Готові списки джерел за темами / Fumarolic gas

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Fumarolic gas"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Fumarolic gas"

Ohba, Takeshi, Muga Yaguchi, Kana Nishino, and Nozomi Numanami. "Time Variation in the Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Volcanic Gas at Mt. Mihara of Izu-Oshima Island, Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 7 (October 1, 2019): 972–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0972.

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Volcanic gas was sampled at three fumaroles and one borehole on Mt. Mihara, Izu-Oshima volcano. The fumarolic gas and the borehole steam possessed an excess enthalpy relative to the air saturated with water vapor. The fumarolic gas located west of the pit crater on Mt. Mihara showed a time variation in chemical and isotopic composition. The cause of the variation seems to be an enhancement of water vapor condensation. No similar variation was observed in the fumarolic gas located east of the pit crater, suggesting the above variation is a phenomena localized around the western fumarole. Hydrogen gas was detected in the sampled gases with low concentration. The change in the H2 concentration synchronized among the three fumaroles, suggesting the H2 gas originated in the hydrothermal system developed beneath Mt. Mihara.

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Sandalov, F. D., N. V. Schipalkina, I. V. Pekov, N. N. Koshlyakova, S. N. Britvin, and E. G. Sidorov. "Cristobalite and tridymite from deposits of the Arsenatnaya fumarole (Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia)." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology 1, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2021-2-87-96.

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This article displays data on cristobalite and tridymite from the Arsenatnaya active fumarole, the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. The minerals occur in associations with fumarolic sylvite, sanidine, cassiterite, hematite, pseudobrookite, johillerite, tilasite, badalovite. Fumarolic cristobalite is tetragonal (-modification); the unit-cell parameters for one of samples are: а = 4,975 (7) Å, с = 6,944 (13) Å, V = 171,89 Å3. There are two types of tridymite — monoclinic (MC) and orthorhombic (PO-10) — in the Arsenatnaya fumarole. The unit-cell parameters of these tridymite modifications are: a = 18,553 (5), b = 5,006 (1), с = 25,952 (10) Å, = 117,68 (2)o, V = 2134,3 (11) Å3 (MC); a = 9,941 (2), b = 17,165 (4), с = 82,362 (18) Å, V = 14053,4 (29) Å3 (PO-10). Mineral assemblages of cristobalite and tridymite indicate high-temperature formation conditions of these minerals — not lower 450–500 °С — with a high participation degree of HCl and HF in process of basalt alteration by fumarolic gas. The surrounding basalt was a source of silicon. This element was, probably, transported in the form of SiX4, where X = F, Cl.

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Shchipalkina, Nadezhda V., Igor V. Pekov, Natalia N. Koshlyakova, Sergey N. Britvin, Natalia V. Zubkova, Dmitry A. Varlamov, and Eugeny G. Sidorov. "Unusual silicate mineralization in fumarolic sublimates of the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia – Part 2: Tectosilicates." European Journal of Mineralogy 32, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-121-2020.

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Abstract. This second of two companion articles devoted to silicate mineralization in fumaroles of the Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka, Russia) reports data on chemistry, crystal chemistry and occurrence of tectosilicates: sanidine, anorthoclase, ferrisanidine, albite, anorthite, barium feldspar, leucite, nepheline, kalsilite, sodalite and hauyne. Chemical and genetic features of fumarolic silicates are also summarized and discussed. These minerals are typically enriched with “ore” elements (As, Cu, Zn, Sn, Mo, W). Significant admixture of As5+ (up to 36 wt % As2O5 in sanidine) substituting Si is the most characteristic. Hauyne contains up to 4.2 wt % MoO3 and up to 1.7 wt % WO3. All studied silicates are hydrogen-free, including mica and amphiboles which are F-rich. Iron-bearing minerals contain only Fe3+ due to strongly oxidizing formation conditions. In Tolbachik fumaroles, silicates were formed in the temperature range 500–800 ∘C as a result of direct deposition from the gas phase (as volcanic sublimates) or gas–rock interactions. The zonation in distribution of major silicate minerals observed in a vertical section of the Arsenatnaya fumarole, from deep (the hottest) to upper parts is diopside + forsterite + enstatite + andradite → diopside → fluorophlogopite + diopside → sanidine + fluorophlogopite → sanidine. This is in agreement with volatilities of major species-defining metals in volcanic gases. From a crystal-chemical viewpoint, this series corresponds to the following sequence of crystallization of minerals with temperature decrease: nesosilicates → inosilicates → phyllosilicates → tectosilicates.

