Статті в журналах з теми "Fungal sporulation"
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1
Adams, Thomas H., Jenny K. Wieser, and Jae-Hyuk Yu. "Asexual Sporulation in Aspergillus nidulans." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 62, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.62.1.35-54.1998.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARY The formation of mitotically derived spores, called conidia, is a common reproductive mode in filamentous fungi, particularly among the large fungal class Ascomycetes. Asexual sporulation strategies are nearly as varied as fungal species; however, the formation of conidiophores, specialized multicellular reproductive structures, by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans has emerged as the leading model for understanding the mechanisms that control fungal sporulation. Initiation of A. nidulans conidipohore formation can occur either as a programmed event in the life cycle in response to intrinsic signals or to environmental stresses such as nutrient deprivation. In either case, a development-specific set of transcription factors is activated and these control the expression of each other as well as genes required for conidiophore morphogenesis. Recent progress has identified many of the earliest-acting genes needed for initiating conidiophore development and shown that there are at least two antagonistic signaling pathways that control this process. One pathway is modulated by a heterotrimeric G protein that when activated stimulates growth and represses both asexual and sexual sporulation as well as production of the toxic secondary metabolite, sterigmatocystin. The second pathway apparently requires an extracellular signal to induce sporulation-specific events and to direct the inactivation of the first pathway, removing developmental repression. A working model is presented in which the regulatory interactions between these two pathways during the fungal life cycle determine whether cells grow or develop.
2
Wasserstrom, Lisa, and Jürgen Wendland. "Role of RIM101 for Sporulation at Alkaline pH in Ashbya gossypii." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Microorganisms need to sense and adapt to fluctuations in the environmental pH. In fungal species, this response is mediated by the conserved pacC/RIM101 pathway. In Aspergillus nidulans, PacC activates alkaline-expressed genes and represses acid-controlled genes in response to alkaline pH and has important functions in regulating growth and conidia formation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the PacC homolog Rim101 is required for adaptation to extracellular pH and to regulate transcription of IME1, the Initiator of MEiosis. S. cerevisiae rim101 mutants are defective in sporulation. In Ashbya gossypii, a filamentous fungus belonging to the family of Saccharomycetaceae, little is known about the role of pH in regulating growth and sporulation. Here, we deleted the AgRIM101 homolog (AFR190C). Our analyses show that Rim101 is important for growth and essential for sporulation at alkaline pH in A. gossypii. Acidic liquid sporulation media were alkalinized by sporulating strains, while the high pH of alkaline media (starting pH = 8.6) was reduced to a pH ~ 7.5 by these strains. However, Agrim101 mutants were unable to sporulate in alkaline media and failed to reduce the initial high pH, while they were capable of sporulation in acidic liquid media in which they increased the pH like the wild type.
3
Poletto, Tales, Marlove F. B. Muniz, Vinícius S. Fantinel, Renata F. Favaretto, Igor Poletto, Lia R. S. Reiniger, and Elena Blume. "Culture Medium, Light Regime and Temperature Affect the Development of Sirosporium diffusum." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 6 (May 6, 2018): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n6p310.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sirosporium diffusum is the causal agent of the brown leaf spot disease on pecan trees that seriously damages the foliage of adult plants and seedlings. This fungal species is difficult to grow satisfactorily in a culture medium. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different physical conditions on the development of S. diffusum. In the first assay, eight culture media and five light regimes were combined, while in the second, the three treatments that promoted highest sporulation were combined with three temperatures. The trials were conducted in a two-factorial arrangement in a fully randomized design with six replicates. V8, V8CaCO3, and CA media under a 24-h photoperiod produced the highest respective sporulations: 29 × 104, 35 × 104, and 41 × 104 conidia ml-1. The best temperature for sporulation was 20±1 °C for all culture media, especially V8CaCO3 and CA. The best artificial conditions for obtaining good mycelial growth and sporulation consisted of a photoperiod of 24 h, temperature of 20±1 °C and V8CaCO3 or CA culture medium.
4
Pereira da Silva, Janine, Aingeru Martínez, Ana Lúcia Gonçalves, Felix Bärlocher, and Cristina Canhoto. "Fungal richness does not buffer the effects of streams salinization on litter decomposition." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 57 (2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2021003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Freshwater salinization is a world-wide phenomenon threatening stream communities and ecosystem functioning. In these systems, litter decomposition is a main ecosystem-level process where fungi (aquatic hyphomycetes) play a central role linking basal resource and higher levels of food-web. The current study evaluated the impact of aquatic hyphomycete richness on leaf litter decomposition when subjected to salinization. In a microcosm study, we analysed leaf mass loss, fungal biomass, respiration and sporulation rate by fungal assemblages at three levels of species richness (1, 4, 8 species) and three levels of salinity (0, 8, 16 g NaCl L‑1). Mass loss and sporulation rate were depressed at 8 and 16 g NaCl L‑1, while fungal biomass and respiration were only negatively affected at 16 g L‑1. A richness effect was only observed on sporulation rates, with the maximum values found in assemblages of 4 species. In all cases, the negative effects of high levels of salinization on the four tested variables superimposed the potential buffer capacity of fungal richness. The study suggests functional redundancy among the fungal species even at elevated salt stress conditions which may guarantee stream functioning at extreme levels of salinity. Nonetheless, it also points to the possible importance of salt induced changes on fungal diversity and identity in salinized streams able to induce bottom-up effects in the food webs.
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Sawyer, A. J., M. E. Ramos, T. J. Poprawski, R. S. Soper, and R. I. Carruthers. "SEASONAL PATTERNS OF CADAVER PERSISTENCE AND SPORULATION BY THE FUNGAL PATHOGEN ENTOMOPHAGA GRYLLI (FRESENIUS) BATKO (ENTOMOPHTHORALES: ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE) INFECTING CAMNULA PELLUCIDA (SCUDDER) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 129, S171 (1997): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm129171355-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractEntomophaga grylli (Fresenius) Batko (North American pathotype 1) is a fungal pathogen of the clearwinged grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudder). We present results from a field experiment conducted in Arizona in 1984, designed to investigate factors associated with seasonal patterns of cadaver persistence and sporulation by E. grylli. Rangeland plots at two sites were monitored daily for 8 weeks for the appearance of new cadavers of diseased grasshoppers during a natural epizootic. Cadavers were individually marked and revisited on subsequent days, when it was noted whether or not conidial sporulation was underway. Environmental variables were recorded by electronic data loggers. Daily probabilities of cadaver disappearance and fungal sporulation were analysed in relation to site, date, and various measures of cadaver status, sporulation history, and environmental variables by logistic regression analysis. The average daily rate of cadaver disappearance was 0.22, yielding an expected time to 50% disappearance of 2.8 days. The environmental factor most significantly associated with cadaver disappearance was rainfall, and the most important host factor was age of the cadaver. The probability that conidia would be discharged from a cadaver over the next 24 h was most dependent on whether or not conidial sporulation was underway already. This probably reflects a state of readiness for sporulation on the part of the fungus. Although the probability of sporulation declined with increasing age of a cadaver, high rates of sporulation were predicted under conditions of prolonged leaf wetness and high humidity at night, regardless of age of the cadaver. These results, together with the observation that in some cadavers sequences of sporulation were interspersed with periods of no sporulation, suggest that E. grylli may undergo cycles of dehydration and rehydration, in which conidial production is interrupted and then resumes in response to changing environmental conditions.
