Статті в журналах: "Functional Pruning"

1

SHAMIR, N., D. SAAD, and E. MAROM. "NEURAL NET PRUNING BASED ON FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR OF NEURONS." International Journal of Neural Systems 04, no. 02 (June 1993): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065793000134.

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This paper proposes a new pruning method based on merging neurons with similar functional behavior which is defined by the internal representations of each neuron for the entire training set. Classification of neurons by their functional behavior with respect to the input vectors provides a powerful tool for pruning neurons and connections, thus reducing the network complexity and increasing its generalization capability. The most remarkable property of this pruning scheme is its ability to preserve net functionality by transferring the role of every removed neuron to the most fitted neuron of the surviving ones, using a unique merging and compensation procedure. The implementation of the proposed method is demonstrated using a detailed numerical example and its performance is examined by a statistical measure calculated by repeating the training procedure several times. The influence of parameter selection on pruning performance and generalization ability is discussed and demonstrated by examining statistical results.

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2

Elston, G. N., T. Oga, and I. Fujita. "Spinogenesis and Pruning Scales across Functional Hierarchies." Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 10 (March 11, 2009): 3271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5216-08.2009.

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3

Iwasaki, Hideya, Takeshi Morimoto, and Yasunao Takano. "Pruning with improving sequences in lazy functional programs." Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation 24, no. 4 (November 2011): 281–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10990-012-9086-3.

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4

Lugaresi, Adriana, Cristiano André Steffens, Angélica Schmitz Heinzen, Cristhian Leonardo Fenili, Alberto Fontanella Brighenti, Mariuccia Schlichting De Martin, and Cassandro Vidal Talamini do Amarante. "The influence of the summer pruning on ‘Fuji’ apples storage under controlled atmosphere." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 46, no. 1 (December 12, 2023): e63557. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v46i1.63557.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the summer pruning time in ‘Fuji’ apple trees on the quality of fruit at harvest and after storage in controlled atmosphere with extremely low O2 (CA-ELO) (0.5 kPa O2). The treatments evaluated were summer pruning in December, January, and February, in addition to a control treatment (without summer pruning). The experiment was carried out in the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons. The fruit were evaluated at harvest and after eight months of CA-ELO (0.5 kPa O2 + <0.5 kPa CO2/1.5 ± 0.2°C/92 ± 2% RH) storage, at chamber opening, and after 7 days of shelf-life at 23 ± 3°C and 60 ± 5% RH. The quality of the fruit was evaluated through of soluble solids, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, fruit color, and physiological disorder incidence (sunburn and flesh browning), in addition to enzymatic activity and concentration of functional compounds. There was no significant effect of the summer pruning time on fruit flesh firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and rot incidence after storage under CA-ELO plus 7 days of shelf life. Summer pruning in February resulted in fruit with higher peel red color development, which in general contains a higher concentration of functional compounds at harvest (total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity), and lower flesh browning incidence in ‘Fuji’ apples stored under CA-ELO. The nitrogen (N) concentration and nitrogen/calcium ratio (N/Ca) in the second growing season were lower in fruit from plants pruned in February, compared to no summer pruning or earlier pruning. The superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activity were lower in fruit from treatments with summer pruning in January and February, whereas the polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity was lower when summer pruning was conducted in February.

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5

Li, J., J. Liu, H. Toivonen, and J. Yong. "Effective Pruning for the Discovery of Conditional Functional Dependencies." Computer Journal 56, no. 3 (June 24, 2012): 378–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxs082.

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Zhang, Qi, Ying Zhang, Pengyao Miao, Meihui Chen, Mengru Du, Xiaomin Pang, Jianghua Ye, Haibin Wang, and Xiaoli Jia. "Effects of Pruning on Tea Tree Growth, Soil Enzyme Activity and Microbial Diversity." Agronomy 13, no. 5 (April 25, 2023): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051214.

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In order to investigate the effect of pruning on the soil environment in which tea trees grow and the growth of tea trees, this study used Wuyi Meizhan (Camellia sinensis) as a research object and measured its growth indexes, soil physicochemical indexes, soil enzyme activity and microbial functional diversity to analyze the effects of pruning treatments on the growth of tea trees, soil enzyme activity and soil microbial functional diversity and the correlation between them. The results of the analysis of tea tree growth indexes showed that the hundred-bud weight, leaf area and yield in the pruning treatment were significantly higher than those in the unpruned treatment. The results of soil physicochemical index analysis showed that pH, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter were significantly higher in the pruning treatment than in the unpruned treatment (p < 0.05), while available nitrogen and total phosphorus were significantly lower than in unpruned treatment (p < 0.05). The results of soil enzyme activities showed that only polyphenol oxidase and catalase activities were significantly higher in the pruning than in the unpruned treatment, while urease, protease, acid phosphatase, asparaginase and glutaminase activities were significantly lower than in the unpruned treatment (p < 0.05). Biolog analysis showed that the utilization of microbial carbon sources, especially amino acid and amine, increased in the rhizosphere soil of the pruned tea tree, while there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in microbial diversity. It is evident that pruning promoted tea tree growth and some enzyme activity, while inhibiting the activity of enzymes associated with the nitrogen cycle, and the utilization of microbial carbon sources increased, but their diversity decreased. This study provides a theoretical basis for the daily management of tea plantation after pruning.

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7

Low, Lawrence K., and Hwai-Jong Cheng. "Axon pruning: an essential step underlying the developmental plasticity of neuronal connections." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1473 (July 28, 2006): 1531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1883.

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Regressive events play a key role in modifying neural connectivity in early development. An important regressive event is the pruning of neuronal processes. Pruning is a strategy often used to selectively remove exuberant neuronal branches and connections in the immature nervous system to ensure the proper formation of functional circuitry. In the following review, we discuss our present understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the pruning of axons during neuronal development as well as in neurological diseases. The evidence suggests that there are several similarities between the mechanisms that are involved in developmental axon pruning and axon elimination in disease. In summary, these findings provide researchers with a unique perspective on how developmental plasticity is achieved and how to develop strategies to treat complex neurological diseases.

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8

Leporini, Mariarosaria, Rosa Tundis, Vincenzo Sicari, and Monica Rosa Loizzo. "Citrus species: Modern functional food and nutraceutical-based product ingredient." Italian Journal of Food Science 33, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 63–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v33i2.2009.

