Книги: "Functional kinds"

1

Generalized Bessel functions of the first kind. Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.

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2

Baricz, Árpád. Generalized Bessel Functions of the First Kind. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12230-9.

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3

Visser, John. Olive shoots around your table: Raising functional kids in a dysfunctional world. Belleville, ON: Essence Publishing, 1996.

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4

editor, Subrahmaṇyaṃ Śrīpāda, Vaikuntham Y. (Yallampalli) editor, Rajendra Prasad H. editor, and Andhra Pradesh Government Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Institute, eds. The Nizam's dominions: Views, government and people, the royal family and state functions. Hyderabad: Andhra Pradesh Government Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Institute, 2013.

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5

Michenfelder, John D. Anesthesia and the brain: Clinical, functional, metabolic, and vascular correlates. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988.

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6

Brieven aan Tim: Afscheid van een kind. Tielt: Lannoo, 2005.

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7

Reduced laughter: Seriocomic features and their functions in the Book of Kings. Leiden: Brill, 2016.

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8

Janice, Gruendel, ed. Event knowledge: Structure and function in development. Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum, 1986.

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9

Neel, Richard S. Impact: A functional curriculum handbook for students with moderate to severe disabilities. Baltimore: P.H. Brookes Pub. Co., 1989.

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10

The royal castles of Denmark during the 14th century: An analysis of the major royal castles with special regard to their functions and strategic importance. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark, 2010.

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11

Kind in zijn kracht: Hoe ga je om met de emoties van je kind. Steenwijk: 248media uitgeverij, 2013.

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12

Genia, Holland, and Young Jennifer, eds. The first kids book about digestive motility and function: Bit-sized digestive details. Winnipeg]: [ArtBookbindery], 2009.

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13

Stolp, Hans (Pieter J. C.), 1942- joint author, ed. 'Als ik naar oma ga': Het kind en de dood. Baarn: Ten Have, 1995.

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14

Etting, Vivian. The royal castles of Denmark during the 14th century: An analysis of the major royal castles with special regard to their functions and strategic importance. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark, 2010.

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15

Humphrey, Caroline, ed. Trust and Mistrust in the Economies of the China-Russia Borderlands. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789089649829.

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The first English-language book to focus on northeast Sino-Russian border economies, Trust and Mistrust in the Economies of the China-Russia Borderlands examines how trans-border economies function in practice. The authors offer an anthropological understanding of trust in juxtaposition to the economy and the state. They argue that the history of suspicion and the securitised character of the Sino-Russian border mean that trust is at a premium. The chapters show how diverse kinds of cross-border business manage to operate, often across great distances, despite widespread mistrust.

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16

Counseling kids: "a view from the front lines with the goal of stimulating valid functional orientation for counselors in the schools". Muncie, IN: Accelerated Development, 1991.

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17

Cardot, Hervé, and Pascal Sarda. Functional Linear Regression. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.2.

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This article presents a selected bibliography on functional linear regression (FLR) and highlights the key contributions from both applied and theoretical points of view. It first defines FLR in the case of a scalar response and shows how its modelization can also be extended to the case of a functional response. It then considers two kinds of estimation procedures for this slope parameter: projection-based estimators in which regularization is performed through dimension reduction, such as functional principal component regression, and penalized least squares estimators that take into account a penalized least squares minimization problem. The article proceeds by discussing the main asymptotic properties separating results on mean square prediction error and results on L2 estimation error. It also describes some related models, including generalized functional linear models and FLR on quantiles, and concludes with a complementary bibliography and some open problems.

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18

Frajzyngier, Zygmunt, and Marielle Butters. The Emergence of Functions in Language. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844297.001.0001.