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Pascoal, Cláudia, and Fernanda Cássio. "Contribution of Fungi and Bacteria to Leaf Litter Decomposition in a Polluted River." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 9 (September 2004): 5266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.9.5266-5273.2004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The contribution of fungi and bacteria to the decomposition of alder leaves was examined at two reference and two polluted sites in the Ave River (northwestern Portugal). Leaf mass loss, microbial production from incorporation rates of radiolabeled compounds into biomolecules, fungal biomass from ergosterol concentration, sporulation rates, and diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes associated with decomposing leaves were determined. The concentrations of organic nutrients and of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the stream water was elevated and increased at downstream sites. Leaf decomposition rates were high (0.013 day−1 < k < 0.042 day−1), and the highest value was estimated at the most downstream polluted site, where maximum values of microbial production and fungal biomass and sporulation were found. The slowest decomposition occurred at the other polluted site, where, along with the nutrient enrichment, the lowest current velocity and dissolved-oxygen concentration in water were observed. At this site, fungal production, biomass, and sporulation were depressed, suggesting that stimulation of fungal activity by increased nutrient concentrations might be offset by other factors. Although bacterial production was higher at polluted sites, fungi accounted for more than 94% of the total microbial net production. Fungal yield coefficients varied from 10.2 to 13.6%, while those of bacteria were less than 1%. The contribution of fungi to overall leaf carbon loss (29.0 to 38.8%) greatly exceeded that of bacteria (4.2 to 13.9%).
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Violi, Helen A., Kathleen K. Treseder, John A. Menge, Sara F. Wright, and Carol J. Lovatt. "Density dependence and interspecific interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediated plant growth, glomalin production, and sporulation." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 1 (January 2007): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-151.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Functional differences between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices Schenk and Smith and Scutellospora heterogama Nicolson and Gerdemann as they affect Persea americana Mill. growth, glomalin, and fungal sporulation were examined by varying the composition and relative density of the two fungi over a gradient of available phosphorus (P). The plant benefit provided by these mycorrhizal fungi together was not a simple sum of the benefits provided by each fungus in monoculture at its respective density. Glomus intraradices and S. heterogama interacted to reduce plant growth rates and uptake of P, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) relative to plants inoculated with G. intraradices alone. Thus, for plant growth and nutrition, no evidence for functional complementarity was detected. Instead, interspecific interactions between mycorrhizal fungi resulted in a negative feedback on plants. Under high available P, fungal functional differences were reduced, whereas the overall difference between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants was greatest. Overall, S. heterogama produced more glomalin than did G. intraradices. In a mixture, sporulation of the inferior mutualist, S. heterogama, was lower than that of the superior mutualist, G. intraradices, but interspecific fungal interactions increased the sporulation of both fungi. Despite the negative impact of interspecific interactions on plants, supporting multiple arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was of greater benefit than being nonmycorrhizal.
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Twizeyimana, M., and G. L. Hartman. "Sensitivity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Isolates to Fungicides and Reduction of Fungal Infection Based on Fungicide and Timing of Application." Plant Disease 101, no. 1 (January 2017): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-16-0552-re.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a damaging foliar fungal disease in many soybean-growing areas of the world. Strategies to manage SBR include the use of foliar fungicides. Fungicide types, the rate of product application, and the number and timing of applications are critical components for successful rust management. The objectives of this study were to determine i) the sensitivity of P. pachyrhizi isolates collected in the U.S. to a range of fungicides and ii) the reduction of fungal infection based on fungicide type and timing of applications on soybean. There were differences (P < 0.05) in effective concentration (EC50) values among the fungicides tested. Azoxystrobin had low EC50 values for both urediniospore germination and fungal sporulation on inoculated leaflets. There were differences (P < 0.05) in fungal sporulation for application times, fungicide treatments, and their interaction when the fungus was inoculated on plants. All application times and nearly all fungicide treatments reduced (α = 0.05) fungal infection compared with the nonfungicide control. Information on fungicide sensitivity of P. pachyrhizi isolates and the preventive and curative effects of different fungicides are important in the management of SBR.
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Shi, Zhishang, Yan Zhao, Shuo Liu, Yanting Wang, and Qilin Yu. "Size-Dependent Impact of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Growth and Sporulation of Aspergillus niger." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 5840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185840.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are becoming important DNA nanocarriers for genetic engineering of industrial fungi. However, the biological effect of MNPs on industrial fungi remains unknown. In this study, we prepared three kinds of magnetic nanoparticles with different sizes (i.e., 10 nm, 20 nm, and 200 nm) to investigate their impact on the growth and sporulation of the important industrial fungus Aspergillus niger. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and Zeta potential analysis revealed that the three kinds of MNPs, including MNP10, MNP20 and MNP200, had uniform size distribution, regular Fe3O4 X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and similar Zeta potentials. Interestingly, although the three kinds of MNPs did not obviously inhibit growth of the fungus, the MNP20 at 500 mg/L strongly attenuated sporulation, leading to a remarkable decrease in spore numbers on culturing plates. Further investigation showed that MNP20 at the high concentration led to drastic chitin accumulation in the cell wall, indicating cell wall disruption of the MNP20-treated fungal cells. Moreover, the MNPs did not cause unusual iron dissolution and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and the addition of ferrous ion, ferric ion or the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) had no impact on the sporulation of the fungus, suggesting that both iron dissolution and ROS accumulation did not contribute to attenuated sporulation by MNP20. This study revealed the size-dependent effect of MNPs on fungal sporulation, which was associated with MNP-induced cell wall disruption.
10
Saha, Aniruddha, S. Dasgupta, Palash Mandal, and D. Saha. "Influence of culture media and environmental factors on mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination behaviour of Curvularia eragrostidis (P. Hennings) Mayer." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 2, no. 1 (2008): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2008.v02i01.007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Curvularia eragrostidis is a foliar fungal pathogen of young tea plants. It causes leaf spot disease of tea. Mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination behaviour of the pathogen were studied. Six different media were tested for mycelial growth. Among these, potato carrot agar (PCA) was found best for the mycelial growth and sporulation. Maximum mycelial growth was attained after 15 days of incubation. Mycelial growth was also studied in different temperatures and pH. Optimum temperature of growth was 25 °C and best growth was obtained at pH 6.0. Glucose and peptone were best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively for growth and sporulation of the fungus. The optimum conditions of spore germination were found to be at pH 7.25 and at incubation temperature of 25 °C. Keywords: Sporulation; Curvularia eragrostidis; Mycelial growth, fungus
11
Suberkropp, Keller. "The influence of nutrients on fungal growth, productivity, and sporulation during leaf breakdown in streams." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-398.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In streams, aquatic hyphomycetes degrade leaf litter and transform it into a more suitable resource for invertebrate detritivores. Previous studies have demonstrated that fungi comprise a major portion of the microbial biomass associated with decomposing leaves and that inputs of leaves in the autumn reduce the concentration of soluble phosphorus in the water. These observations indicate that fungi obtain inorganic nutrients from the water passing over leaf surfaces. However, very little is known concerning the effects of nutrients on the activity of the fungi growing within leaves. To examine this question, I determined fungal biomass (from ergosterol concentrations) and sporulation rates during the breakdown of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) leaves in three streams that differed in water chemistry. I also estimated instantaneous growth rates by measuring rates of [14C]acetate incorporation into ergosterol and calculated fungal productivity from growth rates and biomass. Growth rates and productivity determined by this method showed good agreement with values calculated from changes in fungal biomass during early stages of leaf breakdown for two of the streams examined. Highest concentrations of fungal biomass and greatest fungal activity occurred in the stream with the highest concentrations of nutrients. However, differences in total fungal production and biomass were not as great as were differences among sporulation rates in the three streams suggesting that fungal allocation of resources to growth and reproduction can vary depending on nutrient availability. Key words: aquatic hyphomycetes, ergosterol, leaf breakdown, nutrients, fungal productivity, streams.
