uma forma geral, o futuro simples é a forma que apresenta maior frequência em manchetes e lides de jornais on-line para se referir a um evento futuro. No entanto, verificou-se também que, em se tratando de uma atividade programada, o presente do indicativo é a forma de expressão do futuro mais produtiva. Observou-se ainda a importância do parâmetro “certeza epistêmica”, em função do qual foi possível propor uma escala relativa ao emprego, nos jornais on-line, das três formas de expressão do futuro estudadas, tomando como base o grau de certeza epistêmica do conceptualizador (de [+] para [-]): presente do indicativo > futuro simples > futuro perifrástico
In this dissertation, the most frequent forms of expression of the future in Brazilian Portuguese (PB) observed in this and previous studies are studied: the present tense, the simple future and the periphrastic future. With the objective of investigating specificities related to the use of the forms considered in this study, data extracted from the corpus composed of headlines and online newspaper headlines from different Brazilian regions were analyzed from May 2015 to January 2016. In all, 167 news items were selected, totaling 343 records of future forms of expression on screen. The theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics was adopted, more precisely the approaches on the Conceptualization Process and the notion of Idealized Cognitive Models (Langaker, 1991, 2008), in order to seek to unveil how a particular event related to the future is constructed by the Conceptualizer. In the analysis of the data, observing the influence of factors such as "programmed activity", "presence of circumstantial specifier" and "epistemic certainty", it was verified that, in a general way, the simple future is the form that presents greater frequency in headlines and online newspaper headlines to refer to a future event. However, it has also been found that in the case of a programmed activity, the present tense is the form of future expression more productive. It was also observed the importance of the parameter "epistemic certainty", according to which it was possible to propose a scale related to the use, in the online newspaper, of the three forms of expression of the future studied, based on the degree of epistemic certainty of the conceptualizer (from [+] to [-]): present tense> simple future> periphrastic future

Gene therapy is a fast growing technology that offers treatments for genetic diseases. The method is based on introducing genetic material into a patient to replace the disease-causing gene, using a vector. This report examines the potential of some viral vectors for gene therapy, to give Bio-Works Technologies a recommendation on what the future market demands. Oncolytic viruses, vaccines and gene editing are not treated in the report as a delimitation.  Viral vectors have different biological properties and require different purification methods, making them suitable for different applications in gene therapy. In the purification of the viruses it can be challenging to obtain a high purity and large-scale manufacturing. One major drawback with most purification methods is that they are not specific to just one virus, which leads to contaminants in the solution and lower purity. The viral vectors handled in the report are the adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, gammaretrovirus, lentivirus, alpharetrovirus, foamy virus, herpes simplex virus and baculovirus. These were chosen as they are relevant vectors for gene therapy and stay within the scope of the report. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) and adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) will dominate the gene therapy field in the coming years. This is based on the information that the use of AAVs and LVs in clinical trials have increased in recent years, while the other vectors mentioned above have slightly decreased or show no apparent change. However, challenges still remain in the purification processes. Ligands used in affinity chromatography for purification of AAVs are effective at removing most contaminants, but cannot distinguish between empty and loaded capsids, which can induce immune response when used clinically. This is the main challenge when purifying AAVs. The empty capsids can be removed with ion exchange chromatography, which results in higher purity but also lower recovery. There is no specific purifying method for LVs, therefore a lentivirus-specific affinity ligand, such as an antibody ligand, would be beneficial for the purification and manufacturing procedure.  In addition to AAVs and LVs, baculoviral vectors and foamy viral vectors show great potential in a long-term perspective but they only have been researched in preclinical studies. Moreover, herpes simplex viral vectors and adenoviral vectors show potential in cancer treatments or as vaccines rather than in augmentation gene therapy.