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Why do grammatical systems of various languages express different meanings? Given that languages spoken in the same geographical area by people sharing similar social structure, occupations, and religious beliefs differ in the kinds of meaning expressed by the grammatical system, the answer to this question cannot invoke differences in geography, occupation, social and political structure, or religion. The present book aims to answer the main question through language internal analysis. This book offers a methodology to discover meaning in a way that is not based on inferences about reality. The book also offers a methodology to discover motivations for the emergence of meanings. The grammatical system at any given time constitutes a base from which new meanings emerge. The motivations for the emergence of functions include: the communicative need triggered when the grammatical system inherently produces ambiguities; the principle of functional transparency whereby every function encoded in the grammatical system must be expressed if it is in the scope of the situation described by the proposition; opportunistic emergence of meaning whereby unoccupied formal niches acquire a new function; metonymic emergence whereby a property of an existing function receives a formal means of its own, thus creating a new function; emergence of functions through language contact. Several phenomena, such as benefactive and progressive in English, as well as point of view of the subject and goal orientation in several languages, receive new analyses.

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19

Warren, Mark. Trust and Democracy. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.5.

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Democracy and trust have an essential but paradoxical relationship to one another. Democracies depend on trust among citizens, enabling them to depend upon one another. Trust in governments enables citizens to provide collectively conditions for good lives. Yet the institutions of democracy were founded on distrust, especially of the powerful. What kinds of trust does a democracy need? How can we balance the distrust of power essential to democracy with the kinds of trust necessary for good lives? This chapter provides an analysis of trust from the standpoint of the normative and functional requirements of democratic political systems.

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20

Baricz, Árpád. Generalized Bessel Functions of the First Kind. Springer, 2010.

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21

Weymark, John. Social Welfare Functions. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.5.

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This chapter provides an introduction to the use of social welfare functions in welfare economics and social choice theory for the comparative evaluation of social alternatives. With a social welfare function, social preferences depend on individual well-beings. These well-beings are expressed in terms of either preferences or utilities. Three main approaches are considered: Bergson-Samuelson social welfare functions, Arrovian social welfare functions, and Sen’s social welfare functionals. How the measurability and comparability of utility can be modeled and how limitations on the types of utility comparisons that are possible restrict the kinds of social welfare functions that can be considered is also discussed. Extensive social choice theory is used to deal with heterogeneous opinions about how to make utility comparisons.

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22

Ludwig, Kirk. Kinds of Status Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 first discusses a subcategory of status function, the status role, which is occupied by an agent, and partially defined in terms of how the agent is to exercise her agency in that role. Second, it discusses the nature of the rights and responsibilities associated with status roles, and then whether role responsibilities generate desire-independent reasons for action. Third, it describes the role of status indicators, which are themselves status functions whose role is to make identification of other functions and roles more perspicuous. Fourth, it distinguishes between determinable and determinate status functions. Last, it discusses the relation of status functions to design functions and our ordinary terminology for the sorts of things we press into service as bearers of status functions.

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23

Kvanvig, Jonathan L. Cognitive Versus Functional Accounts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809487.003.0002.

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Our beginning assumption is that faith is a virtue, an important element of a welllived life. If we begin from this point, we are beginning from an assumption that faith involves dispositions of some sort or other, for virtues are characteristics that fall within the broader category of dispositions. Moreover, on the standard view of faith—that it is a kind of belief—this starting point is embraced, for beliefs are one important kind of disposition toward behavior. The goal of the chapter is to contrast doxastic and cognitive accounts of faith with a more generic, dispositional account, arguing in favor of the latter.

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24

Kvanvig, Jonathan L. Functional Faith in Religious Contexts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809487.003.0005.

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The primary focus to this point has been to reveal the extent to which faith worth having is not a distinctively sacred topic. Such a focus can make it seem that this kind of faith is one that doesn’t fit well in sacred arenas, where the standard assumptions about faith require substantive doctrinal commitments. I intend to argue that this perception is mistaken, and that the language of faith in SacredWrit is driven largely if not completely by this same kind of faith.

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25

Newman, Mark. Biological networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0005.

