Дисертації з теми "Fuel emissions"
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Sukjit, Ekarong. "Synergistic effects of alcohol-based renewable fuels : fuel properties and emissions." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4674/.
Повний текст джерелаWinborn, Lorne Derek. "The cold operation of SI engines and the significance of fuel losses, oil dilution and mixture gas/fuel ratio." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366597.
Повний текст джерелаFlora, Giacomo. "Fuel Structure Effects on Surrogate Alternative Jet Fuel Emission." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1450286398.
Повний текст джерелаCreery, Niall James. "Inlet manifold fuel film study." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343081.
Повний текст джерелаTzillah, Aisha. "The Emissions of Criteria Air Pollutants from Biodiesel Fuel Usage." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258667095.
Повний текст джерелаRomo, Millares Cesar Alfredo. "Mathematical modelling of fuel NO emissions from PF burners." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282876.
Повний текст джерелаXiao, Zhiying. "Influence of fuel composition on diesel combustion and emissions." Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285096.
Повний текст джерелаLake, Timothy Hugh. "Gasoline combustion systems for improved fuel economy and emissions." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302289.
Повний текст джерелаKurji, Hayder. "Fuel flexibility with low emissions for gas turbine engines." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/104977/.
Повний текст джерелаLandsberg, Gary B. (Gary Bryan) 1975. "Liquid fuel hydrocarbon emissions mechanisms in spark-ignition engines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89274.
Повний текст джерелаChu, Van Thuy. "Measurement and assessment of ship emissions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/126390/3/Thuy%20Chu%20Van%20Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDhaliwal, Baljit. "Alternative fuel effects on vehicle emissions and indoor air quality." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0011/MQ60113.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAl-Khayat, Thamir A. H. "Dispersion of radioactive emissions from a nuclear fuel fabrication plant." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236387.
Повний текст джерелаClark, Kevin David. "Toxic metal and NOx emissions from pulverised solid fuel combustion." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413705.
Повний текст джерелаNicklin, Timothy J. "Automation of vehicle testing for fuel economy and emissions optimisation." Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488732.
Повний текст джерелаDorbian, Christopher S. (Christopher Salvatore). "Estimating the environmental benefits of aviation fuel and emissions reductions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59668.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-103).
With commercial aviation continuing to grow and environmental policymaking activity intensifying, it is becoming increasingly necessary to assess the environmental impact of measures that result in changes in aviation fuel bum levels. For estimating air quality and climate impacts, it is important to employ a multi-gas approach that accounts for the effects of all emitted species, not just carbon dioxide (CO₂). The main objective of this thesis is to develop a simplified framework for monetizing the CO₂ and non-CO₂ co-benefits of aviation fuel and emissions reductions. The approach is based on two main pieces, both of which are derived using the Aviation environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT). First, the air quality marginal damage cost of a unit of fuel is estimated using an air quality response surface model. Second, a simplified probabilistic impulse response function model for climate is employed to derive a non-CO₂/CO₂ impact ratio that can be multiplied by a social cost of carbon to estimate the additional benefits of fuel bum reductions from aviation beyond those associated with CO2 alone. The sensitivity of the non-CO₂/CO₂ climate ratio to metric choice, scientific assumptions, background scenarios, and other policymaker choices is explored. Notably, it is found that given the large uncertainties in short-lived effects, the choice of metric is not particularly influential on the overall ratio value (that is, similar results-within the range of uncertainty-are found for the different metrics considered). This thesis also validates the use of the climate ratios and air quality marginal damages through two sample applications. The first study explores the impact of various aviation growth scenarios and demonstrates the applicability of this framework to a multi-year analysis. The second study concerns the introduction of an advanced aircraft concept into the present-day aviation fleet and demonstrates the ability of the climate ratios to capture scientific and valuation-based uncertainties. In both cases, the derived ratios and air quality damage costs are found to be a good surrogate for a full impact analysis in APMT, relative to the overall uncertainty in estimating impacts.
by Christopher S. Dorbian.
S.M.
