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Статті в журналах з теми "Functional depth"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 28 вересня 2024

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1

Claeskens, Gerda, Mia Hubert, Leen Slaets, and Kaveh Vakili. "Multivariate Functional Halfspace Depth." Journal of the American Statistical Association 109, no. 505 (January 2, 2014): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2013.856795.

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2

Helander, Sami, Germain Van Bever, Sakke Rantala, and Pauliina Ilmonen. "Pareto depth for functional data." Statistics 54, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 182–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02331888.2019.1700418.

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3

Tuya, F., A. Herrero-Barrencua, N. E. Bosch, A. D. Abreu, and R. Haroun. "Reef fish at a remote tropical island (Principe Island, Gulf of Guinea): disentangling taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity patterns with depth." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 3 (2018): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17233.

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The ecology of reef fish varies with depth, although patterns in diversity remain largely undescribed, in particular the complementarity of their taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic facets. In the present study we investigated patterns of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of fish on 21 reefs, at depths ranging from 3 to 31m, at Príncipe Island (Gulf of Guinea). Taxonomic and functional diversity decreased monotonically with depth; the pattern was less accentuated for phylogenetic diversity. Functional diversity was saturated at high levels of taxonomic diversity, reflecting redundancy in species traits, particularly at the shallower reefs. Functional diversity increased linearly with phylogenetic diversity; thus, increasing niche availability seems to translate into a larger diversity of phylogenies. Dissimilarities in the structure and composition of fish assemblages among reefs were correlated with differences in depth, including a progressive turnover in species. Depth affected the functional traits of nearshore reef fish. Trophic breadth decreased with depth; carnivores and planktivores increased with depth, whereas herbivores decreased with depth. Small-sized fusiform fish dominated on the shallowest reefs. In summary, the present study demonstrated decays in biodiversity, from different perspectives, of reef fish with depth, which are connected with shifts in fish traits.

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4

Nawy, Tal. "In-depth functional dissection of enhancers." Nature Methods 9, no. 4 (March 27, 2012): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1963.

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5

Ieva, Francesca, and Anna M. Paganoni. "Depth Measures for Multivariate Functional Data." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 42, no. 7 (April 2013): 1265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2012.746368.

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6

López-Pintado, Sara, and Juan Romo. "Depth-based inference for functional data." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 51, no. 10 (June 2007): 4957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2006.10.029.

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7

Lehman, Will, and R. Hasanzadeh Nafari. "An Empirical, Functional approach to Depth Damages." E3S Web of Conferences 7 (2016): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20160705002.

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8

Howieson, Diane B. "The Functional Brain in Depth and Breadth." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 4, no. 6 (November 1998): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617798256165.

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This book gives a comprehensive account of the functional neuroanatomy of the brain. The first edition, Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioral Neurology (1990), consisted of topics traditional for this subject matter, such as “The Cerebral Hemispheres,” “The Limbic System,” and “Neuroanatomy and Pathophysiology of Head Injury, Stroke, Neoplasm, and Abnormal Development.” With the addition of eleven new chapters, the second edition is impressive and unique in its range of topics. The new chapters cover evolution and ontogeny of the brain, social–emotional intelligence, and such unusual topics as the neurophysiology of repression and religious experiences, and the origins of life. One section is titled “The Birth of God and Limbic Hyperactivation.” The writing style is clear and compelling. Most topics are well referenced with scientific literature and include informative illustrations. More theoretical topics are presented with logical arguments.

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9

Agostinelli, Claudio. "Local half-region depth for functional data." Journal of Multivariate Analysis 163 (January 2018): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2017.10.004.

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10

Sguera, Carlo, Pedro Galeano, and Rosa Lillo. "Spatial depth-based classification for functional data." TEST 23, no. 4 (May 20, 2014): 725–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11749-014-0379-1.

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11

López-Pintado, Sara, Ying Sun, Juan K. Lin, and Marc G. Genton. "Simplicial band depth for multivariate functional data." Advances in Data Analysis and Classification 8, no. 3 (March 5, 2014): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11634-014-0166-6.

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12

Narisetty, Naveen N., and Vijayan N. Nair. "Extremal Depth for Functional Data and Applications." Journal of the American Statistical Association 111, no. 516 (October 1, 2016): 1705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2015.1110033.

