Дисертації з теми "Fuel supply system"

Sudden change on earth’s climate, which is a result of an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere, is mainlycaused by burning of fossil fuels for various energy services. However, for the energy services to befavourable to the environment, there should be a balance with the environmental protection, and we cancall that “Sustainable Innovative Development”. “EXPLORE Polygeneration” initiative will serve as an important tool to promote the application ofrenewable technologies extending to the future sustainable energy engineering field. This paper is intendedin investigating a suitable fuel supply for the microturbine based micro CHP system available at theDivision of Heat and Power Technology, KTH, Sweden; for a site called “Alema Farm PLC”, Bishoftu,Ethiopia. Though there is a large biomass energy resource and a huge potential to produce hydroelectric power inEthiopia, the modern energy sector is very small and the energy system is mainly characterized by biomassfuel supplies and household energy consumption. The nation’s limited biomass energy resource is believedto have been depleting at an increasingly faster rate. Of the many and surplus amount of renewable energy resources available in and around Alema FarmPLC, poultry litter and pig’s manure are selected to be the two main energy sources for the CHP systemavailable in the lab, after passing through different conversion techniques. However, after consideringsome basic properties like: Energy content and Bulk Density of the fuel, Moisture content , Ashcharacteristic, Tar content, Fuel logistics, Local storage, Fuel feeder system, and Magnitude of GHGReduction; poultry litter is found to be the most convenient to produce a syngas with a Downdraftatmospheric gasifier available in the HPT lab. Finally, For the problems caused by the nature of the poultry litter by itself and the methods used in theconversion process, the 40 TRIZ principles of TRIZ inventive principles is used and some major pointsare recommended.

Research and prototyping of a fuel cell stack system for micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) was conducted by Virginia Tech in collaboration with Luna Innovations, Inc, in an effort to replace the lithium battery technology currently powering these devices. Investigation of planar proton exchange membrane (PEM) and direct methanol (DM) fuel cells has shown that these sources of power are viable alternatives to batteries for electronics, computers, and automobiles. However, recent investigation about the use of microtubular fuel cells (MTFCs) suggests that, due to their geometry and active surface areas, they may be more effective as a power source where size is an issue. This research focuses on hydrogen MTFCs and how their size and construction within a stack affects the power output supplied to a MAV, a small unmanned aircraft used by the military for reconnaissance and other purposes. In order to conduct this research effectively, a prototype of a fuel cell stack was constructed given the best cell characteristics investigated, and the overall power generation system to be implemented within the MAV was modeled using a computer simulation program. The results from computer modeling indicate that the MTFC stack system and its balance of system components can eliminate the need for any batteries in the MAV while effectively supplying the power necessary for its operation. The results from the model indicate that a hydrogen storage tank, given that it uses sodium borohydride (NaBH4), can fit inside the fuselage volume of the baseline MAV considered. Results from the computer model also indicate that between 30 and 60 MTFCs are needed to power a MAV for a mission time of one hour to ninety minutes, depending on the operating conditions. In addition, the testing conducted on the MTFCs for the stack prototype has shown power densities of 1.0, an improvement of three orders of magnitude compared to the initial MTFCs fabricated for this project. Thanks to the results of MTFC testing paired with computer modeling and prototype fabrication, a MTFC stack system may be possible for implementation within an MAV in the foreseeable future.
Master of Science

Hydrogen is a potential solution to transport's environmental challenge However. current production and delivery methods may make hydrogen no more environmentally frrendly than many other transport fuels, Transporting hydrogen IS difficult and energy Intensive Given the right production and delivery system, a future Hydrogen economy could address enVIronmental Issues and other major areas of concern such as energy secunty and shortage This research focuses on the viable pathways to deliver hydrogen for fleet vehicles DraWing on a range of sources, including the recent Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) demonstration projects, the research models a set of pathway options companng:- • Economics - the cost of hydrogen for fleet vehicles compared to a base diesel reference case, • Environmental issues - CO2 equivalent emissions for each of the pathways Overall, the results of this research will show that:- • Hydrogen is potentially competitive with diesel in terms of cost of production, but not for cost of distribution. Overall distribution costs make hydrogen pathways more expensive than diesel. • Localised production of hydrogen is not competitive with centralised production at present. so it is likely that a hydrogen distribution system is going to be needed It is possible that future localised production systems may be competitive but would depend on reduced capital equipment costs. • The cheapest hydrogen pathways may not be the pathways with the least emissions • The storage of hydrogen appears to be a major part of distribution costs. • Gaseous hydrogen delivery by road tanker can only meet small niche markets. • Transporting hydrogen in liquid state is not viable for any supply chain lengths and demands in the UK (within the boundaries of this model ie: 200km and 5,000kg I day). • Gaseous hydrogen delivery by pipeline is needed if a reasonable uptake is sought. This would require significant investment.

Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.05.03 – Двигатели и энергетические установки. – Национальный технический университет "Харьковский политехнический институт". – Харьков, 2017. Диссертация посвящена решению вопросов улучшения характеристик и параметров систем топливоподачи металлизированных топлив на основе выявления физико-технических закономерностей предпламенного окисления и горения таких топлив, а также разработке алгоритма структурно-параметрической оптимизации систем топливоподачи энергетических установок для обеспечения их высокой эффективности. Перспективным направлением создания новых образцов техники является разработка энергетических установок, которые используют высокоэффективные энергоемкие металлизированные топливные композиции. При их создании очень важным является знание соответствующих аспектов взаимодействия реагирующих топливных композиций и методологии структурно-параметрической оптимизации систем топливоподачи. Поэтому актуальными направлениями исследований являются: изучение физико-технических закономерностей горения таких композиций, разработка алгоритма оптимизации систем топливоподачи высокоэнергетичных металлизированных топливных композиций и создание новых методов для их исследования. В диссертационной работе выявлены порог воспламенения в гетерофазных разветвленно-цепных процессах и смена характеристик горения бора в зависимости от его аллотропных модификаций, определена их энергия активации; установлена зависимость уровня сложности структур топливоподачи в соответствии с уровнем технизации; разработан алгоритм структурно-параметрической оптимизации систем топливоподачи энергетических установок, работающих на металлизированном топливе. Предложен метод экспериментального бесконтактного количественного измерения продуктов сложных химических реакций с высокой чувствительностью за счет применения резонансно-флуоресцентной спектроскопии. Для экспериментального исследования макрокинетических характеристик топливных компонентов энергетических установок использован термогравиметрический метод. Усовершенствован химический состав топлив за счет ввода в него аллотропных модификаций бора и других компонентов металлизированных топливных композиций. Разработана многомерная классификация указанных систем и экспериментально оценена их эффективность. Синтезированы системы подачи металлизированых топлив с разными уровнями регулирования. Экспериментальная проверка синтезированных систем показала: рост функциональных возможностей в 2–3 раза, увеличение количества элементов структур до 18, повышение полноты сгорания на 11 %, рост скорости сгорания и удельной объемной теплоты сгорания, соответственно на 33% и 2,7%, а также снижение энергии активации на 71% и температуры загорания на 22%.
Thesis for obtaining the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in Specialty 05.05.03 – Engines and Power Plants. – National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute". – Kharkiv, 2017. The thesis presents the issues of development of features and parameters of metal-backer fuel supply systems for power plants on the basis of detection of physical and technical patterns of metal-backer fuel burning and elaboration of the structural and parametric algorithm of power plant efficiency. The study of kinetic features of metal-backer fuels of different composition has been conducted and the main patterns of metal-backer fuel burning have been found. Physical and chemical process of metal-backer boron fuel burning has been explored. The method of structural and parametric optimization of metal-backer fuel supply systems has been elaborated. The metal-backer fuel supply systems with different levels of fuel supply regulation have been synthesized. Operating parameters have been experimentally determined and efficiency of the synthesized fuel supply systems has been assessed.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.05.03 – Двигуни та енергетичні установки. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут". – Харків, 2017. Дисертація присвячена питанням покращення характеристик та параметрів СППМП на основі виявлення фізико-технічних закономірностей горіння металізованих палив і розробки алгоритму структурно-параметричної оптимізації енергетичних установок для забезпечення їх високої ефективності. Проведено дослідження кінетичних характеристик металізованих палив різного складу та виявлені основні закономірності горіння металізованих палив. Досліджено фізико-хімічний процес горіння боромістких металізованих палив. Розроблено метод структурно-параметричної оптимізації систем паливоподачі металізованих палив. Синтезовані системи СППМП з різними рівнями регулювання процесів паливоподачі. Експериментально визначені експлуатаційні характеристики та оцінена ефективність роботи синтезованих систем паливоподачі.
Thesis for obtaining the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in Specialty 05.05.03 – Engines and Power Plants. – National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute". – Kharkiv, 2017. The thesis presents the issues of development of features and parameters of metal-backer fuel supply systems for power plants on the basis of detection of physical and technical patterns of metal-backer fuel burning and elaboration of the structural and parametric algorithm of power plant efficiency. The study of kinetic features of metal-backer fuels of different composition has been conducted and the main patterns of metal-backer fuel burning have been found. Physical and chemical process of metal-backer boron fuel burning has been explored. The method of structural and parametric optimization of metal-backer fuel supply systems has been elaborated. The metal-backer fuel supply systems with different levels of fuel supply regulation have been synthesized. Operating parameters have been experimentally determined and efficiency of the synthesized fuel supply systems has been assessed.