Les exploitations de polyculture-élevage sont de plus en plus reconnues au plan international comme limitant les problèmes environnementaux tout en permettant une agriculture productive et économiquement viable. Les incitations à la spécialisation de la PAC et la diminution de la main d'oeuvre agricole les ont néanmoins marginalisées en Europe. Cette thèse vise à éclairer les conditions de maintien d'exploitations de polyculture-élevage durables. Un travail en partenariat avec des agriculteurs, maires et conseillers agricoles a été conduit sur un cas d'étude en zone défavorisée simple française, les Coteaux de Gascogne. Nos travaux ont montré que, malgré une forte variabilité entre exploitations, la polyculture-élevage locale était un bon compromis par rapport à la spécialisation pour une durabilité environnementale et économique. Une analyse des trajectoires passées des exploitations nous a permis d'éclairer quatre types de « chemins pour durer » en polyculture-élevage. Parmi ceux-ci, deux sont apparus pertinents pour le maintien de la polyculture-élevage en contexte incertain : « maximiser l'autonomie » et « diversifier les ateliers ». Sur la base de ces deux types de trajectoires, nous avons co-construit avec les partenaires deux scénarios techniques prospectifs. Pour le type « maximiser l'autonomie », implanter des intercultures fourragères basées sur des légumineuses permettrait de favoriser l'autonomie alimentaire du troupeau en maintenant la fertilité des sols. Pour le type « diversifier les ateliers », finir des génisses permettrait de les valoriser en circuit court. Ces scénarios ont été adaptés puis simulés sur des exploitations locales. Ce type de démarche a permis i) d'impliquer fortement les acteurs locaux via des réunions collectives et ii) une approche prospective originale fondée sur une étude rétrospective intégrant le temps long
Mixed crop-livestock farms are again attracting worldwide interest, as they are considered to be a good way to limit environmental problems while allowing a productive and economically viable agriculture. The incentives of the Common Agricultural Policy and decreasing workforce availability nevertheless marginalized these farms in Europe. This thesis aims at understanding the conditions for a survival of sustainable mixed crop-livestock farms. A partnership process with farmers, mayors and technical advisers has been led in a French less favoured area, the Coteaux de Gascogne. Our work has shown that even if a wide variability existed between farms, local mixed crop-livestock farming was a good trade-off compared to farm specialization concerning an environmental and economic sustainability. An analysis of farm past trajectories allowed us to enlighten four “paths to last” in mixed crop-livestock farming. Two of these ones appeared to be suitable paths to maintain mixed crop-livestock farms in a uncertain context: “maximizing autonomy” and “diversification of production units”. On the basis of these two types of trajectories, we have co-constructed with local actors two technical prospective scenarios. In line with the type “maximizing autonomy”, forage legume intercropping could enable to autonomously feed the bovine herd while maintaining soil fertility. In line with the type “diversification of production units”, fattening heifers would allow a commercialization through short circuit. These scenarios have been adapted and then simulated on local farms. This type of approach allowed to i) strongly involve local actors through collective meetings and ii) an original future study based on a retrospective study integrating long time changes

Background: Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the United States. As genital herpes is incurable and contagious, individuals with genital herpes face the decision to disclose their status to potential sexual partners with each new relationship formed. Such disclosure places individuals with genital herpes in a position to face rejection, which is commonly reported as one of the most concerning aspects of having genital herpes. The present study seeks to further understand the nature of genital herpes disclosure by addressing two core aims: 1) to understand determinants of and reasons for disclosure and non-disclosure and 2) to explore the relationship between past partner reactions to a disclosure and future intentions to disclose. Methods: Data on genital herpes disclosure experiences were collected via an online questionnaire, which was distributed through a variety of online channels including social media websites and email lists. Individuals who self-identified as having genital herpes and were 18 years and older were eligible for participation. Results: In examining Aim 1, the majority of participants (80.4%) disclosed to their last sexual partner. Age, relationship length, type of relationship, and expectations of a partner's response were significantly associated with the decision to disclose at the bivariate level. Expectations of a partner's reaction (AOR = .20, 95% CI .074-.539) and relationship type (AOR = 8.31, 95% CI 1.96-35.32) remained significant in multivariable modeling, explaining 45.2% of the variance in disclosure. Respondents who reported being in socially committed relationships and those who expected more positive partner reactions to a disclosure were more likely to disclose. Disclosure was also significantly associated with many romantic relationship building activities (e.g., establishing an exclusive relationship) but largely not associated with the sexual progression of a relationship. The decision to disclose was commonly multi-faceted, with the majority of participants reporting more than one reason that they did or did not disclose. Primary reasons for disclosure included "I wanted to be honest", "To protect my partner from getting herpes", and "It's my partner's right to know", while the most common reasons for non-disclosure were "I was concerned my partner would react badly", "I was ashamed", and "I was concerned that my partner would have rejected me". Regarding Aim 2, participants reported low levels of negative reactions and perceived rejection in response to their last disclosure experience. Intentions to disclose in the future were high among those who anticipated future sex partners. Discussion: The decision to disclose is often multi-faceted, and relationship characteristics play a key role in the decision to disclose. Among those who did disclose in this study, the majority did not report negative repercussions, including bad partner reactions and rejection. Future studies should examine if individuals are able to accurately assess potential partner reactions in order to better understand the differences between those who choose not to disclose and those who choose to disclose but experience a negative partner reaction or rejection.