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Citrus is the most cultivated fruit crop in the world and occupies a place of considerable importance in the country’s economy. Almost 33% of the citrus fruits are processed for juice production; however, a great amount of wastes, including peels, segment membranes, and seeds are also produced. Indeed, citrus fruits consist of 45% juice, 26% pulp, 27% peels, and 2% seeds. Pruning, a cultural practice involving the removal of tree branches and limbs, was applied to improve fruit’s quality. A large amount of leaves are produced through pruning. These agri-food matrices contain a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals compared to fruits. The present review covers the past 5 years of research carried out in chemistry, health properties, and applications in food and nutraceutical industries of all portions of citrus fruit and its major bioactive compounds. Additionally, patents are also included.

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9

Mäkelä, Annikki. "A Carbon Balance Model of Growth and Self-Pruning in Trees Based on Structural Relationships." Forest Science 43, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/43.1.7.

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Abstract A tree growth model is formulated based on structural relationships in a carbon balance framework. Three relationships are applied: (1) an allometric relationship between crown surface area and foliage area, (2) the principle of functional balance, and (3) the pipe-model theory. These assumptions lead to a model where the sizes of the functional parts of the tree are derivable from foliage weight, except for the pruning height of the crown. This is determined by defining a "self-pruning coefficient," which controls the allocation of growth between height growth and foliage growth. The tree model is applied to an average-tree based stand growth model where both the self-pruning coefficient and tree mortality are made functions of crown coverage. The model is quantified for Scots pine growing in southern Fenno-Scandia. The overall behavior of the model is realistic. The model responds to stocking density through the rate of self-pruning, lower stocking densities leading to larger crown ratios. It also responds to changes in parameters describing site quality in a realistic way, although the differences in stand density are not as large as expected. The predicted development of the biomass compartments in individual trees agrees well with data on dominant Scots pine trees in Finland. For. Sci. 43(1):7-24.

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10

Sun, Xiaochuan, Yu Wang, Mingxiang Hao, Yingqi Li, and Tianyu Huang. "Reservoir structure optimization of echo state networks: A detrended multiple cross-correlation pruning perspective." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 46, no. 5-6 (October 24, 2024): 11263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-233605.

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Reservoir structure optimization of echo state networks (ESN) is an important enabler for improving network performance. In this regard, pruning provides an effective means to optimize reservoir structure by removing redundant components in the network. Existing studies achieve reservoir pruning by removing insignificant neuronal connections. However, such processing causes the optimized neurons to still remain in the reservoir and thus hinder network inference by participating in computations, leading to suboptimal utilization of pruning benefits by the network. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an adaptive pruning algorithm for ESN within the detrended multiple cross-correlation (DMC2) framework, i.e., DMAP. On the whole, it contains two main functional parts: DMC2 measure of reservoir neurons and reservoir pruning. Specifically, the former is used to quantify the correlation among neurons. Based on this, the latter can remove neurons with high correlation from the reservoir completely, and finally obtain the optimal network structure by retraining the output weights. Experiment results show that DMAP-ESN outperforms its competitors in nonlinear approximation capability and reservoir stability.

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11

Hoffman, Ralph E. "Studies of synaptic elimination identify an intersection of neurocomputational and neurodevelopmental perspectives." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 4 (August 2000): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00343369.

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In order to reach a better understanding of brain function, conceptual synergies linking empirical neurobiological studies and neurocomputational studies should be pursued. I describe an example of a potential synergy based on studies of neural network pruning. Simulations demonstrate that selective elimination of connections enhances the computational capacity of networks capable of temporal processing. These findings may shed light on the functional significance of postnatal neuro-developmental pruning of cortical connections that occurs in mammals.

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12

Qian Xiao, Yongquan Zhou, and Peigang Guo. "A Pruning Algorithm Based on The Complexity of Functional Network." International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications 6, no. 20 (November 30, 2012): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jdcta.vol6.issue20.55.

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13

Gebresenbet, Girma, Techane Bosona, Sven-Olof Olsson, and Daniel Garcia. "Smart System for the Optimization of Logistics Performance of the Pruning Biomass Value Chain." Applied Sciences 8, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8071162.

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Agricultural pruning biomass is one of the important resources in Europe for generating renewable energy. However, utilization of the agricultural residues requires development of efficient and effective logistics systems. The objective of this study was to develop smart logistics system (SLS) appropriate for the management of the pruning biomass supply chain. The paper describes the users’ requirement of SLS, defines the technical and functional requirements and specifications for the development of SLS, and determines relevant information/data to be documented and managed by the SLS. This SLS has four major components: (a) Smart box, a sensor unit that enables measurement of data such as relative humidity, temperature, geographic positions; (b) On-board control unit, a unit that performs route planning and monitors the recordings by the smart box; (c) Information platform, a centralized platform for data storing and sharing, and management of pruning supply chain and traceability; and (d) Central control unit, an interface linking the Information platform and On-board control unit that serves as a point of administration for the whole pruning biomass supply chain from harvesting to end user. The SLS enables the improvement of performance of pruning biomass supply chain management and product traceability leading to a reduction of product loss, increased coordination of resources utilisation and quality of solid biofuel supply, increased pruning marketing opportunity, and reduction of logistics cost. This SLS was designed for pruning biomass, but could also be adapted for any type of biomass-to-energy initiatives.

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Pries, Axel R., and Timothy W. Secomb. "Making Microvascular Networks Work: Angiogenesis, Remodeling, and Pruning." Physiology 29, no. 6 (November 2014): 446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00012.2014.

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The adequate and efficient functioning of the microcirculation requires not only numerous vessels providing a large surface area for transport but also a structure that provides short diffusion distances from capillaries to tissue and efficient distribution of convective blood flow. Theoretical models show how a combination of angiogenesis, remodeling, and pruning in response to hemodynamic and metabolic stimuli, termed “angioadaptation,” generates well organized, functional networks.

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Kowaluk, Grzegorz, Karol Szymanowski, Piotr Kozlowski, Wojciech Kukula, Conrad Sala, Eduardo Robles, and Pawel Czarniak. "Functional Assessment of Particleboards Made of Apple and Plum Orchard Pruning." Waste and Biomass Valorization 11, no. 6 (January 17, 2019): 2877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-00568-8.

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Khamidah, Aniswatul, W. Syafitri, H. Handoko, A. G. Pratomo, T. Zubaidi, L. Fauziah, P. B. Daroini, et al. "Utilization of pruning leaves of coffee plants as a functional drink." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1177, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1177/1/012043.