The Port of Gävle is one of the most important harbours in Sweden as far as size and freight capacity is concerned. Marine traffic is increasing greatly, thus environmental pollution as well as noise and vibrations are of major concern in port cities. Shore to ship power supply systems might be a feasible solution to curtail emissions because the Auxiliary Engines are instead shut down while the ship stays alongside the quay. The literature review shows they are reliable and very appealing in all respects, thereby contributing to sustainable development. Taking into account the kind of vessels that call at the Port of Gävle, a High Voltage Shore Connection is recommendable, in compliance with the International Standards. An own technical survey is developed to gather all the information, as well as personal interviews to collect first-hand data. Technical issues such as the synchronisation procedure and the ground system with regard to safety are briefly discussed. Due to the lack of data, calculations consist of average values: peak and average demand, and fuel consumption during a typical call. Considering updated energy prices for both electricity and fuel, results show that an on‑shore power supply system make energy costs decrease by 71% at berth in comparison with burning marine fuel, which is saved by around 4 tonnes per call. Additionally, up to 5126 tonnes of CO2 are avoided per year, among other pollutants. Shore‑side power has proven to be profitable and appealing to the Port of Gävle; however, vessels need to be retrofitted, which implies relatively high investments. Collaboration agreements and shipping companies’ willingness to undergo changes are key issues that still need to be solved.

Energy and environmental impacts are two factors that will influence urban region composition in the near future. One emerging issue is the effect on water usage resulting from changes in regional or urban transportation trends. With many regions experiencing stresses on water availability, transportation planners and users need to combine information on transportation-related water consumption for any region and assess potential impacts on local water resources from the expansion of alternative transportation modes. This thesis will focus on use-phase water consumption factors for multiple vehicle modes, energy and fuel pathways, roads, and vehicle infrastructure for a given transportation network. While there are studies examining life cycle impacts for energy generation and vehicle usage, few repeatable models exist for assessing overall water consumption across several transportation modes within urban regions. As such, the question is: is it possible to develop a traceable decision support model that combines and assesses water consumption from transportation modes and related mobility infrastructure for a given mobility network? Based on this, an object-oriented system model of transportation elements was developed using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) and Model-Based Systems Engineering principles to compare water consumption across vehicle modes for assessing the resiliency of existing infrastructure and water resources. To demonstrate the intent of this model, daily network usage water consumption will be analyzed for current and alternative network scenarios projected by policies regarding the expansion of alternative energy. The model is expected to show variations in water consumption due to fluctuations in energy pathways, market shares, and driving conditions, from which the model should help determine the feasibility of expanding alterative vehicles and fuels in these networks. While spatially explicit data is limited compared to the national averages that are used as model inputs, the analytical framework within this model closely follows that of existing assessments and the reusable nature of SysML model elements allows for the future expansion of additional transportation modes and infrastructure as well as other environmental analyses.

Remote area power supply (RAPS) is a potential early market for renewable energy - hydrogen systems because of the relatively high costs of conventional energy sources in remote regions. Solar-hydrogen RAPS systems commonly employ photovoltaic panels, a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyser, a storage for hydrogen gas, and a PEM fuel cell. Unitised Regenerative Fuel Cells (URFCs) use the same hardware for both electrolyser and fuel cell functions. Since both of these functions are not required simultaneously in a solar hydrogen RAPS system, URFCs based on PEM technology provide a promising opportunity for reducing the cost of the hydrogen subsystem used in renewable-energy hydrogen systems for RAPS. URFCs also have potential applications in the areas of aerospace, submarines, energy storage for central grids, and hydrogen cars. In this thesis, a general theoretical relationship between cell potential and current density of a single-cell PEM URFC operating in both fuel-cell (FC) and electrolyser (E) modes is developed using modified Butler-Volmer equations for both oxygen- and hydrogen-electrodes, and accounting for mass transport losses and saturation behaviour in both modes, membrane resistance to proton current, and membrane and electrode resistances to electron current. This theoretical relationship is used to construct a computer model based on Excel and Visual Basic to generate voltage-current (V-I) polarisation curves in both E and FC modes for URFCs with a range of membrane electrode assembly characteristics. The model is used to investigate the influence on polarisation curves of varying key parameters such charge transfer coefficients, exchange current densities, saturation currents, and membrane conductivity. A method for using the model to obtain best-fit values for electrode characteristics corresponding to an experime ntally-measured polarisation curve of a URFC is presented. The experimental component of the thesis has involved the design and construction of single PEM URFCs with an active area of 5 cm2 with a number of different catalyst types and loadings. V-I curves for all these cells have been measured and the performance of the cells compared. The computer model has then been used to obtain best-fit values for the electrode characteristics for the URFCs with single catalyst materials active in each mode on each electrode for the corresponding experimentally-measured V-I curves. Generally values have been found for exchange current densities, charge transfer coefficients, and saturation current densities that give a close fit between the empirical and theoretically-generated curves. The values found conform well to expectations based on the catalyst loadings, in partial confirmation of the validity of the modelling approach. The model thus promises to be a useful tool in identifying electrodes with materials and structures, together with optimal catalyst types and loadings that will improve URFC performance. Finally the role URFCs can play in developing cost-competitive solar- hydrogen RAPS systems is discussed, and some future directions for future URFC research and development are identified.

The thesis deals with Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and associated problems of backup power in case of unexpected outages of electricity. Start of work is dedicated to limitation of the electricity supplies, as well as their causes and consequences. Furthermore, brief history of UPS and subsequently distinguish between UPS’s architectures. There is also a description of the energy sources such as batteries, flywheels or fuel cells. Part of thesis describes security of electricity supply in health care facilities, including requirements for emergency power. The own design of UPS is described in the end.

The thesis deals with Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and associated problems of backup power in case of unexpected outages of electricity. Start of work is dedicated to limitation of the electricity supplies, as well as their causes and consequences. Furthermore, brief history of UPS and subsequently distinguish between UPS’s architectures. There is also a description of the energy sources such as batteries, flywheels or fuel cells. Part of thesis describes security of electricity supply in health care facilities, including requirements for emergency power. The own design of UPS is described in the end.

The transport sector is seen as particularly problematic when concerns about climate change and dependency on fossil energy are discussed. Because of this, bioenergy is strongly promoted for use in the transport sector, both on a European level and nationally in Sweden. Even though bioenergy is considered one of the key solutions, it is generally agreed that both supply- and demand-side measures will be needed to achieve a change to a more sustainable transport system. One of the reasons for this is the limited availability of biomass, especially agricultural feedstocks competing with food or feed production. Woody biomass, however more abundant, is also exposed to tough competition from other sectors. In this thesis, the role of biogas as a vehicle fuel in a future sustainable transport system is discussed together with the prerequisites needed to realise such a transport system. Biogas is a biofuel that could be produced in several different ways: by anaerobic digestion, which is a first-generation production route, by gasification, which is a second-generation process, and by catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide, a third-generation technology. The main focus in this thesis is on biogas produced by anaerobic digestion and the results show that there is a significant potential for an increase compared to today’s production. Biogas from anaerobic digestion, however, will only be able to cover a minor part of the demand in the Swedish transport sector. Considering biogas of the second and third generations, the potential for production is more uncertain in a mid-term future, mainly due to competition for feedstock, the possibility to produce other fuels by these processes, and the present immaturity of the technology. The limited potential for replacing fossil vehicle fuels, either by biogas or other renewable fuels, clearly shows the need for demand-side measures in the transport system as well. This thesis shows the importance of technical and non-technical means to decrease the demand for transport and to make the transport as efficient as possible. The results show that both energy-efficient vehicles and behavioural and infrastructural changes will be required. Policies and economic incentives set by governments and decision-making bodies have a prominent role to play, in order to bring about a shift to a more sustainable transport system, however, measures taken on individual level will also have a great impact to contribute to a more sustainable transport system.

QC 20121116

The disturbing current situation regarding the world climate has initiated a major wave of urgent developments towards decreasing the overall impact of human activities on the living environment. A major role player in this development is the automobile industry that is inherently connected to pollution of various types, be it air, water or noise pollution. There have been drastic changes not only in the technologies employed in producing vehicles and components, but also in the construction and technologies built into modern automobiles to lessen the overall environmental impact of the industry. Noxious emissions have been decreased, overall efficiencies increased and vehicles are becoming more economical with each new generation. Stricter laws dictate that the level of acceptable vehicle emissions is to be decreased ever further and all manufacturers are developing various possibilities to achieve this. With the emergence of hybrid vehicle technology, there was also a sudden development of different electrical systems that were made viable by the higher onboard voltage systems employed in hybrid vehicles. One of these developments was the electrical air conditioning compressor for use in automobile applications. Although it is designed to operate with a higher voltage than the traditional 12V onboard vehicle systems, it is theoretically possible to incorporate it into a 12V system by making use of a DC-DC converter to step up the supply voltage of the electrical compressor sufficiently to allow for its successful operation. The question therefore arises whether it would be feasible and sensible to employ an electrical air conditioning system in conventional combustion engine vehicles from an overall fuel consumption and vehicle emissions point of view. A modelling approach was taken where an overall vehicle driving simulation was created to represent an average modern production vehicle. The simulation was then extended to include the options of incorporating models for both mechanically and electrically driven air conditioning systems. This provides insight into the influences of the air conditioning system on the vehicle’s overall fuel consumption and an opportunity to compare the influences from the two different systems. This study attempted to provide answers to some of the viability questions regarding the incorporation of electrically driven air conditioning systems into vehicles that use standard 12V onboard voltage systems. It was found that the electrical system has definite potential as a viable replacement option for the conventional system should it be combined with an appropriate alternator and equipped with an efficient control system.