Rezai, Armon, and der Ploeg Frederick Van. "Cumulative Emissions, Unburnable Fossil Fuel and the Optimal Carbon Tax." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4795/1/EcolEcon_WorkingPaper_2016_8.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSeries: Ecological Economic Papers
Шапочка, Микола Костянтинович, Николай Константинович Шапочка, Mykola Kostiantynovych Shapochka, Олександр Вікторович Лямцев, Александр Викторович Лямцев, and Oleksandr Viktorovych Liamtsev. "Optimization of fuel consumption and decrease of transport vehicles emissions." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8278.
Повний текст джерелаTorrão, Guilhermina Cândida Antas. "Effect of vehicle characteristics on safety, fuel use and emissions." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12644.
Повний текст джерелаNos últimos anos, o número de vítimas de acidentes de tráfego por milhões de habitantes em Portugal tem sido mais elevado do que a média da União Europeia. Ao nível nacional torna-se premente uma melhor compreensão dos dados de acidentes e sobre o efeito do veículo na gravidade do mesmo. O objetivo principal desta investigação consistiu no desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão da gravidade do acidente, para o caso de um único veículo envolvido e para caso de uma colisão, envolvendo dois veículos. Além disso, esta investigação compreendeu o desenvolvimento de uma análise integrada para avaliar o desempenho do veículo em termos de segurança, eficiência energética e emissões de poluentes. Os dados de acidentes foram recolhidos junto da Guarda Nacional Republicana Portuguesa, na área metropolitana do Porto para o período de 2006-2010. Um total de 1,374 acidentes foram recolhidos, 500 acidentes envolvendo um único veículo e 874 colisões. Para a análise da segurança, foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística. Para os acidentes envolvendo um único veículo, o efeito das características do veículo no risco de feridos graves e/ou mortos (variável resposta definida como binária) foi explorado. Para as colisões envolvendo dois veículos foram criadas duas variáveis binárias adicionais: uma para prever a probabilidade de feridos graves e/ou mortos num dos veículos (designado como veículo V1) e outra para prever a probabilidade de feridos graves e/ou mortos no outro veículo envolvido (designado como veículo V2). Para ultrapassar o desafio e limitações relativas ao tamanho da amostra e desigualdade entre os casos analisados (apenas 5.1% de acidentes graves), foi desenvolvida uma metodologia com base numa estratégia de reamostragem e foram utilizadas 10 amostras geradas de forma aleatória e estratificada para a validação dos modelos. Durante a fase de modelação, foi analisado o efeito das características do veículo, como o peso, a cilindrada, a distância entre eixos e a idade do veículo. Para a análise do consumo de combustível e das emissões, foi aplicada a metodologia CORINAIR. Posteriormente, os dados das emissões foram modelados de forma a serem ajustados a regressões lineares. Finalmente, foi desenvolvido um indicador de análise integrada (denominado “SEG”) que proporciona um método de classificação para avaliar o desempenho do veículo ao nível da segurança rodoviária, consumos e emissões de poluentes.Face aos resultados obtidos, para os acidentes envolvendo um único veículo, o modelo de previsão do risco de gravidade identificou a idade e a cilindrada do veículo como estatisticamente significativas para a previsão de ocorrência de feridos graves e/ou mortos, ao nível de significância de 5%. A exatidão do modelo foi de 58.0% (desvio padrão (D.P.) 3.1). Para as colisões envolvendo dois veículos, ao prever a probabilidade de feridos graves e/ou mortos no veículo V1, a cilindrada do veículo oposto (veículo V2) aumentou o risco para os ocupantes do veículo V1, ao nível de significância de 10%. O modelo para prever o risco de gravidade no veículo V1 revelou um bom desempenho, com uma exatidão de 61.2% (D.P. 2.4). Ao prever a probabilidade de feridos graves e/ou mortos no veículo V2, a cilindrada do veículo V1 aumentou o risco para os ocupantes do veículo V2, ao nível de significância de 5%. O modelo para prever o risco de gravidade no veículo V2 também revelou um desempenho satisfatório, com uma exatidão de 40.5% (D.P. 2.1). Os resultados do indicador integrado SEG revelaram que os veículos mais recentes apresentam uma melhor classificação para os três domínios: segurança, consumo e emissões. Esta investigação demonstra que não existe conflito entre a componente da segurança, a eficiência energética e emissões relativamente ao desempenho dos veículos.