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Suberkropp, Keller. "Fungal Growth, Production, and Sporulation during Leaf Decomposition in Two Streams." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 5063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.11.5063-5068.2001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT I examined the activity of fungi associated with yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and white oak (Quercus alba) leaves in two streams that differed in pH and alkalinity (a hardwater stream [pH 8.0] and a softwater stream [pH 6.7]) and contained low concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (<35 μg liter−1) and phosphorus (<3 μg liter−1). The leaves of each species decomposed faster in the hardwater stream (decomposition rates, 0.010 and 0.007 day−1 for yellow poplar and oak, respectively) than in the softwater stream (decomposition rates, 0.005 and 0.004 day−1 for yellow poplar and oak, respectively). However, within each stream, the rates of decomposition of the leaves of the two species were not significantly different. During the decomposition of leaves, the fungal biomasses determined from ergosterol concentrations, the production rates determined from rates of incorporation of [14C]acetate into ergosterol, and the sporulation rates associated with leaves were dynamic, typically increasing to maxima and then declining. The maximum rates of fungal production and sporulation associated with yellow poplar leaves were greater than the corresponding rates associated with white oak leaves in the hardwater stream but not in the softwater stream. The maximum rates of fungal production associated with the leaves of the two species were higher in the hardwater stream (5.8 mg g−1 day−1 on yellow poplar leaves and 3.1 mg g−1 day−1 on oak leaves) than in the softwater stream (1.6 mg g−1day−1 on yellow poplar leaves and 0.9 mg g−1day−1 on oak leaves), suggesting that effects of water chemistry other than the N and P concentrations, such as pH or alkalinity, may be important in regulating fungal activity in streams. In contrast, the amount of fungal biomass (as determined from ergosterol concentrations) on yellow poplar leaves was greater in the softwater stream (12.8% of detrital mass) than in the hardwater stream (9.6% of detrital mass). This appeared to be due to the decreased amount of fungal biomass that was converted to conidia and released from the leaf detritus in the softwater stream.
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Komon-Zelazowska, Monika, Torsten Neuhof, Ralf Dieckmann, Hans von Döhren, Alfredo Herrera-Estrella, Christian P. Kubicek, and Irina S. Druzhinina. "Formation of Atroviridin by Hypocrea atroviridis Is Conidiation Associated and Positively Regulated by Blue Light and the G Protein GNA3." Eukaryotic Cell 6, no. 12 (October 12, 2007): 2332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00143-07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Species of the mycoparasitic fungal genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma are prominent producers of peptaibols, a class of small linear peptides of fungal origin. Some of these peptaibols have been shown to act synergistically with cell-wall-degrading enzymes in the inhibition of the growth of other fungi in vitro and in vivo. Here we present the structure of the Hypocrea atroviridis peptaibol synthetase gene (pbs1), deduced from the genome sequence of H. atroviridis. It consists of 19 typical peptide synthetase modules with the required additional modifying domains at the N and C termini. Phylogenetic and similarity analyses of the individual amino acid-activating modules is consistent with its ability to synthesize atroviridins. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry of surface-grown cultures of H. atroviridis showed that no peptaibols were formed during vegetative growth, but a microheterogenous mixture of atroviridins accumulated when the colonies started to sporulate. This correlation between sporulation and atroviridin formation was shown to be independent of the pathway inducing sporulation (i.e., light, mechanical injury and carbon starvation, respectively). Atroviridin formation was dependent on the function of the two blue light regulators, BLR1 and BLR2, under some but not all conditions of sporulation and was repressed in a pkr1 (regulatory subunit of protein kinase A) antisense strain with constitutively active protein kinase A. Conversely, however, loss of function of the Gα-protein GNA3, which is a negative regulator of sporulation and leads to a hypersporulating phenotype, fully impairs atroviridin formation. Our data show that formation of atroviridin by H. atroviridis occurs in a sporulation-associated manner but is uncoupled from it at the stage of GNA3.
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ZHOU, XIANG, MING-GUANG FENG, and ZHI-HONG HUANG. "Effects of Cryopreservation at -80oC on the Formulation and Pathogenicity of the Obligate Aphid Pathogen Pandora nouryi." Polish Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 2 (2014): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2014-027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cryopreservation at -80 degrees C is an alternative to liquid nitrogen storage for Entomophthorales. However, detailed studies about its effects on fungal pathogenicity and formulation are very limited. In the present study, the obligate aphid pathogen Pandora nouryi was formulated as mycelia grown on millet-gel granules after preservation as primary spores at -80 degrees C for 3-18 months, although its ability to produce infectious conidia gradually diminished. The sporulation capacity of this granular formulation was reduced to 18.5 x 10(4) conidia/mg after 18 months of storage, which was still higher than that of mycotized aphids. The half-decline time of sporulation capacity was computed as 13.6 months. The infectivity to the green peach aphid Myzus persicae had no significant decline in 12 months. The ability to yield resting spores within host carcasses remained unchanged, and the probability of resting spore formation increased with the conidial concentrations that infect aphids. Therefore, cryopreservation at -80 degrees C exerted a marginal impact on formulation and pathogenicity of P. nouryi and can substitute for costly liquid nitrogen storage in routine laboratory studies. The potential of the formulation in aphid biocontrol can be maintained although there is a risk of losing fungal sporulation ability in long-term preservation.
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Wolfe, Emily R., Brett S. Younginger, and Carri J. LeRoy. "Fungal endophyte-infected leaf litter alters in-stream microbial communities and negatively influences aquatic fungal sporulation." Oikos 128, no. 3 (October 25, 2018): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oik.05619.
Повний текст джерела
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Cao, Shi, and Yan-Zhong Li. "Growth, Sporulation, Conidial Germination and Lethal Temperature of Paraphoma radicina, A Fungal Pathogen of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Root Rot." Agriculture 12, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091501.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 2020, alfalfa root rot, a disease caused by Paraphoma radicina, was identified in Inner Mongolia, China, where it seriously affected alfalfa crop yields. Conditions for in vitro growth, sporulation and conidial germination of P. radicina are poorly understood, limiting further studies. In this contribution, we evaluated the suitability of different media, carbon and nitrogen sources, as well as temperature and pH for P. radicina in vitro growth and germination. In addition, the temperature sensitivity of these cultures was assessed. Paraphoma radicina growth and sporulation were most vigorous on the ARDA medium, reaching the maximum growth and sporulation rates after 4 weeks of incubation. All carbon and nitrogen sources supported growth, but none induced sporulation. The best carbon and nitrogen sources for growth were mannitol and peptone, respectively. Conidial germination was observed in the 4 to 35 °C temperature range, with an optimum temperature of 25 °C. The germination rate was highest at pH 7, and more than 50% of conidia germinated after 38 h of incubation at 25 °C. On the other hand, temperatures above 55 °C (10 min) and 41 °C (10 min) proved lethal for the mycelial and conidial forms of the pathogen, respectively. These results can provide clues to the environmental conditions amenable for P. radicina infection of alfalfa crops and, on the whole, a better understanding of pathogenicity.
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Suter, Stephanie G., Gavin N. Rees, Garth O. Watson, Phillip J. Suter, and Ewen Silvester. "Decomposition of native leaf litter by aquatic hyphomycetes in an alpine stream." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 7 (2011): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10268.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite the recognised significance of hyphomycetes in the degradation of leaf litter in streams, few studies have been carried out in alpine environments and none in Australian alpine streams. We hypothesised that the fungal communities responsible for leaf decomposition would change over immersion time, and would respond differently at different sites and on different types of vegetation. Leaf bags containing Epacris glacialis (F. Muell.), Eucalyptus pauciflora (Sieber ex. Spreng) and Eucalyptus delegatensis (R.T. Baker) were deployed at different sites in a stream in the Victorian Alpine National Park, south-eastern Australia. Leaf colonisation was delayed for 2 weeks and decay constants for E. pauciflora and E. delegatensis were 0.004–0.005 and 0.006 respectively. Maximum fungal biomass on leaves was similar to that in previous published studies, whereas sporulation rates were two or three orders of magnitude lower, indicating a reduced reproductive effort. Sporulation and DNA-based studies combined showed that fungal communities on the decomposing leaf material changed over time and exhibited significant preferences for leaf type and study site. We have shown that aquatic hyphomycetes can degrade physically tough leaves of Australian alpine plant species, potentially contributing to pathways for particulate carbon to enter alpine-stream food webs.
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Springer, Matthew L. "Genetic control of fungal differentiation: The three sporulation pathways ofNeurospora crassa." BioEssays 15, no. 6 (June 1993): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950150602.