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Abstract Pruning at coffee plants is very important to maintain productivity, growing optimal, healthy and continuous. During pruning, a lot of coffee leaves are wasted whereas coffee leaves contain bioactive compounds that can be used as a drink that tastes almost like coffee beans. The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of the type of leaf (location of the leaf on the branch) and the processing technique on the resulting coffee leaf drink. This research was conducted at Trenggalek from April to May 2020. This research used a factorial Randomized Block Design, with 2 factors, A = Type of Leaf [A1 = Top of the first leaf to the third below it ; A2 = fourth leaf to eighth (counted after the top of the leaf)]; B = Processing method, [B1 = Fermentation, B2 = Roasting (non-fermentation), B3 = Fresh processing]. Based on the panelist’s assessment, the most preferred coffee leaf drink is a made from the first leaves (starting from the top to the third leaves below it) through the fermentation process (treatment A1B1). In this treatment, the color’s value at 4.00 (like); flavors at 3,500 (likes); turbidity level 3.625 (likes); aroma 3,625 (likes) and overall parameters 3,750 (likes). This treatment produces a red drink color (typical of tea), a pleasant taste that is not too bitter, a distinctive aroma of tea and the appropriate level of turbidity (typical of tea). The results of the phytochemical screening for samples of dried coffee leaves showed that these coffee leaves contain flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Caffeine content of dry coffee leaves is 1.4%; Polyphenol content of 9.5% and antioxidants of 75.611%.

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Martinez-Ferreiro, Silvia. "The Cartography of Ibero-Romance Agrammatic Deficits." Biolinguistics 4, no. 4 (December 21, 2010): 324–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/bioling.8805.

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This paper aims at examining whether grammatical errors produced by Broca’s aphasics are a consequence of a selective impairment of functional categories in three closely related Ibero-Romance languages — Catalan, Galician, and Spanish — for which almost no work had hitherto been done. In addition, a reinterpretation will be proposed under cartographical terms (Cinque 1999, 2002, 2006, Belletti 2004, Rizzi 2004) of previous structural neurolinguistic models of agrammatic production, more specifically the Tree-Pruning Hypothesis (Friedmann 1994, Friedmann & Grodzinsky 1997, and subsequent work). Cartography has been applied to the field of language variation. However, the present article constitute a completely new use. Since the Tree-Pruning Hypothesis was based on a model of monolithic nodes, the application of the cartographic tree structure provides us with further insights about the degree of structural preservation or damage of functional categories.

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Lee, Woosuk, and Hangyeol Cho. "Inductive Synthesis of Structurally Recursive Functional Programs from Non-recursive Expressions." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 7, POPL (January 9, 2023): 2048–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3571263.

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We present a novel approach to synthesizing recursive functional programs from input-output examples. Synthesizing a recursive function is challenging because recursive subexpressions should be constructed while the target function has not been fully defined yet. We address this challenge by using a new technique we call block-based pruning. A block refers to a recursion- and conditional-free expression (i.e., straight-line code) that yields an output from a particular input. We first synthesize as many blocks as possible for each input-output example, and then we explore the space of recursive programs, pruning candidates that are inconsistent with the blocks. Our method is based on an efficient version space learning, thereby effectively dealing with a possibly enormous number of blocks. In addition, we present a method that uses sampled input-output behaviors of library functions to enable a goal-directed search for a recursive program using the library. We have implemented our approach in a system called Trio and evaluated it on synthesis tasks from prior work and on new tasks. Our experiments show that Trio outperforms prior work by synthesizing a solution to 98% of the benchmarks in our benchmark suite.

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Andoh, Megumi, Yuji Ikegaya, and Ryuta Koyama. "Synaptic Pruning by Microglia in Epilepsy." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122170.

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Structural and functional collapse of the balance between excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) synapses, i.e., synaptic E/I balance, underlies the pathogeneses of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In epilepsy, the synaptic E/I balance tips toward excitation; thus, most of the existing epileptic remedies have focused on how to directly suppress the activity of neurons. However, because as many as 30% of patients with epilepsy are drug resistant, the discovery of new therapeutic targets is strongly desired. Recently, the roles of glial cells in epilepsy have gained attention because glial cells manipulate synaptic structures and functions in addition to supporting neuronal survival and growth. Among glial cells, microglia, which are brain-resident immune cells, have been shown to mediate inflammation, neuronal death and aberrant neurogenesis after epileptic seizures. However, few studies have investigated the involvement of synaptic pruning—one of the most important roles of microglia—in the epileptic brain. In this review, we propose and discuss the hypothesis that synaptic pruning by microglia is enhanced in the epileptic brain, drawing upon the findings of previous studies. We further discuss the possibility that aberrant synaptic pruning by microglia induces synaptic E/I imbalance, promoting the development and aggravation of epilepsy.

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Lin, Yu-Chen, Chia-Hung Wang, and Yu-Cheng Lin. "GAT TransPruning: progressive channel pruning strategy combining graph attention network and transformer." PeerJ Computer Science 10 (April 23, 2024): e2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.2012.

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Recently, large-scale artificial intelligence models with billions of parameters have achieved good results in experiments, but their practical deployment on edge computing platforms is often subject to many constraints because of their resource requirements. These models require powerful computing platforms with a high memory capacity to store and process the numerous parameters and activations, which makes it challenging to deploy these large-scale models directly. Therefore, model compression techniques are crucial role in making these models more practical and accessible. In this article, a progressive channel pruning strategy combining graph attention network and transformer, namely GAT TransPruning, is proposed, which uses the graph attention networks (GAT) and the attention of transformer mechanism to determine the channel-to-channel relationship in large networks. This approach ensures that the network maintains its critical functional connections and optimizes the trade-off between model size and performance. In this study, VGG-16, VGG-19, ResNet-18, ResNet-34, and ResNet-50 are used as large-scale network models with the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets for verification and quantitative analysis of the proposed progressive channel pruning strategy. The experimental results reveal that the accuracy rate only drops by 6.58% when the channel pruning rate is 89% for VGG-19/CIFAR-100. In addition, the lightweight model inference speed is 9.10 times faster than that of the original large model. In comparison with the traditional channel pruning schemes, the proposed progressive channel pruning strategy based on the GAT and Transformer cannot only cut out the insignificant weight channels and effectively reduce the model size, but also ensure that the performance drop rate of its lightweight model is still the smallest even under high pruning ratio.