During the last years, the number of fatalities per million inhabitants in Portugal has always been higher than the average in the European Union. Therefore, at national level, there is a need for a more effective understanding of crash data and vehicles effects on crash severity. This research examined the effects of vehicle characteristics on severity risk, fuel use and emissions. The main goal of this research was to develop models for crash severity prediction in single vehicle-crashes and two-vehicle collisions. Furthermore, this research aimed at developing an integrated analysis to evaluate vehicle’s safety, fuel efficiency and emission performances. Crash data were collected from the Portuguese Police Republican National Guard records for the Porto metropolitan area, for the period 2006-2010. A total of 1,374 crashes were collected, 500 single-vehicle crashes and 874 two-vehicle collisions. For the safety analysis, logistic regressions were used. For single-vehicle crashes, the effect of vehicle characteristics to predict the probability of a serious injury and/or killed in vehicle occupants (designed as binary target) was explored. For two-vehicle collisions, additional binary targets were designed: one target to predict the probability of a serious injury and/or killed in vehicle V1) and another target to predict the probability of a serious injury and/or killed in vehicle V2). To overcome the challenge imposed by sample size and high imbalanced data (only 5.1% were severe crashes), research methodology was developed based on a resampling strategy and 10 stratified random samples were used for validation. During the modeling stage, the effect of vehicle characteristics, such as weight, engine size, wheelbase and age of vehicle were analyzed. For the vehicle’s fuel efficiency and emissions analysis, pollutants were estimated using CORINAIR methodology. Following, emissions data were fit into linear regression models. Finally, an integrated analysis indicator (entitled “SEG”) that provides rating classification for the evaluation of vehicle’s safety, fuel efficiency and emission performances, was developed. Regarding these results, for single-vehicle crashes, injury severity prediction model identified age of the vehicle and engine size as statistically significant, at 5% level. Model performance accuracy rate was 58.0% (S.D. 3.1). For two-vehicle collisions, when predicting injury severity in vehicle V1, the engine size of the opponent vehicle (vehicle V2) increased the risk for the occupants of the subject vehicle (vehicle V1), at 10% level. Injury severity prediction model for vehicle V1 revealed a good performance with a mean prediction accuracy rate of 61.2% (S.D. 2.4). When predicting injury severity for the other vehicle involved (vehicle V2), the engine size of the opponent vehicle (vehicle V1) increased the risk for the occupants of vehicle V2, at 5% level. Injury severity prediction model for vehicle V2 achieved a mean prediction accuracy rate of 40.5% (S.D. 2.1). The results of the integrated analysis indicator, SEG, revealed that recent vehicle achieved better rating simultaneously for all the three domains: safety, fuel efficiency and emissions performances. Newer vehicles showed a better overall safety rating, were more fuel efficient (less CO2 emissions) and reduced emissions (more environmental friendly). This research relevance showed that there is no trade-off between safety, fuel efficiency and emissions.
van, der Ploeg Frederick, and Armon Rezai. "Cumulative emissions, unburnable fossil fuel, and the optimal carbon tax." Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.10.016.
Повний текст джерелаBrooks, Thomas D. "Split-main fuel injection strategies for diesel engines and their influence on emissions and fuel consumption." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417186.
Повний текст джерелаBernardes, Pedrozo Vinícius. "An experimental study of ethanol-diesel dual-fuel combustion for high efficiency and clean heavy-duty engines." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15850.
Повний текст джерелаUdell, Thomas Gregory. "Reducing emissions of older vehicles through fuel system conversion to natural gas." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19896.
Повний текст джерелаPrabhakar, Niranjani. "Measuring the cost-effectiveness of idle reduction technologies in heavy-duty trucks." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54481.
Повний текст джерелаTira, Hendry Sakke. "Impact of alternative fuels and hydrogen-enriched gaseous fuel on combustion and emissions in diesel engines." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4376/.
Повний текст джерелаArter, Micah. "The effects of diesel fuel density on fuel consumption measurements of portable in-use emissions measurement systems." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5509.
Повний текст джерелаTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 91 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-62).
Ryste, Julianne Mari. "Screening LCA of GHG emissions related to LNG as ship fuel." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18643.
Повний текст джерелаPotluri, Srinivas. "Combustion emissions from conventional boiler firing coal and tire derived fuel." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10102009-020130/.