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Jacob-Wilk, Debora, Massimo Turina, Pam Kazmierczak, and Neal K. Van Alfen. "Silencing of Kex2 Significantly Diminishes the Virulence of Cryphonectria parasitica." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 2 (February 2009): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-2-0211.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cryphonectria parasitica is the causal agent of chestnut blight. Infection of this ascomycete with Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) results in reduction of virulence and sporulation of the fungus. The virus affects fungal gene expression and several of the CHV1 downregulated genes encode secreted proteins that contain consensus Kex2 processing signals. Additionally, CHV1 has been shown to colocalize in infected cells primarily with fungal trans-Golgi network vesicles containing the Kex2 protease. We report here the cloning, analysis, and possible role of the C. parasitica Kex2 gene (CpKex2). CpKex2 gene sequence analysis showed high similarity to other ascomycete kexin-like proteins. Southern blot analyses of CpKex2 showed a single copy of this gene in the fungal genome. In order to monitor the expression and evaluate the function of CpKex2, antibodies were raised against expressed protein and Kex2-silenced mutants were generated. Western blots indicate that the Kex2 protein was constitutively expressed. Growth rate of the fungus was not significantly affected in Kex2-silenced strains; however, these strains showed reduced virulence, reduced sexual and asexual sporulation, and reductions in mating and fertility. The reduced virulence was correlated with reduced Kex2 enzymatic activity and reduced relative mRNA transcript levels as measured by real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. These results suggest that secreted proteins processed by Kex2 are important in fungal development and virulence.
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Mazokha, K. S., M. V. Manzhos, L. R. Khabibulina, N. V. Vlasova, and L. M. Kavelenova. "Important issues of fungal sensitization: aerobiological aspects." Russian Medical Inquiry 5, no. 1 (2021): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-1-4-9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aim: to assess the dynamics of mold sporulation in Samara to predict the risk of allergy development and exacerbation. Patients and Methods: mold spore samples were collected from April 1 to September 30 in 2016–2019 using trap impactor and placed on slides coated with Vaseline-wax mixture. Mold spores were calculated and referred to various taxa. Allergy risks were predicted. Thresholds for evoking asthma are estimated to be 100 spores/m3 for Alternaria and 3,000 spores/m3 for Cladosporium. Results: in Samara, average mold vegetative period was 164 days. Cladosporium and Alternaria spores were identified. Their spores were estimated as 34.4% of total atmospheric spores in Samara. Cladosporium spores estimated as 15.3% of total fungal spores were identified during the whole observation period. Maximum concentration was less than 960 spores/m3 having been within the average range. Alternaria spores were estimated as 19.1%. The proportion of days exceeding the threshold value of 100 spores/m3 was 6% to 81% having been the highest in July-September. Conclusion: prerequisites for the development of fungal sensitization were revealed. Regional specificity of sporulation in Samara was illustrated. Major mold taxa were identified. Allergy risks in Alternaria and Cladosporium sensitization were assessed. The highest total average monthly amount of Alternaria spores was during Artemisia and Ambrosia pollination season. This could be challenging for the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from allergic symptom exacerbations during this period. Our findings will improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of allergic disorders in Samara. KEYWORDS: aerobiological monitoring, allergy, mold spores, Cladosporium, Alternaria, fungal sensitization. FOR CITATION: Mazokha K.S., Manzhos M.V., Khabibulina L.R. et al. Important issues of fungal sensitization: aerobiological aspects. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(1):4–9. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-1-4-9.
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Cojocaru, Daniel, and Cristina-Maria Lumînare. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCES ON SPORULATION OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA ROMANIAN STRAINS." Romanian Journal for Plant Protection 14 (2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54574/rjpp.14.04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A requirement for industrial-scale production of mycoinsecticides is the capacity of fungal strains to produce infective and stable propagules on inexpensive artificial substrates, with either solid-state or submerged liquid fermentation methods. The ability of entomopathogenic fungi to use different nutritive substrates is one of the factors influencing their effectiveness.Vegetative growth and sporulation yield depend on the composition of the culture medium and are specific to each fungal isolate. Our study has focused on fungal inoculum produced in artificial media. Native Beauveria bassiana strains was cultivated in liquid medium involving variations in carbon and nitrogen sources and the production of spores was evaluated. The results revealed that among the carbon and nitrogen sources tested, zaharose and ammonium nitrate were most efficiently used for the production of B.bassiana spores in submerged liquid fermentation.
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Ballester, Ana-Rosa, and Luis González-Candelas. "EFE-Mediated Ethylene Synthesis Is the Major Pathway in the Citrus Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium digitatum during Fruit Infection." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6030175.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Penicillium digitatum is the main fungal postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit under Mediterranean climate conditions. The role of ethylene in the P. digitatum–citrus fruit interaction is unclear and controversial. We analyzed the involvement of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE)-encoding gene (efeA) of P. digitatum on the pathogenicity of the fungus. The expression of P. digitatumefeA parallels ethylene production during growth on PDA medium, with maximum levels reached during sporulation. We generated ΔefeA knockout mutants in P. digitatum strain Pd1. These mutants showed no significant defect on mycelial growth or sporulation compared to the parental strain. However, the knockout mutants did not produce ethylene in vitro. Citrus pathogenicity assays showed no differences in virulence between the parental and ΔefeA knockout mutant strains, despite a lack of ethylene production by the knockout mutant throughout the infection process. This result suggests that ethylene plays no role in P. digitatum pathogenicity. Our results clearly show that EFE-mediated ethylene synthesis is the major ethylene synthesis pathway in the citrus postharvest pathogen P. digitatum during both in vitro growth on PDA medium and the infection process, and that this hormone is not necessary for establishing P. digitatum infection in citrus fruit. However, our results also indicate that ethylene produced by P. digitatum during sporulation on the fruit surface may influence the development of secondary fungal infections.
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Aynalem, Tessema, Lifeng Meng, Awraris Getachew, Jiangli Wu, Huimin Yu, Jing Tan, Nannan Li, and Shufa Xu. "StcU-2 Gene Mutation via CRISPR/Cas9 Leads to Misregulation of Spore-Cyst Formation in Ascosphaera apis." Microorganisms 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102088.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ascosphaera apis is the causative agent of honey bee chalkbrood disease, and spores are the only known source of infections. Interference with sporulation is therefore a promising way to manage A. apis. The versicolorin reductase gene (StcU-2) is a ketoreductase protein related to sporulation and melanin biosynthesis. To study the StcU-2 gene in ascospore production of A. apis, CRISPR/Cas9 was used, and eight hygromycin B antibiotic-resistant transformants incorporating enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were made and analyzed. PCR amplification, gel electrophoresis, and sequence analysis were used for target gene editing analysis and verification. The CRISPR/Cas9 editing successfully knocked out the StcU-2 gene in A. apis. StcU-2 mutants had shown albino and non-functional spore-cyst development and lost effective sporulation. In conclusion, editing of StcU-2 gene has shown direct relation with sporulation and melanin biosynthesis of A. apis; this effective sporulation reduction would reduce the spread and pathogenicity of A. apis to managed honey bee. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing has been efficiently performed in A. apis, a fungal honey bee brood pathogen, which offers a comprehensive set of procedural references that contributes to A. apis gene function studies and consequent control of chalkbrood disease.
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Zhang, Xuping, Dan Xu, Xuwen Hou, Penglin Wei, Jiajin Fu, Zhitong Zhao, Mingpeng Jing, Daowan Lai, Wenbing Yin, and Ligang Zhou. "UvSorA and UvSorB Involved in Sorbicillinoid Biosynthesis Contribute to Fungal Development, Stress Response and Phytotoxicity in Ustilaginoidea virens." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ustilaginoidea virens (teleomorph: Villosiclava virens) is an important fungal pathogen that causes a devastating rice disease. It can produce mycotoxins including sorbicillinoids. The biosynthesis and biological functions of sorbicillinoids have not been reported in U. virens. In this study, we identified a sorbicillinoid biosynthetic gene cluster in which two polyketide synthase genes UvSorA and UvSorB were responsible for sorbicillinoid biosynthesis in U. virens. In ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants, the mycelial growth, sporulation and hyphal hydrophobicity were increased dramatically, while the resistances to osmotic pressure, metal cations, and fungicides were reduced. Both phytotoxic activity of rice germinated seeds and cell wall integrity were also reduced. Furthermore, mycelia and cell walls of ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants showed alterations of microscopic and submicroscopic structures. In addition, feeding experiment showed that sorbicillinoids could restore mycelial growth, sporulation, and cell wall integrity in ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants. The results demonstrated that both UvSorA and UvSorB were responsible for sorbicillinoid biosynthesis in U. virens, and contributed to development (mycelial growth, sporulation, and cell wall integrity), stress responses, and phytotoxicity through sorbicillinoid mediation. It provides an insight into further investigation of biological functions and biosynthesis of sorbicillinoids.