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13

López-Pintado, Sara, and Juan Romo. "A half-region depth for functional data." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 55, no. 4 (April 2011): 1679–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2010.10.024.

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14

Wu, Liyou, Laurie Kellogg, Allan H. Devol, James M. Tiedje, and Jizhong Zhou. "Microarray-Based Characterization of Microbial Community Functional Structure and Heterogeneity in Marine Sediments from the Gulf of Mexico." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 14 (May 30, 2008): 4516–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02751-07.

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ABSTRACT Marine sediments of coastal margins are important sites of carbon sequestration and nitrogen cycling. To determine the metabolic potential and structure of marine sediment microbial communities, two cores were collected each from the two stations (GMT at a depth of 200 m and GMS at 800 m) in the Gulf of Mexico, and six subsamples representing different depths were analyzed from each of these two cores using functional gene arrays containing ∼2,000 probes targeting genes involved in carbon fixation; organic carbon degradation; contaminant degradation; metal resistance; and nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous cycling. The geochemistry was highly variable for the sediments based on both site and depth. A total of 930 (47.1%) probes belonging to various functional gene categories showed significant hybridization with at least 1 of the 12 samples. The overall functional gene diversity of the samples from shallow depths was in general lower than those from deep depths at both stations. Also high microbial heterogeneity existed in these marine sediments. In general, the microbial community structure was more similar when the samples were spatially closer. The number of unique genes at GMT increased with depth, from 1.7% at 0.75 cm to 18.9% at 25 cm. The same trend occurred at GMS, from 1.2% at 0.25 cm to 15.2% at 16 cm. In addition, a broad diversity of geochemically important metabolic functional genes related to carbon degradation, nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, sulfur reduction, phosphorus utilization, contaminant degradation, and metal resistance were observed, implying that marine sediments could play important roles in biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfate, and various metals. Finally, the Mantel test revealed significant positive correlations between various specific functional genes and functional processes, and canonical correspondence analysis suggested that sediment depth, PO4 3−, NH4 +, Mn(II), porosity, and Si(OH)4 might play major roles in shaping the microbial community structure in the marine sediments.

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15

Govindaraj, Manoharan, Sivakumar Kaliappan, and Ganesh Swaminathan. "Outlier Detection of Functional Data Using Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 21, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.210404.

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The problem of finding the pattern that deviates from other observation is termed as outlier. The detection of outlier is getting importance in research area nowadays due to the reason that the technique has been used in various mission critical applications such as military, health care, fault recovery, and many. The analysis of functional data and its depth function plays a crucial role in statistical model for detecting outlier. The depth values alone not enough for finding outliers, since all the low depth values not be an outlier. The main problem of using classical model is that it cannot cop up with the high dimensionality of the data This paper proposed a novel technique based on Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space curve (RKHS) for detecting outliers in functional data. The proposed RKHS model is based on a special Hilbert space curve associated with a kernel so that it reproduces each function in the space to enhance the performance of data depth function. The proposed method uses distance weighted discrimination classification that avoids overfitting the model and provides better generalizability in high dimensions. The kernel depths perform better performances for detection of outlier in a number of artificial and real data sets.

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16

Chowdhury, Joydeep, and Probal Chaudhuri. "Nonparametric depth and quantile regression for functional data." Bernoulli 25, no. 1 (February 2019): 395–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3150/17-bej991.

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17

López-Pintado, Sara, and Juan Romo. "On the Concept of Depth for Functional Data." Journal of the American Statistical Association 104, no. 486 (June 2009): 718–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2009.0108.

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18

Aggarwal, Raj, and Yinglu Wu. "Functional Areas in Improving Depth of IB Teaching." Journal of Teaching in International Business 30, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08975930.2019.1699316.

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19

Merboldt, Klaus-Dietmar, Jürgen Baudewig, Stefan Treue, and Jens Frahm. "Functional MRI of self-controlled stereoscopic depth perception." NeuroReport 13, no. 14 (October 2002): 1721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200210070-00006.

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20

Hubert, Mia, Peter Rousseeuw, and Pieter Segaert. "Multivariate and functional classification using depth and distance." Advances in Data Analysis and Classification 11, no. 3 (August 17, 2016): 445–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11634-016-0269-3.