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Yamahachi, Homare, Sally A. Marik, Justin N. J. McManus, Winfried Denk, and Charles D. Gilbert. "Rapid Axonal Sprouting and Pruning Accompany Functional Reorganization in Primary Visual Cortex." Neuron 64, no. 5 (December 2009): 719–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.026.

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Zhang, Qingtao. "Optimization of Nonlinear Convolutional Neural Networks based on Improved Chameleon Group Algorithm." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 25, no. 2 (February 24, 2024): 840–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v25i2.2486.

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In order to solve the most difficult problem of the architectural model established by CNN in solving specific problems, which results in parameter overflow and inefficient training, an optimization algorithm for nonlinear convolutional neural networks based on improved chameleon swarm algorithm is proposed. This article mainly introduces the use of Chameleon Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to research the parameters of CNN architecture, solve them, and achieve the optimization of the optimization model.Although the number of parameters that need to be set up in CNN is very large, this method can find better testing space for Alexnet samples with 5 different images. In order to improve the performance of the improved pruning algorithms, two candidate pruning algorithms are also proposed. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional Alexnet model, the improved pruning method improves the image recognition ability of the Caffe primary parameter set from 1.3% to 5.7%. This method has wide applicability and can be applied to most neural networks which do not require any special functional modules of the Alexnet network model.

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Allen, Donald M., and Ted E. Hallows. "Solar pruning of retinal rods in albino rainbow trout." Visual Neuroscience 14, no. 3 (May 1997): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800012244.

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AbstractMorphology of the central retina and scotopic visual sensitivity were compared in juvenile albino and normally pigmented rainbow trout living under natural and reduced daylight. Outdoor albinos avoided exposing their eyes to direct sunlight, whereas normals were indifferent to it. After 4 months outdoors (Σ10,000 lux in albinos, Σ100,000 lux in normals), albinos had severely truncated or missing rod outer segments (ROS) and some missing rod ellipsoids, but normal numbers of photoreceptor nuclei and fully intact cones. Albino estimated ROS volume was only 7.1% of normal in July, but increased to 20% by the following February, mainly via an increase in numbers of ROS. However, in albinos moved indoors October 7 and exposed to 10–30 lux ambient daylight, both the number and length of ROS increased significantly, with estimated ROS volume reaching 95% of normal by 34 days. Albinos generally had more phagosomes (Σ3 X normal) and more macrophages (Σ2 X normal) in their outer retina. An optomotor reflex was used to define the effect of ROS volume on the ability to respond visually during dark adaptation. In July, albinos and normals from outdoor raceways (3 months) or indoor raceways (35 days) showed equal sensitivity after first being placed in darkness, but after 1 h in darkness, outdoor albinos with 6% of normal ROS volume were 2.0 log units less sensitive than indoor or outdoor normals, whereas indoor albinos with 53% of normal ROS volume were only 0.7 log units less sensitive. This verifies that most rod cell bodies of albino trout can persist without functional ROS in indirect sunlight, and can regrow functional outer segments in dim daylight. This finding is distinct from the extensive retinal light damage observed in albino rats exposed to more moderate cyclic light, in which entire rod cells degenerate early on.

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Jesus, Meirielly S., Ana C. Carvalho, José A. Teixeira, Lucília Domingues, and Cristina Pereira-Wilson. "Ohmic Heating Extract of Vine Pruning Residue Has Anti-Colorectal Cancer Activity and Increases Sensitivity to the Chemotherapeutic Drug 5-FU." Foods 9, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9081102.

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Vine pruning residues are by-products of the wine industry that have not received much attention in the past, in spite of being rich in bioactive compounds. In this study, we aimed to test whether an ohmic extract of vine pruning residue (VPE) has anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) properties, and whether responses differ according with cell’s mutation profile. VPE decreased human CRC cell proliferation, accompanied by DNA effects and cell cycle modulation. VPE also increased cell sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug 5-FU. Our results suggest that tumors harboring BRAF mutations may be more responsive to VPE than KRAS mutated tumors. These effects of the extract were not completely reproduced by the most abundant constituents tested individually at the concentrations present in the effective dose of VPE. Globally, our results indicate that VPE, a polyphenol enriched extract produced by ohmic heating of vine pruning residue, has anti-colorectal cancer potential, including sensitizing to a chemotherapeutical drug, and its use in functional foods or nutraceuticals could be exploited in personalized anti colorectal cancer dietary strategies. Valorization of this lignocellulosic residue should encourage bio-waste recycling, adding value to this agricultural by-product and promoting the sustainable use of natural resources.

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Kallsen*, Craig E. "Topping and Pruning Effects on Yield and Fruit Size of Navel Orange." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 885D—886. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.885d.

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Yield, fruit quality parameters and pruning costs were compared among differentially-pruned, mature navel orange trees planted at a density of 222 trees per hectare (90 trees per acre) in 2000, 2001 and 2002. The experiment was designed as a replicated, split block with topping height as the main plot split by three levels of interior pruning as subplots. A tree was reduced in height by mechanical topping to 4.3 m, 4.9 m or left untopped and hand pruned according to one of the three following options: 1. scaffold removal in March of 2000 followed by dead-brushing in 2001, and 2002; 2. dead-brushing only in 2000, 2001, and 2002; or 3. no topping or dead-brushing. Scaffold removal resulted in removal of approximately 50% of the tree canopy. Data were collected from experimental trees surrounded by similarly topped and interiorly pruned border trees. A highly significant positive-linear correlation (r2 = 0.95) was found between the total numbers of fruit produced annually per hectare versus the total number of fruit sized 72 to 88 mm in diameter (i.e. fruit sized such that 88 to 48 may be packed in a standard 17-kg packing carton). This functional relationship existed whether reductions in fruit numbers were the result of severe pruning in March or from, apparently, weather-related year to year variability in fruit set. These results suggest that anything in this orchard that reduces fruit numbers below approximately 250,000 fruit per hectare at harvest (100,000 per acre) will result in a mathematically predictable decrease in the total number of harvested fruit sized 72 to 88 mm in diameter. Trees that were not topped and which had no interior pruning produced the largest number of valuable fruit without additional pruning costs.

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Goldin, Miri, Menahem Segal, and Elena Avignone. "Functional Plasticity Triggers Formation and Pruning of Dendritic Spines in Cultured Hippocampal Networks." Journal of Neuroscience 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.21-01-00186.2001.