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Klironomos, John N., Matthias C. Rillig, Michael F. Allen, Donald R. Zak, Kurt S. Pregitzer, and Mark E. Kubiske. "Increased levels of airborne fungal spores in response to Populus tremuloides grown under elevated atmospheric CO2." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 1670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-880.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil fungi are important components of terrestrial ecosystems. They function as decomposers, pathogens, parasites, and mutualistic symbionts. Their main mode of dispersal is to liberate spores into the atmosphere. In this study we tested the hypothesis that a higher atmospheric CO2 concentration will induce greater sporulation in common soil fungi, leading to higher concentrations of fungal propagules in the atmosphere. In our field experiment, the concentration of airborne fungal propagules, mostly spores, increased fourfold under twice-ambient CO2 concentrations. Analysis of decomposing leaf litter (likely the main source of airborne fungal propagules) indicated that the fungi produced fivefold more spores under elevated CO2. Our results provide evidence that elevations in atmospheric CO2 concentration can directly affect microbial function, which may have important implications for litter decay, fungal dispersal, and human respiratory health. Key words: atmospheric CO2, fungal spores, global change, Populus tremuloides.
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Peever, Tobin L., Yir-Chung Liu, Paolo Cortesi, and Michael G. Milgroom. "Variation in Tolerance and Virulence in the Chestnut Blight Fungus-Hypovirus Interaction." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 4863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.11.4863-4869.2000.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Chestnut blight, caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, has been effectively controlled with double-stranded RNA hypoviruses in Europe for over 40 years. The marked reduction in the virulence of C. parasitica by hypoviruses is a phenomenon known as hypovirulence. This virus-fungus pathosystem has become a model system for the study of biological control of fungi with viruses. We studied variation in tolerance to hypoviruses in fungal hosts and variation in virulence among virus isolates from a local population in Italy. Tolerance is defined as the relative fitness of a fungal individual when infected with hypoviruses (compared to being uninfected); virulence is defined for each hypovirus as the reduction in fitness of fungal hosts relative to virus-free hosts. Six hypovirus-infected isolates of C. parasitica were sampled from the population, and each hypovirus was transferred into six hypovirus-free recipient isolates. The resulting 36 hypovirus-fungus combinations were used to estimate genetic variation in tolerance to hypoviruses, in hypovirus virulence, and in virus-fungus interactions. Four phenotypes were evaluated for each virus-fungus combination to estimate relative fitness: (i) sporulation, i.e., the number of asexual spores (conidia) produced; (ii) canker area on field-inoculated chestnut trees, (iii) vertical transmission of hypoviruses into conidia, and (iv) conidial germination. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant interactions (P < 0.001) between viruses and fungal isolates for sporulation and canker area but not for conidial germination or transmission. One-way ANOVA among hypoviruses (within each fungal isolate) and among fungal isolates (within each hypovirus) revealed significant genetic variation (P < 0.01) in hypovirus virulence and fungal tolerance within several fungal isolates, and hypoviruses, respectively. These interactions and the significant genetic variation in several fitness characters indicate the potential for future evolution of these characters. However, biological control is unlikely to break down due to evolution of tolerance to hypoviruses in the fungus because the magnitudes of tolerance and interactions were relatively small.
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Ma, Xiaoya, Putarak Chomnunti, Mingkwan Doilom, Dinushani Anupama Daranagama, and Jichuan Kang. "Multigene Phylogeny Reveals Endophytic Xylariales Novelties from Dendrobium Species from Southwestern China and Northern Thailand." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8030248.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Xylariales are common endophytes of Dendrobium. However, xylarialean species resolution remains difficult without sequence data and poor sporulation on artificial media and asexual descriptions for only several species and old type material. The surface-sterilized and morph-molecular methods were used for fungal isolation and identification. A total of forty-seven strains were identified as twenty-three species belonging to Apiosporaceae, Hypoxylaceae, Induratiaceae, and Xylariaceae. Five new species—Annulohypoxylon moniliformis, Apiospora dendrobii, Hypoxylon endophyticum, H. officinalis and Nemania dendrobii were discovered. Three tentative new species were speculated in Xylaria. Thirteen known fungal species from Hypoxylon, Nemania, Nigrospora, and Xylaria were also identified. Another two strains were only identified at the genus and family level (Induratia sp., Hypoxylaceae sp.). This study recorded 12 new hosts for xylarialean endophytes. This is the first report of Xylariales species as endophytes from Dendrobium aurantiacum var. denneanum, D. cariniferum, D. harveyanum, D. hercoglossum, D. moniliforme, and D. moschatum. Dendrobium is associated with abundant xylarialean taxa, especially species of Hypoxylon and Xylaria. We recommend the use of oat agar with low concentrations to induce sporulation of Xylaria strains.
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Gotora, Timothy, Lawrence Masaka, and Marvelous Sungirai. "Effect of Cow Urine on the Growth Characteristics ofFusarium lateritium, an Important Coffee Fungus in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Agronomy 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/986068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Anin vitroassay was carried out to establish if cow urine at different concentrations (500 µL/mL, 300 µL/mL, 200 µL/mL, and 100 µL/mL) can be used to control the growth ofF. lateritium, the fungal agent causing Fusarium bark disease in coffee. The growth characteristics selected were conidial germination, germ tube length, mycelial growth rate, and sporulation. Copper oxychloride 50% W.P. was the standard, distilled water was the negative control, and undiluted cow urine was the positive control. The undiluted cow urine was most effective in inhibiting fungal growth with the rest of the cow urine concentrations showing dose dependent efficacy compared to the negative control (P< 0.01). Copper oxychloride had the highest efficacy of all treatments with the exception of the inhibition of mycelial growth where undiluted cow urine had higher efficacy and sporulation where efficacy was comparable to undiluted cow urine. There is potential for the use of cow urine as a means of controlling Fusarium bark disease with other advantages being availability, low cost, and limited environmental damage.
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Ferreira, Flávio Dias, Simone Aparecida Galerani Mossini, Francine Maery Dias Ferreira, Carla Cristina Arrotéia, Christiane Luciana da Costa, Celso Vataru Nakamura, and Miguel Machinski Junior. "The Inhibitory Effects ofCurcuma longaL. Essential Oil and Curcumin onAspergillus flavusLink Growth and Morphology." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/343804.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The essential oil fromCurcuma longaL. was analysed by GC/MS. The major components of the oil were ar-turmerone (33.2%),α-turmerone (23.5%) andβ-turmerone (22.7%). The antifungal activities of the oil were studied with regard toAspergillus flavusgrowth inhibition and altered morphology, as preliminary studies indicated that the essential oil fromC. longainhibitedAspergillus flavusLink aflatoxin production. The concentration of essential oil in the culture media ranged from 0.01% to 5.0% v/v, and the concentration of curcumin was 0.01–0.5% v/v. The effects on sporulation, spore viability, and fungal morphology were determined. The essential oil exhibited stronger antifungal activity than curcumin onA. flavus. The essential oil reduced the fungal growth in a concentration-dependent manner.A. flavusgrowth rate was reduced byC. longaessential oil at 0.10%, and this inhibition effect was more efficient in concentrations above 0.50%. Germination and sporulation were 100% inhibited in 0.5% oil. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ofA. flavusexposed to oil showed damage to hyphae membranes and conidiophores. Because the fungus is a plant pathogen and aflatoxin producer,C. longaessential oil may be used in the management of host plants.