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21

Adams, Daniel L., and Semir Zeki. "Functional Organization of Macaque V3 for Stereoscopic Depth." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 2195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.5.2195.

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Recordings were made from single and small groups of cells in prestriate area V3 of the visual cortex of the Cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). The majority of cells in V3 were selective for orientation and stereoscopic depth, these cells being segregated into two sets of functionally distinct columns. Orientation columns in V3 have been previously demonstrated; here we show that V3 also contains columns of segregated disparity-selective cells. On the basis of its cellular properties, functional organization, and intra-cortical connections, we propose that V3 contributes to the processing of stereoscopic depth information and that the parietal areas to which it projects use this information for the analysis of object depth and three-dimensional form.

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22

Kwon, Amy M., Ming Ouyang, and Andrew Cheng. "Resampling-based Classification Using Depth for Functional Curves." Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 45, no. 9 (November 13, 2014): 3329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2014.944652.

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23

Radek, Pražan, Hůla Josef, Kovaříček Pavel, Čedík Jakub, Gerndtová Ilona, and Vlášková Marcela. "Functional properties of blade tiller working tools." Research in Agricultural Engineering 64, No. 2 (June 28, 2018): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/106/2017-rae.

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After the harvest of winter wheat, the tensile force, cross section of loosened soil and specific resistance of soil were measured on a loamy soil plot. During the comparative measurements, 3 blades were used with chisel width of 20 mm, 40 mm and 75 mm. In case of all blades, the measurements were carried out at the depth of 100, 200 and 300 mm. In the course of measurements, the standards of blades were attached in a measuring frame on six-component hinge with connected tensometric sensor. The selected blades were developed for a new type of tiller destined for primary cultivation of soil. Moreover, in case of a blade equipped by chisel there were used side wings of a width of 110, 150 and 200 mm for tillage into a depth of 100 mm. It was found that the width of blade chisels did not have a statistically significant effect on the values of specific resistance of soil during the soil tillage. At all widths of blade chisels, a trend of an increase in specific resistance of soil was recorded at growing recess into the soil.

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24

Al-Guraibawi, Mohammed, and Baher Mohammed. "Regression Depth for Statistical Depth Function." Journal of Al-Rafidain University College For Sciences ( Print ISSN: 1681-6870 ,Online ISSN: 2790-2293 ), no. 1 (January 14, 2024): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.55562/jrucs.v54i1.621.

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The statistical depth function is one of the modern approaches that can be used for developing multivariate robust regression based on robust estimates of the location and dispersion matrix. One merit advantage of the depth concept is that it can be used directly to provide deeper estimation functions for data location and regression parameters in a multidimensional environment. The deeper estimation functions induced by depth are expected to inherit the desired and inherent robustness properties (such as limited maximum bias, impact function, and high breaking point) as do their counterparts at univariate sites. Investigation. The main objective of this article is to check the power of the statistical depth function throw the depth regression, it turns out that the deepest functional projection possesses a finite effect function and the best possible asymptotic breakpoint as well as the best breaking point of a finite sample compared with some classical and robust existed method.

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25

Godinez-Espinosa, Sara, Vincent Raoult, Timothy M. Smith, Troy F. Gaston, and Jane E. Williamson. "Functional roles of coral reef primary producers examined with stable isotopes." Marine and Freshwater Research 74, no. 7 (May 3, 2023): 601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf22103.

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Context Primary production on coral reefs varies under changing conditions such as light and nutrient availability. This variation causes changes in basal stable isotopes as photosynthetic and nutrient pathways change. Aims This study provides a preliminary baseline of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) stable isotope profiles in Symbiodinium and macroalgae at a spatial scale and along a depth gradient around an island. Methods Coral fragments and macroalgae were collected at depths from the surface to 26 m. δ15N and δ13C stable isotope values were assessed for Symbiodinium relative to cell density per surface area. Key results δ15N values showed a uniform nutrient profile across primary producers. However, chlorophyll-a and Symbiodinium density from Montipora stellata had higher concentrations on the southern side of the island. δ15N values of Symbiodinium from Stylophora pistillata and macroalgae did not change with depth. Depth was associated with a significant decrease in Symbiodinium density, and δ13C values in macroalgae. Conclusions We attribute these findings to Symbiodinium from S. pistillata as depth increases, decreasing cell density but maintaining chlorophyll-a concentration to satisfy the coral-host nutrient requirements. Implications This study sets the scene for future, more comprehensive research on detecting carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values on primary producers in coral reefs.

