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Статті в журналах з теми "Fuel combustion units"
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Zbykovski, Y. I. "The ecological and economic evaluation of using smokeless solid fuel during combustion in boiler units." Journal of Coal Chemistry 3 (2018): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2018-0-3-11-18.
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Mattisson, Tobias. "Materials for Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling." ISRN Chemical Engineering 2013 (May 8, 2013): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/526375.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) is a novel combustion technology with inherent separation of carbon dioxide. The process is a three-step process which utilizes a circulating oxygen carrier to transfer oxygen from the combustion air to the fuel. The process utilizes two interconnected fluidized bed reactors, an air reactor and a fuel reactor. In the fuel reactor, the metal oxide decomposes with the release of gas phase oxygen (step 1), which reacts directly with the fuel through normal combustion (step 2). The reduced oxygen carrier is then transported to the air reactor where it reacts with the oxygen in the air (step 3). The outlet from the fuel reactor consists of only CO2 and H2O, and pure carbon dioxide can be obtained by simple condensation of the steam. This paper gives an overview of the research conducted around the CLOU process, including (i) a thermodynamic evaluation, (ii) a complete review of tested oxygen carriers, (iii) review of kinetic data of reduction and oxidation, and (iv) evaluation of design criteria. From the tests of various fuels in continuous chemical-looping units utilizing CLOU materials, it can be established that almost full conversion of the fuel can be obtained for gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels.
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KISELEV, Igor G., Sergey B. KOMISSAROV, and Dmitry Ya MONASTYRSKY. "On the expediency of using liquefied natural gas in refrigerated containers with mounted diesel generators." BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH RESULTS 2021, no. 4 (December 2021): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2021-4-104-113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: Analysis of the feasibility of using LNG as an alternative to diesel fuel in mobile power units used as a power source for refrigeration units of refrigerated containers. Methods: Natural gas has been compared to diesel fuel in terms of the economic characteristics; exergy analysis, systema111 tic approach, and synthesis have been used. Results: The economic feasibility of replacing diesel fuel with LNG for power units of refrigerated containers is determined; general issues of converting from diesel fuel to LNG were considered; possible ways of utilizing cold during regasification are proposed; emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of LNG and diesel fuel were compared. Practical importance: The study findings can be applied when converting mobile power units for various purposes from diesel fuel to LNG, as well as for in-depth analysis of individual problems of using LNG as a fue.
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Borush, Olesya, Pavel Shchinnikov, and Anna Zueva. "Prospects of Application of Dual-Fuel Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Units." E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911406002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dual-fuel combined cycle gas turbine units, including power units on the parallel scheme with predominant coal combustion are considered in the paper. The basic equations for determining the energy efficiency of dual-fuel combined-cycle power units are described. The interdependence of the efficiency of the gas turbine and steam turbine parts of the combined-cycle plant for the efficiency of the combined-cycle plant with a variable binary coefficient is presented. It is shown that 55-56% efficiency is achievable for parallel type combined cycle gas turbine units T with predominant solid fuel combustion on the basis of this interdependence between efficiency and binary coefficient. Comparison of competitiveness in the ratio of fuel prices for gas / coal with traditional coal technology and theoretical rejected combined cycle gas turbine units with an efficiency of 60% for dual-fuel combined cycle gas turbine units with the implementation of the Rankine cycle for subcritical (13 MPa) and supercritical (24 MPa) steam parameters is carried out. It is shown that the dual-fuel combined cycle gas turbine units are preferable to traditional coal steam turbine power units in the case when the ratio of the price of fuel does not exceed 5, binary rejected combined cycle gas turbine units, when the ratio of the prices by more 0,5.
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Lutsey, Nicholas, Christie-Joy Brodrick, Daniel Sperling, and Harry A. Dwyer. "Markets for Fuel-Cell Auxiliary Power Units in Vehicles: Preliminary Assessment." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1842, no. 1 (January 2003): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1842-14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fuel cells are widely expected to replace internal combustion engines in vehicles. However, their high initial costs preclude their introduction into the mass market for some time. A new approach is needed that focuses on niche markets. The potential use of fuel cells in auxiliary power units (APUs) on board various types of automobiles and trucks— in luxury passenger automobiles, law enforcement vehicles, contractor trucks, specialized utility trucks, recreational vehicles, refrigerated trucks, and line-haul heavy-duty trucks—is explored. Power requirements, volume and weight targets, costs, market sizes, and potential benefits for several fuel cell technologies and fuels are analyzed. The attributes of market applications are matched with fuel cell attributes to assess the market potential of fuel-cell APUs. Although data are insufficient and more analysis is needed, several market applications apparently could play key roles in introducing fuel cell technologies to the transportation sector.