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A discussion of a range of different kinds of biological networks. The chapter starts with a discussion of biochemical networks such metabolic and protein interaction networks and methods for determining their structure, particularly focusing on high-throughput methods such as the yeast two-hybrid screen. Next is a discussion of neural networks and other networks in the brain, along with measurement techniques such as slice electron microscopy, optical microscopy, transsynaptic tracing, functional MRI, and diffusion MRI. Finally, there is a discussion of ecological networks, and particularly food webs.

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26

Fox, Kieran C. R., and Manesh Girn. Neural Correlates of Self-Generated Imagery and Cognition Throughout the Sleep Cycle. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.16.

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Humans have been aware for thousands of years that sleep comes in many forms, accompanied by different kinds of mental content. This chapter reviews the first-person report literature on the frequency and type of content experienced in various stages of sleep, showing that different sleep stages are dissociable at the subjective level. It then relates these subjective differences to the growing literature differentiating the various sleep stages at the neurophysiological level, including evidence from electrophysiology, neurochemistry, and functional neuroimaging. The authors suggest that there is emerging evidence for relationships between sleep stage, neurophysiological activity, and subjective experiences. Specifically, they emphasize that functional neuroimaging work suggests a parallel between activation and deactivation of default network and visual network brain areas and the varying frequency and intensity of imagery and dream mentation across sleep stages; additionally, frontoparietal control network activity across sleep stages may parallel levels of cognitive control and meta-awareness.

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27

Shea, Nicholas. Functions for Representation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812883.003.0003.

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What kind of functions are suited for grounding representational content? Do they derive from behaviour that is robust and apparently goal-directed, or from consequence etiology? Rather than choosing between these two elements the account here combines them: ‘robust outcome functions’ combine with ‘stabilized functions’ to form ‘task functions’, which are the functions-for-representation that offer a good basis for fixing content. Task functions allow space for contents on which they are based to have a distinctive kind of explanatory purchase.

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28

Schiff, Brian. How Narrating Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199332182.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 of A New Narrative for Psychology argues that the most salient aspect of narrative is not the arrangement of speech elements into a particular structure, but the kinds of actions that can be accomplished with narrative. It critiques narratological approaches that define narrative, minimally, as the recounting of two related events. Rather, narrative is an evolving and emergent process, an interpretive action, that comes into being when persons, along with others, attempt to make sense of self and world. Narrative is best thought of as a verb, “to narrate,” or the derived form, “narrating.” It argues that one of the primary functions of narrating is to “make present” life experience and interpretations of life in a particular time and space.

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29

Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Functions of Same-Tracking. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0004.

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There are non-uniceptual same-tracking mechanisms, mechanisms that same-track not in order to implement storage of information about their targets, but merely as an aid to the identification of further things. Examples are the various mechanisms of perceptual constancy, self-relative location trackers, object-constancy mechanisms, and same-trackers for real categories. There are also several kinds of unicepts, hence, of unitrackers, procedural, substantive, attributive. What begins as a non-uniceptual same-tracker might or might not be redeployed to serve also as a procedural unitracker, or a procedural unitracker might be redeployed to serve also as a substance unitracker or an attribute unitracker. This is possible because the difference between affordances, substances, and attributes is not a basic ontological distinction but is relative to cognitive use.

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30

Roth, Martin, and Robert Cummins. Neuroscience, Psychology, Reduction, and Functional Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199685509.003.0002.

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The pressure for reduction in science is an artifact of what we call the nomic conception of science (NCS): the idea that the content of science is a collection of laws, together with the deductive-nomological model of explanation. NCS in effect identifies explanation with reduction, thus making no room for the explanatory autonomy of function-analytical explanations. When we replace NCS with something more descriptively accurate, however, we find that the kind of explanatory autonomy of functional-analytic explanations is ubiquitous in the sciences. Key to showing this is a distinction between horizontal and vertical explanation. Horizontal explanations explain the capacities of a complex system by appeal to the design of the system. Vertical explanations, by contrast, explain how a design is implemented in a system. We argue that the distinction between horizontal and vertical explanations provides us with a better picture of the relationship between functional analysis and mechanistic explanation.