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Bitskiy, R. R. "ADVANCED METHODS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF USEFUL COMPONENTS FROM VOLCANIC GASES." Mining science and technology, no. 4 (February 28, 2018): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2017-4-3-11.

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Technical progress is impossible without the creation of new devices, the quantitative and qualitative indicators of which radically differ from the known ones, which in turn requires new technologies and materials. In the creation of new materials, rare and rare-earth metals are increasingly used, the reserves of which are very limited. Therefore, the development and implementation of new methods of mining such metals are a timely and urgent task.Prospective methods of mining mineral deposits from volcanic gases are considered. The proposed model makes it possible to reveal the composition of volcanic gas, to experimentally prove its dynamic properties, to develop a model that allows one to trace the behavior of gas, on its basis to develop a principle scheme for extracting rare-earth elements (REE) and to present the hardwaretechnological scheme for obtaining REE from fumaroles (types of gas) in the form fumarolic metallurgical plant.On the basis of a model system with heavy metal solutions in a liquid, the possibility of studying the behavior of gas particles is shown. Such a model system is converted to volcanic gas and allows interpretation of the results for a fumarolic metallurgical unit (FMU) by determining the critical dimensions of the elements of such an installation (dome sizes, parameters of connecting hoses).

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Aguilera, Felipe, Susana Layana, Augusto Rodríguez-Díaz, Cristóbal González, Julio Cortés, and Manuel Inostroza. "Hydrothermal alteration, fumarolic deposits and fluids from Lastarria Volcanic Complex: A multidisciplinary study." Andean Geology 43, no. 2 (May 20, 2016): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov43n2-a02.

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A multidisciplinary study that includes processing of Landsat ETM+ satellite images, chemistry of gas condensed, mineralogy and chemistry of fumarolic deposits, and fluid inclusion data from native sulphur deposits, has been carried out in the Lastarria Volcanic Complex (LVC) with the objective to determine the distribution and characteristics of hydrothermal alteration zones and to establish the relations between gas chemistry and fumarolic deposits. Satellite image processing shows the presence of four hydrothermal alteration zones, characterized by a mineral assemblage constituted mainly by clay minerals, alunite, iron oxides, and more subordinated ferrous minerals and goethite. Hydrothermal alteration zones present in the Lastarria sensu stricto volcano are directly related to the recent fumarolic activity. Geochemistry of fumarolic gas condensed, obtained from two fumaroles at temperatures between 328 and 320 °C, has allowed detecting 37 diverse elements corresponding to halogens, chalcophiles, siderophiles, alkali metals, alkali earth metals and Rare Earth Elements (REE), with concentrations that vary widely between 5,620 ppm (chlorine) and 0.01 ppm (Mo, Ag, Sn, Pb, Se, Mg and Cr). Logarithm of Enrichment Factor (log EFi) for each element present values between 6.35 (iodine) and<1 (K, Na, Ca, Fe and Al). Those elements are originated primarily from a magmatic source, whereas at shallow level a hydrothermal source contributes typical rock-related elements, which are leached from the wall rock by a strong interaction with hyperacid fluids. Mostly of elements detected are transported to the surface in the fumarolic emissions as gaseous species, while very few elements (Mg, Ca and Al) are transported in silicate aerosols. A wide spectrum of minerals are present in the fumarolic deposits, which are constituted by sublimates and incrustations, and the main minerals phases are distributed in six mineral families, corresponding to sulphates, hydrated sulphates, sulphides, halides, carbonates, silicates and native element minerals. The sublimate/incrustation minerals are dominated by the presence of sulphate, sulphur, chlorine and diverse rock-related elements, which are formed by processes that include a. oxidation of gaseous phase; b. strong rock-fluid interaction; c. dissolution of silicate minerals and volcanic glass; d. gas-water interaction; e. deposition/precipitation of saline bearing minerals; f. oxidation of sublimates/incrustations to form secondary minerals and g. remobilization of sulphur deposits by meteoric water. Despite that sublimate/ incrustation minerals are dominated by rock-related elements, its chemistry shows high contents of high-volatile elements as As, Sb, Cd, among others. Fluid inclusions studies carried out in thin pseudobanded native sulphur from fumarolic deposits, by use of Raman and infrared spectroscopy combined with microthermometry analyses, provided evidence of H2O, CO2, H2S, SO4, COS bearing fluids, homogenization temperatures around 110 °C and salinities varying from ~11 to ~7 wt% NaCl. Fluid inclusions data show also evidences of a mixing (dilution) between hot and saline fluid with a cooler fluid (cold groundwater or a steam-heated water) as the main process.