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Shareef, Bareen Sdqi, Ali Sami Ali, Shreen Ghaeb Ali, and Ibrahim Essa Taher. "Antifungal Activity of Some Plant Extracts against Fungus Fusarium Oxysporum." Journal of University of Duhok 25, no. 2 (October 2, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2022.2.25.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In vitro, study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of leaves extracts for each of Nerium oleander , Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Myrtus communis at concentrations (0, 20, 30, and 50 )% on the growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum . In addition to the control, the experiment included three concentration levels for each aqueous plant extract: 20%, 30%, and 50%. When compared to the control, all plant extracts inhibited fungal growth in (Fusarium oxysporum). The greatest inhibitory effect was found to be 31.158 percent. Azadirachta indica has proven to be the most effective in reducing fungal growth
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Shareef, Bareen Sdqi, Ali Sami Ali, Shreen Ghaeb Ali, and Ibrahim Essa Taher Taher. "Antifungal Activity of Some Plant Extracts against Fungus Fusarium Oxysporum." Journal of duhok university 25, no. 2 (October 2, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2022.25.2.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In vitro, study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of leaves extracts for each of Nerium oleander , Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Myrtus communis at concentrations (0, 20, 30, and 50 )% on the growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum . In addition to the control, the experiment included three concentration levels for each aqueous plant extract: 20%, 30%, and 50%. When compared to the control, all plant extracts inhibited fungal growth in (Fusarium oxysporum). The greatest inhibitory effect was found to be 31.158 percent. Azadirachta indica has proven to be the most effective in reducing fungal growth
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Mucksood, Ahmad Ganaie, and Ahmad Khan Tabreiz. "In vitro studies of biowastes on growth and sporulation of fungal bioagents." African Journal of Agricultural Research 8, no. 37 (September 26, 2013): 4660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar10.585.
Повний текст джерела
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Gessner, M. O. "Fungal biomass, production and sporulation associated with particulate organic matter in streams." Limnetica 13, no. 2 (December 15, 1997): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23818/limn.13.14.
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Chen, Baoshan, Lynn M. Geletka, and Donald L. Nuss. "Using Chimeric Hypoviruses To Fine-Tune the Interaction between a Pathogenic Fungus and Its Plant Host." Journal of Virology 74, no. 16 (August 15, 2000): 7562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.16.7562-7567.2000.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Infectious cDNA clones of mild (CHV1-Euro7) and severe (CHV1-EP713) hypovirus strains responsible for virulence attenuation (hypovirulence) of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica were used to construct viable chimeric viruses. Differences in virus-mediated alterations of fungal colony morphology, growth rate, and canker morphology were mapped to a region of open reading frame B extending from nucleotides 2,363 to 9,904. By swapping domains within this region, it was possible to generate chimeric hypovirus-infectedC. parasitica isolates that exhibited a spectrum of defined colony and canker morphologies. Several severe strain traits were observed to be dominant. It was also possible to uncouple the severe strain traits of small canker size and suppression of asexual sporulation. For example, fungal isolates infected with a chimera containing nucleotides 2363 through 5310 from CHV1-Euro7 in a CHV1-713 background formed small cankers that were similar in size to that caused by CHV1-EP713-infected isolates but with the capacity for producing asexual spores at levels approaching that observed for fungal isolates infected with the mild strain. These results demonstrate that hypoviruses can be engineered to fine-tune the interaction between a pathogenic fungus and its plant host. The identification of specific hypovirus domains that differentially contribute to canker morphology and sporulation levels also provides considerable utility for continuing efforts to enhance biological control potential by balancing hypovirulence and ecological fitness.
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Gradziel, Thomas M., and Dechun Wang. "Susceptibility of California Almond Cultivars to Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus." HortScience 29, no. 1 (January 1994): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.1.33.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colonization and sporulation of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Link on intact and injured seed was evaluated for a selection of almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] cultivars. Barriers to fungal development were identified at the intact seedcoat and at the seed cotyledon tissue. The seedcoat barrier was expressed as a delay in fungal colonization for up to 3 days following the inoculation of intact seed. Seedcoat resistance was uniformly high for all cultivars tested. Cotyledon resistance, which was expressed as a lower rate of disease development was identified only in the cultivars Ne Plus Ultra, Ruby, and Carrion.
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Galbieri, Rafael, Edivaldo Cia, Camilo de Lelis Morello, Sheila Fanan, Edson Ricardo Andrade Junior, and Leimi Kobayasti. "Ramularia areola sporulation potential in Brazilian cotton." Summa Phytopathologica 41, no. 3 (September 2015): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ramularia blight, caused by Ramularia areola, is one of the most important diseases affecting cotton crop in Brazil. For its effective control, 5-9 fungicide applications on susceptible cultivars are necessary. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro and in vivo, the sporulation potential of R. areolaisolates from different Brazilian regions at distinct temperatures. Spore production was assessed in the laboratory and under green house conditions by using leaves from plants of eight cotton cultivars. The in vitro results indicated that the potential of spore production was dependent on temperature. Maximum sporulation of the fungus occurred at 17°C for isolates from São Paulo State and 23°C for isolates from Goiás and Mato Grosso States. In the in vivo study, there was a variation in spore production according to the cultivar and the isolate. Most isolates showed to be highly aggressive on cultivars FM966 LL and DELTAOPAL. The obtained results suggest a more rational use of fungicides and cultivars with decreased fungal sporulation and can form the basis for further studies of the pathogenic variability of this fungus in cotton crops in Brazil. This is the first report on the sporulation potential of Brazilian R. areola isolates.
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Solomon, Peter S., Kar-Chun Tan, and Richard P. Oliver. "Mannitol 1-Phosphate Metabolism Is Required for Sporulation in Planta of the Wheat Pathogen Stagonospora nodorum." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, no. 2 (February 2005): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-0110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An expressed sequence tag encoding a putative mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase (Mpd1) has been characterized from the fungal wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum. Mpd1 was disrupted by insertional mutagenesis, and the resulting mpd1 strains lacked all detectable NAD-linked mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.1.1.17). The growth rates, sporulation, and spore viability of the mutant strains in vitro were not significantly different from the wild type. The viability of the mpd1 spores when subjected to heat stress was comparable to wild type. Characterization of the sugar alcohol content by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that, when grown on glucose, the mutant strains contained significantly less mannitol, less arabitol, but more trehalose than the wildtype strains. The mannitol content of fructose-grown cultures was normal. No secreted mannitol could be detected in wild type or mutants. Pathogenicity assays revealed the disruption of Mpd1 did not affect lesion development, however the mutants were unable to sporulate. These results throw new light on the role of mannitol in fungal plant interactions, suggesting a role in metabolic and redox regulation during the critical process of sporulation on senescing leaf material.
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Sache, Ivan, and Claude de Vallavieille-Pope. "Classification of airborne plant pathogens based on sporulation and infection characteristics." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 8 (August 1, 1995): 1186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-128.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The infection cycles of 26 airborne fungal plant pathogens were compared using six monocyclic variables: latent period, infectious period, sporulation capacity, relative date of sporulation peak, lesion size, and infection efficiency. All variables were measured at the seedling stage in conditions highly conducive to disease development. Multivariate analyses of literature and experimental data were used to describe epidemic strategies based on compensation, addition, and multiplication effects between the monocyclic variables. A typology of fungi according to these effects is proposed, the main divisions of which follow the pattern of lesion growth (semisystemic, local, or negligible). Further subdivisions were obtained based on the other sporulation and infection variables. With a few exceptions, pathogens belonging to the same taxonomic (powdery mildews, downy mildews, rusts) and ecological (biotrophs, necrotrophs) group were grouped together in the proposed typology. Among rusts and necrotrophs, the fungi adapted to temperate and warm climates were also distinguished. The wheat stripe rust was not grouped with the other rusts because of unique epidemiological characteristics, especially semisystemic growth of lesions. Key words: biotrophic fungus, comparative epidemiology, monocyclic process, necrotrophic fungus.