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31

Publishing, Webber. My Reading Journal: A Multi-Functional Logbook for Kids. Independently Published, 2017.

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32

Jaszczolt, Kasia M., and Maciej Witek. Expressing the self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0010.

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In this chapter Kasia M. Jaszczolt and Maciej Witek discuss the cognitive significance of the devices used to communicate de se thoughts and argue (and also partially empirically demonstrate) that, pace some extant proposals and pace the dominant presumption in semantics and philosophy of language, there is no evidence that natural languages use different kinds of expressions for externalizing different aspects of self-reference. On the basis of their empirical results from Polish, as well as evidence from a range of other languages and some theoretical argumentation, they sketch a possible future model founded on a correlation between speech-act types, interlocutors’ goals, and associated linguistic conventions on the one hand and expression type on the other. An additional corollary of this research is further justification for the claim of functional indexicality defended for example in Chapter 12 of this volume.

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33

Lander, Eric, and Liliane Haegeman. Syncretism and Containment in Spatial Deixis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0005.

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This chapter investigates spatial-deictic systems (e.g. English this vs. that, or Latin hīc vs. iste vs. ille) from a wide range of typologically diverse languages. We propose that spatial deixis is encoded as a three-way contrast in Universal Grammar (UG): Proximal ‘close to speaker,’ Medial ‘close to hearer,’ and Distal ‘far from speaker and hearer.’ The empirical core of the chapter focuses on two phenomena: (i) syncretism and (ii) morphological containment. It is shown that only certain kinds of syncretism patterns are attested crosslinguistically: Syncretism cannot target Proximal and Distal without also targeting Medial (a case of *ABA). Furthermore, the cases of morphological containment we have found show that Distal contains Medial, which, in turn, contains Proximal. A functional sequence of three heads is posited that captures our generalizations in a simple and effective way.

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34

Taylor, Kenneth A. Selfhood as self-representation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0013.

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This chapter explores the nature of the self through an examination of self-representations. Self-representations are very special kinds of representations distinguished from other representations not by what they represent (i.e. selves) but by how they represent it and by the functional roles they play in our mental lives. The chapter argues that self-representations play three distinct but related roles in our cognitive lives. First, they subserve the synchronic integration of current mental states into a (rationally) interconnected whole. Second, they subserve the diachronic integration of past, present, and future states into one enduring and ever unfolding self-consciousness. And, finally, they help define the boundaries of the self by serving to distinguish selves from one another. The central claim is that being a self is nothing but being a creature that deploys such representations in inner thought with reference to itself.

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35

Snyder, James, and Thomas J. Dishion. Introduction. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.1.

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This chapter provides an introduction to the concept of coercion in human relationships. Coercion is defined as an interpersonal strategy that results in avoidance or escape of an aversive social experience. We describe the basic topographic, functional, and contextual factors associated with coercion. The varied ways in which coercive behaviors are manifested and operate in multiple social relationships are described, along with the kinds of social contingencies and conditions that grow coercive dynamics. The origins, shaping by social environmental experiences, and longer term outcomes of coercive behaviors and relationship dynamics are discussed from a developmental perspective. Research on coercion was inspired by an interest to design effective interventions. The dialectic between applied and basic research strengthens our scientific understanding of the role of coercive relationship dynamics in developmental outcomes and provides the basis for several evidenced-based interventions that improve the lives of children and families.

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36

Di Paolo, Ezequiel A., Thomas Buhrmann, and Xabier E. Barandiaran. Structures of sensorimotor engagement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198786849.003.0003.