Повний текст джерелаKnirsch, Ulrich. "Reducing car fleet emissions through fuel technology / policy alternatives for Sweeden." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36621.
Повний текст джерелаRunyon, Jon. "Gas turbine fuel flexibility : pressurized swirl flame stability, thermoacoustics, and emissions." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/100686/.
Повний текст джерелаLiu, Helen 1972. "Fuel component effects on hydrocarbon emissions from a spark-ignition engine." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50465.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (p. 59-60).
A fuel component perturbation experiment was performed in order to determine the sensitivity of the engine-out emission levels of two olefins, 2-methylpropene (2MP) and 1,3-butadiene, to selected fuel components. In this experiment, a base fuel was perturbed with the following four major fuel components: MTBE, toluene, m,p-xylene, and iso-octane. For each of these components, new fuel mixtures were blended by increasing the percent volume of that particular component by three different increments. A spark-ignition engine was run at steady-state using these different fuel blends plus a baseline fuel with no perturbation. Samples were collected and analyzed using gas chromatography methods. Different hydrocarbon exhaust species were identified and quantified, and trends in any of these species were noted. The final results do indicate increasing trends in 2MP from the MTBE- and iso-octane- perturbed fuel blends. The sensitivity factor for the fuel MTBE/exhaust 2MP relationship was found to be approximately 3.582 x 10-5 g 2MP/(g fuel X % vol MTBE) using normalized data and 3.598 x 10-5 g 2MP/(g fuel X % Vol MTBE) using data corrected by an offset factor. For the iso-octane fuel mixture, the sensitivity was 3.287 x 10-5 g 2MP/(g fuel X % vol iso-oct) using normalized data and 3.500 x 10-5 g 2MP/(g fuel X % vol iso-oct) using data corrected by an offset factor. Perturbing the fuel with the aromatics did not have any noticeable effects on the exhaust hydrocarbon species. However, the exhaust samples from these fuel blends were also used in determining the MTBE and iso-octane sensitivities. By increasing the aromatic percent volumes, the percent volumes of MTBE and iso-octane in the fuel mixtures decreased. Neither MTBE, toluene, m-pxylene, nor iso-octane had any noticeable effect on the levels of 1,3-butadiene in the exhaust.
by Helen Liu.
S.M.
Lodi, Chiara, Antti Seitsonen, Elena Paffumi, Gennaro Michele De, Thomas Huld, and Stefano Malfettani. "Reducing CO2 emissions of conventional fuel cars by vehicle photovoltaic roofs." Elsevier, 2018. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73237.
Повний текст джерелаPadalkar, Rahul Rajaram. "Global Commercial Aircraft Fuel Burn and Emissions Forecast: 2016 to 2040." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79661.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Garcia, Pardo Diego. "Piston bowl combustion simulation - From fuel spray calibration to emissions minimization." Thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-203950.
Повний текст джерелаMarlowe, Christopher L. "Development of computational tools for modeling engine fuel economy and emissions." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10469.
Повний текст джерелаTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 84 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-66).
Mazlan, Nurul Musfirah. "Assessing/Optimising Bio-fuel Combustion Technologies for Reducing Civil Aircraft Emissions." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7941.
Повний текст джерелаCambridge, Shevonn Nathaniel. "The effect of compression ratio on emissions from an alcohol-fueled engine." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040220/.
Повний текст джерелаCarson, Christopher Edward. "An investigation of stratified charging of two-stroke engines." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241331.
Повний текст джерелаHedman, Björn. "Dioxin emissions from small-scale combustion of bio-fuel and household waste." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Chemistry, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-593.
Повний текст джерелаDenna avhandling behandlar rökgasutsläpp av persistenta organiska föroreningar, framförallt dioxiner, vid förbränning av fasta biobränslen och torrt hushållsavfall i relativt små anläggningar (5-600 kW) utan avancerad rökgasreningsteknik.
