Статті в журналах: "Fuel location"

1

Young, Kert R., Bruce A. Roundy, Stephen C. Bunting, and Dennis L. Eggett. "Utah juniper and two-needle piñon reduction alters fuel loads." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 2 (2015): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13163.

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Juniper (Juniperus spp.) and piñon (Pinus spp.) trees have encroached millions of hectares of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)–bunchgrass communities. Juniper–piñon trees are treated to reduce canopy fuel loads and crown fire potential. We measured the effects of juniper–piñon infilling and fuel-reduction treatments on fuel load characteristics at four locations in Utah. At each location, treatment areas were burned, left untreated, or trees were cut or masticated in a randomised complete-block design. We measured standing and downed fuels by size and type along 30-m transects on 15 subplots (30 × 33 m) per location before and 1–3 years after treatment. Increased tree cover was associated with decreased shrub and herbaceous fuel loads (P < 0.01). By 2 years post-treatment, herbaceous fuel loads were greater than pretreatment in all treated areas (P < 0.01). Cut and mastication treatments increased surface woody 10- and 100-h fuel loads and wood/bark cover (P < 0.01). Masticated-tree depth was a good estimator of fuel loads (R2 = 92). The conversion of canopy fuels to surface fuels reduced fuels that enable crown fire and extreme fire intensity. Cool-season prescribed fire may need to follow mechanical treatments to reduce surface fuel and the potential for wildfire damage to perennial understorey vegetation.

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2

Joyce, M. "Location, location, location." Power Engineer 18, no. 6 (2004): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:20040602.

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3

Jung, Kyusung, Junmo Yang, Sangchul Lee, Yongsik Yi, and Jaewook Lee. "Design Optimization of Fuel Sensor Location in Aircraft Conformal Fuel Tank." Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences 46, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5139/jksas.2018.46.4.332.

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4

Calzonetti, Frank J., Patrick C. Mann, and Tom S. Witt. "US power plant location and fuel mix." Energy Policy 14, no. 6 (December 1986): 528–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(86)90005-4.

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5

Zockaie, Ali, Hedayat Z. Aashtiani, Mehrnaz Ghamami, and Yu Marco Nie. "Solving Detour-Based Fuel Stations Location Problems." Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 31, no. 2 (September 16, 2015): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mice.12170.

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6

Hwang, Cheol-Hong, Andrew Lock, Matthew Bundy, Erik Johnsson, and Gwon Hyun Ko. "Effects of Fuel Location and Distribution on Full-Scale Underventilated Compartment Fires." Journal of Fire Sciences 29, no. 1 (May 24, 2010): 21–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904110372119.

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7

James, T. "Location, location, location [power markets]." Power Engineer 21, no. 5 (2007): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:20070505.

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8

Pickett, L. M., and D. L. Siebers. "Soot Formation in Diesel Fuel Jets Near the Lift-Off Length." International Journal of Engine Research 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 103–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x57793.

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Soot formation in the region downstream of the lift-off length of diesel fuel jets was investigated in an optically accessible constant-volume combustion vessel under quiescent-type diesel engine conditions. Planar laser-induced incandescence and line-of-sight laser extinction were used to determine the location of the first soot formation during mixing-controlled combustion. OH chemiluminescence imaging was used to determine the location of high-heat-release reactions relative to the soot-forming region. The primary parameters varied in the experiments were the sooting propensity of the fuel and the amount of fuel-air premixing that occurs upstream of the lift-off length. The fuels considered in order of increasing sooting propensity were: an oxygenated fuel blend (T70), a blend of diesel cetane-number reference fuels (CN80), and a #2 diesel fuel (D2). Fuel-air mixing upstream of the lift-off length was varied by changing ambient gas and injector conditions, which varied either the lift-off length or the air entrainment rate into the fuel jet relative to the fuel injection rate. Results show that soot formation starts at a finite distance downstream of the lift-off length and that the spatial location of soot formation depends on the fuel type and operating conditions. The distance from the lift-off length to the location of the first soot formation increases as the fuel sooting propensity decreases (i.e. in the order D2 < CN80 < T70). At the baseline operating conditions, the most upstream soot formation occurs at the edges of the jet for D2 and CN80, while for T70 the soot formation is confined to the jet central region. When conditions are varied to produce enhanced fuel-air mixing upstream of the lift-off length in D2 fuel jets, the initial soot formation shifts towards the fuel jet centre and eventually no soot is formed. For all experimental conditions, the observed location of soot formation relative to the heat-release location (lift-off) suggests that soot formation occurs in a mixture of combustion products originating from partially premixed reactions and a diffusion flame. The results also imply that soot precursor formation rates depend strongly on fuel type in the region between the lift-off length and the first soot formation.

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9

Bhatti, Shahzad F., Michael K. Lim, and Ho-Yin Mak. "Alternative fuel station location model with demand learning." Annals of Operations Research 230, no. 1 (January 21, 2014): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-014-1530-9.