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The idea of lawful relations between sensory and motor patterns, or sensorimotor contingencies (SMCs), lies at the heart of sensorimotor approaches to perception. Yet despite the concept’s importance, surprisingly few attempts have been made to define it formally. On closer inspection, the notion admits different interpretations. In this chapter, a dynamical formalization of agent–environment interaction serves as the starting point to identify four kinds of SMCs, which are defined in operational terms. These are the notions of sensorimotor environment (open-loop motor-induced sensory variations), sensorimotor habitat (closed-loop sensorimotor trajectories), sensorimotor coordination (reliable sensorimotor patterns playing a functional role), and sensorimotor scheme (normative organization of sensorimotor coordination events). The definitions are put to the test in a simple simulated object-discrimination task and their effect on the conceptual development and empirical, as well as model-based testing of the claims of the sensorimotor approach is discussed.

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37

LoLordo, Antonia. Gassendi on the Problem of Universals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608040.003.0002.

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Gassendi argues against universals and claims that the work traditionally thought to require them can in fact be done by general ideas. His arguments against universals are puzzling because they are almost entirely aimed at the doctrine of universals in re, a kind of realism which none of his contemporaries accepted. This chapter argues that Gassendi’s attack on universals is mainly intended to serve a rhetorical function—to emphasize the newness of his system and its anti-Aristotelian credentials. The chapter also provides an explanation of Gassendi’s theory of general ideas, focusing on its application to natural kinds. Finally, it analyzes Gassendi’s distinction between two different kinds of general ideas and how it bears on the distinction between intellect and imagination.

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38

Nestle Nutrition S. A. (Corporate Author), Edgard E. Delvin (Editor), and Michael J. Lentze (Editor), eds. Gastrointestinal Functions. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

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39

Cutter, Mary Ann G. How Is Breast Cancer Evaluated? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637033.003.0004.

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The question “How is breast cancer evaluated?” raises a host of considerations, including ones about the role of values in clinical concepts, the kinds of clinical values in medical thinking, and the extent to which our evaluations of clinical phenomenon provide clinical certainty. What we find is that, initially, breast cancer is a treatment warrant and appears to fit the view of a clinical entity that is value-neutral. But things are not as simple as one would initially think. Upon reflection, descriptions and explanations of breast cancer are nested in evaluative frames of reference through which they are seen, interpreted, and acted upon. Clinical evaluations of breast cancer are complex and involve appeals to functional, instrumental, aesthetic, and ethical values. As a consequence, clinicians and patients face the recognition that clinical evaluations of breast cancer are to some extent uncertain, and a healthy sense of skepticism provides a check against an idealized sense of evaluation in breast cancer medicine.

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40

Puranam, Phanish. The Microstructure of Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672363.001.0001.

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This book synthesizes a decade of research by the author into fundamental issues in organization design. The result is a novel micro-structural perspective on organizations, which aims to both expand and narrow current thinking. The new perspective takes an expansive view on the kinds of phenomena that can be studied in terms of organization design- such as cross–functional teams, strategic partnerships, buyer-supplier relations, alliance networks, mega-projects, post-merger integration, business groups, open source communities, and crowdsourcing, besides traditional concerns with bureaucratic organizations. At the same time, this approach narrows focus by abstracting away from the variety and complexity of organizations to a few fundamental and universal problems of organizing (that relate to how they aggregate their members’ efforts), as well as a few reusable building blocks microstructures (which capture common patterns of interaction between members of an organization). The microstructural approach to organizations will be of interest to researchers and PhD students in management, organization science, and strategy

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41

Segal, Gabriel. Truth and Meaning. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0009.

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This article says something about previous work related to truth and meaning, goes on to discuss Davidson (1967) and related papers of his, and then discusses some issues arising. It begins with the work of Gottlob Frege. Much work in the twentieth century developed Frege's ideas. A great deal of that work continued with the assumption that semantics is fundamentally concerned with the assignments of entities (objects, sets, functions, and truth-values) to expressions. So, for example, those who tried to develop a formal account of sense did so by treating senses as functions of various kinds; the sense of a predicate, for example, was often seen as a function from possible worlds to extensions.