The design, construction and testing of a reverse-osmosis (PV-RO) desalination system for fresh water shortage area is presented. The system operates from salt water or brackish water and can be embedded in a renewable energy power supply system, since many fresh shortage areas are remote and isolated. Special attention is given to the energy efficiency of small-scale reverse osmosis desalination systems. Limitations of conventional control strategy using toggle control are presented. Based on this, an objective of creating a small-scale reverse osmosis desalination system was set out. Initially, the background information is presented. This includes the natural resources crisis and main desalination technologies and the viability of the integration with renewable energy source. A reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system was assembled and set up at the Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia Supervisor Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system was built using a Human Machine Interface software and a programmable logic controller (PLC). Instrumentation that included signal conditioners was made in analysis of the system characteristics. Initial testing of the system was conducted after the system design and configuration was accomplished. Testing results were used as a guideline for the development of the whole system.
Modelling and simulation of the system components in MATLABSimulink is presented, together with a discussion of the control systems modelling and design procedure, in which the aim was to improve the efficiency of the reverse osmosis system. Simulations show the designed reverse osmosis system with Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controller has better performance than other controllers. This consequently leads to a lower overall cost of the water, as well as reducing full maintenance cost of the electric drives in the reverse osmosis unit. Additionally, the configuration of the remote control system through General Package Radio System (GPRS) network is depicted. After the PID control algorithm was programmed into the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), system experiments were carried out in short durations and long durations. System performance was monitored and experimental results prove that the new control strategy applied increase the water productivity and is able to improve the system efficiency up to 35%. Based on the data obtained from the simulations and experiments, Mundoo Island was chosen to be the location for a case study. The electric load profile of the island was derived from the Island Development Committee in Mundoo.
A water demand profile was created and modelled in Matlab to be the input of the reverse osmosis system. The electric load of the reverse osmosis system was generated from Matlab simulation. This result was entered in Hybrid Optimisation Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) simulator. Having the designed RO unit as one of the electric loads, the entire remote area power supply (RAPS) system was tested in simulations which shows the energy cost is AUS$0.174 per kWh, lower than the Island Development Committee budget estimation of AUS$0.25 per kWh. The cost of the water treatment is very promising at AUS$0.77 per m3.

This project describes a methodology for developing a digitized GIS-based inventory of underground municipal utilities, and recommends an approach for developing a database, which will assist with considerably improved management of buried systems and effective use of limited available resources. The study also discusses the water and sewer infrastructure debt and the total infrastructure debt in Canada. Some other issues related to the Canadian water infrastructure, such as water pricing and consumption patterns, along with the deterioration mechanisms of the underground services, are also discussed. The study focuses on the main services of water supply and sewage systems in any Canadian municipality, which presently are in an advanced state of deterioration. The steps required to develop such an inventory are reviewed and suggestions are made for condition assessment of the system using non-destructive techniques, employing simple methods, as well as more sophisticated tests in critical sectors, where further investigation is required. These methods are also summarily revised.
The underground infrastructure of the McGill Downtown Campus is summarily described; it comprises the various underground features which exist in a small community, e.g. water-supply and sewage system, electrical lines, gas pipelines, telecommunication networks, etc., which are similar with Montreal's underground services, in terms of age, materials employed, workmanship and technologies available over the past 175 to 200 years. The framework for the underground infrastructure inventory is proposed for implementation in a small community such as the McGill Downtown Campus.
The long-term goal of the project is to extrapolate the McGill "model", and to enhance it such that the municipalities in Canada can implement it as a basis for development of GIS-based inventories and condition assessment, and prioritization for effective management of underground services, which include scheduling, financing and implementation of repair, rehabilitation and replacement of underground and other infrastructure.

The research project presents a framework for developing a detailed Geographic Information System (GIS) inventory and condition rating of the water supply system at McGill Downtown Campus (MDC), based on the previous work by Sipos (2006), and Sipos and Mirza (2008). The GIS, consisting of a comprehensive geo-referenced base-map with the water supply system and other infrastructure features at MDC, was developed employing a Bentley software platform. Several non-destructive evaluation (NDE) tests were performed for detection, location and condition assessment of the water supply system at MDC. Based on the data edited in the GIS, including historical engineering data and the data acquired from in-situ NDE testing, an algorithm was developed for condition rating of the water supply pipes, incorporating 31 parameters, which can possibly contribute to the deterioration of the water pipes, and influence their service lives adversely. The rating scores provided by the algorithm were incorporated in the base map by implementing a color-coded system. An application was also developed, aimed at displaying a calculation summary of the rating score for the water pipes directly on the base-map. The project also discusses the current state of the water supply infrastructure in Canada, the related problems and needs. The various NDE methodologies which can be successfully employed for detection and condition assessment of the water supply systems are presented, along with several recommendations for use. The details for developing a schema for inventory and condition assessment, and the quantification of the influence of each parameter considered in the rating algorithm, are also provided. Condition rating of the water supply pipes at MDC is performed by implementing the proposed framework and the analysis results are discussed. The conclusions and the recommendations and the future research needs are proposed. The original contributions to the field of knowledge are also summarized. The framework is aimed at developing a powerful tool for management, operation and prioritization for repair / rehabilitation / replacement of the water supply systems in any municipality in Canada, and other infrastructure systems, provided the framework is adapted for the specific characteristics of the different infrastructure systems and the environmental, operation and other varying local conditions.
Le projet de recherche propose un cadre pour développer un système d'information géographique (SIG) détaillé pour l'inventaire et l'estimation de la condition de l'aqueduc du Campus de l'Université McGill (MDC), basée sur les travaux précédents réalises par Sipos (2006) et Sipos et Mirza (2008). Les SIG, se composant d'une carte de base géo-référencée détaillée contenant le réseau d'aqueduc et autre infrastructure du MDC, a été développé utilisant une plateforme de logiciel de Bentley. Plusieurs essais d'évaluation non-destructifs (END) ont été réalisés pour la détection et l'évaluation de la condition des conduits d'aqueduc du MDC. Basé sur les données éditées dans les SIG, y compris les données historiques et les données acquises in-situ par les essais END, un algorithme a été développé pour l'estimation de la condition des conduits d'aqueduc du MDC, incorporant 31 paramètres, qui pourraient influencer sur la détérioration et, en conséquence, sur la vie utile des conduites d'eau. Les valeurs fournies par l'algorithme ont été incorporées dans la carte de base en utilisant un système de code de couleurs. Un logiciel a été également développé, destiné à présenter un résumé du calcul des valeurs fournies par l'algorithme pour les conduits d'eau, directement sur la carte de base. Le projet présente également l'état actuel de l'infrastructure d'aqueduc au Canada, les problèmes et les besoins afférents, et les diverses méthodologies END qui peuvent être utilisées pour la détection et l'évaluation de la condition des ces systèmes. Les détails pour développer un schéma pour l'inventaire et l'évaluation de la condition, avec le développement de l'algorithme et la quantification de chaque paramètre considéré dans l'algorithme, sont également fournis. L'estimation de la condition des conduits d'aqueduc au MDC est accomplie en appliquant le cadre proposé; une discussion de l'analyse est également fournie. Les conclusions et les recommandations et les futurs besoins de recherches sont proposés. Les contributions originales au champ de la connaissance sont également résumées. Le cadre vise au développement d'un outil puissant pour la gestion, l'opération et la priorisation des systèmes d'aqueduc au Canada pour la réparation / réhabilitation / remplacement, et tous autres systèmes d'infrastructure, compte tenu des modifications nécessaires pour adapter le cadre aux caractéristiques spécifiques des différents systèmes d'infrastructure et aux conditions locales variables, comme l'environnement ambiant, la modalité d'opération etc.

The work described in this thesis develops a strategy for planning domestic energy supply systems for small, rural communities. Two methods, for system optimisation are proposed: economic optimisation and thermodynamic optimisation. Both methods are applied to the small Scottish island of Eigg, as an example of a small community. It is shown that, for the range of energy equipment studied, the two methods are generally complementary. Economic theory and choice of parameters are discussed, as is the theoretical background to thermodynamic modelling. The net present value method is used to determine unit energy costs, which are used in the economic model as the parameter by which different energy sources are chosen. For thermodynamic assessment three parameters are used: exergy, second law efficiency and energy quality. Energy quality against quantity diagrams (on which areas represent exergy) are shown to be a useful way of visualising thermodynamic system performance. This work also develops methods which can be used to determine model inputs. These include: an energy census of the island of Eigg to determine the current energy system, development of a hydrological prediction model for determining hydro power potential, use of computer models to determine house space heating demands, and development of methods for predicting meteorological parameters from long term data. The application of the economic planning model to Eigg allows a much improved energy supply system for the island to be proposed. This makes energy more available, improves comfort (with regard to energy usage), and gives 30% higher energy usage for a lower unit cost than the islanders currently pay. The thermodynamic optimisation process improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the energy system on Eigg by more than 100% and shows which areas of energy technology should be investigated to harmonise economic and thermodynamic optimisation.