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26

Shen, Ya, Shichen Xiong, Chengming You, Li Zhang, Yu Li, Zongwen Hong, Yifan Hu, et al. "Soil Microbial Biomass and Community Composition across a Chronosequence of Chinese Cedar Plantations." Forests 14, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030470.

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Afforestation is one of the most important forestry practices, but its impact on soil microbial communities remains poorly understood. In this study, we sampled the soil from 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm soil depths of 7-, 13-, 24-, 33-, and 53-year-old Chinese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis) plantations. To investigate the effect of stand age on soil microbial communities and their potential drivers, we measured phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and soil physicochemical properties. At the 0–15 cm soil depth, the biomass of total PLFAs and functional microbial groups such as bacteria (B), fungi (F), Gram-negative bacteria (GN), Gram-positive bacteria (GP), actinomycetes (ACT), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased sharply in 7- to 13-year-old stands, but then gradually leveled off in older stands. On the other hand, the biomass of total PLFAs and functional microbial groups at the 15–30 cm soil depth peaked in the 33-year-old stand. The biomass of total PLFAs and functional microbial groups was strongly influenced by stand age and soil depth, and was significantly lower at the 15–30 cm soil depth than at the 0–15 cm soil depth except for the 7-year-old stand. The F/B and fungi/total PLFAs ratios of both soil depths were markedly lower in the 13-year-old stand than in the remaining four stand ages, while the proportions of the bacterial group (GP and GN) showed contrasting trends. The biomass of all functional microbial groups and the GP/GN ratio were mainly mediated by soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and the soil organic carbon to total phosphorus (C/P) ratio at the 0–15 cm soil depth, but primarily affected by ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentration at the 15–30 cm soil depth. The F/B ratio of the two soil depths was prominently affected by nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) concentration. Our results highlighted that SOC concentration and mineral N (i.e., NH4+-N and NO3−-N) concentration mainly drove changes in the soil microbial biomass and community composition with stand age in Chinese cedar plantations, and that the 13-year-old stand may be the key period for management.

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27

Yifang, Sun, O. G. Grebenikov та O. O. Vendin. "ВПЛИВ КІЛЬЦЕВИХ КАНАВОК ХОЛОДНОГО ОБТИСКУ НА ДОВГОВІЧНІСТЬ ПАНЕЛЕЙ КРИЛА З ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИМИ ОТВОРАМИ". Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies, № 99 (24 червня 2024): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/oikit.2023.99.02.

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This article studies in detail the method of cold extrusion annular grooves to solve the problem of aircraft fatigue life extension that reduces the fatigue life of aircraft wing panels due to functional holes. This method is a very simple and effective anti-fatigue manufacturing technology. In order to simulate the different wing panels with functional holes, the experiment is designed to extrude the specimen with different extrusion forces to obtain annular grooves of different depths. Fatigue tests are conducted on specimens with annular grooves. The test results show that: 1) Cold extrusion annular grooves can extend the fatigue life of wing panels with functional holes; 2) The fatigue life of wing panels with functional holes is affected by the depth of the cold extrusion annular groove. The fatigue life changes in an inverted "V" shape as the depth of the cold extrusion annular groove increases; 3) When cold extrusion annular groove depth is 0.26mm, the fatigue life of specimen with holes is maximum, and the fatigue life is increased by 2.35~32.9 times when specimen thickness is 5 mm

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28

Cure, Katherine, Leanne Currey-Randall, Ronen Galaiduk, Ben Radford, Mary Wakeford, and Andrew Heyward. "Depth gradients in abundance and functional roles suggest limited depth refuges for herbivorous fishes." Coral Reefs 40, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02060-7.

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29

Serfling, Robert, and Uditha Wijesuriya. "Depth-based nonparametric description of functional data, with emphasis on use of spatial depth." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 105 (January 2017): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2016.07.007.