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27

Logachev, Maxim, and Leliya Krylova. "Operation features of the expert system for tree and shrub pruning." E3S Web of Conferences 462 (2023): 02041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346202041.

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The article defines the importance of tree and shrub pruning for the environment of settlements and farms engaged in the cultivation of fruit plants. Such a process requires taking into account many parameters of both the plant itself and external conditions. This justifies the need to develop and use a software product capable of tracking over time the activities associated with pruning a plant and making recommendations to specialists for effective branch removal depending on the parameters of the setting. The problem domain has been analysed with the allocation of key parameters to create a formal model and a set of rules suitable for the use of object-orientated programming techniques. A user interface was created with the description of functional capabilities of the users of the developed software products.

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Chugani, Harry T. "Biological Basis of Emotions: Brain Systems and Brain Development." Pediatrics 102, Supplement_E1 (November 1, 1998): 1225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.se1.1225.

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Functional neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography have made it possible to investigate brain metabolism noninvasively during development. Studies have revealed a dynamic period of metabolic maturation and neuronal growth corresponding to the processes of synaptic proliferation and pruning of unused pathways. This physiologic plasticity is believed to be the biological basis for a critical period of learning and emotional development.

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29

Peng, Ying, Hui Tong, Wuping Yin, Ye Yuan, and Zuhua Yuan. "Effects of summer pruning on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 23, no. 1 (February 29, 2024): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2024.5275.

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The objective of the study is to investigate the mechanism by which summer pruning enhances the growth of pepper plants, as indicated by growth and fruit appearance indicators, photosynthetic rate and gas exchange parameters, rapid light response and induction kinetics curves and the related chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The results indicated that the leaf growth rate, the individual pepper fruit weight, and the fruit longitudinal and cross diameters of the pruned group were significantly higher than those of the control. The stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) of the pruned group were significantly higher than those of the control. The initial slope of the rapid light response curve, which represents light energy utilisation efficiency (α), the maximum electron transfer rate (Jmax) and saturated light intensity (PARsat) were all higher in the summer pruning group than in the control group. The F0 of the pruned group decreased by 16.83%, Fv/F0 increased by 23.69%, PIabs increased by 58.33%, and DIo/RC decreased by 22.09% compared to the control group. In summary, summer pruning significantly improves the leaf growth rate and fruit appearance quality of pepper, effectively promotes the photosynthesis of functional leaves, and reduces the degree of stress under adverse environmental conditions.

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Gomez, Jesse, Michael A. Barnett, Vaidehi Natu, Aviv Mezer, Nicola Palomero-Gallagher, Kevin S. Weiner, Katrin Amunts, Karl Zilles, and Kalanit Grill-Spector. "Microstructural proliferation in human cortex is coupled with the development of face processing." Science 355, no. 6320 (January 5, 2017): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aag0311.

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How does cortical tissue change as brain function and behavior improve from childhood to adulthood? By combining quantitative and functional magnetic resonance imaging in children and adults, we find differential development of high-level visual areas that are involved in face and place recognition. Development of face-selective regions, but not place-selective regions, is dominated by microstructural proliferation. This tissue development is correlated with specific increases in functional selectivity to faces, as well as improvements in face recognition, and ultimately leads to differentiated tissue properties between face- and place-selective regions in adulthood, which we validate with postmortem cytoarchitectonic measurements. These data suggest a new model by which emergent brain function and behavior result from cortical tissue proliferation rather than from pruning exclusively.

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31

Boyko, Volodymyr. "Experimental studies of pruning the haulm of chicory root tops." Scientific journal of the Ternopil national technical university 112, no. 4 (2023): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/visnyk_tntu2023.04.041.

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Chicory roots are a valuable technical and strategically important crop for the leading sectors of the Ukrainian economy. The processing of raw materials from chicory roots allows to obtain energy (biofuel), food (coffee) and pharmaceutical (inulin) products. The low level of mechanization of harvesting chicory root crops (significant losses, damage) does not allow to meet the needs of raw materials for its processing. The purpose of the study is to increase the quality indicators of the cutting of burdock from the heads of root crops by substantiating the rational parameters of the working organs of the improved trimmer. According to the results of field experimental studies, regression equations were obtained that describe the functional change in the number of chicory root crops that have fallen from the ground and the number of damaged root crops depending on the speed of the copier, the stiffness coefficient of the spring of the vertical thrust of the copier and the angle of installation of the copier relative to the horizon. The following values of the rational parameters of the trimmer were obtained: speed of movement of the trimmer 1.6...1.8 m/s; the weight of the moving parts of the cutter is 6...7 kg; the angle of installation of the copier relative to the horizontal plane is 30...35 degrees, the stiffness coefficient of the spring of the copier's vertical thrust cup is up to 45 N/m.

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32

Surový, P., A. Yoshimoto, and N. A. Ribeiro. "Comparison of Pruning Regimes for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea L.) Using a Functional Structural Plant Model." FORMATH 11 (2012): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15684/formath.11.27.

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Balandier, Philippe, Andr� Lacointe, Xavier Le Roux, Herv� Sinoquet, Pierre Cruiziat, and S�verine Le Diz�s. "SIMWAL: A structural-functional model simulating single walnut tree growth in response to climate and pruning." Annals of Forest Science 57, no. 5 (June 2000): 571–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2000143.

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34

Hogenaar, Jirrine T. T., and Hans van Bokhoven. "Schizophrenia: Complement Cleaning or Killing." Genes 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020259.

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Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder with a typical onset occurring during adolescence or young adulthood. The heterogeneity of the disorder complicates our understanding of the pathophysiology. Reduced cortical synaptic densities are commonly observed in schizophrenia and suggest a role for excessive synaptic elimination. A major pathway hypothesised to eliminate synapses during postnatal development is the complement system. This review provides an overview of genetic and functional evidence found for the individual players of the classical complement pathway. In addition, the consequences of the absence of complement proteins, in the form of complement protein deficiencies in humans, are taken into consideration. The collective data provide strong evidence for excessive pruning by the classical complement pathway, contributing to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. In future studies, it will be important to assess the magnitude of the contribution of complement overactivity to the occurrence and prevalence of phenotypic features in schizophrenia. In addition, more insight is required for the exact mechanisms by which the complement system causes excessive pruning, such as the suggested involvement of microglial engulfment and degradation of synapses. Ultimately, this knowledge is a prerequisite for the development of therapeutic interventions for selective groups of schizophrenia patients.