Samförbränning av avfall och biobränsle i effektiva mindre biobränslepannor testades som en alternativ strategi till den vanligen förekommande storskaliga hanteringen och förbränningen fast hushållsavfall. Medan storskalig förbränning av avfall ger investeringsmässiga fördelar med rökgasreningsteknik etc. kan små lokala anläggningar ha transportmässiga fördelar och möjligheter till utnyttjande av lokala biobränsletillgångar. Källsorterat, torrt, brännbart hushållsavfall insamlades från hushåll i glesbygd och samförbrändes i brikettform med energigräset rörflen i 150-600 kW biobränslepannor. Endast undantagsvis understeg dioxinemissionerna gällande gränsvärden för avfallsförbränning och nivåerna av väteklorid i rökgas översteg gränsvärdena flerfaldigt. Det bedömdes att någon form av extra rökgasrening är nödvändig för att säkerställa nivågränserna. Dioxiner hittades också i det eldade avfallet, framförallt i textilfraktionen. Dioxinmängderna i rökgaserna var oftast lägre än i det ingående bränslet.
Intermittent pelletseldning gav oväntat höga utsläpp av dioxiner med en emissionsfaktor på 28 ng(WHO-TEQ)/kg. Vedeldning i en modern miljömärkt villapanna gav betydligt lägre utsläpp av dioxiner än eldning i en gammal kombipanna och eldning med full lufttillförsel, som kan jämföras med användning av ackumulatortank, resulterade i upp till 90% minskning av utsläpp av dioxiner jämfört med eldning med reducerat lufttillskott (’pyreldning’). Eldning av plastavfall i en vedpanna gav höga utsläpp av dioxiner.
Okontrollerad förbränning av trädgårdsavfall och hushålls avfall i tunna eller som öppen eld ’bakgårdsbränning’, gav stora variationer i utsläppsnivåer som bara delvis kunde kopplas till avfallsinnehåll. Resultaten visar att denna typ av förbränning kan vara en betydande källa till dioxiner i miljön, och ett emissionsfaktorintervall på 4-72 ng (WHO-TEQ)/kg föreslås för bedömningar av utsläpp från backgårdsbränning av avfall med låga eller måttliga klorhalter.
En sammanfattande slutsats av alla försök är att dioxin utsläpp beror på komplicerade samband mellan bränsleinnehåll och förbränningsbetingelser. Bränslen med mycket höga klorhalter av ger oftast högre utsläpp av dioxiner än bränslen med låga klorhalter medan små skillnader döljs av variationer i förbränningsbetingelser.
This thesis deals with emissions of persistent organic pollutants, primarily dioxins, from the combustion of solid biofuels and dry combustible household waste in relatively small facilities, 5-600 kW, without advanced air pollution controls.
Co-combustion of waste and biofuel in effective small boilers was tested as an alternative to prevailing large-scale management and combustion strategies for handling municipal solid waste. This approach includes no advanced air pollution control systems, but offers two advantages: limiting transport and providing scope to use local biofuel resources. Source-sorted, dry, combustible household waste was collected from households in a sparsely populated area and co-combusted as briquettes together with reed canary-grass in 150-600 kW biofuel boilers. Most trials showed difficulties to meet regulative limits for the emissions of dioxins valid for incineration of MSW and the regulated limits for emissions of hydrochloric acid were exceeded manifold. It was concluded that additional flue-gas cleaning will be needed to ensure that emissions are sufficiently low. Dioxins were also found in the waste, especially in the textile fraction. The mass of dioxins in the flue-gas emissions was generally lower than the mass in the fuel input.
Intermittent combustion of wood pellets in a residential boiler resulted in an unexpectedly high dioxin emissions factor of 28 ng (WHO-TEQ)/kg fuel. Combustion of wood in a modern environmentally certified boiler yielded considerably lower dioxin emissions than combustion in an old boiler, and combustion with a full air supply, i.e. with use of heat storage tank, resulted in up to 90% reductions in dioxin emission factors compared to combustion with reduced air supply. Combustion of plastic waste in a residential wood boiler resulted in high emissions of dioxins.
Tests of uncontrolled combustion of garden and household waste in barrels or open fires, ‘backyard burnings’, resulted in emissions with large variations that could only be partly correlated to the waste constituents. The results imply that this may be an important source of dioxins in the environment and an emission factor range of 4-72 ng (WHO-TEQ)/kg is suggested for estimating emissions from backyard burnings of lightly and moderately chlorine-contaminated waste.
A summarized conclusion from all of the experiments is that predicting emission levels from waste contents is not straightforward (except that fuels with very high chlorine levels will usually result in high levels of dioxins in flue-gas emissions). Moderate differences in chlorine levels will usually be masked by the effect of variations in combustion conditions.