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Luo, Y., and D. O. TeBeest. "Infection Components of Wild-Type and Mutant Strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene on Northern Jointvetch." Plant Disease 81, no. 4 (April 1997): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.4.404.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene causes an anthracnose of northern jointvetch, Aeschynomene virginica. Infection components, including lesion number, latent period, lesion expansion rate, and sporulation, were measured in experiments conducted in controlled environments. Two wild-type strains (3-1-3 and CLA 5A), four benomyl-resistant strains (B13, B15, B18 and B21), and four nitrate nonutilizing mutant strains (Nit A, Nit R, Nit L, and Nit T) of the pathogen were tested. Nitrate nonutilizing strains caused significantly fewer lesions on northern jointvetch than did wild-type and benomyl-resistant strains. Latent periods were significantly shorter for the wild-type strain CLA 5A than for most other strains. Lesion expansion rates of all benomyl-resistant strains were significantly slower than those of the wild- type strains. Large variations in sporulation were observed for most strains, and no differences in sporulation were found between wild-type and mutant strains. The usefulness of infection component analysis for the identification of competitiveness of strains of fungal pathogens for biological control of weeds is discussed.
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Calvo, Ana M., Richard A. Wilson, Jin Woo Bok, and Nancy P. Keller. "Relationship between Secondary Metabolism and Fungal Development." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 66, no. 3 (September 2002): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.66.3.447-459.2002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARY Filamentous fungi are unique organisms—rivaled only by actinomycetes and plants—in producing a wide range of natural products called secondary metabolites. These compounds are very diverse in structure and perform functions that are not always known. However, most secondary metabolites are produced after the fungus has completed its initial growth phase and is beginning a stage of development represented by the formation of spores. In this review, we describe secondary metabolites produced by fungi that act as sporogenic factors to influence fungal development, are required for spore viability, or are produced at a time in the life cycle that coincides with development. We describe environmental and genetic factors that can influence the production of secondary metabolites. In the case of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, we review the only described work that genetically links the sporulation of this fungus to the production of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin through a shared G-protein signaling pathway.
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Yao, Ziting, Chengwu Zou, Hui Zhou, Jinzi Wang, Lidan Lu, Yang Li та Baoshan Chen. "Δ1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate/Glutamate Biogenesis Is Required for Fungal Virulence and Sporulation". PLoS ONE 8, № 9 (9 вересня 2013): e73483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073483.
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Lin, Xiaorong, and Joseph Heitman. "Chlamydospore Formation during Hyphal Growth in Cryptococcus neoformans." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 10 (October 2005): 1746–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.10.1746-1754.2005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Cryptococcus neoformans, a basidiomycetous fungal pathogen, infects hosts through inhalation and can cause fatal meningoencephalitis in individuals if untreated. This fungus undergoes a dimorphic transition from yeast to filamentous growth during mating and monokaryotic fruiting, which leads to the production of hyphae and airborne infectious basidiospores. Here we characterized a novel morphological feature associated with the filamentous stages of the life cycle of C. neoformans which resembles resting or survival structures known as chlamydospores in other fungi. The C. neoformans chlamydospore-like structure is rich in glycogen, suggesting that it might have a role as an energy store. However, characterization of mutants with decreased or increased levels of glycogen production showed that glycogen levels have little effect on filamentous growth, sporulation, or chlamydospore formation. These results suggest that the formation of chlamydospores is independent of glycogen accumulation level. We also show that chlamydospore formation does not require successful sporulation and that the presence of chlamydospores is not sufficient for sporulation. Although the biological functions of chlamydospores remain to be established for this pathogenic fungus, their formation appears to be an integral part of the filamentation process, suggesting that they could be necessary to support sexual sporulation under adverse conditions and thereby facilitate the production of infectious basidiospores or long-term survival propagules in harsh environments.
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Hasan, Saba. "Optimal mass production technology for sporulation of Verticillium lecanii and Trichoderma harzianum." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 4, no. 1 (April 8, 2015): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v4i1.4297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study aims at optimization of a suitable mass production technology for growth and sporulation of the biocontrol agents Verticillium lecanii and Trichoderma harzianum. Combinations of various natural solid substrates (Rice, Maize, Arhar, Defatted Soybean, Gram) and laboratory media (SMYA, Complete media, SDA, Czapek’s Dox media ) were evaluated for growth and sporulation of V. lecanii and T. harzianum. Data on CFU, concentration of propagules, dry mycelial weight, conidia production and conidia yield were analyzed. It was observed that among the substrate types tested, the fungal strains grew better and produced high quantity of spores in Rice as growth medium after 21 days of incubation followed by Maize and Arhar. The best liquid media which supported maximum conidial production was SMYA and Complete medium. Also, rate of germination of spores as well as their viability at different aeration rates was tested. It was observed that maximum length of germ tube in minimum duration was observed in Rice as substrate. The viability percentage of the biocontrol agents produced at various aeration rates and agitation speeds showed that change in aeration and agitation did not significantly affect spore viability. Results demonstrated that the fungal species could be rapidly produced with a high conidial yield on natural solid substrates as compared to liquid media by fermentation technology.
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Collopy, Patrick D., Richard C. Amey, Martin J. Sergeant, Michael P. Challen, Peter R. Mills, Gary D. Foster, and Andy M. Bailey. "The pmk1-like mitogen-activated protein kinase from Lecanicillium (Verticillium) fungicola is not required for virulence on Agaricus bisporus." Microbiology 156, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 1439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.034439-0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In plant-pathogenic fungi, the pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway plays an essential role in regulating the development of penetration structures and the sensing of host-derived cues, but its role in other pathosystems such as fungal–fungal interactions is less clear. We report the use of a gene disruption strategy to investigate the pmk1-like MAPK, Lf pmk1 in the development of Lecanicillium fungicola (formerly Verticillium fungicola) infection on the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Lf pmk1 was isolated using a degenerate PCR-based approach and was shown to be present in a single copy by Southern blot analysis. Quantitative RT-PCR showed the transcript to be fivefold upregulated in cap lesions compared with pure culture. Agrobacterium-mediated targeted disruption was used to delete a central portion of the Lf pmk1 gene. The resulting mutants showed normal symptom development as assessed by A. bisporus mushroom cap assays, sporulation patterns were normal and there were no apparent changes in overall growth rates. Our results indicate that, unlike the situation in fungal–plant pathogens, the pmk1-like MAPK pathway is not required for virulence in the fungal–fungal interaction between the L. fungicola pathogen and A. bisporus host. This observation may be of wider significance in other fungal–fungal and/or fungal–invertebrate interactions.
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Zarzycka, Hanna. "A comparison of tuber slice and whole tuber tests for the assessment of potato resistance to tuber blight Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary." Acta Agrobotanica 43, no. 1-2 (2013): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1990.009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The resistance of potato tuber tissues to colonization by <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> was compared in 10 selected cultivars in two trials: on tuber slices and whole tubers with cut rose ends. When resistance to sporulation was used as the discriminating criterion, the selected cultivars segregated in a distinctly different order than when arranged according to other resistance components. Both the tuber slice test and the whole tuber test allowed resistance to sporulation to be assessed in the tested group of cultivars. The results obtained in both trials were reproducible and both criteria, i.e. the percentage of mycelium-covered area as well as sporulation intensity were equally useful for the assessment. No significant influence of the fungal growth though the tuber slice tissue was observed on the assessment of sporulation in comparison to the whole tuber test where the fungus grew directly on the wounded tissue after inoculation. Assessment of the percentage of the area of the tuber slice exhibiting visible necrosis was found to be useless due to the lack of correlation with two criteria of resistance to colonization used in the whole tuber test, i.e. the rate and depth of penetration. The most useful parameter of the whole tuber test appeared to be assessment of the depth of penetration of the tuber tissues. This parameter showed the least variability and good correlation with other criteria used to evaluate resistance to colonization.