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35

Diekman, Casey, Kohinoor Dasgupta, Vijay Nair, and K. P. Unnikrishnan. "Discovering Functional Neuronal Connectivity from Serial Patterns in Spike Train Data." Neural Computation 26, no. 7 (July 2014): 1263–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00598.

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Repeating patterns of precisely timed activity across a group of neurons (called frequent episodes) are indicative of networks in the underlying neural tissue. This letter develops statistical methods to determine functional connectivity among neurons based on nonoverlapping occurrences of episodes. We study the distribution of episode counts and develop a two-phase strategy for identifying functional connections. For the first phase, we develop statistical procedures that are used to screen all two-node episodes and identify possible functional connections (edges). For the second phase, we develop additional statistical procedures to prune the two-node episodes and remove false edges that can be attributed to chains or fan-out structures. The restriction to nonoverlapping occurrences makes the counting of all two-node episodes in phase 1 computationally efficient. The second (pruning) phase is critical since phase 1 can yield a large number of false connections. The scalability of the two-phase approach is examined through simulation. The method is then used to reconstruct the graph structure of observed neuronal networks, first from simulated data and then from recordings of cultured cortical neurons.

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Valdés-Sosa, Pedro A., Jose M. Sánchez-Bornot, Agustín Lage-Castellanos, Mayrim Vega-Hernández, Jorge Bosch-Bayard, Lester Melie-García, and Erick Canales-Rodríguez. "Estimating brain functional connectivity with sparse multivariate autoregression." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1457 (May 29, 2005): 969–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1654.

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There is much current interest in identifying the anatomical and functional circuits that are the basis of the brain's computations, with hope that functional neuroimaging techniques will allow the in vivo study of these neural processes through the statistical analysis of the time-series they produce. Ideally, the use of techniques such as multivariate autoregressive (MAR) modelling should allow the identification of effective connectivity by combining graphical modelling methods with the concept of Granger causality. Unfortunately, current time-series methods perform well only for the case that the length of the time-series Nt is much larger than p , the number of brain sites studied, which is exactly the reverse of the situation in neuroimaging for which relatively short time-series are measured over thousands of voxels. Methods are introduced for dealing with this situation by using sparse MAR models. These can be estimated in a two-stage process involving (i) penalized regression and (ii) pruning of unlikely connections by means of the local false discovery rate developed by Efron. Extensive simulations were performed with idealized cortical networks having small world topologies and stable dynamics. These show that the detection efficiency of connections of the proposed procedure is quite high. Application of the method to real data was illustrated by the identification of neural circuitry related to emotional processing as measured by BOLD.

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37

Vithanage, Kasun, Rukshan Wijesinghe, Alex Xavier, Dumindu Tissera, Sanath Jayasena, and Subha Fernando. "Accelerating language emergence by functional pressures." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (December 14, 2023): e0295748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295748.

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In language emergence, neural agents acquire communication skills by interacting with one another and the environment. Through these interactions, agents learn to connect or ground their observations to the messages they utter, forming a shared consensus about the meaning of the messages. Such connections form what we refer to as a grounding map. However, these maps can often be complicated, unstructured, and contain redundant connections. In this paper, we introduce two novel functional pressures, modeled as differentiable auxiliary losses, to simplify and structure the grounding maps. The first pressure enforces compositionality via topological similarity, which has been previously discussed but has not been modeled or utilized as a differentiable auxiliary loss. The second functional pressure, which is conceptually novel, imposes sparsity in the grounding map by pruning weaker connections while strengthening the stronger ones. We conduct experiments in multiple value-attribute environments with varying communication channels. Our methods achieve improved out-of-domain regularization and rapid convergence over baseline approaches. Furthermore, introduced functional pressures are robust to the changes in experimental conditions and able to operate with minimum training data. We note that functional pressures cause simpler and more structured emergent languages showing distinct characteristics depending on the functional pressure employed. Enhancing grounding map sparsity yields the best performance and the languages with the most compressible grammar. In summary, our novel functional pressures, focusing on compositionality and sparse groundings, expedite the development of simpler, more structured languages while enhancing their generalization capabilities. Exploring alternative types of functional pressures and combining them in agent training may be beneficial in the ongoing quest for improved emergent languages.

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38

Serra, Angela, Paola Galdi, Emanuele Pesce, Michele Fratello, Francesca Trojsi, Gioacchino Tedeschi, Roberto Tagliaferri, and Fabrizio Esposito. "Strong–Weak Pruning for Brain Network Identification in Connectome-Wide Neuroimaging: Application to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disease Stage Characterization." International Journal of Neural Systems 29, no. 07 (August 6, 2019): 1950007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065719500072.

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Magnetic resonance imaging allows acquiring functional and structural connectivity data from which high-density whole-brain networks can be derived to carry out connectome-wide analyses in normal and clinical populations. Graph theory has been widely applied to investigate the modular structure of brain connections by using centrality measures to identify the “hub” of human connectomes, and community detection methods to delineate subnetworks associated with diverse cognitive and sensorimotor functions. These analyses typically rely on a preprocessing step (pruning) to reduce computational complexity and remove the weakest edges that are most likely affected by experimental noise. However, weak links may contain relevant information about brain connectivity, therefore, the identification of the optimal trade-off between retained and discarded edges is a subject of active research. We introduce a pruning algorithm to identify edges that carry the highest information content. The algorithm selects both strong edges (i.e. edges belonging to shortest paths) and weak edges that are topologically relevant in weakly connected subnetworks. The newly developed “strong–weak” pruning (SWP) algorithm was validated on simulated networks that mimic the structure of human brain networks. It was then applied for the analysis of a real dataset of subjects affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), both at the early (ALS2) and late (ALS3) stage of the disease, and of healthy control subjects. SWP preprocessing allowed identifying statistically significant differences in the path length of networks between patients and healthy subjects. ALS patients showed a decrease of connectivity between frontal cortex to temporal cortex and parietal cortex and between temporal and occipital cortex. Moreover, degree of centrality measures revealed significantly different hub and centrality scores between patient subgroups. These findings suggest a widespread alteration of network topology in ALS associated with disease progression.