Yousif, Safwan Yousif Ahmed. "Modelling of toxic heavy metal partitioning and emissions from solid fuel combusters." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7428.
Повний текст джерелаRoy, Vincent. "Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on fuel consumption and nitrogen oxides emissions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63554.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHedman, Björn. "Dioxin emissions from small-scale combustion of bio-fuel and household waste /." Umeå : Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-593.
Повний текст джерелаRockey, Helen Anne. "The environmental control and clean technology of fuel emissions and crystallisation processes." Thesis, Brunel University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394707.
Повний текст джерелаBrophy, Kieran. "Development of atmospheric inversions to evaluate fossil fuel CO2 emissions in California." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/64778.
Повний текст джерелаTurner, Dale Michael. "The combustion and emissions performance of fuel blends in modern combustion systems." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1165/.
Повний текст джерелаAcar, Joseph 1977. "Effect of engine operating parameters and fuel characteristics on diesel engine emissions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30319.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (leaf 32).
To examine the effects of using synthetic Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel fuel in a modern compression ignition engine, experiments were conducted on a MY 2002 Cummins 5.9 L diesel engine outfitted with high pressure, common rail fuel injection, a variable geometry turbo charger, cooled EGR and a fully configurable engine management computer. Additionally, the effect of varied injection timing and EGR rates were studied to examine how the engine can be optimized for FT fuel. The test fuels included two standard diesel fuels, one with 400 PPM sulfur content and the other 15 PPM sulfur. The experimental fuels were Syntroleum Corporation's S-1 fuel, as well as blends of 25% S-1 with a balance of 15 or 400 PPM D2. Tests were conducted with three engine operating conditions: 1682 RPM, 474 kPa BMEP; 2011 RPM, 1000 kPa BMEP; 2011 RPM, 1400 kPa BMEP. It was found that FT fuel reduced NOx emissions 19% in low load tests, but alone had little effect in higher load tests. FT fuel reduced particulate matter (PM) emissions in almost all test case, on the order of 25 to 75%. Retarding injection timing and increasing EGR both reduce NOx emissions. In the case of standard fuels, these reduction come at the expense of increased PM. However, FT fuel reduced this effect and allows for more retarded timing and further increased EGR rates to control NO. Blended fuels, containing 25% FT, by volume, and a balance of 15 PPM or 400 PPM fuel, were found to provide most of the benefit of straight FT fuel. The FT/15 blend reduced PM 40% and the FT/400 blend reduced PM 60%.
by Joseph Acar.
S.M.
McConnachie, D. (Dominic Alistair). "Climate policy and the airline industry : emissions trading and renewable jet fuel." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72902.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-89).
In this thesis, I assess the impact of the current EU Emissions Trading Scheme and a hypothetical renewable jet fuel mandate on US airlines. I find that both the EU Scheme up until 2020 and a renewable jet fuel mandate of 1 bn gallons per year from 2018 to 2022 would have a small impact on US airlines and emissions, and operations would continue to grow by -3% p.a. I find that if carriers pass on all additional costs to consumers in the EU Scheme, including the opportunity costs associated with free allowances, windfall gains may be substantial at about $2.6bn because under current allocation rules, airlines would only have to purchase about a third of the required allowances. However, an increase in the proportion of allowances auctioned would reduce windfall gains and profits for US airlines would decline. If airlines pass on only allowance expenses airlines do not receive windfall gains. Out-of-sector abatement is estimated at about a third of airline emissions for the North Atlantic routes, compared to the estimated 1.6% in-sector emissions reductions due largely to reductions in demand under the EU Scheme. Under proposed EU legislation, airlines can use renewable jet fuel instead of purchasing emissions allowances. I find that the current allowance price would make it cheaper for airlines to purchase renewable jet fuel only under conditions where the renewable fuel price premium is 10 cents per gallon or less. I find that a renewable jet fuel mandate of 1bn gallons per year for US commercial aviation (about 4% of the total fuel use) with renewable jet fuel price premium of $1.50 would increase airline fuel costs by ~2% and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by between 2% and 4%. Emissions would continue to grow and reach approximate 2018 levels by 2022. I use the social cost of carbon, with a baseline value of $100/tCO₂e, to calculate the societal cost-effective price premium of renewable jet. I find that fuels can have a price premium of between 40c and $1.30 per gallon, depending on life cycle greenhouse gas reduction. Renewable jet fuels examined in this thesis, including the only commercially available fuel, currently have price premiums of more than $2 per gallon and a calculated greenhouse gas abatement cost of more than $250/tCO₂e. This thesis shows that the emerging renewable jet fuel industry needs to reduce costs to achieve greenhouse gas abatement costs, and therefore societal benefits, comparable to the social cost of carbon or EU allowance costs. It also shows that for the fuels examined with currently estimated prices, the EU Scheme, and the now defunct Waxman-Markey Bill would be lower cost options of greenhouse gas abatement for airlines than a renewable fuel mandate, and in any case would not preclude the use of renewable fuels should they be produced with lower price premiums.