Is behaviour response or action? In this Thesis I study this question regarding a rather simple organism, the larva of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Despite its numerically simple brain and limited behavioural repertoire, it is nevertheless capable to accomplish surprisingly complex tasks. After association of an odour and a rewarding or punishing reinforcement signal, the learnt odour is able to retrieve the formed memory trace. However, the activated memory trace is not automatically turned into learned behaviour: Appetitive memory traces are behaviourally expressed only in absence of the rewarding tastant whereas aversive memory traces are behaviourally expressed in the presence of the punishing tastant. The ‘decision’ whether to behaviourally express a memory trace or not relies on a quantitive comparison between memory trace and current situation: only if the memory trace (after odour-sugar training) predicts a stronger sugar reward than currently present, animals show appetitive conditioned behaviour. Learned appetitive behaviour is best seen as active search for food – being pointless in the presence of (enough) food. Learned aversive behaviour, in turn, can be seen as escape from a punishment – being pointless in absence of punishment. Importantly, appetitive and aversive memory traces can be formed and retrieved independent from each other but also can, under appriate circumstances, summate to jointly organise conditioned behaviour. In contrast to learned behaviour, innate olfactory behaviour is not influenced by gustatory processing and vice versa. Thus, innate olfactory and gustatory behaviour is rather rigid and reflexive in nature, being executed almost regardless of other environmental cues. I suggest a behavioural circuit-model of chemosensory behaviour and the ‘decision’ process whether to behaviourally express a memory trace or not. This model reflects known components of the larval chemobehavioural circuit and provides clear hypotheses about the kinds of architecture to look for in the currently unknown parts of this circuit. The second chapter deals with gustatory perception and processing (especially of bitter substances). Quinine, the bitter tastant in tonic water and bitter lemon, is aversive for larvae, suppresses feeding behaviour and can act as aversive reinforcer in learning experiments. However, all three examined behaviours differ in their dose-effect dynamics, suggesting different molecular and cellular processing streams at some level. Innate choice behaviour, thought to be relatively reflexive and hard-wired, nevertheless can be influenced by the gustatory context. That is, attraction toward sweet tastants is decreased in presence of bitter tastants. The extent of this inhibitory effect depends on the concentration of both sweet and bitter tastant. Importantly, sweet tastants differ in their sensitivity to bitter interference, indicating a stimulus-specific mechanism. The molecular and cellular processes underlying the inhibitory effect of bitter tastants are unknown, but the behavioural results presented here provide a framework to further investigate interactions of gustatory processing streams
Ist Verhalten Aktion oder Reaktion? In dieser Arbeit widme ich mich dieser Frage anhand eines recht einfachen Organismus, der Larve der Taufliege Drosophila melanogaster. Trotz ihres nur aus wenigen Tausend Nervenzellen bestehenden Gehirns und begrenzten Verhaltensrepertoires ist sie dennoch zu überraschend komplexem Verhalten fähig. Nach der Assoziation eines Duftes mit einem belohnenden oder bestrafenden Geschmacksstoff ist der gelernte Duft in der Lage, die gebildete Gedächtnisspur abzurufen. Diese aktivierte Gedächtnisspur wird jedoch nicht automatisch in Verhalten übersetzt: Appetitive Gedächtnisspuren führen nur in Abwesenheit des belohnenden Geschmacks zu erlerntem Verhalten, während aversive Gedächtnisspuren nur in Anwesenheit des bestrafenden Geschmacks in erlerntem Verhalten münden. Die „Entscheidung“, eine Gedächtnisspur in Verhalten zu übersetzen oder nicht, beruht auf einem quantitativen Vergleich zwischen der Gedächtnisspur und der aktuellen Situation: Nur wenn die Gedächtnisspur (nach einem Duft-Zucker-Training) eine größere Zuckerbelohnung vorhersagt als gegewärtig vorhanden, zeigen die Tiere appetitives erlerntes Verhalten. Solches Verhalten kann man am besten als aktive Suche nach Nahrung interpretieren, die in Gegenwart von (ausreichend) Nahrung sinnlos ist. Aversives erlerntes Verhalten andererseits kann als Flucht vor einer Bestrafung verstanden werden – und in Abwesenheit einer Bestrafung gibt es nichts, wovor man fliehen könnte. Appetitive und aversive Gedächtnisspuren können unabhängig voneinander gebildet und abgerufen werden, können unter den richtigen Umständen aber auch gemeinsam erlerntes Verhalten organisieren. Im Gegensatz zu erlerntem Verhalten wird angeborenes olfaktorisches Verhalten nicht durch das Geschmackssystem beinflusst – und umgekehrt. Angeborenes Verhalten erscheint also relativ starr und reflexhaft und läuft größtenteils unbeeinflusst von anderen Umwelteinflüssen ab. Schließlich entwerfe ich ein auf Verhalten basierendes Schaltkreismodell des chemosensorischen Systems der Larve und der „Entscheidung“, eine Gedächtnisspur in Verhalten umzusetzen oder nicht. Dieses Modell stellt bekannte