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Stenner, Christian, Andreas Pflitsch, Lee Florea, Kathleen Graham, and Eduardo Cartaya. "Development and persistence of hazardous atmospheres in a glaciovolcanic cave system—Mount Rainier, Washington, USA." Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 84, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4311/2021ex0102.

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Glaciovolcanic cave systems, including fumarolic ice caves, can present variable atmospheric hazards. The twin summit craters of Mount Rainier, Washington, USA, host the largest fumarolic ice cave system in the world. The proximity of fumarole emissions in these caves to thousands of mountaineers each year can be hazardous. Herein we present the first assessment and mapping of the atmospheric hazards in the Mount Rainier caves along with a discussion on the microclimates involved in hazard formation and persistence. Our results are compared to applicable life-safety standards for gas exposure in ambient air. We also describe unique usage of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) at high altitude. In both craters, subglacial CO2 traps persist in multiple locations due to fumarole output, limited ventilation, and cave morphology. CO2 concentrations, calculated from O2 depletion, reached maximum values of 10.3 % and 24.8 % in the East and West Crater Caves, respectively. The subglacial CO2 lake in West Crater Cave was persistent, with atmospheric pressure as the main factor influencing CO2 concentrations. O2 displacement exacerbated by low O2 partial pressure at the high summit altitude revealed additional cave passages that can be of immediate danger to life and health (IDLH), with O2 partial pressures as low as 68.3 mmHg. Planning for volcanic research or rescue in or around similar cave systems can be assisted by considering the implications of atmospheric hazards. These findings highlight the formation mechanisms of hazardous atmospheres, exploration challenges, the need for mountaineering and public awareness, and the broader implications to volcanic hazard assessment and research in these environments.

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Kusakabe, Minoru, Keisuke Nagao, Takeshi Ohba, Jung Hun Seo, Sung-Hyun Park, Jong Ik Lee, and Byong-Kwon Park. "Noble gas and stable isotope geochemistry of thermal fluids from Deception Island, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 21, no. 3 (February 11, 2009): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102009001783.

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AbstractNew stable isotope and noble gas data obtained from fumarolic and bubbling gases and hot spring waters sampled from Deception Island, Antarctica, were analysed to constrain the geochemical features of the island's active hydrothermal system and magmatism in the Bransfield back-arc basin. The 3He/4He ratios of the gases (< 9.8 × 10-6), which are slightly lower than typical MORB values, suggest that the Deception Island magma was generated in the mantle wedge of a MORB-type source but the signature was influenced by the addition of radiogenic 4He derived from subducted components in the former Phoenix Plate. The N2/He ratios of fumarolic gas are higher than those of typical mantle-derived gases suggesting that N2 was added during decomposition of sediments in the subducting slab. The δ13C values of -5 to -6‰ for CO2 also indicate degassing from a MORB-type mantle source. The H2/Ar- and SiO2 geothermometers indicate that the temperatures in the hydrothermal system below Deception Island range from ~150°C to ~300°C. The δD and δ18O values measured from fumarolic gas and hot spring waters do not indicate any contribution of magmatic water to the samples. The major ionic components and δD-δ18O-δ34S values indicate that hot spring waters are a mixture of local meteoric water and seawater. Mn and SiO2 in spring waters were enriched relative to seawater reflecting water-rock interaction at depth.

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Matsu’ura, Kouki, Akihiko Terada, Toshiya Mori, and Takato Ono. "A Simple Method for the Analysis of Fumarolic Gases Using Response-Adjusted Sensors with a UAV." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 5 (August 1, 2022): 620–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0620.

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Recent developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology have made it possible to measure gas compositions in volcanic plumes using lightweight compact gas sensors. However, the differences in the responses of each gas sensor can be critical in estimating gas compositions based on regression scatter plots, particularly for small plumes emitted during volcanic unrest and non-eruption periods. Based on the laboratory experiments, we show that air blowers easily adjust sensor responses and improve correlation on regression scatter plots, allowing quick composition estimates without the use of mathematical applications. Applying our measurement system, lightweight compact gas sensors for H2S, SO2, CO2, and H2O, with air blowers suspended from a UAV, were used to determine the compositions of a small plume at Io-yama, Kirishima volcano, Japan. The compositions of the plume estimated by our system were reasonably consistent with those obtained by laboratory analysis of volcanic gas collected at ground level near the vent, with fluctuations in CO2 ratios and lower H2O ratios, relative to other gases, being observed. For more accurate estimations of CO2 and H2O concentrations, low humidity conditions at a distance from the fumarole are preferable for analysis of plumes diluted by ambient dry air. Our measurement system is simple, easy to set up, and useful for estimating the compositions of small passive fumarolic gas plumes during volcanic unrest and non-eruption periods, without mathematical applications.