Recent scientific findings have generated considerable concern about the adverse effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the world's climate in general and global warming in particular. In Canada and many other countries, this concern has led to the adoption of legal and political steps with the aim of curbing GHG emissions. The first part of this thesis describes the steps taken by Canada in this regard.
Such steps provide a strong incentive to Canadian power systems to incorporate reduction of GHG emissions in their planning process. Thus, in the second part of the thesis, a long-term supply mix planning model is developed. Since significant decrease in GHG emissions is unlikely to occur without removal of highly polluting power plants, this model allows for decommissioning these power plants.
Finally, the supply mix planning model is applied to evaluate the strategy of joint planning (as opposed to separate planning) of the power systems of Quebec and Ontario. Results obtained from the model leads to the conclusion that joint planning is preferable from the point of view of overall social and financial cost.

This dissertation starts by examining the evolution of the Canadian payments system from a historical perspective by reviewing the institutional evolution, as well as the development and adoption of some of the newest payment instruments. Two major trends in recent Canadian payment history are revealed, i.e., cash payments are being replaced by non-cash payments and paper-based payment instruments are being replaced by electronic payment instruments.
Next, we adopt a model proposed by Snellman et al. (2000) to conduct a Canadian study of the retail cash payment flows. The estimated results imply that the share of cash, as well as cheques, in overall retail payments in Canada has declined quite considerably. We then investigate the cash substitution process, as well as the electronification of payments in Canada using S-shaped growth curve models. Our results indicate that although the card payments will continue to further substitute for cash, cash will still remain the preferred medium of retail payments in Canada. However, approximately 80% of all payments are forecasted to be electronic in just 20 years.
This dissertation then extends the existing literature on the long-run money demand relationship in Canada by employing information on the payment technology development as an instrument variable to account for financial innovations that might have caused structural shifts in the money demand equation. The econometric methodology employed is cointegration and error-correction modelling. It is found that our measure of financial innovations removes most of the structural breaks in the money demand equation over the sample period. A unique and significant long-run money demand relationship is detected. The short-run dynamic specifications of the VECM system imply the weak exogeneity of output and interest rates.

In the last decades, there has been a huge proliferation of portable devices. Among them, consumer electronics such as mobile phones, music players, e-books, etc. are greatly extended. In order to provide these devices with the required autonomy, a power supply system has to be integrated within the device packaging. This impels the search of integrated power sources that could satisfy the requirements of high power density, long operation lifetime and low cost. Up to now, batteries have been commonly used as power supply for these devices. However, as functionalities increase, the need high off-grid power supply and storage exponentially increases. Just entering on the 4th generation (4G) era on consumer electronics devices, some studies suggest that the already optimized batteries are probably reaching their energy density limit and no longer can be considered for reliably powering high-performance devices. Therefore, in the last years, many research groups around the world have focused their attention on the development of efficient alternatives to batteries, as power supply for the new high-performance portable devices working on the low power regime (1−20W). Due to their long lifetime, high power density and integrability, probably the most promising alternative is the development of micro fuel cells. Among them, micro solid oxide fuel cells (micro SOFC) present the highest values of specific energy densities (by unit mass and/or volume), mainly due to their higher operating temperature and subsequent capability of operate directly on hydrocarbon fuels. The most extended design for micro SOFC devices is based on the fabrication of accessible freeKstanding membranes of the functional layers, i.e. a thin electrolyte covered by an anode and a cathode one at each side (electrodes), supported on silicon-based microfabricated platforms. The use of silicon as supporting material has been found to be very convenient as it is the principal material used in microfabrication technology and therefore there exist a wide and well-known series of techniques already developed for its micromachining. This allows the fabrication of functional membranes, while ensuring robustness on the system. This thesis encompasses the design, fabrication and characterization of thin film-based micro solid oxide fuel cells integrated in silicon. The development of micro SOFC was carried out in three different ways; (i.) presenting new designing strategies for the optimization of the free-standing membranes, (ii.) fabricating thermo-mechanically stable thin film electrolytes and (iii.) suggesting and implementing new more reliable thin film electrode materials. On one side, two different membrane designs are micro fabricated using silicon micro machining technology. First, the fabrication of a basic square design was firstly addressed, where the main concerns were placed on the adaptation of the fabrication flow to the Clean Room capabilities at IMB-CNM (CSIC). Then, an innovative large-area membrane was designed and fabricated. This second design was based on the use of doped silicon slab grids as robust support for the larger freeKstanding areas, allowing the fabrication of x30 larger membranes than previous basic designs. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), the state-of-the-art electrolyte material in bulk SOFC, was used for the fabrication of thin film free-standing electrolytic membranes. Dense, fully crystalline and homogeneous films were obtained, as required for the fabrication of effective electrolytes, thus avoiding shortcuts between electrodes and/or gas leakages. An exhaustive study on the thermoKmechanical stability of the electrolytic membranes was performed, paying special attention to the evolution of the stress with fabrication conditions. Finally, target values of resistance associated to the electrolyte (Area Specific Resistance, ASR= 0.15 Ωcm(2)) were obtained at temperatures as low as 400℃ for 250 nm-thick YSZ membranes, thus presenting them as suitable electrolyte for micro SOFC operating in the intermediate range of temperatures (IT range, 400 − 800℃). Several materials were tested as thin film electrodes for their use in micro SOFC. First, although widely used by other authors in previous reports of micro SOFC systems, thin film metallic electrodes (porous Pt) were found to be thermally instable under micro SOFC operating temperatures. This impelled the search for alternative materials as either cathode or anode. For the cathode side, porous La(0.6)Sr(0.4)CoO(3-δ) (LSC) thin films were fabricated and implemented in real micro SOFC configurations, i.e. free-standing membranes. Sufficient conductivity for their use as cathode films was measured, and no degradation was observed in the whole operating range. The thermo-mechanical stability of LSC/YSZ/LSC membranes was ensured up to 700℃. Target values of ASR required for SOFC cathode/electrolyte bi-layers (0.30Ω cm(2)) were achieved in the IT range (700℃). For the anode side, porous Pt-Ce(0.8)Gd(0.2)O(1.9-δ) (Pt-CGO) thin film cermets were fabricated. Porous CGO films below 1m thick had to be fabricated due to delamination problems. Percolation of Pt into the porous ceramic network was ensured by thermal treatment and observed by SEM. Anode electrochemical performance was tested on Pt-CGO/YSZ/CGO-Pt symmetrical membranes. Target values for the anode/electrolyte biKlayer were reached again at temperatures of ca. 700℃. In addition, the fabrication of thermally stable metal-based current collectors was also addressed. A non-conventional lithographic step, i.e. nanosphere lithography was used in order to define a patterned grid on both sides of the functional membranes. Dense Pt grids were fabricated thermo-mechanically stable, and their durability was ensured during real micro SOFC operating conditions. Finally, a fully ceramic-based micro SOFC was presented here for the first time. The three functional components of the fuel cell, i.e. cathode, electrolyte and anode, were fabricated by using the previously developed thin films. Thus, LSC/YSZ/CGO-Pt free-standing membranes were fabricated, and finally Pt current collectors were implemented on both sides. Thermo-mechanical stability of the micro SOFC membrane was proved till 750℃, extending the up-to-now reported operating temperatures of micro SOFC and therefore allowing the use of ceramic electrodes. A maximum power density of 100 mW/cm(2) was measured at 750℃ under pure H2 as fuel and synthetic air as oxidant. These results represented the first report on a second generation of more reliable micro SOFC systems, based on ceramics instead of thermally instable metal-based electrodes.
En las últimas décadas, ha habido una gran proliferación de aparatos portátiles. Entre ellos, cabe destacar los aparatos destinados a electrónica de consumo, como por ejemplo teléfonos móviles, reproductores de música, libros electrónicos, etc., los cuales están actualmente muy extendidos. De cara a proporcionar a estos aparatos con suficiente autonomía, se ha de integrar una fuente de alimentación en el mismo dispositivo. Esto urge a buscar posibles fuentes de alimentación con capacidad de integración, y que a su vez satisfagan los requerimientos básicos de alta densidad de potencia, gran tiempo de vida y bajo coste. Hasta ahora, la principal fuente de alimentación utilizada en este tipo de dispositivos ha sido las baterías. Sin embargo, conforme aumentan las funcionalidades, la necesidad de mayor capacidad de suministro (o almacenamiento) energético aumenta. Es más, justo ahora entrando en la cuarta generación (4G) de la electrónica de consumo, diversos estudios sugieren que las baterías, ya optimizadas, probablemente están alcanzando su límite en densidad energética, con lo que no podrían ya considerarse más para alimentar de manera viable los dispositivos más avanzados. En este sentido, en los últimos años muchos grupos de investigación han puesto su atención en el desarrollo de alternativas viables que puedan mejorar las prestaciones de las baterías como fuente de alimentación de dispositivos de altas prestaciones que trabajen en el régimen de baja potencia (1 − 20W). Debido a su alto tiempo de vida, alta densidad energética y capacidad de integración, probablemente la alternativa más prometedora es el desarrollo de micro pilas de combustible. En particular, entre los diferentes tipos, las micro pilas de combustible de óxido sólido (micro SOFC, de sus siglas en inglés), presentan los mayores valores de densidad energética específica (por unidad de masa y/o volumen), mayormente debido a su alta temperatura de operación y la consecuente capacidad de operar directamente con combustibles hidrocarburos. El diseño de micro SOFC más extendido está basado en la fabricación de membranas auto soportadas, las cuales integran ya todas las partes funcionales de la pila, es decir, un electrolito fino cubierto por un ánodo y un cátodo (uno a cada lado). Estas membranas, de grosor muy fino (menos de 1m), normalmente se encuentran soportadas en plataformas de silicio micro mecanizadas, de manera que se facilita un fácil acceso al combustible directamente a ambos lados de la membrana, a la vez que se proporciona robustez al sistema. El uso de silicio como material de soporte es muy conveniente, ya que es el material más utilizado en micro fabricación, por lo que existe una amplia y altamente desarrollada serie de técnicas para su micro mecanizado. Esta tesis engloba el diseño, la fabricación y la caracterización de micro pilas de combustible de óxido sólido basadas en capas delgadas, e integradas en tecnología de silicio. El desarrollo de las micro SOFC se ha llevado a cabo de tres formas diferentes: (i.) presentando nuevos diseños para la optimización de las membranas auto soportadas, (ii.) fabricando electrolitos en capa delgada estables termo-mecánicamente y (iii.) sugiriendo e implementando en el dispositivo final nuevos materiales de electrodo en capa delgada más efectivos y viables que los actuales. En primer lugar, se fabricaron dos diseños de membrana diferentes, usando tecnología de micro fabricación de silicio. En el primero de los diseños, se fabricaron membranas cuadradas básicas. En este caso, el trabajo más importante fue el de la adaptación del proceso de fabricación al flujo de fabricación de la Sala Blanca del IMB-CNM (CSIC). Más adelante, se desarrolló un nuevo diseño de membrana de gran superficie, basado en el uso de mallas de nervios de silicio dopado como soporte robusto. Así, se consiguieron fabricar membranas auto soportadas con un área total de hasta 30 veces mayor que las conseguidas en el diseño básico anterior. Para el electrolito, se usó zirconia estabilizada con ytria (YSZ, de sus siglas en inglés), el material estado del arte en SOFC de gran volumen. Se fabricaron membranas auto soportadas de YSZ con gran reproducibilidad, obteniendo capas delgadas densas, cristalinas y de grosor homogéneo. Estas características son básicas para un buen funcionamiento del electrolito, ya que así se evitan posibles cortocircuitos entre los dos electrodos y/o fugas de gas. Además, se realizó un estudio exhaustivo de la estabilidad termo-mecánica de las membranas de YSZ, ya que las temperaturas de operación de la pila son de varios centenares de ℃. En particular, se prestó atención especial a la evolución de los estreses en función de las condiciones de fabricación de la capa de YSZ, para as. evitar posibles fallos en los continuos ciclados térmicos. Finalmente, se realizó un estudio de las propiedades electroquímicas de las membranas de YSZ fabricadas. Normalmente, se establece un valor de resistencia específica por área de 0.15 Ω cm2 para cada una de las capas funcionales de las pilas. En este caso, este valor objetivo se obtuvo a temperaturas de 400℃ en membranas de YSZ de 250 nm de grosor. De esta forma, se comprobó que estas capas pueden funcionar perfectamente como electrolito en todo el rango de operación de las micro SOFC, que normalmente se establece en 400 − 800℃. A continuación, se probaron diversos materiales como electrodos en capa delgada, para su implementación en micro SOFC. En primer lugar, aunque éstos han sido usados frecuentemente por otros autores en estudios previos de micro SOFC, se comprobó que los electrodos metálicos en capa delgada (capas de Pt poroso) son inestables a las temperaturas de operación de las micro SOFC. Por lo tanto, esto hizo que se probaran materiales alternativos, bien para el ánodo o para el cátodo. En particular, para el cátodo se fabricaron capas delgadas porosas de La(0.6)Sr(0.4)CoO(3-δ) (LSC) y se integraron en membranas auto soportadas de YSZ (electrolito). La conductividad eléctrica que se midió en estas capas es adecuada, y no se observó degradación en todo el rango de temperaturas de operación. Así mismo, se comprobó la estabilidad termo mecánica del sistema fabricando membranas simétricas de LSC/YSZ/LSC y realizándoles ciclados térmicos hasta los 700℃. Por último, se midieron las propiedades electroquímicas de las bi-capas cátodo/electrolito, obteniendo los valores objetivo de resistencia específica por área (0.30 Ωcm2) a temperaturas de 700℃. Para el ánodo, se fabricaron capas delgadas porosas de un cermet de Pt y Ce0(.8)Gd(0.2)O(1.9-δ) (PtKCGO). Las capas de CGO se tuvieron que fabricar de grosores por debajo de 1 m, debido a problemas de delaminación del sustrato. Se aseguró una buena inter-conexión entre el Pt y el CGO mediante tratamientos térmicos. Las propiedades electroquímicas se midieron nuevamente fabricando membranas simétricas, esta vez Pt-CGO/YSZ/CGO-Pt. Así mismo, el objetivo de 0.30 Ωcm2 se obtuvo de nuevo a temperaturas alrededor de 700℃. Además, en esta tesis se llevó a cabo la fabricación de colectores de corriente térmicamente estables y a su vez compatibles con la configuración básica de una micro SOFC (membranas auto soportadas). Para ello, se usó un proceso de litografía no convencional, llamado "nanosphere lithography". De esta forma se fabricaron mallas de Pt denso perfectamente ordenadas en ambos lados de las membranas. La estabilidad térmica y la durabilidad en el tiempo de estas mallas fue igualmente probada mediante medidas en condiciones de trabajo reales de micro SOFC. Por último, en este trabajo se presentó una micro SOFC completamente basada en cerámicas por primera vez. Las tres capas funcionales de la pila, es decir, tanto el cátodo, como el electrolito y el ánodo, se fabricaron basándose en los estudios previos de cada material. Así, se fabricaron membranas auto soportadas siguiendo la configuración LSC/YSZ/CGO-Pt. Además, se implementaron mallas de Pt en ambos lados para asegurar una buena colección de corriente. La estabilidad termo mecánica de la membrana se midió hasta 750℃, extendiendo así el rango de temperaturas de operación reportado anteriormente en dispositivos finales de micro SOFC y en consecuencia permitiendo el uso de electrodos cerámicos. Se midieron valores de densidad de potencia de 100 mW/cm2 a 750℃, usando H2 como combustible y aire sintético como oxidante. Estos resultados representan los primeros valores de potencia presentados en micro SOFC basadas en cerámicas, abriendo as. la posibilidad de desarrollar una segunda generación de micro SOFC más viables térmicamente.