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10

Gunthe, Srushti. "Fuel Delivery Application." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 4488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52655.

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Abstract: The growing concern and importance of fuel assistance in the transportation sector have led to the development of an online platform called Fuel Delivery Application. This Android platform aims to provide a safe, reliable, and efficient delivery service for gasoline and diesel to users vehicles, whether they are in urban or rural settings. The application utilizes the GPS sensor of mobile devices to determine the user’s location and employs the K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) algorithm, a popular machine learning algorithm, to find the nearest petrol pump. When a user finds themselves stranded on the road due to a lack of fuel, the Fuel Delivery Application becomes a crucial service to rely on. Instead of worrying about finding a nearby petrol pump, users can simply use the application to request the desired fuel to be delivered to their location. The system ensures that the real cost of the fuel is charged, and additional fuel delivery fees are added accordingly

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11

Tambunan, Handrea Bernando, Ruly Bayu Sitanggang, Muhammad Muslih Mafruddin, Oksa Prasetyawan, Kensianesi Kensianesi, Istiqomah Istiqomah, Nur Cahyo, and Fefria Tanbar. "Initial location selection of electric vehicles charging infrastructure in urban city through clustering algorithm." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 3266. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp3266-3280.

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Transportation is one of the critical sectors worldwide, mainly based on fossil fuels, especially internal combustion engines. In a developing country, heightened dependence on fossil fuels affected energy sustainability issues, greenhouse gas emissions, and increasing state budget allocation towards fuel subsidies. Moreover, shifting to electric vehicles (EVs) with alternative energy, primely renewable energy sources, is considered a promising alternative to decreasing dependence on fossil fuel consumption. The availability of a sufficient EV charging station infrastructure is determined as an appropriate strategy and rudimentary requirement to optimize the growth of EV users, especially in urban cities. This study aims to utilize the k-mean algorithm’s clustering method to group and select a potential EV charging station location in Jakarta an urban city in Indonesia. This study proposed a method for advancing the layout location’s comprehensive suitability. An iterative procedure determines the most suitable value for K as centroids. The K value is evaluated by cluster silhouette coefficient scores to acquire the optimized numeral of clusters. The results show that 95 potential locations are divided into 19 different groups. The suggested initial EV charging station location was selected and validated by silhouette coefficient scores. This research also presents the maps of the initially selected locations and clustering.

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12

Laksono, Stefanus Ivan, Y. M. Kinley Aritonang, and Julius Dharma Lesmono. "The Model for Location Routing Problem with Roaming Delivery Locations." Jurnal Teknik Industri 21, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol21.no2.174-184.

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The Location Routing Problem with Roaming Delivery Locations (LRPRDL) is a model that represents company activities in delivering products to final customers. Direct delivery to final customers has increased significantly over the growth of e-commerce in the world. E-commerce or business-to-customer companies are urged to increase their last-mile distribution efficiency to survive in the global competition. For that purpose, the LRPRDL model was proposed to increase the efficiency of the company’s last-mile distribution. The model aims to minimize the sum of open depots and transportation costs by determining the number and location of depots and the shipping routes. The LRPRDL was implemented in an instance with four depot candidates, 15 customers, and six vehicles. The instance was solved to the optimality by using a public solver Gurobi. Furthermore, this research conducted a sensitivity analysis on the open depots and fuel costs, customer demand, and radius. The study indicated that customer’s demand and radius have a significant impact on the purchase decision.

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13

Isaac, Nithin, and Akshay K. Saha. "A Review of the Optimization Strategies and Methods Used to Locate Hydrogen Fuel Refueling Stations." Energies 16, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 2171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052171.

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Increasing sales of conventional fuel-based vehicles are leading to an increase in carbon emissions, which are dangerous to the environment. To reduce these, conventional fuel-based vehicles must be replaced with alternative fuel vehicles such as hydrogen-fueled. Hydrogen can fuel vehicles with near-zero greenhouse gas emissions. However, to increase the penetration of such alternative fuel vehicles, there needs to be adequate infrastructure, specifically, refueling infrastructure, in place. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the different optimization strategies and methods used in the location of hydrogen refueling stations. The findings of the review in this paper show that there are various methods which can be used to optimally locate refueling stations, the most popular being the p-median and flow-capture location models. It is also evident from the review that there are limited studies that consider location strategies of hydrogen refueling stations within a rural setting; most studies are focused on urban locations due to the high probability of penetration into these areas. Furthermore, it is apparent that there is still a need to incorporate factors such as the safety elements of hydrogen refueling station construction, and for risk assessments to provide more robust, realistic solutions for the optimal location of hydrogen refueling stations. Hence, the methods reviewed in this paper can be used and expanded upon to create useful and accurate models for a hydrogen refueling network. Furthermore, this paper will assist future studies to achieve an understanding of the extant studies on hydrogen refueling station and their optimal location strategies.