by Dominic A. T. McConnachie.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
Picazo, Christine Pilar L. (Christine Pilar Lopez). "Comparison of energy efficiency, emissions, and costs of internal combustion and fuel cell vehicles operating on various fuels." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9562.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (p. 113-117).
This thesis aims to evaluate a new transportation technology (fuel cells) against a proven technology (internal combustion engine). Technology is ever evolving, and the new must be an improvement upon the old; otherwise, there is no sense in adopting the new and unproven technology. For the commercialization of the fuel cell vehicle to be successful, it has to be competitive with the internal combustion vehicle in terms of policy parameters which influence the automobile's development and diffusion. These parameters are performance, environmental effects, and economics. A meaningful comparison considers these parameters. Thus the criteria chosen for the comparison are indicators of the parameters-energy efficiency, emissions, and cost to the consumer. A variety of fuels are chosen for each type of vehicle, and the full fuel cycle energy efficiency and emissions resulting from the extraction, production and consumption of these fuels are considered. This results in a comparison that takes into account the entire system associated with the use of fuels in a vehicle. The energy efficiency and emissions are estimated using a simple Reference Case, and a number of previous studies. The cost to the consumer for each type of vehicle is estimated using previous cost studies. Both the initial cost and the operating costs are included in the analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that, considering the full fuel cycle, fuel cell vehicles are more energy efficient and emit fewer pollutants than internal combustion vehicles. However, the difference between the two are dampened by the inefficiencies and emissions associated with the extraction and production of the fuel. Even if fuel cell vehicles are mass-produced, they are still more expensive than conventional vehicles. Thus there is a tradeoff between improved efficiency and environmental performance, and cost. Fuel cell vehicles may possibly cost less than conventional automobiles if they last longer, and are priced on a per kilometer basis. Despite the higher cost, consumers may be willing to pay a premium for improved performance. Moreover, other considerations not within the scope of this thesis, such as other performance parameters and a vehicle support network, must be taken into account.
by Christine Pilar L. Picazo.
S.M.
Ferrarotti, Marco. "Experimental and numerical investigation of fuel flexibility and pollutant emissions in novel combustion technologies using renewable synthetic fuels." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/312265/6/contraMF.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаD’ici 2050, l’Europe devra découpler sa croissance économique de ses émissions de CO2. Il s’agit d’une réponse nécessaire au changement climatique et à la pollution de l’air induits par les émissions atmosphérique de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et de polluants (NOx). Un remplacement d’un pourcentage significatif des combustibles fossiles par des sources d’énergie renouvelables sera nécessaire. Cependant, la production d’énergie à partir des sources renouvelables est généralement intermittente et imprévisible. Cela nécessite un stockage d’énergie fiable à moyen et long terme, pour synchroniser la production et la demande d’énergie. L’option Power-to-Fuel, ou stockage chimique, peut être la clé d’un système énergétique durable. En effet, la conversion de l’excès d’énergie renouvelable en carburants de deuxième génération permettra de débloquer un stockage d’énergie à long terme et à haute densité, en assurant également une réduction de l’empreinte carbone. Ces carburants non conventionnels « verts » sont des mélanges de CH4, H2, CO et NH3. Cependant, pour exploiter le potentiel du Power-to-Fuel, il est nécessaire de développer une technologie de combustion efficace, avec des émissions de polluants pratiquement nulles, assurant des conditions de travail stables avec une charge et des carburants différents et des économies d’énergie significatives. Au cours des dernières années, une