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30

Wang, Chen, Zengchao Feng, and Xing Wang. "Effect of Functional Groups in Coal on the Depth of Adsorption Potential Well." Adsorption Science & Technology 2021 (August 5, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3820762.

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Due to the complexity of the internal structure of natural coal and its characteristic of multicomponent, the depth of its methane adsorption potential well is nonuniform, which makes it difficult to accurately evaluate the adsorption capacity of coal. Besides, in order to find out the factors affecting the depth distribution of potential wells in natural coal, this paper calculated the depth and number of potential wells during methane adsorption in coal according to the Langmuir adsorption kinetics process. Coal samples with different metamorphic degrees were tested and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy diffraction technology. The relationship between the structural parameters of functional groups in coal samples with different metamorphic degrees and the distribution of different depths of adsorption potential wells in coal samples was studied. Some main conclusions are as follows: The number of adsorption potential wells at different depths in natural coal with different metamorphic degrees has multipeak distribution characteristics. With the increase of the metamorphic degree of coal sample, the structures such as aliphatic branched chain structure and oxygen-containing functional groups in coal structure break, fall off, and deoxygenate. The relative content of aliphatic hydrocarbons is significantly reduced and condensed into aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic ring structures. The different types and quantities of functional groups on the surface of coal samples lead to different forces between coal molecules and methane gas molecules, thus affecting the distribution of different depths of adsorption potential wells in coal samples.

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31

Mindel, Beth L., Francis C. Neat, Clive N. Trueman, Thomas J. Webb, and Julia L. Blanchard. "Functional, size and taxonomic diversity of fish along a depth gradient in the deep sea." PeerJ 4 (September 15, 2016): e2387. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2387.

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Biodiversity is well studied in ecology and the concept has been developed to include traits of species, rather than solely taxonomy, to better reflect the functional diversity of a system. The deep sea provides a natural environmental gradient within which to study changes in different diversity metrics, but traits of deep-sea fish are not widely known, hampering the application of functional diversity to this globally important system. We used morphological traits to determine the functional richness and functional divergence of demersal fish assemblages along the continental slope in the Northeast Atlantic, at depths of 300–2,000 m. We compared these metrics to size diversity based on individual body size and species richness. Functional richness and size diversity showed similar patterns, with the highest diversity at intermediate depths; functional divergence showed the opposite pattern, with the highest values at the shallowest and deepest parts of the study site. Species richness increased with depth. The functional implications of these patterns were deduced by examining depth-related changes in morphological traits and the dominance of feeding guilds as illustrated by stable isotope analyses. The patterns in diversity and the variation in certain morphological traits can potentially be explained by changes in the relative dominance of pelagic and benthic feeding guilds. All measures of diversity examined here suggest that the deep areas of the continental slope may be equally or more diverse than assemblages just beyond the continental shelf.

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32

Nieto-Reyes, Alicia, and Heather Battey. "A topologically valid construction of depth for functional data." Journal of Multivariate Analysis 184 (July 2021): 104738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2021.104738.

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33

Zhang, Jian. "Depth-invariant beamforming for functional connectivity with MEG data." Statistics and Its Interface 15, no. 3 (2022): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/21-sii700.

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34

Nagy, Stanislav, Irène Gijbels, Marek Omelka, and Daniel Hlubinka. "Integrated depth for functional data: statistical properties and consistency." ESAIM: Probability and Statistics 20 (2016): 95–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ps/2016005.

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35

Gijbels, Irène, and Stanislav Nagy. "On a General Definition of Depth for Functional Data." Statistical Science 32, no. 4 (November 2017): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/17-sts625.

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36

Martínez-Hernández, Israel, Marc G. Genton, and Graciela González-Farías. "Robust depth-based estimation of the functional autoregressive model." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 131 (March 2019): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2018.06.003.

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37

Balzanella, Antonio, Elvira Romano, and Rosanna Verde. "Modified half-region depth for spatially dependent functional data." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 31, no. 1 (July 21, 2016): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-016-1291-x.

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38

McGeown, William Jonathan, Giuliana Mazzoni, Manila Vannucci, and Annalena Venneri. "Structural and functional correlates of hypnotic depth and suggestibility." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 231, no. 2 (February 2015): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.11.015.