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14

Badri-Koohi, B., R. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, and M. Asghari. "Optimizing Number and Locations of Alternative-Fuel Stations Using a Multi-Criteria Approach." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 1 (February 16, 2019): 3715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2474.

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The transition to alternative fuels is obligatory due to the finite amount of available fossil fuels and their rising prices. However, the transition cannot be done unless enough infrastructure exists. A very important infrastructure is the fueling station. As establishing alternative-fuel stations is expensive, the problem of finding the optimal number and locations of initial alternative-fuel stations emerges and it is investigated in this paper. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation is proposed to minimize the costs using net present value (NPV) technique. The proposed formulation considers the criteria of the two most common models in the literature for such a problem, namely P-median model and flow refueling location model (FRLM). A decision support system is developed for the users to be able to control the parameter values and run different scenarios. For case study purposes, the method is used to find the optimal number and locations of the alternative-fuel stations in the city of Chicago. Some data wrangling techniques are used to overcome the inability of the method to solve very large-scale problems.

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15

Kuby, Michael, and Seow Lim. "The flow-refueling location problem for alternative-fuel vehicles." Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 39, no. 2 (June 2005): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2004.03.001.

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16

Malers, Yu P. "Optimizing fuel-pin assembly location in a research reactor." Atomic Energy 72, no. 6 (June 1992): 545–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00760916.

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17

Upchurch, Christopher, Michael Kuby, and Seow Lim. "A Model for Location of Capacitated Alternative-Fuel Stations." Geographical Analysis 41, no. 1 (January 2009): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2009.00744.x.

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18

Wang, Sheng-Pen, Hsing-Chen Lee, and Yu-Kuang Hsieh. "A Multicriteria Approach for the Optimal Location of Gasoline Stations Being Transformed as Self-Service in Taiwan." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8341617.

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Location selection significantly influences business success. In particular, location selection for the fuel stations is characterized by constraints on investment in facilities and by criteria that involve a series of social utilities. Recently, a leading fuel company in Taiwan initiated transforming its traditional gas stations into self-service. However, it is difficult to select an existing station to be transformed as self-service because there are many conflicting goals in the problem of location selection. In this paper, we apply a multicriteria approach, integrating analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and multichoice goal programming (MCGP), to obtain an appropriate gas station from many alternative locations that best suit the preferences of decision-makers in the case company. This study incorporates the weights obtained from AHP to set multiple aspirations in MCGP for ranking each candidate location. The results show that, under multiple quantitative and qualitative factors in the selection process, our proposed model is more scientific and efficient than unaided methods in finding a suitable location within a shorter evaluation time.

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19

Jenkins, Meaghan E., Michael Bedward, Owen Price, and Ross A. Bradstock. "Modelling Bushfire Fuel Hazard Using Biophysical Parameters." Forests 11, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11090925.

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Environmental gradients or biophysical parameters such as climate, topography and geology drive landscape-scale vegetation structure, species distribution and productivity. These gradients have the potential to provide detailed, fine-scale spatial prediction of the accumulation of bushfire fuels and hence fire hazard by elucidating patterns in field information in a consistent and repeatable way. Rapid visual assessment of bushfire fuel hazard via ratings provides fire and land management agencies with a measure of the probability of first attack success and general suppression difficulty of bushfires at a location. This study used generalised additive modelling to examine how measures of fuel hazard, recorded for locations in New South Wales, Australia, varied in response to environmental gradients and whether these gradients could be used to predict fuel hazard at a landscape scale. We found that time since last fire, temperature and precipitation were strong predictors of fuel hazard. Our model predictions for fuel hazard outperformed current operational methods; however, both methods tended to overestimate lower fuel hazard and underestimate higher fuel hazard. Biophysical modelling of fuel hazard provides significant advancement for predicting fuel hazard. These models have the capability to be improved and developed as additional fuel hazard data, fire history mapping and remote sensing of environmental variables advance both spatially and temporally.

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20

Theeraviriya, Chalermchat, Rapeepan Pitakaso, Kittima Sillapasa, and Sasitorn Kaewman. "Location Decision Making and Transportation Route Planning Considering Fuel Consumption." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 5, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc5020027.

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This study presents the Location Routing Problem (LRP) for which we have created a model for the integration of locating facilities and vehicle routing decisions to solve the problem. The case study is the Palm Oil Collection Center, which is also important for the supply chain system. A mathematical model was made to minimize the total cost of a facility-opening cost, fixed cost of vehicle uses and fuel consumption cost. The fuel consumption cost relies on the distance and road conditions, in case of poor physical condition of a road, and its width, which can be affected the speed of the vehicle as well as the used fuel. Thus, we propose an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) based on heuristic for solving the LRP. The ALNS method was tested with three datasets of samples divided into small, medium and large problems. Then, the results were compared with the results from the exact method by the Lingo program. The computational study indicated that the ALNS algorithm was competitive to the results of the Lingo for all instance sizes. Moreover, the ALNS was more effective than the exact method; approximately 99% in terms of processing time. We extended this approach to solve the case study, which was considered to be the largest problem, and the ALNS algorithm was efficient with acceptable solutions and short processing time. Therefore, the proposed method provided an effective solution to manage location routing decision of the palm oil collection center.