Komponenten des Systems dar und macht klare Vorhersagen über die Architektur, die bisher noch unbekannte Komponenten haben sollten. Das zweite Kapitel der Arbeit behandelt die Wahrnehmung und Verarbeitung von (hauptsächlich bitteren) Geschmacksstoffen. Chinin, der bittere Geschmack in Getränken wie Bitter Lemon, wirkt abstoßend auf Larven, unterdrückt ihr Fressverhalten und kann in Lernexperimenten als Bestrafung wirken. Allerdings unterscheiden sich alle drei untersuchten Verhalten in der Dynamik ihrer Dosis-Wirkungskurven, was unterschiedliche molekulare und zelluläre Wirkungsweisen nahe legt. Angeborenes Wahlverhalten, das als reflexhaft und starr gilt, kann dennoch durch den gustatorischen Kontext beeinflusst werden. Das bedeutet, die Anwesenheit eines Bitterstoffes ist in der Lage, die angeborene Präferenz von Larven für süße Geschmackstoffen zu unterdrücken. Dieser inhibitorische Effekt hängt sowohl von der Konzentration der süßen als auch der bitteren Substanz ab. Was noch wichtiger ist: Die verschiedenen Zucker sind unterschiedlich anfällig für die Störung durch Bitterstoffe, was auf einen Stimulus-spezifischen Mechanismus hindeutet. Die genauen molekularen und zellulären Prozesse, die diesem inhibitorischen Effekt von Bitterstofen zugrunde liegen, sind noch nicht bekannt, die hier präsentierten Ergebnisse bieten aber einen geeigneten Rahmen für weitergehende Untersuchungen der Interaktionen zwischen verschiedenen Teilen des Geschmacksapparates

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
經營管理研究所在職專班
100
By the development of computer technology and empirical research, people employed different kinds of methodology and model to prove their ability of beat the market. However, the most directly question is, does more complicate methodology means better performance? Does the simple technical method can achieve a good investment performance? This study use Stochastic KD Line to construct trading strategies as a single technical method to test this hypothesis in Taiwan Future Market. By observe the real-time trading data, this study shows that, with good invest discipline, the KD index can beat the market significantly and can have an abnormal return as well.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
資訊工程學研究所
97
This thesis applied Q-learning algorithm of reinforcement learning to improve a simple intra-day trading system of Taiwan stock index future. We simulate the performance of the original strategy by back-testing it with historical data. Furthermore, we use historical information as training data for reinforcement learning and examine the improved achievement. The training data are the tick data of every trading day from 2003 to 2007 and the testing period is from January 2008 to May 2009. The original strategy is a trend-following channel breakout system. We take the result of reinforcement learning to determine whether to do trend following or countertrend trading every time the system plans to make position.

The frequency of requests directed towards the Louisiana Office of Public Health for accurate estimates of the number of infected persons and for projections of future AIDS cases has increased over the past few years as intervention programs develop. A simple version of back-calculation, provided by Brookmeyer and Gail, was used in order to obtain such estimates for the state. Due to the limitations of HIV sero-prevalence surveys, Brookmeyer and Gail's method may provide a more inclusive estimate of infection in the local population The method requires accurate AIDS count data and an estimate of the incubation period distribution. AIDS count data was obtained from the Louisiana HIV/AIDS surveillance program. Nine different incubation period distributions estimated from various cohort studies were used in order to examine the sensitivity of the technique The technique was applied to the following sub-groups of Louisiana's population: gender, racial, exposure category, age group, and region of residence. Resulting point estimates of live HIV infected adult/adolescents varied depending on the incubation period distribution used. Ranges based on the 95% CI of the new infections for both the estimates of HIV infections and AIDS case projections were relatively large. As a means to validate the method point estimates of HIV infection among females aged 14-49 were compared to HIV prevalence from the state's child-bearing women sero-prevalence survey. The modelled rate and the observed rate were statistically similar Uncertainties addressed with the simple technique were the lack of knowledge concerning the incubation period distribution and its stability, underreporting and delay in reporting of AIDS cases, the shape of the HIV infection curve, limited knowledge of recent HIV infection rates, and interpretation of the estimates given the large ranges. Feasibility of using the technique at the local health department was also addressed. Recommendations included using the simple method as a means for obtaining crude estimates of infection rates and future AIDS incidence, the need for constructing plausible ranges around such estimates, the need for further research in the estimation of the incubation period between infection and AIDS diagnosis, and the development of more accurate techniques which may be used to obtain such estimates
acase@tulane.edu