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Nieto-Reyes, Alicia, and Heather Battey. "A Topologically Valid Definition of Depth for Functional Data." Statistical Science 31, no. 1 (February 2016): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/15-sts532.

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40

Makinde, Olusola Samuel. "Classification rules based on distribution functions of functional depth." Statistical Papers 60, no. 3 (November 5, 2016): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00362-016-0841-0.

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41

Amini, Abbas, Chun Hui Yang, and Yang Xiang. "Improved Nanoindentation Phase Transformation in Functional Structure of NiTi SMA and Graphene." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.160.

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Graphene layers were deposited on the surface of NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) to enhance the spherical indentation depth and the phase transformed volume through an extra nanoscale cooling. The graphene-deposited NiTi SMA showed deeper nanoindentation depths during the solid-state phase transition, especially at the rate dependent loading zone. Larger superelastic deformation confirmed that the nanoscale latent heat transfer through the deposited graphene layers allowed larger phase transformed volume in the bulk and, therefore, more stress relaxation and depth can be achieved. During the indentation loading, the temperature of the phase transformed zone in the stressed bulk increased by ~12-43°C as the loading rate increased from 4,500 μN/s to 30,000 μN/s. The layers of graphene enhanced the cooling process at different loading rates by decreasing the temperature up to ~3-10°C depending on the loading rate.

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Chen, Xun, Hao Lin Li, Hao Yang Cao, James Wharton, David Allanson, and Zhi Qing Hu. "Grinding for Microstructural Functional Surface." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.48.

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Structural textural surfaces are those surfaces that have designed feature intended to give specific functional performance. In the last few decades, the understanding of structured surface texture, particularly at a micro and nanometre scale, has played a fundamental role in the development of many advanced applications. After a brief review of current manufacturing methods for textural surface, this paper examines the surface creation during grinding by analysing the kinematics of grinding and associated wheel dressing processes. It has been demonstrated that the features of structural surface can be determined by carefully selected dressing and grinding conditions. The grinding speed ratio between workpiece and wheel is an important factor in determine the layout of the structural pattern generated on the workpiece. The grinding depth not only affects the structural feature depth but also the length and width of the surface structure. The uniformity and repeatability of actual ground feature shape is influenced by the arbitrary nature of distribution of grinding abrasives.

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Lee, Dong-Woon. "Considerations for esthetic and functional implants." Journal of The Korean Dental Association 61, no. 12 (December 31, 2023): 784–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22974/jkda.2023.61.12.003.

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Dental implants that restore lost teeth are no longer a difficult choice. In past years, osseointegration and mar-ginal bone level stability were regarded as success criteria. However, clinicians and patients consider aesthetic requirements a critical success factor. Therefore, the review of literatures and cases was conducted from a surgi-cal point of view when placing implants for the long-term results with desired requirements.The author demonstrated that 1) appropriate 3D implant placement position (vertical position of depth and distance considering the attachment level of adjacent teeth; horizontal position considering the outer edge of the jaw bone), 2) appropriate bone width around the implant and surrounding gingiva (buccal bone, keratinized gingiva, thickness above the implant, vestibular depth) area needed for esthetic and functional implants.

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Yang, Zhongwen, Yuping Xu, Guangjian Xu, and Henglong Xu. "Carbon flux of trophic-functional groups within the colonization process of biofilm-dwelling ciliates in marine ecosystems." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, no. 6 (March 11, 2016): 1313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416000291.

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Biofilm-dwelling ciliates are a primary component of a biofilm, and play an important role in the functioning of microbial food webs by mediating carbon and energy flux into benthos from plankton. The carbon flux of biofilm-dwelling ciliates was studied at different trophic-functional levels within the colonization process in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea, northern China from May to June 2015. Samples were collected, using a glass slide method, at the time intervals of 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days from depths of 1 and 3 m. The carbon biomass of both total ciliates and all trophic-functional groups increased following the logistic growth curve model. During the whole colonization period, the bacterivores and non-selectives were generally the primary contributor to the carbon flux in young samples (<14 days), while the algivores and raptors predominated mature samples (14–28 days) at both depths. In terms of mature samples, however, the non-selectives and algivores were the primary contributors at a depth of 1 m, while the raptors accounted for primary contributions to the carbon flux at a depth of 3 m. Although the times to 50% maximum carbon biomasses were generally ranged 24 days at both depths, the maximum carbon biomasses were significantly higher at depth of 3 m than at 1 m. These results may provide useful information for ecological research on carbon flux from plankton to benthos in marine ecosystems.