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21

Beavis, Nicholas J., Salah S. Ibrahim, and Weeratunge Malalasekera. "Impingement characteristics of an early injection gasoline direct injection engine: A numerical study." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 4 (August 19, 2016): 378–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416663325.

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This article describes the use of a Lagrangian discrete droplet model to evaluate the liquid fuel impingement characteristics on the internal surfaces of an early injection gasoline direct injection engine. This study focuses on fuel impingement on the intake valve and cylinder liner between start of injection and 20° after start of injection using both a single- and a multi-component fuels. The single-component fuel used was iso-octane and the multi-component fuel contained fractions of iso-pentane, iso-octane and n-decane to represent the light, medium and heavy fuel fractions of gasoline, respectively. A detailed description of the impingement and liquid film modelling approach is also provided. Fuel properties, wall surface temperature and droplet Weber number and Laplace number were used to quantify the impingement regime for different fuel fractions and correlated well with the predicted onset of liquid film formation. Evidence of film stripping was seen from the liquid film formed on the side of the intake valve head with subsequent ejected droplets being a likely source of unburned hydrocarbons and particulate matter emissions. Differences in impingement location and subsequent location of liquid film formation were also observed between single- and multi-component fuels. A qualitative comparison with experimental cylinder liner impingement data showed the model to well predict the timing and positioning of the liner fuel impingement.

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22

Basko, M. M. "Preheating of heavy-ion-beam targets by secondary particles." Laser and Particle Beams 10, no. 1 (March 1992): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600004316.

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The contribution of different sorts of secondary particles to the preheating of thermonuclear targets driven by heavy-ion beams is analyzed. Two types of illumination geometry are considered: side-on and face-on locations of the fuel with respect to the ion beam. It is shown that a substantial preheating can be expected from (1) nuclear fission fragments for the face-on fuel position and (2) δ-electrons and low-Z nuclear fragments for the side-on fuel location. All the X-ray and gamma photons of various origin are shown to produce a negligible fuel heating.

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23

Crönert, Tobias, and Stefan Minner. "Location selection for hydrogen fuel stations under emerging provider competition." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 133 (December 2021): 103426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103426.

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24

Kuby, Michael, Keiron Bailey, Fangwu Wei, John Fowler, Daoqin Tong, Qing Zhong, Oscar Lopez, and William Sheaffer. "Collaborative Geodesign for Alternative-Fuel Station Location using “Collablocation” Software." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 24 (August 23, 2018): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118790375.

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Adoption of alternative-fuel vehicles requires a network of conveniently located fuel stations capable of serving the movement patterns of potential users. One hindrance to planning an effective network of stations is the difficulty of integrating the competing views of multiple stakeholders into an agreeable solution. This paper reports on a collaborative geodesign methodology applied to the problem of compressed natural gas fueling locations in the southwestern U.S.A. Geodesign is a multi-stakeholder spatial planning process that has gained currency in the GIS community but has not been applied to fuel infrastructure previously. We have developed an open-source interactive geovisual platform called Collablocation and a structured group process to facilitate interactive exploration of scenarios with multiple spatial data layers and to permit real-time computation and evaluation of network performance characteristics. For the pilot workshop we recruited expert stakeholders from industry, government, and local organizations. Breakout groups reached convergence on six locations on the I-10 and I-80, and at the Arizona–Mexico border, and several other less precise areas of need were identified. A post-workshop survey indicated high satisfaction with the technical features of the platform and the workshop design, and highlighted the ease of use and exchange of information.

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25

Antonenko, V. O., V. I. Zubenko, and O. V. Epik. "FUEL PROPERTIES OF UKRAINIAN CORN STOVER." Industrial Heat Engineering 40, no. 3 (September 7, 2018): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ihe.3.2018.11.

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In order to provide reliable and efficient thermal conversion, it is necessary to understand the physical and chemical properties of corn stover. The properties of corn stover depend on species, climatic and weather conditions, soil type, fertilizer input etc. Thus, it is necessary to study the fuel from various locations. The present paper describes analysis results of corn stover from a single location in Kyiv region, Ukraine. The soil was fertilized with anhydrous ammonia 80 kg/ha. Elemental composition (W, A, C, H, S, N, O, Cl), calorific values, ash melting temperatures and ash chemical composition of the samples have been tested. The comparative analysis of the samples with foreign analogues has been carried out. It is shown that the test samples of corn stover from Kyiv region are characterized by ash initial deformation temperatures of 1160 - 1200 °C. These temperatures are higher than the average agricultural biomass values and typical for woody biomass. The relatively high ash melting temperature reduces risks of sintering and deposit formation on the furnace inner surface.