An evaluation is made of the potential fuel and financial savings possible when a small, autonomous diesel system sized to meet the demands of an individual, domestic consumer is adapted to include: (1) combined heat and power (CUP) generation. (2) wind turbine generation. (3) direct load control. The potential of these three areas is investigated by means of time-step simulation modelling on a microcomputer. Models are used to evaluate performance and a Net Present Value analysis used to assess costs. A cost/benefit analysis then enables those areas, or combination of areas, that facilitate the greatest savings to be identified. The modelling work is supported by experience gained from the following: (1) field study of the Lundy Island wind/diesel system. (2) laboratory testing of a small diesel generator set. (3) study of a diesel based CUP unit. (4) study of a diesel based direct load control system. (5) statistical analysis of data obtained from the long-term monitoring of a large number of individual household's electricity consumption. Rather than consider the consumer's electrical demand in isolation, a more flexible approach is adopted, with consumer demand being regarded as the sum of primarily two components: a small, electricity demand for essential services and a large, reschedulable demand for heating/cooling. The results of the study indicate that: (1) operating a diesel set in a CUP mode is the best strategy for both financial and fuel savings. A simple retrofit enables overall conversion efficiencies to be increased from 25% to 60%, or greater, at little cost. (2) wind turbine generation in association with direct load control is a most effective combination. (3) A combination of both the above areas enables greatest overall financial savings, in favourable winds resulting in unit energy costs around 20% of those of diesel only operation.