combustion dite « MILD », ou sans flamme, a attiré l’attention pour sa capacité à atteindre les objectifs mentionnés. Cependant, les études disponibles dans la littérature sont menées sur des systèmes de laboratoire (jet in hot co-flow) et avec des carburants conventionnels comme le gaz naturel ou le méthane. Les exemples utilisant des carburants non conventionnels sont rares et limités à quelques conditions de fonctionnement.Dans ce cadre, cette thèse de doctorat se concentre sur un triple aspect.Des campagnes expérimentales ont étudié la flexibilité du combustible dans un four sans flamme installé à l'ULB. L’ajout progressif d’hydrogène dans le méthane permet d’améliorer les caractéristiques de combustion, en réduisant le délai d’allumage et augmentant la réactivité du système, ce qui, par contre, cause un éloignement du système des conditions sans flamme. En effet, un seuil supérieur de 25% H2 a été identifié pour les mélanges méthane/hydrogène, pour travailler dans des conditions sans flammes (MILD), caractérisées par une faible augmentation de température et des émissions de polluants amoindries .Cela est conforme à l’objectif d’introduire de l’hydrogène « vert » dans le gazoduc (jusqu’à 20%) afin de réduire les émissions de CO2. D’autres campagnes expérimentales se sont focalisées sur le rôle de la géométrie d’injection (variation du diamètre de l’injecteur d’air) et de la longueur de la lance du carburant pour réduire les émissions des oxydes d’azote et récupérer les conditions sans flamme/MILD pour une teneur élevée en hydrogène. Enfin, des mélanges ammoniac/hydrogène ont été testés. Les résultats suggèrent que la stœchiométrie a un impact majeur sur les émissions d’oxydes d’azote. Une fenêtre optimale minimisant les émissions de NO et d’ammoniac imbrulées a été définie en utilisant un rapport d'équivalence de 0,9. Pour tracer qualitativement les tendances observées, un réseau de réacteurs simplifié a été construit. L’analyse a mis en évidence les réactions les plus importantes pour la formation des NOx et elle a permis de justifier la réduction des oxydes d’azote à l’état stœchiométrique.De l’autre côté, un modèle numérique robuste et fiable a été optimisé et testé pour le brûleur Jet in Hot Co-flow de l’Université d’Adelaide. Ce dernier est un brûleur simplifié capable de simuler les conditions de combustion MILD/sans flamme. Un ensemble de simulations RANS ont été effectuées à l’aide de l’approche du réacteur partiellement agité (Partially Stirred Reactor – PaSR - en anglais), en examinant les différentes formulations de modèles de mélange :une formulation statique, fractale et dynamique, basée sur la résolution des équations de transfert pour la variance scalaire et le taux de dissipation. Une étude sur le rôle des modèles de combustion et des mécanismes cinétiques dans la prédiction de la formation des oxydes d’azote a également été réalisée. Enfin, une analyse sur le choix d’un marqueur de taux de dégagement de chaleur (Heat Release Rate – HRR – en anglais) pour les conditions MILD et non MILD a été réalisée. Après validation, les modèles développés ont été utilisés pour définir les aspects clés de la simulation d’un four sans flamme, en variant la composition du combustible, pour des mélanges méthane/hydrogène et ammoniac/hydrogène. En particulier, pour ce dernier cas, les schémas cinétiques existants ont montré une surestimation importante des émissions d’oxydes d’azote, raison pour laquelle une étude d’optimisation a été menée dans un réacteur simplifié.Enfin, le premier jumeau numérique en son genre, basé sur des Simulations numériques de Dynamique de Fluides (CFD – Computational Fluid Dynamics en anglais) pour un four fonctionnant dans des conditions de combustion sans flamme, a été créé. Un modèle à ordre réduit (ROM – Reduced Order Model en anglais) basé sur la combinaison de la Décomposition Orthogonale aux valeurs Propres (POD) et du Kriging a été développé pour la prédiction des variables d’intérêt (température et espèces chimiques majeures) ainsi que des polluants dans les fumées.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
George, Sam. "Investigation of lubricant oil consumption and its contribution to particulate matter emissions." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=6004.
Повний текст джерелаTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 152 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-119).