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26

Mavinahally, N. S., D. N. Assanis, K. R. Govinda Mallan, and K. V. Gopalakrishnan. "Torch Ignition: Ideal for Lean Burn Premixed-Charge Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906887.

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Sluggish flame initiation and propagation, and even potential misfiring, become major problems with lean-fueled, premixed-charge, spark-ignited engines. This work studies torch ignition as a means for improving combustion, fuel economy, and emissions of a retrofitted, large combustion chamber with nonideal spark plug location. A number of alternative configurations, employing different torch chamber designs, spark-plug locations, and materials, were tested under full-load and part-load conditions. Results indicate a considerable extension of the lean operating limit of the engine, especially under part-load conditions. In addition, torch ignition can lead to substantial thermal efficiency gains for either leaner or richer air-fuel ratios than the optimum for the conventional ignition system. On the richer side, in particular, the torch-ignited engine is capable of operating at maximum brake torque spark timings, rather than compromised, knock-limited spark timings used with conventional ignition. This translates into thermal efficiency improvements as high as 8 percent at an air-fuel ratio of 20:1 and full load.

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27

Adzic, Vuk, Aleksandar Milivojevic, Mirjana Stamenic, and Miroljub Adzic. "Investigation of CO2 diluted methane and propane swirling premixed flames using CH* chemiluminescence imaging." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 5 (2019): 1511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180312375a.

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Utilization of hydrocarbon gaseous fuels, such as biogas, landfill gas and others, is a valuable contribution to sustainable energy production and climate changing control. The presence of CO in these gases decreases heat of combustion, flame temperature, 2 flame speed and can induce flame blow-off and combustion instabilities. In order to better understand the problem, flame geometry and location was investigated using chemiluminescence (CH*) imaging technique. Combustion took place in a purposely built, lean, premixed, unconfined swirl burner, fueled by methane and propane diluted with CO . The fuel type, air-to-fuel equivalence ratio and CO content were chosen as the 2 2 independent variables. The CH* imaging by means of a commercial CCD camera, fitted with an optical filter, was used for flame investigation. The analysis of images showed that the CH* emission intensity, flame geometry and location were remarkably affected by the fuel type and the air-to-fuel equivalence ratio, while the CO dilution was of minor 2 importance.

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28

Falter, Christoph, Niklas Scharfenberg, and Antoine Habersetzer. "Geographical Potential of Solar Thermochemical Jet Fuel Production." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040802.

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The solar thermochemical fuel pathway offers the possibility to defossilize the transportation sector by producing renewable fuels that emit significantly less greenhouse gases than conventional fuels over the whole life cycle. Especially for the aviation sector, the availability of renewable liquid hydrocarbon fuels enables climate impact goals to be reached. In this paper, both the geographical potential and life-cycle fuel production costs are analyzed. The assessment of the geographical potential of solar thermochemical fuels excludes areas based on sustainability criteria such as competing land use, protected areas, slope, or shifting sands. On the remaining suitable areas, the production potential surpasses the current global jet fuel demand by a factor of more than fifty, enabling all but one country to cover its own demand. In many cases, a single country can even supply the world demand for jet fuel. A dedicated economic model expresses the life-cycle fuel production costs as a function of the location, taking into account local financial conditions by estimating the national costs of capital. It is found that the lowest production costs are to be expected in Israel, Chile, Spain, and the USA, through a combination of high solar irradiation and low-level capital costs. The thermochemical energy conversion efficiency also has a strong influence on the costs, scaling the size of the solar concentrator. Increasing the efficiency from 15% to 25%, the production costs are reduced by about 20%. In the baseline case, the global jet fuel demand could be covered at costs between 1.58 and 1.83 €/L with production locations in South America, the United States, and the Mediterranean region. The flat progression of the cost-supply curves indicates that production costs remain relatively constant even at very high production volumes.

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29

L, Manisha N., and Silpa P. A. "Fuel Spill Monitoring for Fishing Smack using Raspberry Pi." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b6170.0710221.

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Fuel spill monitoring for fishing smacks is a live fuel leak detector that can alert the vessel's crew and captain about the leakage by using a web camera connected to a Raspberry Pi. The fuel spill was resolved using the Convolution Neural Network (CNN). Also, the Coast Guard and the Environmental Protection Agency were informed about the location of the oil discharge through telegrams. Here, a picture of the spill, as well as its latitude and longitude, a live Google map location, and a no spill picture with a GPS location whenever the spillage stops, will be shared. As a result, the team could take immediate action without delay. This spill detection system is linked to an accident detection system. Hence, we can safeguard fishing vessels and marine activities without any harm to human kind, as well as to the living beings in the sea.

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30

Zheng, Qianhui, Hong Lv, Wei Zhou, and Cunman Zhang. "Research on Multi-Period Hydrogen Refueling Station Location Model in Jiading District." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3 (September 6, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030146.