The concept of inventory control has been around since the early 20th century and it’s constantly evolving. The importance of inventory management and supply chain management is clear, and companies are constantly trying to evolve their systems and ways of handling inventory control. By having a proper inventory control system with adequate inventory record audits, a company could potentially have several benefits such as reduced tied-up capital, reduced holding costs, reduced/redistributed work hours, better automation and more. Most organisations and companies have some form of inventory control, however not all have full control of their inventory. This includes automatic inventory balance updates, package traceability, automatic replenishment systems and more. To implement these ideas, a company would need to foremost find what factors are currently hindering them from obtaining this and consequently being able to adjust their factors. Since there are several ways to obtain an automatic inventory record update that is adequate, multiple proposals are discussed in this thesis project. This thesis project assessed what the necessary steps that a company needs to perform are through a case study at Scania CV Engine and a benchmarking at Scania Production Angers. Through a collection of scientific literature and empirical data, an attempt to identify the factors that determine whether a company can implement full inventory control or not was made. As a supplement to this, this thesis project also looked over what type of consequences an implementation of full inventory control could have in a company, both when it comes to purely systemic consequences as well as economic consequences.
Begreppet saldokontroll har cirkulerat sedan början av 1900-talet och teorierna utvecklas ständigt. Betydelsen av lagerstyrning och Supply Chain Management är idag tydlig och företag försöker ständigt utveckla sina system och sätt att hantera saldokontroll på. Genom att ha ordentlig saldokontroll med adekvata lagerregistreringsrevisioner kan ett företag potentiellt få flertalet fördelar som till exempel reducerat bundet kapital, minskade innehavskostnader, reducerade eller omfördelade arbetstimmar, bättre automatisering och mera. De flesta organisationer och företag har någon form av lagerkontroll, men inte alla har 100% kontroll över sina inventeringar. Detta inkluderar automatiska lagerrevisioner, spårbarhet av paket, automatiska påfyllningssystem och mer. För att genomföra dessa idéer måste ett företag framför allt finna vilka faktorer som för närvarande förhindrar dem från att uppnå 100% saldokontroll och följaktligen kunna justera dessa faktorer. Eftersom det finns flera sätt att uppnå automatiska revisioner av inventeringen som är proper så diskuteras flera förslag i denna avhandling. Denna avhandling försöker bedöma vilka nödvändiga steg som ett företag behöver genomföra är genom en utförd fallstudie på Scania CV Engine tillsammans med en benchmarking på Scania Production Angers. Genom en samling av vetenskapliga studier och empiriska data från fallstudien gjordes ett försök att identifiera de faktorer som avgöra om ett företag kan implementera 100% saldokontroll eller inte. Som ett komplement till detta ser denna rapport även över vilken typ av konsekvenser en sådan implementering kan innebära, båda när det gäller rent systematiska förändringar samt ekonomiska förändringar.

The objective of the first part of master’s thesis is mapping the potential of various types of renewable sources in Europe and Czech Republic, especially solar energy, wind energy, water energy and biomass. There are described principals and ways of energy generation from these sources, brief overview of current technologies, and also their advantages and limitations. An important part is electric supply continuity from renewable sources, there are large differences and the resulting to restrictions on construction and connecting the units to the power system. In this work there are mentioned some impacts on network and rates of change of supply, some sources are also evaluated in terms of maximum power, that can be connected to the power system in our country. The conclusion of the first part is dedicated to energy storage technologies, which are suitable and usable for renewable sources, there are described their principals, properties, status of development and types of aplications, in which these technologies are used. This chapter also focusses on the price level of each technology. The second part of the thesis deals with 1 MWp on-grid photovoltaic power plant design. This design includes also the redox flow batteries accumulation, the first variant calculates on 24-hour steady energy supply, the second optimalized variant calculates on daily energy supply. There are the accumulation system costs estimated and also the payback period for the both variants. Additionally there is also determined minimum penalization for cost-effective operation. The last part is dedicated to changes of impact on the local grid and changes of system impacts, after the accumulation system is installed.

L’énergie nucléaire, qui est une technologie de génération largement utilisée dans des systèmes électriques, est caractérisée par des coûts fixes élevés et des coûts variables bas. Pour amortir ses coûts fixes, le nucléaire est préférentiellement utilisé pour une opération en base inflexible, c’est-à-dire opérer à un niveau constant pour répondre à la partie non variable de la demande d’un système électrique et produire au maximum de sa propre capacité. En raison de cette spécificité, l’insertion de la production nucléaire dans les marchés concurrentiels d’électricité n’a pas été profondément étudiée jusqu’à présent. Par conséquent, même dans des marchés concurrentiels, la question de la gestion optimale d’un parc de production nucléaire n’a pas été soulevée parce que la production nucléaire est censée fonctionner en continu (pour couvrir la demande de base). Cependant, il y a des cas ou` la gestion de la production nucléaire semble plus complexe que ne le suggère cette vision simplifiée. En règle générale, lorsque la proportion de l’énergie nucléaire dans un parc de production est élevée, la production nucléaire doit s’adapter aux variations de la demande. Cela soulève la question de la façon optimale de gérer cette technologie de production dans ce contexte. Comme cette question n’a pas été étudiée jusqu’à présent, il est nécessaire de proposer un cadre théorique qui permet une analyse des situations comme celle de la France, avec un marché concurrentiel et où le nucléaire représente 80% de la production, c’est-à-dire beaucoup plus que ce qui serait nécessaire pour couvrir la demande de base. Nous nous plaçons dans un horizon à moyen terme de la gestion (1 à 3 ans) pour tenir compte de la variation saisonnière de la demande. A moyen terme, le gestionnaire d’un parc nucléaire très large (comme le parc français) doit ajuster sa production selon les variations saisonnières de la demande. Dans ce cadre, le stock de combustible nucléaire peut être analysé comme un réservoir puisque les centrales nucléaires s’arrêtent périodiquement (tous les 12 ou 18 mois) pour recharger leur combustible. La gestion de ce réservoir permet de profils différents d’usages de combustible nucléaire au cours des différentes saisons de l’année. Ainsi, nous nous pencherons sur cette question comme une analyse économique rationnelle de l’opération d’un “réservoir” de combustible nucléaire. Nous allons ensuite l’analyser dans un cadre général déterministe dynamique avec deux types de production : nucléaire et thermique non-nucléaire. Nous étudions la gestion optimale de la production dans un marché parfaitement concurrentiel. Ensuite, nous établissons un modèle numérique (basé sur les données du marché français) où les centrales nucléaires ne sont pas opérées à production constante, mais dans un cadre de placement flexible (comme le parc nucléaire français). […]
Nuclear power as a generation technology that is widely used in electricity production systems is characterized by high fixed costs and low variable costs. To amortize its fixed costs, nuclear is preferentially used for inflexible baseload operation, i.e. operate at a constant level to meet the non variable part of electricity demand of a system and produce at its maximum capacity. Because of this specificity, the insertion of nuclear production in competitive electricity markets has not been deeply studied so far. Therefore, even in competitive markets, the question of the optimal management of a nuclear generation set has not been raised because nuclear production is supposed to operate continuously (to cover baseline demand). However, there are cases where the management of nuclear generation seems more complex than suggested by this simplified view. Typically, when the proportion of nuclear energy in a production set is high, the nuclear generation output has to adjust to the variations in demand. This raises the question of the optimal way to manage this production technology in that kind of setting. As this question has not been studied so far, there is a need for a theoretical framework that enables an analysis of situations like the French one, with a competitive market and where nuclear represents 80% of generation, i.e. much more that what would be necessary to cover the baseload demand. We place ourselves in a medium-term horizon of the management (1 to 3 years) to take into account the seasonal variation of the demand level. In the medium-term, the manager of a large nuclear set (like the French set) has to set its seasonal variation of output according to the demand level. Since nuclear units have to stop periodically (from 12 to 18 months) to reload their fuel, we can analyze the nuclear fuel as a stock behaving like a reservoir. The operation of the reservoir allows different profiles of nuclear fuel use during the different demand seasons of the year. Thus, we will look at this question as a rational economic analysis of the operation of a nuclear fuel “reservoir”. We then analyze it within a general deterministic dynamic framework with two types of generation: nuclear and thermal non-nuclear. We study the optimal management of the production in a perfectly competitive market. Then, we establish a numerical model (based on data from the French market) with nuclear plants being not operated strictly as base load power plants but within a flexible dispatch frame (like the French nuclear set). [...]

碩士
國防大學管理學院
資訊管理學系
100
The oil was a key to victory in modern Warfare, just as it had been the lifeblood of all nations called great during the past one century. The R.O.C system of fuel supply had followed the U.S. Military supply system which built a three-tier supply architecture to support the flied from World War II. However, the U.S logistics had advanced in reducing the average waiting time for supply operation by IT-based assistance, and the materials could delivery to front immediately. On the other hand, U.S. Military reengineered business processes to streamlining the organization and improving operational processes by designing precise architecture(e.g. TAFIM, C4ISR, DoDAF). In comparison with the logistics system in U.S Military, R.O.C Military also advocated integrating operational processes and system functions like U.S. Military. Nevertheless, R.O.C Military developed integrated information architecture hardly, it still couldn’t improve the traditional supply system effectively. It resulted in logistic failure that couldn’t fit the purpose in supply operations efficiently. Among all the services, the fuel supply of Navy and Air-force thought about the unique and particular was supported directly by Contractor. As far as the fuel supply of Army was concerned, it which thought about the universality was supported by JLC fuel supply unit. It was denounce that non-efficient information systems, complicated operation processes, multi-level organizations. The study referred to military fuel operations manual, probed into the business process of fuel supply and integrated information system. Analyzing the business processes and studying the DoDAF, we modeled the OV, SV models by ARIS tool. In the modeling process, we discussed what model should be adapted and how to reengineer the processes (To-Be) with operational experts. Finally, we simulated a case for improving the effectiveness of fuel supply. After tracing the course which was constructed by models integration, we realized the process-reengineer is possible to implement (e.g., the process of application review, Visa operation and system integration). According to the analysis, we created an OV-6 model of customer operational process for verifying feasibility in OV. By structuring the As-Is and To-Be process improvement, the operational activities could be reduced near 50 percent of process. Moreover, we remodeled the SV-1 and SV-10c models for verifying the feasibility of system processes. By structuring the system interface and process, the SV-1 and SV-10c was not only feasible but also reducing the system activities near 33 percent.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
電子工程研究所
101
This paper presents the design of a family disaster prevention type fuel cell power supply system, this system architecture is to use the fuel cell provides power, high step-up circuit structure utilizes the boost-flyback converter based derived to boost-forward-flyback converter, through the full-bridge converter switching DC to AC used to supply the family. This system with hydrogen as the fuel supply electricity, and the supply of electricity will not cause environmental pollution, it’s very environmentally friendly. When emergency or disasters can provide basic and essential power of the family. Finally, the implementation of the circuit specifications of the input voltage is 80 V , the output voltage of 380 V and a rated power of 1000 W high booster circuit, and digital controller dsPIC30F4011 as the full-bridge converter of the power switch control, final experimental results of the output AC 60Hz , 110V to verify the effectiveness and practicality.