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Glover, Richard B., Edward K. Mroczek, and J. Bruce Finlayson. "Fumarolic gas chemistry at Wairakei, New Zealand, 1936–1998." Geothermics 30, no. 5 (October 2001): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-6505(01)00006-2.

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Sano, Yuji, and Bernard Marty. "Origin of carbon in fumarolic gas from island arcs." Chemical Geology 119, no. 1-4 (January 1995): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00097-r.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Fumarolic gas"

Pearson, Sophie C. P. "Diffuse Degassing and the Hydrothermal System at Masaya volcano, Nicaragua." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1736.

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Hydrothermal systems change in response to volcanic activity, and in turn may be sensitive indicators of volcanic activity. Fumaroles are a surface manifestation of this interaction. We use time series of soil temperature data and numerical models of the hydrothermal system to investigate volcanic, hydrologic and geologic controls on this diffuse degassing. Soil temperatures were measured in a low-temperature fumarole field located 3.5 km from the summit of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. They respond rapidly, on a time scale of minutes, to changes in volcanic activity also manifested at the summit vent. The soil temperature response is repetitive and complex, and is characterized by a broad frequency signal allowing it to be distinguished from meteorologic trends. Geophysical data reveal subsurface faults that affect the transport of fumarole gases. Numerical modeling shows that these relatively impermeable faults enhance flow through the footwall. On a larger scale, modeling suggests that uniform injection of fluid at depth causes groundwater convection in a permeable 3-4 km radial fracture zone transecting the entire flank of the volcano. This focuses heat and fluid flux and can explain the three distinct fumarole zones located along the fracture. We hypothesize that the rapid response of fumarole temperature to volcanic activity is due to increased flow of gas through the vadose zone, possibly caused by changes in the subsurface pressure distribution. Numerical models show that an abrupt injection of hot gas, at approximately 100 times background rates, can cause the rapid increase in temperature observed at the fumaroles during volcanic activity. A decrease in hot fluid injection rate can explain the gradual decrease in temperature afterwards. Mixing with surrounding vadose-zone fluids can result in the consistent and abrupt decreases in temperature to background level following hot gas injection. Fumaroles result from complex interaction of the volcanic-hydrologic-geologic systems, and can therefore provide insight into these systems. Increases in fumarole temperature correspond to increased gas flux related to changes in volcanic activity, suggesting that monitoring of distal fumaroles has potential as a volcano monitoring tool, and that fumarole temperatures can provide insight into the response of shallow gas systems to volcanic activity.

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Le, Guern François. "Ecoulements réactifs à hautes températures, mesures et modélisations." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077222.

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Mise au point et réalisation d'une méthode de prélèvement des gaz volcaniques qui permet de reconstituer la composition élémentaire d'une source gazeuse à haute température. Cette résolution est basée sur la minimisation de l'enthalpie globale du système par calcul sur une banque de données. Cette méthode a été testée sur plusieurs volcans : Mt St Helens, l'Etna, le mont Usu. La modélisation de l'évolution physico-chimique des gaz volcaniques lors de leur refroidissement permet de relier la composition des gaz magmatiques à la genèse des aérosols atmosphériques, à la formation des incrustations fumerolliennes ou à la genèse de certains gîtes métallifères

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VENTURI, STEFANIA. "Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Volcanic and Hydrothermal Systems: Evidences from Field and Experimental Data." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1077611.

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The PhD research project was aimed to improve the scientific knowledge about the composition and behaviour of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in volcanic and hydrothermal systems, focusing on (i) primary processes occurring at high temperatures in deep fluid reservoirs and (ii) secondary processes occurring during the uprising of hydrothermal fluids toward the surface. The first goal was achieved following both experimental and empirical approaches. Laboratory experiments were performed in order to investigate the reaction pathways for benzene production under hydrothermal conditions, confirming that the aromatic compounds can be efficiently produced through dehydrocyclization and aromatization of normal-alkanes with cyclics as by-products. Moreover, the pivotal role of minerals in controlling organic reactivity and organic reaction pathways was demonstrated. The analysis of VOCs in fumarolic and venting gases from four volcanic-hydrothermal systems in the Mediterranean area characterized by different temperature and redox conditions at depth (Solfatara Crater, Nisyros Island, Poggio dell'Olivo and Cava dei Selci), supported by thermodynamic and experimental data, evidenced a strict control of physicochemical conditions of deep hydrothermal reservoirs on the composition of VOCs emitted at the surface. Alkanes were the most abundant VOCs, with decreasing abundances at increasing carbon chain length, in agreement with thermodynamic data. At relatively high temperatures, saturated hydrocarbons may undergo dehydrogenation to alkenes and/or dehydrocyclization and subsequent aromatization, as experimentally demonstrated. Accordingly, aromatics were enriched in fumarolic fluids from high temperature active volcanic systems, whilst cyclics were more abundant in hydrothermal systems characterized by lower temperatures, likely due to incomplete aromatization. The occurrence and abundances of S-bearing compounds were related to sulphur fugacity, whilst O-bearing compounds were mainly related to shallow processes. Interstitial soil gases were characterized by remarkably different compositions of VOCs when compared to those recorded in the fumarolic and venting gases, suggesting the relevant importance of secondary processes occurring at depth (dehydrocyclization of alkanes producing an enrichment in cyclics relative to fumarolic fluids) and at shallow depths (DMS oxidation, microbial production of O-bearing compounds). In particular, microbially-driven processes likely play a major role in modifying the composition of VOCs prior to their emission from soils in volcanic and hydrothermal systems.