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The construction of hydrogen refueling stations is an important part of the promotion of fuel cell vehicles. In this paper, a multi-period hydrogen refueling station location model is presented that can be applied to the planning and construction of hydrogen infrastructures. Based on the hydrogen demand of fuel cell passenger cars and commercial vehicles, the model calculates the hydrogen demand of each zone by a weighting method according to population, economic level and education level. Then, the hydrogen demand of each period is calculated using the generalized Bass diffusion model. Finally, the set covering model is improved to determine the locations of the stations. The new model is applied to the scientific planning of hydrogen refueling stations in Jiading District, Shanghai; the construction location and sequence of hydrogen refueling stations in each period are given, and the growth trend of hydrogen demand and the promoting effect of hydrogen refueling stations are analyzed. The model adopted in this model is then compared with the other two kinds of node-based hydrogen refueling station location models that have previously been proposed.

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31

김종근. "Location of Refueling Stations for Geographically Based Alternative-Fuel Vehicle Demand." Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea 15, no. 1 (March 2012): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.23841/egsk.2012.15.1.95.

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32

Dewan, Alim, Timothy Ewing, Mark E. Nielsen, Clare E. Reimers, Bart Chadwick, Ken Richter, Zbigniew Lewandowski, and Haluk Beyenal. "Effect of Location on the Performance of Benthic Microbial Fuel Cells." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 7 (January 1, 2010): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864710798208520.

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Najafi, Fatemeh, Ahmad Sedaghat, Ali Mostafaeipour, and Alibek Issakhov. "Location assessment for producing biodiesel fuel from Jatropha Curcas in Iran." Energy 236 (December 2021): 121446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121446.

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34

Bodner, Merit, Christoph Hochenauer, and Viktor Hacker. "Effect of pinhole location on degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 295 (November 2015): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.07.021.

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35

Thomas, I. R., K. A. M. Moinuddin, and I. D. Bennetts. "The Effect of Fuel Quantity and Location on Small Enclosure Fires." Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 17, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042391506064908.

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Arenz, Matthias, and Alessandro Zana. "Fuel cell catalyst degradation: Identical location electron microscopy and related methods." Nano Energy 29 (November 2016): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.04.027.

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Tran, Trung Hieu, Gábor Nagy, Thu Ba T. Nguyen, and Niaz A. Wassan. "An efficient heuristic algorithm for the alternative-fuel station location problem." European Journal of Operational Research 269, no. 1 (August 2018): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.10.012.

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38

Pook, EW, and AM Gill. "Variation of Live and Dead Fine Fuel Moisture in Pinus radiata Plantations of the Australian-Capital-Territory." International Journal of Wildland Fire 3, no. 3 (1993): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9930155.

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A study was made of the variation in moisture content of fine dead fuel (FFM) in relation to 1) differences of fuel type (needles, leaves, twigs, bark), 2) different fuel locations (dead canopy and surface litter), 3) contrasting management of plantations (unthinned-unpruned vs thinned-pruned) and 4) environmental factors (air temperature (T) and relative humidity (H); moisture content of duff (D) and topsoil (S)). The variation of live (green needle) fine fuel moisture content (LFMC) in relation to needle age, canopy location (shaded vs unshaded) and season was also studied in Pinus radiata D. Don plantations over 2 years. Mean differences of moisture content between the several types of fuel exposed to the same atmospheric conditions were generally significant and ranged from 0.6% (pine twigs vs eucalypt twigs) up to 2.8% oven dry weight (ODW) (eucalypt bark vs recently cast pine needles). T and H were highly correlated between study sites in pine plantations and an official meteorological station at Canberra airport, 15 km away. In the pine plantations, mid afternoon moisture contents of pine needle litter (litter FFMs) were mostly higher than moisture contents of dead needles in canopies (aerial FFMs); the mean differences between litter FFMs and aerial FFMs were statistically significant. FFMs in the unthinned-unpruned plantation were also generally higher than those in the thinned-pruned plantations. Regression analyses of relationships between FFM and environmental variables showed that T and H in combination explained a large proportion of the variation in aerial FFM but much less of the variation in litter FFM. However, the inclusion of either D or S in multiple regression models accounted for significant amounts of the variation in litter FFM. LFMC decreased with needle age and, for full-grown needles, was up to 25% (ODW) higher in shaded compared to unshaded canopy locations. Seasonal patterns of change in LFMC of full-grown needles were not well defined. Variation in the parameters and the precision of FFM regression relationships between fuel locations and stands with contrasting management demonstrate the site specificity and limitations of empirical FFM models. The results suggest that for prediction of aerial FFM, models based on a combination of T and H are most appropriate; while, models that include a soil moisture variable may predict FFM of litter fuels more accurately. However, the intrinsic variation in FFM revealed in this study indicates that such models, although providing a useful guide, may not predict FFM with the accuracy required for fire behaviour models during high fire danger weather - when fuel moistures are low.