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45

Bednaršek, N., J. Možina, M. Vučković, M. Vogt, C. O'Brien, and G. A. Tarling. "Global distribution of pteropods representing carbonate functional type biomass." Earth System Science Data Discussions 5, no. 1 (May 10, 2012): 317–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-5-317-2012.

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Abstract. Pteropods are a group of holoplanktonic gastropods for which global biomass distribution patterns remain poorly resolved. The aim of this study was to collect and synthesize existing pteropod (Gymnosomata, Thecosomata and Pseudothecosomata) abundance and biomass data, in order to evaluate the global distribution of pteropod carbon biomass, with a particular emphasis on its seasonal, temporal and vertical patterns. We collected 25 902 data points from several online databases and a number of scientific articles. The biomass data has been gridded onto a 360 × 180° grid, with a vertical resolution of 33 WOA depth levels. Data has been converted to NetCDF format which can be downloaded from PANGAEA, http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.777387. Data were collected between 1951–2010, with sampling depths ranging from 0–1000 m. Pteropod biomass data was either extracted directly or derived through converting abundance to biomass with pteropod specific length to weight conversions. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH) the data were distributed evenly throughout the year, whereas sampling in the Southern Hemisphere was biased towards the austral summer months. 86% of all biomass values were located in the NH, most (42%) within the latitudinal band of 30–50° N. The range of global biomass values spanned over three orders of magnitude, with a mean and median biomass concentration of 8.2 mg C l−1 (SD = 61.4) and 0.25 mg C l−1, respectively for all data points, and with a mean of 9.1 mg C l−1 (SD = 64.8) and a median of 0.25 mg C l−1 for non-zero biomass values. The highest mean and median biomass concentrations were located in the NH between 40–50° S (mean biomass: 68.8 mg C l−1 (SD × 213.4) median biomass: 2.5 mg C l−1) while, in the SH, they were within the 70–80° S latitudinal band (mean: 10.5 mg C l−1 (SD × 38.8) and median: 0.2 mg C l−1). Biomass values were lowest in the equatorial regions. A broad range of biomass concentrations was observed at all depths, with the biomass peak located in the surface layer (0–25 m) and values generally decreasing with depth. However, biomass peaks were located at different depths in different ocean basins: 0–25 m depth in the N Atlantic, 50–100 m in the Pacific, 100–200 m in the Arctic, 200–500 m in the Brazilian region and >500 m in the Indo-Pacific region. Biomass in the NH was relatively invariant over the seasonal cycle, but more seasonally variable in the SH. The collected database provides a valuable tool for modellers for the study of ecosystem processes and global biogeochemical cycles.

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46

Manzhara, S. О. "Depth cognition of the functional dualism of the individual’s psyche." Science and Education a New Dimension VIII(227), no. 91 (May 25, 2020): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-pp2020-227viii91-14.

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47

Selb, Juliette, Danny K. Joseph, and David A. Boas. "Time-gated optical system for depth-resolved functional brain imaging." Journal of Biomedical Optics 11, no. 4 (2006): 044008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2337320.

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Huang, Huang, and Ying Sun. "A Decomposition of Total Variation Depth for Understanding Functional Outliers." Technometrics 61, no. 4 (May 9, 2019): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00401706.2019.1574241.

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Nagahama, Yasuhiro, Yoshihiro Takayama, Hidenao Fukuyama, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Shigeru Matsuzaki, Yasuhiro Magata, Hiroshi Shibasaki, and Jun Kimura. "Functional anatomy on perception of position and motion in depth." NeuroReport 7, no. 11 (July 1996): 1717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199607290-00004.

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50

Chen, Nihong, Zhimin Chen, and Fang Fang. "Functional specialization in human dorsal pathway for stereoscopic depth processing." Experimental Brain Research 238, no. 11 (September 4, 2020): 2581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05918-4.

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