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Parkash, Vipin, and Ankur Jyoti Saikia. "Production and Multiplication of Native Compost Fungal Activator by Using Different Substrates and Its Influence on Growth and Development of Capsicum chinensis Jacq. “Bhut Jolokia”." Biotechnology Research International 2015 (January 6, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/481363.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In vitro experiment was carried out to see the effect of saw dusts of Pinus kesiya, Shorea robusta, and Callicarpa arborea on Trichoderma harzianum, isolate TH-13 mass production, along with its biotization effect on Capsicum chinensis Jacq. “Bhut Jolokia.” Early mycelium initiation (2 days) occurred in S. robusta followed by P. kesiya and C. arborea (3.5 days). The sporulation was observed earlier in S. robusta (100% after 6 days) than P. kesiya (33.4% after 8 days) and C. arborea (16.7% after 9 days) but no sporulation was observed in control. The complete sporulation was also earlier in S. robusta (100% after 10 days) than P. kesiya (33.4% after 15 days) and C. arborea (16.4% after 18 days). Higher conidial yield 86×106 was also in S. robusta than P. kesiya 70×106 and C. arborea 45×106, respectively. The increase in height (60–70 cm), number of leaves (600–650), and yield of chili (120–150 fruits) were also more in inoculated C. chinensis seedlings than control. It is concluded that S. robusta saw dust is the best substrate for mass production of compost fungal activator and can be used in nursery practices for quality stock production of various crops/plantations.
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Khadka, Ram B., Sundar M. Shrestha, Hira K. Manandhar, and Gopal BKC. "Study on Differential Response of Pyricularia grisea Isolates from Rice, Finger Millet and Panicum sp. with Local and Alien Media, and Their Host Range." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 2 (March 8, 2013): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7707.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blast (Pyricularia grisea) is an economically important disease of rice and finger millet in Nepal. Isolates of the fungus from different hosts differed in their response in media for mycelial growth and sporulation. Radial mycelial growth (RMG) and days of sporulation (DOS) of P. grisea were studied by culturing three fungal isolates from rice, finger millet and Panicum sp. on six different media: prune agar (PA), oat meal agar (OMA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), finger millet leaf decoction agar (FLDA), finger millet polish agar (FPA) and finger millet meal agar (FMA). The highest RMG was found in the isolates from finger millet and the lowest in the isolates from rice. The shortest DOS (1 week) was found in the isolate from rice and the longest (>2 weeks) in the isolate from finger millet. Among the different media used, PA and OMA were found to be the best for mycelial growth and sporulation of the isolates both from rice and finger millet. The shape, color and compactness of the fungal colonies varied with the media and isolates used. Cross inoculation studies showed that the fungus isolates from rice were able to infect all the plant species (rice, finger millet, Panicum sp., Eleusine indica and Setaria sp.) while isolates from finger millet were only able to infect three plant species (E. coracana, Setaria sp. and E. indica). This shows that the weed management is more important in finger millet fields than in rice field to manage the blast disease; and growing of rice adjacent to finger millet field is dangerous for blast epidemics in finger millet since rice serves as the source of inoculums. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 2 (2012) 7-14 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7707
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Kaur, Sawinder, Vivek Mumbarkar, Paramjit S. Panesar, Sushma Gurumayum, and Prasad Rasane. "Exploring the potential of Epicoccum nigrum for pigment production under variable conditions." Pigment & Resin Technology 48, no. 6 (November 4, 2019): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-12-2018-0127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this study is to isolate yellow pigment producing fungal strain and to determine the media requirement for growth and secondary metabolite production. Design/methodology/approach Fifteen soil samples were collected and studied for a pigment producing fungal sources. Selection of a fungus was based on pigment produced and further conditions, such as effect of media composition and light wavelength on pigment production and growth parameters were optimised. Findings Out of the isolates analysed, Epicoccum nigrum was selected for further study as this strain has the potential for pigment production. Among all the media evaluated, potato dextrose agar (PDA) was found to be the best media for growth and sporulation, whilst sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) was only 29 per cent as capable as the best medium. The radial growth rate in case of PDA was 3 ± 0.02 mm/day, while in case of SDA, it was only 1.09 mm/day. Whilst starch as a carbon source was found to increase the radial growth to 5.15 ± 0.02 mm/day, sucrose significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the sporulation (224,000 ± 1,550 spores/ml) of Epicoccum nigrum. Amongst the various nitrogen sources analysed, peptone significantly increased (p < 0.05) the radial growth (6.55 ± 0.02 mm/day) as well as sporulation (220,000 ± 2,100 spores/ml). The observations also indicated that E. nigrum is able to sense and differentiate between light in different wavelength ranges and respond differently in growth and sporulation. The light passing through a red colour sheet resulted in better radial growth (8.5 ± 0.02 mm/day) in comparison to unfiltered light (3 ± 0.02 mm/day). Yellow pigment production in terms of hue values was significantly influenced by the presence of dextrose, peptone and darkness. Research limitations/implications The isolated strain could be studied for variable conditions and stress factors for optimal production of the pigment. Recovery and purification studies could be carried out at pilot and industrial scale. Practical implications The isolation of a strain producing valuable microbial pigment will increase the alternatives of natural food colours and enhance the its commercial applications Originality/value This study identifies Epicoccum nigrum as a potential source of microbial pigment and facilitates its growth and production for possible applications in industrial pigment production.
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Ali, Sajjad, Asif Sajjad, Qaiser Shakeel, M. Aslam Farooqi, M. Anjum Aqueel, Kaleem Tariq, Muhammad Irfan Ullah, et al. "Influence of Bacterial Secondary Symbionts in Sitobion avenae on Its Survival Fitness against Entomopathogenic Fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum." Insects 13, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13111037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research was focused on the ability of wheat aphids Sitobion avenae, harboring bacterial secondary symbionts (BSS) Hamiltonella defensa or Regiella insecticola, to withstand exposure to fungal isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum. In comparison to aphids lacking bacterial secondary symbionts, BSS considerably increased the lifespan of wheat aphids exposed to B. bassiana strains (Bb1022, EABb04/01-Tip) and M. brunneum strains (ART 2825 and BIPESCO 5) and also reduced the aphids’ mortality. The wheat aphid clones lacking bacterial secondary symbionts were shown to be particularly vulnerable to M. brunneum strain BIPESCO 5. As opposed to wheat aphids carrying bacterial symbionts, fungal pathogens infected the wheat aphids lacking H. defensa and R. insecticola more quickly. When treated with fungal pathogens, bacterial endosymbionts had a favorable effect on the fecundity of their host aphids compared to the aphids lacking these symbionts, but there was no change in fungal sporulation on the deceased aphids. By defending their insect hosts against natural enemies, BSS increase the population of their host society and may have a significant impact on the development of their hosts.
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Owati, Ayodeji, Bright Agindotan, and Mary Burrows. "Characterization of Fungal Species Associated with Ascochyta Blight of Dry Pea in Montana and North America and Development of a Differential Medium for Their Detection." Plant Health Progress 21, no. 4 (January 1, 2020): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-05-20-0037-rs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Montana leads the production of dry pea in the United States. About 530,000 acres were planted to pea in 2019, accounting for 48% of the total national production ( USDA-NASS 2019 ). A predominant foliar disease of dry pea in Montana is Ascochyta blight, which is caused by multiple fungal pathogens including Didymella pisi, Peyronellaea pinodes, and Peyronellaea pinodella. D. pisi is the predominant pathogen causing Ascochyta blight of dry pea in Montana. Recently, an anticipated shift in pathogen composition has been observed in northeastern Montana from D. pisi to P. pinodes. Also, a Phoma sp. was found associated with infected dry pea seeds and included in this study. To characterize these fungi, we evaluated the effects of temperature (15, 20, 25, and 30°C) on mycelial growth rate and sporulation. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth and sporulation was either 20 or 25°C depending on the species. Analysis of variance supported that at all evaluated temperatures, Phoma sp. had the highest growth rate and produced more spores than the other species (P value < 0.001). In pathogenicity assays, P. pinodes caused more severe disease than the other species when inoculated on pea plants (cv. Carousel, P value ≤ 0.001). The Phoma sp. was not pathogenic. Peameal agar (PMA) was developed as a diagnostic tool for these pathogens. On PMA, the fungal species showed different mycelial morphology, which was used to visually discriminate them. Results from this study will be used as a base to understand the adaptability, pathogenicity and aggressiveness, and current status and changes in the population composition of fungal species causing Ascochyta blight of dry pea in Montana and North America.