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Частини книг з теми "Fumarolic gas"

Teschner, M., G. E. Vougioukalakis, E. Faber, J. Poggenburg, and G. Hatziyannis. "Real time monitoring of gas-geochemical parameters in Nisyros fumaroles." In The South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc - Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives, Milos Conferences, 247–54. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1871-644x(05)80044-0.

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Berner, Robert A. "Processes of the Long-Term Carbon Cycle: Degassing of Carbon Dioxide and Methane." In The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195173338.003.0006.

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Degassing of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere and oceans is the process whereby carbon is restored to the surficial system after being buried in rocks. Carbon dioxide is released by a variety of processes. This includes volcanic emissions from the mantle and metamorphic and diagenetic decarbonation of limestones and organic matter. Volcanic degassing can occur over subduction zones, at mid-ocean rises, on the continents, and in the interior of oceanic plates. Degassing can be sudden and violent, as during volcanic eruptions, or slow and semi-continuous in the form of fumaroles, springs, gas vents, and continually degassing volcanic vents. An outstanding example of the latter is Mt. Etna, which contributes about 10% to total global degassing (Caldeira and Rampino, 1992). Metamorphic degassing is concentrated in zones of seafloor subduction (Barnes et al., 1978), crustal convergence (Kerrick and Caldeira, 1998), and crustal extension (Kerrick et al., 1995). Most methane degassing on a geologic time scale occurs from organic matter diagenesis slowly from coal, oil, and kerogen maturation and suddenly from methane hydrate breakdown. A smaller amount of CH4 emanates from mid-ocean hydrothermal vents. Estimates of present-day global volcanic degassing rates are under constant revision (e.g., see Gerlach, 1991; Brantley and Koepenick, 1995; Sano and Williams, 1996; Marty and Tolstikhin, 1998; Kerrick, 2001). A compilation of recent estimated rates of most degassing processes is shown in table 4.1. A constraint on estimates is that none can exceed total global degassing. The latter can be determined from the steady-state assumption that CO2 release by global degassing must be balanced by global uptake by Ca and Mg silicate weathering (Berner, 1990; Berner and Caldeira, 1997). (This assumes essential balance of the organic C subcycle.) Global Ca and Mg silicate weathering, based on river fluxes of these elements to the sea, has been estimated to be about 6 ± 3 × 1018 mol/my (Berner, 1990). Gaillardet et al. (1999) estimate a minimum value for Ca and Mg silicate weathering of 3.6 × 1018 mol/my.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Fumarolic gas"

Flahaut, Jessica, Janice Bishop, Fatima Viveiros, Catarina Silva, Isabelle Daniel, Simone Silvestro, and Dario Tedesco. "FUMAROLIC ALTERATION ON MARS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM TERRESTRIAL ANALOG FIELDWORK." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-369077.

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Lazar, Kelly Best. "FUMAROLES & FORAMINIFERA: CHRONICLING EFFECTS OF DECREASED PH ON BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA OF DOMINICA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-308181.

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Anderson, Matthew, Spencer B. Backus, Ery Hughes, Aaron Curtis, Soon-Jo Chung, and Edward Stolper. "Development and Deployment of an Autonomous UAV-Borne Gas and Particulate Sample Capture System for Fumarole Sampling." In AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-1409.

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Cavendish, Tabbatha, Eduardo Cartaya, David Riggs, Lee J. Florea, Andreas Pflitsch, and Penelope J. Boston. "EXPLORATION AND STUDY OF THE GLACIER FUMAROLE CAVES IN THE SUMMIT CRATER OF MOUNT RAINIER, WASHINGTON STATE, U.S.A." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-297824.

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