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39

Bora, Sudipta Sankar, Dibya Jyoti Hazarika, Rahul Gogoi, Samim Dullah, Manuranjan Gogoi, and Madhumita Barooah. "Long-term pruning modulates microbial community structure and their functional potential in Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) soils." Applied Soil Ecology 176 (August 2022): 104483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104483.

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40

Oşan, Remus, Emily Su, and Troy Shinbrot. "The Interplay between Branching and Pruning on Neuronal Target Search during Developmental Growth: Functional Role and Implications." PLoS ONE 6, no. 10 (October 20, 2011): e25135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025135.

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41

Dong, Tingfa, Baoli Duan, Helena Korpelainen, Ülo Niinemets, and Chunyang Li. "Asymmetric pruning reveals how organ connectivity alters the functional balance between leaves and roots of Chinese fir." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 6 (January 24, 2019): 1941–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz013.

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42

Faheema, Fathima. "Solar based multi functional Agricultural Robot using Arduino." International Journal of Engineering Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijereee/09.01.a003.

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Horticulture robotics has thrown a consistent boost with the innovative automation into an entire substructure, for example, farming, pursuing crops, rover service, cultivating, workshop. By considering the importance of robots, yielding of professional’s are being done in order to elaborate the robot applications. Flying robot, lettuce bot, robot milker, versatile robots are some of the sincere dedication done by the researchers towards the agriculture and even for mankind. Horticulture robot consists of an instrument called as an end effector at the end finish of a mechanical arm which is used for various farming and agriculturing activities. Robots are used as an alternative to the human activities in the various field including agriculture such as driverless tractor, sprayer, seed sowers, sheep shearing etc. The alternative utilization of robots can be done in the symbolization of greenery for example showering, checking, weeding, pruning etc. Here the main purpose of our tender Setup is to assist rancher in furrowing, reaping, soil dampness checking etc. This assessment expected to investigate an establishment using a keen framework which utilizes an inserted framework with solar panel and smart phone for horticulture and basic reasoning using an Arduino mega. The disclosures of this examination found that the structure could screen enveloping soil conditions relying upon that watering will be finished. The casing work was seen to be pleasant for ranchers to use and they can feasibly control the bot realizing cost decline, asset saving and productive organization in horticulture.

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43

Chen, Zhe, and Simon Haykin. "On Different Facets of Regularization Theory." Neural Computation 14, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 2791–846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976602760805296.

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This review provides a comprehensive understanding of regularization theory from different perspectives, emphasizing smoothness and simplicity principles. Using the tools of operator theory and Fourier analysis, it is shown that the solution of the classical Tikhonov regularization problem can be derived from the regularized functional defined by a linear differential (integral) operator in the spatial (Fourier) domain. State-ofthe-art research relevant to the regularization theory is reviewed, covering Occam's razor, minimum length description, Bayesian theory, pruning algorithms, informational (entropy) theory, statistical learning theory, and equivalent regularization. The universal principle of regularization in terms of Kolmogorov complexity is discussed. Finally, some prospective studies on regularization theory and beyond are suggested.

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44

Agyemang, Malena, Julie Linsey, and Cameron J. Turner. "Transforming functional models to critical chain models via expert knowledge and automatic parsing rules for design analogy identification." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 31, no. 4 (September 14, 2017): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060417000488.

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AbstractCritical chains composed of critical flows and functions have been demonstrated as an effective qualitative analogy retrieval approach based on performance metrics. In prior work, engineers used expert knowledge to transform functional models into critical chain models, which are abstractions of the functional model. Automating this transformation process is highly desirable so as to provide for a robust transformation method. Within this paper, two paradigms for functional modeling abstraction are compared. A series of pruning rules provide an automated transformation approach, and this is compared to the results generated previously through an expert knowledge approach. These two approaches are evaluated against a set of published functional models. The similarity of the resulting transformation of the functional models into critical chain models is evaluated using a functional chain similarity metric, developed in previous work. Once critical chain models are identified, additional model evaluation criteria are used to evaluate the utility of the critical chain models for design analogy identification. Since the functional vocabulary acts as a common language among designers and engineers to abstract and represent critical design artifact information, analogous matching can be made about the functional vocabulary. Thus, the transformation of functional models into critical chain models enables engineers to use functional abstraction as a mechanism to identify design analogies. The critical flow rule is the most effective first step when automatically transforming a functional model to a critical chain model. Further research into more complex critical chain model architectures and the interactions between criteria is merited.

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45

BOZHKOV, SNEZHAN I. "MODULAR MACHINE FOR OIL-BEARING ROSE PRODUCTION." Agricultural engineering, no. 6 (2021): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-6-43-49.

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The cultivation of oil-bearing roses requires signifi cant labor and energy resources. The research aims to develop a multifunctional farm implement to mechanize technological operations in rose-growing on small and medium-sized farms. The modular farm implement includes a platform-type base module. Depending on the technological operation performed, it incorporates a spraying system, pneumatic pruning system, side panels, or two workplaces for rose pickers. Using computer simulation with a simulation model created using the “Solid Works” software package, the author determined the profi les and the type of materials for the base module production. Graphoanalytical models help establish the parameters of the other modules of the modular machine. The conducted experimental tests proved the constructive strength of the technical solutions and the functional suitability of the modular machine. It was found that in oil-bearing rose plantations, the farm implement performs spraying at the consumption rates of 300…400 l/ha for treatment of the soil surface area under the rose bushes and 1000 l/ha and more for disease and pest control, foliar feeding, and other activities. The variant of the modular machine for selective pruning is ergonomic and effi cient at a maximum cut diameter of up to 25 mm and pressure in the tractor pneumatic system between 0.3…0.73 MPa. The highest eff ect of mechanized oil-bearing rose harvesting with the modular machine could be achieved in well-maintained plantations. The optimal height of the bushes should be 1.5…1.6 m, and the operation should be performed in the period of active fl owering (after 4-5 years of planting or rejuvenation). It is also possible to use the modular machine for transportation purposes. Experimental tests of the developed modular machine for oil-bearing rose production proved the constructive strength of the technical solutions and its functional

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46

Mayans, Begoña, Javier Pérez-Esteban, Consuelo Escolástico, Enrique Eymar, and Alberto Masaguer. "Evaluation of Commercial Humic Substances and Other Organic Amendments for the Immobilization of Copper Through 13C CPMAS NMR, FT-IR, and DSC Analyses." Agronomy 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2019): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110762.