碩士
國立交通大學
電機學院電機與控制學程
106
The massive usage of robots is a trend, from mechanical arms for repeating tasks to various intelligent robots making judgment of next movement. To make a robot to work, energy supply is a crucial key to the robotic system. Not every robot can work in an environment with sufficient energy supply, therefore they must be provided with an independent electrical power supply, e.g. robots used in farming or exploration, or those working in transportation. There are many kinds of sources that can be used as energy supply for a mobile robot. For green energy, fuel cell is one of the most suitable power generation devices for robots. It almost has no pollution to the natural environment. Fuel cell is a device turning chemical energy to electricity, very efficient for resupply energy. Traditional rechargeable batteries are limited with location and time consuming compared to fuel cells. This thesis develop a robot of fuel cell power supply system, with consideration of charging factors to compatible design, which makes the integration of each characteristics of green energy and storage system. A power supply system is proposed to combine the high endurance of fuel cell and high current output of LI-polymer battery. Practical experiments verified the effectiveness of the proposed design using a walking-aid robot in the lab. It is hoped to develop a fuel cell power supply system for robot to help not only the robot applications, but also for emironmetal protection in the future.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
電子工程研究所
100
This dissertation presents a high step-up conversion circuitry for fuel cell power-generation system, which utilizes three-winding coupled inductors and rectified-voltage doubler circuit to get high step-up gain. Power switch is controlled by Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). In addition, the circuitry functions as an active-clamped circuit, which alleviates the voltage stress across the power switch and conduction loss on the power switch. When the power switch is turned off, energy stored in the leakage inductance is recycled to output terminal, which efficiently limits voltage spike across the power switch and increases the conversion efficiency. Finally, the prototype circuit controlled by an analog IC: UC3845 with 60~100-V input voltage, 380-V output, and 1000-W output power was implemented as a fuel cell power-generation system to verify its performance.

碩士
元智大學
機械工程學系
92
The research of this thesis is aimed to conduct assessment of the feasibility research on fuel cells used in power supply system of military communication Equipment. The findings have been listed as follows: (1)The maximum power consumption of a communication base station is 4120 w, power consumption ranging between 3000w~4500w.The maximum power consumption of a relay station is 1059 w, power consumption ranging between 1000w~1100w.Fuel cells hence used as a main power supply system or auxiliary power supply system of a communication station require 5kw; and 2Kw fuel cells would be sufficiently used for a delay station. (2)Actual investment cost of lead acid battery per Kw would be 10002.52 NT dollars / hour; fuel cell per Kw would be: 204003.15 $ NT dollars. Considering the cost, lead acid battery is suitably used for short period of time (within 21 hours) as power backup. For More than 21 hours of power backup, fuel cells may be most economical. (3)Based on six years of a life cycle of a fuel cell, instead of the lead acid battery, full cells for the back-up power of fixed communication equipment are assessed in comparison for economic benefits. The total investment cost with fuel cells will save 1277250000$ NTD for a period of six years. (4)Main power and back power backup of the military communication equipment are supplied by fuel cells, and a total exhaust volume of 773799.48 Kgs- CO2 can be reduced.

Industrial power generation is an ever-changing practice. After the steam turbine was invented energy production developed with accelerated tempo. Coal replaced wood, oil replaced coal and after natural gas started being used as an energy source, no one could even imagine better and cleaner energy technologies. But in the 21st century renewable energy started its development. The western world decided to develop green, environmentally friendlier technologies with a strong desire to become independent form oil and gas exporters. Hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology are two of the most promising fields of energy study. The European Union and the USA regularly invest a lot of money for research in this area and rapidly develop an energy economy that is free from CO2 emissions. In this scientific report, the situation of hydrogen energy systems in the world but also with a large focus on Russia has been investigated. The main focus was made on successful international projects which have been created within last decades. Moreover, hydrogen production methods and fuel cell technology were described in detail. The cost to produce 1 kg of hydrogen gas based off of Russian economic figures and using water electrolysis and steam reforming process was estimated. Solid oxide and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells were considered in the analysis. The next step was to estimate effectiveness of combined technology with electrical power of 1 kW and economic feasibility of using such technology as stand-alone power generation system in the regions with decentralized electricity.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
94
This thesis focuses on the design and implementation of a digital signal processor based multi-leg dc-dc power converter for fuel-cell power supply systems. A multi-leg boost converter is designed in this system to reduce the output current ripple and increase the life time of fuel-cell. According to input and output voltage feedback and current feedback controls, the multi-leg power converter can not only balance the current of each leg, but also provide a steady output voltage to load. Besides, a bi-directional dc-dc power converter is used in this system to charge or discharge the batteries and balance the system power. The redundant power of fuel-cell can be stored in batteries by the power control between fuel-cell and batteries. Battery discharge will occur momentarily to meet the instant need of high system current and thereby raise the response speed when load changes. Fuel-cell can thus be operated in the average power point which fit in with the load. In this thesis, the mathematical models and controller of multi-leg dc-dc power converter are built and used for digital control. Then, a high-performance, low-cost digital signal processor (DSP, TMS320F2812) is used as the control core. The control of power converter and the method of power balance control are accomplished by software so as to reduce the cost. A prototype of 1kW multi-leg dc-dc power converter for fuel-cell is developed. The input voltage range is between 26V and 40V. The output voltage is 40V. Moreover, the experimental data show that the efficiency of the system reaches 93%, and the input current ripple of fuel-cell is less than 5%. Simulation and experimental results are given to justify the analysis.

碩士
元智大學
資訊管理學系
90
Information technology has become the mainstream for promoting combat strength and information superiority will be the critical factor for mission success in future operation. In recent years, ROC armed forces have actively established the information operation capabilities with an effective progress. However, the information system has not yet applied to field artillery logistic support. Timely and adequate support of fuel and ammunition affects directly to unit’s power. However, the application and supply for fuel and ammunition in field artillery units are still working with writing forms. That is, it not only wastes time, but also lacks of efficiency, and most of all, it cannot integrate into the development trend of information operation. Army will procure new self-propelled howitzers with high mobility, high firing rate and larger range position in the near future. Thus, the Army self-propelled artillery forces must select a better technique and tool for establishing a separate logistical supply information management system, which could rapidly master the wastage conditions of fuel and ammunition, then propose the application and replenishment for each unit’s via data processing and analysis. After studying the literature review, it was found that the objective oriented technique, gradual & repetitious flow and UML (Unified Modeling Language), are composed of several advantages, and suit for the developments of information system. To consider the future developments of Army artillery forces, this study will focus on the self-propelled artillery battalion as our objects. Furthermore, based on the supply operating demand of fuel and ammunition, this study will employ UML as analysis tool, adopt gradual & repetitious flows and design a fuel and ammunition supply information system, which could greatly improve the efficiency of artillery logistical replenishment and satisfy the operations requirements. Based on this study, we proposed the following development procedure: 1.Unifying the standard procedure with UML-based; 2.Decentralizing the planning. 3.Unifying standard data format by employing UML, and sustaining analysis and design for the systems. Moreover, there are 7 phases (initial requirement analysis of system, increasing the relationship analysis between self-propelled howitzer and personnel, increasing the wastage analysis, applying analysis, supplying analysis, all functions analysis, system deployment design) for fulfilling the system analysis design. After assessing this information system, it will provide with the following functions, such as simplifying the operating procedure, promoting the operating efficiency, controlling the stock efficiently, employment information integration, as well as providing the commander with the real time logistical information. In sum, based on the contributions of this operation theater and achieve the great benefits of it in the future.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-95).

碩士
國防大學
資源管理及決策研究所
105
Along with the advances in technology and changing patterns of war, Taiwan’s military had implemented the policy of organizational streamlining. After the “Jingshih Program”, “Jingjin Program”, and “Jingtra Program”, Taiwan’s military now is planning to implement the “Yungu Program” to create a small but excellent, powerful, and clever professional army and plans to trim military personnel down to about 170,000. Under these downsizing programs, the supply and demand of aviation fuel supply is unbalanced. Therefore, how to do the best use of resources and plan appropriate policies to meet the needs is an important research problem. This research is focused on the system of aviation fuel supply and identifies key factors. We construct a System dynamics model and use it to analyze different policies. By discussing the trend of the supply and demand of manpower, capability of manpower, capability of fuel supply and opposition combat power ratio, we provide suggestions for top managers when they formulate relevant policies. Relevant recommendations will also be discussed in this paper.