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.., Abedallah Z., and Rasha Almajed. "Triangular Neutrosophic Multi-Criteria Decision Making AHP Method for Solar Power Site Selection." International Journal of Advances in Applied Computational Intelligence 2, no. 2 (2023): 08–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/ijaaci.020201.

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The depletion of fossil fuel reserves, rising fuel costs, and heightened awareness of ecological problems are just a few of the recent developments that have contributed to a greater reliance on renewable energy alternatives. There is a growing need to evaluate appropriate locations in order to make the most efficient use of renewable energy alternatives. This research looks at the parameters that determine how well-spaced solar farms can be in Egypt. So, the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology is used to deal with these criteria. The MCDM is a hybrid with the neutrosophic set to deal with vague information. This paper presented the neutrosophic AHP method to select the best location for solar power (SP). The AHP method is selected to compute the weights of factors in an easy and efficient way. This paper collected the criteria from previous work, then evaluated by the experts. The case study in Egypt is presented to select the best location for SP. The sensitivity analysis is presented to show the rank of locations when changing the weights of factors.

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40

Sapate, Kumar D., and A. N. Tikekar. "Mechanical Modifications to Convert Small Two Strokes Carbureted Engine to Electronic Fuel Injection System Engine to Reduce Emission and Fuel Consumption." Advanced Materials Research 768 (September 2013): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.768.213.

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The evolution of four stroke engines and improved environmental pollution control norms has pushed the two-stroke engines towards obsolescence due to their inherent design problems. This has made the existing manufacturers & users of two-stroke engines a setback. In this paper attempt has been made to high light the performance parameters in respect of fuel efficiency and emission control. In this research work an effort is made to retrofit the commonly used two stroke engine for optimal performance by using EFI engine. It mainly includes injector locations with reference to spark plug which decides the combustion efficiency of engine. It also includes the location of different sensors and subsequent modification of silencer. As the automobile engine has to operate at higher speeds, proper and firm mounting of different electronic part is essential which affects the performance of engine. After mechanical modification of engine with EFI system it is tested by connecting it to dynamometer. The results are compared with that of carbureted engine.

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41

Finney, Mark A. "A computational method for optimising fuel treatment locations." International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, no. 6 (2007): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf06063.

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Modelling and experiments have suggested that spatial fuel treatment patterns can influence the movement of large fires. On simple theoretical landscapes consisting of two fuel types (treated and untreated), optimal patterns can be analytically derived that disrupt fire growth efficiently (i.e. with less area treated than random patterns). Although conceptually simple, the application of these theories to actual landscapes is made difficult by heterogeneity (fuels, weather, and topography). Here a computational method is described for heterogeneous landscapes that identifies efficient fuel treatment units and patterns for a selected fire weather scenario. The method requires input of two sets of spatial input data: (1) the current fuel conditions; and (2) the potential fuel conditions after a treatment is conducted (if treatment is permitted in a particular location). The contrast in fire spread rate between the two landscapes under the weather scenario conditions indicates where treatments are effective at delaying the growth of fires. Fire growth from the upwind edge of the landscape is then computed using a minimum travel time algorithm. This identifies major fire travel routes (areas needing treatment) and their intersections with the areas where treatments occurred and reduced the spread rate (opportunity for treatment). These zones of treatment ‘need and opportunity’ are iteratively delineated by contiguous patches of raster cells up to a user-supplied constraint on percentage of land area to be treated. This algorithm is demonstrated for simple and for complex landscapes.

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42

Kuby, Michael, and Seow Lim. "Location of Alternative-Fuel Stations Using the Flow-Refueling Location Model and Dispersion of Candidate Sites on Arcs." Networks and Spatial Economics 7, no. 2 (December 19, 2006): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11067-006-9003-6.

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43

Kartal, F., and Y. Kişioğlu. "Determination of Fatigue Life and Failure Location of Vehicle Cylindrical LPG Fuel Tanks." Practical Metallography 53, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 360–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/147.110391.

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Abstract This study addresses the determination of the fatigue life and its failure locations of the vehicle cylindrical LPG fuel tanks using both experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) methods. The experimental investigations performed as an accelerated fatigue tests are carried out using a hydraulics test unit in which the cylinders are internally pressurized by hydraulic oil. The LPG cylinders are subjected to repeated cyclic pressure varying from zero to service pressure of the tank. The FEA modeling of these tanks are developed in three dimensional (3D) using non-uniform geometrical parameters and nonlinear material properties. These models are also subjected to zero-based high cycle fatigue pressure load considering the stress life approach. The FEA modeling process is also simulated in non-homogeneous material conditions. Therefore, the fatigue life performance and failure location of the cylindrical LPG fuel tanks are predicted and compared to the experimental results.