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42

Linneweh, Friedrich. Die Physiologische Entwicklung des Kindes: Vorlesungen über Funktionelle Pädologie / Lectures on Functional Paedology. Springer, 2012.

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43

Sullivan, Meghan. The Received Wisdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the reader to future discounting and some received wisdom. The received wisdom about rational planning tends to assume that it is irrational to have near‐biased preferences (i.e., preferences for lesser goods now compared to greater goods further in the future).Thechapter describes these preferences by introducing the reader to value functions. Value functions are then used to model different kinds of distant future temporal discounting (e.g., hyperbolic, exponential, absolute). Finally, the chapter makes a distinction between temporal discounting and risk discounting. It offers a reverse lottery test to tease apart these two kinds of discounting.

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44

F, Warren Steven, and Rogers-Warren Ann K, eds. Teaching functional language: Generalization and maintenance of language skills. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1985.

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45

MacBride, Fraser. Structuralism Reconsidered. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0018.

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The properties and relations that perform a role in mathematical reasoning arise from the basic relations that obtain among mathematical objects. It is in terms of these basic relations that mathematicians identify the objects they intend to study. The way in which mathematicians identify these objects has led some philosophers to draw metaphysical conclusions about their nature. These philosophers have been led to claim that mathematical objects are positions in structures or akin to positions in patterns. This article retraces their route from (relatively uncontroversial) facts about the identification of mathematical objects to high metaphysical conclusions. Beginning with the natural numbers, how are they identified? The mathematically significant properties and relations of natural numbers arise from the successor function that orders them; the natural numbers are identified simply as the objects that answer to this basic function. But the relations (or functions) that are used to identify a class of mathematical objects may often be defined over what appear to be different kinds of objects.

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46

Royal Statues in Egypt 300 BC-AD 220: Context and Function. Archaeopress, 2015.

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47

Brophy, Elizabeth. Royal Statues in Egypt 300 BC-AD 220: Context and Function. Archaeopress, 2015.

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Md Ahood, Abdul Latiff, and Mohd Amirul Mahamud. All About Derivatives. Sunway University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55846/9789671369739.

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All About Derivatives: Mathematical Differentiation for College Students is a compact, practical guide to mastering the concept of differentiating all kinds of functions—from polynomials to exponential and logarithmic functions. It is a self-teaching handbook that presents essential principles of differentiation through comprehensive worked examples that have been carefully selected based on the authors' years of experience.

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Mari, Manuela. Powers in Dialogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804208.003.0005.

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Building on a slate of recent discoveries and publications, the chapter investigates how the Macedonian kings employed letters and so-called diagrammata to interact with and to rule over cities within their reign and regions under their control. It thus brings to life the diplomatic activity between court and constituencies that defined the political culture of fourth-century BCE Macedonia: the different types of missives used by the kings yield important insights into the administrative hierarchies and institutional procedures (as well as the ‘styles’ of exercising power) that sustained royal rule. Specifically, Mari reconsiders the role and function of the epistatai (the local administrators who received the letters and were in charge of distributing the royal message): as initial addressees of the royal correspondence but frequently nominated by the local community, they mediated between centre and periphery and thus functioned as vital nodes in imperial administration.

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Martini, Carlo, and Jan Sprenger. Opinion Aggregation and Individual Expertise. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680534.003.0009.

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Group judgments are often influenced by their members’ individual expertise. It is less clear, though, how individual expertise should affect the group judgments. This chapter surveys a wide range of models of opinion aggregation and group judgment: models where all group members have the same impact on the group judgment, models that take into account differences in individual accuracy, and models where group members revise their beliefs as a function of their mutual respect. The scope of these models covers the aggregation of propositional attitudes, probability functions, and numerical estimates. By comparing these different kinds of models and contrasting them with findings in psychology, management science, and the expert judgment literature, the chapter provides a better understanding of the role of expertise in group agency, both from a theoretical and from an empirical perspective.

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