M. Tech. (Engineering Department Applied Electronics and Electronic Communication, Faculty of Engineering) Vaal University of Technology
This study presents the design of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack that can be used to replace conventional sources of electrical energy in an uninterruptible power supply system, specifically for use in the telecommunications industry. One of the major concerns regarding the widespread commercialization of fuel cells is the high cost associated with fuel cell components and their manufacturing. A fuel cell design is presented in which existing, low-cost, technologies are used in the manufacture of cell components. For example, printed circuit boards are used in the manufacturing of bipolar flow plates to significantly reduce the cost of fuel cells. The first objective was to design, construct and test a single fuel cell and small fuel cell stack in order to evaluate the use of printed circuit boards in bipolar plate manufacturing. Since the use of copper in a fuel cell environment was found to reduce the lifetime of the cells, the bipolar plates were coated with a protective layer of nickel and chrome. These coatings proved to increase the lifetime of the cells significantly. Power outputs of more than 4 W per cell were achieved. The second objective was to analyze a small fuel cell stack in order to obtain a model for predicting the performance of larger stacks. A mathematical model was developed which was then used to design an electronic circuit equivalent of a fuel cell stack. Both models were adapted to predict the performance of a fuel cell stack containing any number of cells. The models were proven to be able to accurately predict the performance of a fuel cell stack by comparing simulated results with practical performance data. Finally, the circuit equivalent of a fuel cell stack was used to evaluate the capability of a switch mode boost converter to maintain a constant voltage when driven by a fuel cell stack, even under varying load conditions. Simulation results showed the ability of the boost converter to maintain a constant output voltage. The use of supercapacitors as a replacement for batteries as a secondary energy source was also evaluated.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
運輸與物流工程研究所
97
Abstract One of the approaches for enhancing a business’ success among its competition is by satisfying its customers’ demands. Coordination across business units in a same company and different organizations has been used to achieve this goal. Supply-chain management focuses on how to integrate a series of organizations to achieve cooperation and improve the competitive capabilities of the whole chain. As for supply chain management, the distribution structure associated with a supply chain’s facilities and the flow of materials and goods among the supply chain system plays an important role in the supply chain’s performance. Thus, finding a way to design distribution networks has been catching plenty of attention over the years. This paper deals with a three-echelon supply chain system with multi-period, multi-product and multi-shipping channels. The supply chain system is composed of multi-suppliers, multi-wholesalers and multi-retailers. In this system, the suppliers can satisfy retailers’ demands through the supplier-retailer channels or through the supplier-wholesaler-retailer channels. With the supplier-retailer channels, the suppliers directly ship products to retailers. With the supplier-wholesaler-retailer channels, the retailers’ demands are satisfied by wholesalers whose products are shipped from the suppliers. Most of the previous researches assume that the transportation cost is counted on the basis of per-unit transport charge. However, many practices also show that transportation cost may be counted on the basis of per-truck or per container charge. Under the per-truck transportation cost basis, this paper aims to minimize total shipping costs over a finite time planning period by determining the amount of each product, which should be shipped between two locations in each period of time. A constrained mixed integer programming model was formulated to develop the related decisions. Several examples are used to illustrate the insight into the problem. In addition, sensitivity analysis was also conducted to illustrate the impact of variation within the parameters on the computational results.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
運輸與物流工程研究所
97
Abstract In recent years, competition between enterprises has become more furious. Improving the distribution system in a supply chain has become an important duty in order to raise a business’ competitiveness. Over the years, most researches have dealt with this problem by assuming that transportation cost is a linear function of shipping units. This assumption implies that transportation cost is counted on the basis of the number of units load. However, transportation cost cannot only be counted on the basis of the number of units load, but also on the number of full container load（FCL） or full truck load（TL）. Thus, transportation cost is counted on the basis of the number of full container load that will become complex and difficult problem. Under the full container load transportation cost basis, this paper deals with a two-echelon supply chain system with multiple suppliers, a warehouse, and multiple manufacturers. In this system, manufacturers’ demands are satisfied by warehouses receiving their products from suppliers. This paper aims to minimize total shipping costs over a finite time planning period by determining the shipping quantity, inventory quantity and delay quantity of each product on the distribution channels, from suppliers to warehouse, and from warehouse to manufacturers. The mathematical model established in this research is a mix integer programming model. The well-known commercial software, LINGO 10.0, was used to solve the problems. Computational results show that all of the examples can be solved within a reasonable amount of time. In addition, sensitivity analysis was also conducted to illustrate the impact of variation within the parameters on the computational results.

碩士
國防管理學院
資源管理研究所
88
This study focuses the logistic transport supply problems for army regional theater. We use the existing theory specially Linear Programming and Integer Linear Programming of Operation Research and fast computer as a tool. We also use quantitative method to test the flexibility of logistic transport supply problems. We take the related documents “Applied operations research － Examples from Defense Assessment” of R.W. Shephard, D.A. Hartley, P.J. Haysman, L. Thorpe and M.R. Bathe to study. The theory of Exercise 22 is using the shortfall rate to adjust the transport supply and develop a mathematical model for regional theater transport supply. This documents is to study their theory and to value their models, we discover their models are not continuity and didn’t have vehicle automatic adjustment function. This documents is introduce a way that to effectively using the existing vehicles resources and flexibility adjust their re-allocation. After the re-allocation, we improve the 2 days of operation models to 19 days. This document also uses VRP model and 0-1 integer programming to develop a new function model. This model automatic arrange an optimal route for transportation supply vehicle. Finally, after tested and examined, this model not only decreases the shortfall rate, but also automatic arrange an optimal route for transportation supply vehicle to improve the above mentioned defects.

В выпускной квалификационной работе описываются основные пути реконструкции систем теплоснабжения, позволяющие добиться значительного повышения их энергоэффективности, а именно переход котельной на альтернативное топливо с целью повышения энергоэффективности, снижения экономических и экологических потерь. Целью работы является поиск и формулирование основных проблем реконструкции систем теплоснабжения, развитие технологического процесса перевода котельной на альтернативное топливо, проведение энергетического и экономического обоснования предлагаемой замены. Были изучены отечественные и зарубежные публикации по проблемам реконструкции систем теплоснабжения для повышения их энергоэффективности. Приведено обоснование необходимости перевода котельной на альтернативное и экологически чистое топливо, на основе оценки основного и вспомогательного оборудования котельной, а также экологического благополучия территории, прилегающей к котельной. Разработан технологический процесс перевода котельной на альтернативное и экологически безопасное топливо, выявлена и доказана необходимость модернизации оборудования для использования альтернативного топлива. Были определены существующие методы модернизации котла, работающего на угле для альтернативного и экологически чистого топлива. Выполнено экономическое обоснование предлагаемой замены.
This final qualifying work describes the main ways of reconstruction of heat supply systems, allowing achieving a significant increase in the energy efficiency of these systems, namely the transfer of the boiler to alternative fuel in order to improve energy efficiency, reduce economic and environmental losses. The purpose of the work is to consider and formulate the main problems of reconstruction of heat supply systems, development of the technological process of transferring the boiler house to alternative fuel, implementation of energy and economic justification of the proposed replacement. Domestic and foreign publications on the problems of reconstruction of heat supply systems in order to improve their energy efficiency were studied. The substantiation and relevance of the transfer of the boiler house to alternative and environmentally friendly fuel was discussed, for which the assessment of the main and auxiliary equipment of the boiler house, as well as the ecological well-being of the territory adjacent to the boiler house. The technological process of transfer of a boiler room to alternative and environmentally friendly fuel was developed, need of modernization of the equipment for use of pellet fuel is revealed and proved. The existing methods of modernization of the boiler unit operating on coal for alternative and environmentally friendly fuel were identified. Economic justification of the proposed replacement was done.

Recent literature has recommended that life cycle assessments (LCA) of forest bioenergy supply chains consider the impact of biomass harvest on ecosystem carbon stocks as well as the net emissions arising from combustion of various forms of biofuels compared with reference fossil fuel systems. The present study evaluated the magnitude and temporal variation of ecosystem C stock changes resulting from harvest of roadside residues and unutilized whole trees for bioenergy. The Carbon Budget Model (CBM-CFS3) was applied to the Gordon Cosens Forest, in northeastern Ontario, along with the Biomass Opportunity Supply Model (BiOS-Map), for cost analysis of different types of biomass comminution. Natural gas (NG) steam and electricity, grid electricity, and coal electricity reference systems were analyzed for a pulp and paper mill. The findings showed that the forested landscape becomes a net sink for carbon following the 20th year of roadside residue harvest, compared to whole-tree harvest, where the forested landscape remained a net source of carbon over the entire 100 year rotation. The cumulative ecosystem carbon loss from whole-tree harvest was 11 times greater compared to roadside residue harvest. BiOS-Map analysis suggested that due to technical and operational limits, between 55%-59% and 16%-24% of aboveground biomass was not recovered under roadside residue and whole-tree harvest respectively. The cost of delivering roadside residues was estimated at $52.32/odt–$57.45/odt, and for whole trees $92.63/odt–$97.44/odt. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis showed break-even points of 25, 33 and 6 years for roadside residues displacing NG steam, NG electricity, and coal, respectively. No GHG reduction was achieved when forest biomass was used to displace grid electricity that is generated in Ontario. Whole-tree bioenergy resulted in no GHG reduction for NG displacement, and a break-even point of 70-86 years for coal. A net GHG reduction of 67% and 16% was realized when roadside residues and whole trees were used to displace coal, compared to 45% and 38% when roadside residues were used to displace NG steam and NG electricity, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that bioenergy deployment strategies focus on the utilization of roadside residues, if the main goal is GHG mitigation.