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44

Fontell, Erkko, Tho Phan, Timo Kivisaari, and Kimmo Keränen. "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System and the Economical Feasibility." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (February 5, 2006): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2205347.

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In the paper, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system is briefly described and its economical feasibility in three different applications is analyzed. In the feasibility analysis, the SOFC system is part of commercial applications where energy is used for power and heat generation. In the economical analysis, the three applications have different load profiles which are studied separately at different geographical locations with associated local energy market conditions. The price for natural gas and electricity varies by location, leading to a different feasibility condition for stationary fuel cell application as well as for other distributed generation equipment. In the study, the spark spread of natural gas and electricity is used as a base variable for the analysis. The feasibility is analyzed in the case of an electricity-only application as well as with two combined heat and power applications, where an economical value is assigned to the produced and consumed heat. The impact on economical competitiveness of possible incentives for the generated fuel cell power is estimated. A sensitivity analysis with different fuel cell-units’ electrical efficiency, maintenance cost, and payback period is presented. Finally, the maximum allowed investment cost levels for the SOFC system at different locations and market conditions is presented.

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45

Page, Wesley G., and Bret W. Butler. "Fuel and topographic influences on wildland firefighter burnover fatalities in Southern California." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 3 (2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17147.

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Previous reviews of wildfires where a fatal firefighter burnover occurred have found that the incidents usually share similar characteristics in terms of the fire environment, such as steep slopes and complex topography (e.g. box canyons). Despite these similarities, systematic identification and communication of the locations where these conditions prevail are rare. In this study we used a presence-only machine-learning algorithm (Maximum Entropy, MaxEnt) coupled with spatial location information from past fatal firefighter burnovers to identify and characterise the environmental variables that are likely to produce conditions suitable for a fatal burnover. Southern California was chosen to conduct the analysis as it has a well-documented history of past fatal firefighter burnovers and a complex fire environment. Steep, south-west-oriented slopes located in canyons with a shrub fuel type were found to be the most dangerous locations for firefighters. The relative danger to firefighters from a fatal burnover is described and summarised at both the 30-m pixel and local watershed scale.

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46

Okoko, P., and W. A. Olosunde. "Parameters affecting Tractor Fuel Consumption during Primary Tillage Operation in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 8, no. 2 (2023): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.82.12.

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Tractor fuel consumption is a vital parameter in management of farm machinery. Parameters affecting tractor fuel consumption in litres per hectare(L/ha) during ploughing operation in Uyo was investigated. The study was conducted at the University of Uyo teaching and research farm, Uyo in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The soil in the study location was characterized as clay loam. Effects of operation parameters on fuel consumption for ploughing operation were investigated using One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance. The findings of the study indicate that at ˂0.05 significance level, operation parameters had significant effect on tractor fuel consumption during ploughing operation. The study had identified factors affecting tractor fuel operation during ploughing operation in the study location.

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47

Akbar, Ismail, and Elliana Gautama. "Locating Identification the Nearest Social Security Organizing Agency for Health Recipient Hospital Using the Haversine Formula and Black Box Method." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 09, no. 03 (2023): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2023.9.3.4.

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Currently, many people have difficulty finding the nearest hospital that can accept the health insurance of the Health Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS) and the ignorance of the community whether a hospital can accept BPJS Health or not. This can cause critical problems, especially if the patient's condition requires immediate health action. This problem can be solved with an application that can find the closest distance to BPJS recipient hospitals. One method to find the closest distance that currently has the highest level of accuracy is the Haversine Formula method. Applications made using the Haversine Formula method and based on Location Based Service can find the location of the nearest hospital based on the coordinates of the user's location. In this study, the application built using the Haversine Formula method and Location Based Service was able to find the closest distance from 38 hospitals in the Bekasi Regency area using Google Firebase as a database and Mapbox as a Maps API application. Tests were carried out by comparing the distance of 15 hospitals in 3 different locations, showing that the distance between the application and Google Maps was no more than 0.5 km, in location 1 the distance equation was 99%, location 2 was 97% and location 3 was 96% with an average success rate of 97%.

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48

Melman, Timo, David Abbink, Xavier Mouton, Adriana Tapus, and Joost de Winter. "Multivariate and location-specific correlates of fuel consumption: A test track study." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 92 (March 2021): 102627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102627.

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Yu, Haoran, Michael Zachman, Deborah Myers, Rangachary Mukundan, Hanguang Zhang, Piotr Zelenay, Kenneth Neyerlin, and David Cullen. "Elucidating fuel cell catalyst degradation mechanisms by identical-location transmission electron microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 27, S1 (July 30, 2021): 974–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927621003706.

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50

Yu, Haoran, Michael J. Zachman, Deborah J. Myers, Rangachary Mukundan, Hanguang Zhang, Piotr Zelenay, Kenneth C. Neyerlin, and David A. Cullen. "Identical Location Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Fuel Cell Catalyst Degradation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 39 (October 19, 2021): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-02391168mtgabs.

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