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The application of organic amendments to contaminated agricultural lands can immobilize metals and improve soil conditions. The chemical structures and long-term stability of commercial humic substances and other composted organic amendments (sheep and horse manure, vermicompost, pine bark, and pruning waste) were analyzed using 13C CPMAS NMR, FT-IR, and DSC to evaluate their use in soil remediation. The interactions of humic substances and manure with Cu (0 and 5000 mg kg−1) at different pH (2.5 and 5.0) were studied through a batch adsorption experiment observing the changes in their molecular structure using spectroscopic techniques. Humic substances exhibited high aromaticity and phenolic and carboxylic group content, with great affinity for Cu complexation. Humic substances and pruning waste were the most stable due to their high recalcitrant organic matter contents, whereas manure was the least stable, given the labile nature of its organic matter content. There were considerable changes in the carboxylic and phenolic groups of humic substances with pH, and also with Cu, albeit in a lesser extent, especially at pH 5.0, suggesting the great sorption capacity of humic substances and the key role of pH and these functional groups in metal complexation. Manure did not exhibit such changes. Commercial humic substances could be useful amendments for the remediation of contaminated agricultural soils due to their high sorption capacities and long-term stability.

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47

van Kerkoerle, Timo, Sally A. Marik, Stephan Meyer zum Alten Borgloh, and Charles D. Gilbert. "Axonal plasticity associated with perceptual learning in adult macaque primary visual cortex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 41 (September 27, 2018): 10464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812932115.

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Perceptual learning is associated with changes in the functional properties of neurons even in primary sensory areas. In macaque monkeys trained to perform a contour detection task, we have observed changes in contour-related facilitation of neuronal responses in primary visual cortex that track their improvement in performance on a contour detection task. We have previously explored the anatomical substrate of experience-dependent changes in the visual cortex based on a retinal lesion model, where we find sprouting and pruning of the axon collaterals in the cortical lesion projection zone. Here, we attempted to determine whether similar changes occur under normal visual experience, such as that associated with perceptual learning. We labeled the long-range horizontal connections in visual cortex by virally mediated transfer of genes expressing fluorescent probes, which enabled us to do longitudinal two-photon imaging of axonal arbors over the period during which animals improve in contour detection performance. We found that there are substantial changes in the axonal arbors of neurons in cortical regions representing the trained part of the visual field, with sprouting of new axon collaterals and pruning of preexisting axon collaterals. Our findings indicate that changes in the structure of axonal arbors are part of the circuit-level mechanism of perceptual learning, and further support the idea that the learned information is encoded at least in part in primary visual cortex.

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48

Liu, Yong-Jun, Kim N. Green, Todd C. Holmes, and Xiangmin Xu. "Commentary: How Do Microglia Regulate Neural Circuit Connectivity and Activity in the Adult Brain?" Neuroscience Insights 17 (January 2022): 263310552110711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26331055211071124.

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Microglia are the primary immune cells in CNS. Recent work shows that microglia are also essential for proper brain development through synaptic pruning and remodeling during early life development. But the question of whether and how microglia regulate synaptic connectivity in the adult brain remains open. Our recently published study provides new insights into the functional roles of microglia in the adult mouse brain. We find that chronic depletion of microglia via CSF1R inhibitors in the visual cortex in adult mice induces a dramatic increase in perineuronal nets, and enhances neural activities of both excitatory neurons and parvalbumin interneurons. These findings highlight new potential therapeutic avenues to enhance adult neural plasticity by manipulating microglia.

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49

DeJong, Theodore M., Kevin R. Day, James F. Doyle, and R. S. Johnson. "The Kearney Agricultural Center Perpendicular “V” (KAC-V) Orchard System for Peaches and Nectarines." HortTechnology 4, no. 4 (October 1994): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.4.4.362.

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This paper describes a moderately high-density orchard training system (1000 trees/ha) developed at the Univ. of California's Kearney Agricultural Center for peach and nectarine trees grown on standard rootstocks. This two-leader system was developed to increase production during the early years of the orchard while minimizing specialized management operations during orchard maturity. Early selection of two primary scaffolds oriented perpendicular to the tree row is recommended during the first season of growth. During subsequent years, summer and dormant pruning requirements are similar to the standard open-vase system grown in California. Because of the uniform and relatively simple tree structure, individual scaffolds, rather than whole trees, can be used as functional units for crop load management.

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Griesser, Michaela, Sarhan Khalil, Federica De Berardinis, Oriol Flix Porret, Roman Hörmayer, Nicole Mayer, Erhard Kührer, and Astrid Forneck. "Under-vine vegetation in vineyards: a case study considering soil hydrolytic enzyme activity, yield and grape quality in Austria." OENO One 56, no. 4 (November 7, 2022): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.4.5518.

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In vineyards, the under-vine area is managed to control vegetation growth and to reduce the competing effect of growing plants on vines and fruit development. Applied under-vine management methods are the application of herbicides, soil tillage or the growth of spontaneous vegetation or cover crops. These methods affect pedo-climatic conditions differentially as well as the soil biota and have, therefore, consequences on soil functions and ecosystem services. In the presented case study, the effects of five under-vine management methods on the activity of soil hydrolytic enzymes, the soil water content, vine photosynthetic activity, shoot pruning weight, grape yield and quality are investigated in a vineyard in Lower Austria over three consecutive seasons. Thereby, we hypothesise that a permanent under-vine vegetation cover, either mowed or without mowing, supports the soil microbial communities and soil functions in a way to enhance water and nutrients availability for vines which partly compensates for the competition of the growing vegetation. Our results confirm effects on the soil water balance, more specifically, a reduced soil water content in 11 -20 cm soil depths induced by a permanent vegetation cover as compared to herbicide application or soil tillage. Further consequences of permanent vegetation below vines were lower shoot pruning weights and lower berry weights, while total soluble solids and titratable acidity were not affected. The vine's photosynthetic activity, as well as the soil water content, were partly affected by treatments dependent on the precipitation ahead of the measurement. In parallel, the soil microbial activity was significantly enhanced by a permanent vegetation cover below the vines as compared to herbicide application, a trend which increased with the years of the project. In conclusion, permanent under-vine vegetation strongly promoted soil microbial activity without strong effects on shoot pruning weight, grape yield and quality. In the next step, a functional proof is necessary to characterise the interaction between soil microbial activity, soil water balance and vine nutrition and water status by using sensors for continuous measurements.

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