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Skiba, D. V., D. A. Maksimov, R. S. Kashapov, and T. S. Kharisov. "Specific features of pressure pulsation control in combustion chambers of land based gas turbine units." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 20, no. 4 (January 19, 2022): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2021-20-4-40-51.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
LLC SPC Teplofizika, developing low-emission combustion chambers with premixing of fuel for ground application gas turbine installations, investigates the problems associated with the occurrence of pressure pulsations in the combustion chambers, as well as with the methods of their registration and measurement. To date, there is no unified method for assessing and calculating the amplitude-frequency characteristics of these pulsations and their measurement in general. This article is based on many years of experience in measuring and recording pressure pulsations under the conditions of a test bench and operation. Methods for evaluating and accumulating measurement results are presented, criteria for determining the average frequency and amplitude of oscillations are developed, reproducible in the course of experiments and during full-scale measurements. To detect vibrating combustion, an additional criterion of coherence of vibrations is also used with the aid of the entropy coefficient. As a result of the computational and experimental study, we find that the pulsation pressure in the volume of the combustion chamber does not allow the use of probes for measuring pressure pulsations in the air volume of the combustion chamber to reliably prevent the occurrence of vibrating combustion during its operation.
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Schastlivtsev, A. I., and V. I. Borzenko. "Features of thermodynamic and thermal processes in hydrogen combustion units and systems on their basis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2039, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2039/1/012032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The main types and designs of hydrogen combustion units (HCU), including hydrogen-oxygen steam generators, superheaters and air heaters of various power levels, are considered. The main problems arising in the development, creation and testing of such installations are determined, including the problems of cooling the most heat-stressed units, mixing of the main components of the fuel and oxidizer, mixing of high-temperature combustion products and ballasting components, problems associated with the completeness of hydrogen combustion and ensuring safety during operation.
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Kratzeisen, M., and J. Müller. "Suitability of Jatropha seed shells as fuel for small-scale combustion units." Renewable Energy 51 (March 2013): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.037.
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Михайленко, В. С., and В. В. Лещенко. "Improving the management of fuel combustion in ship boilers." Automation of ship technical facilities 27, no. 1 (November 25, 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/1819-3293-2021-1-27-73-83.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Annotation – The article discusses the issues of increasing the efficiency of the combustion of liquid fuel in the furnaces of ship steam boilers using the proposed neural network system for automatic correction of the excess air coefficient. It is indicated that modern systems for automatic flame detection have a number of disadvantages, in particular, low sensitivity to extraneous illumination, etc. hot air or flue gases on the walls of the boiler furnace. Such pulsations reduce the reliability of the combustion monitoring and control system. Therefore, the task of developing and introducing on ships new, economically inexpensive and effective methods of effective control and management of the fuel combustion process in ship boilers using modern means of intelligent control is urgent. On the basis of the experiments carried out on a Mitsubishi MV 50 marine steam boiler and the collected experimental data, the values for training the neural network system of the air flow correction process, taking into account the color of the burner flame and the color of the flue gases, were obtained. The use of a trained neural network in the control system, taking into account the fuzzy expert system for monitoring the color of the flame and smoke, makes it possible to achieve the best excess air ratio depending on the steam load of the SEP units. Simulation modeling of the proposed neural system was carried out in a specialized program Matlab (Neural Networks Toolbox). The simulation results showed that the use of a neural network control system for the combustion of liquid fuel, using the example of a marine boiler, allows maintaining a given thermal regime over the entire range of steam load of the power plant units, and also allows timely correction of the excess air ratio, i.e. avoid excessive consumption of fuel.
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Grigoriev, A. V., A. A. Kosmatov, О. A. Rudakov, and A. V. Solovieva. "Theory of gas turbine engine optimal gas generator." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 2 (July 2, 2019): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2019-18-2-52-61.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article substantiates the necessity of designing an optimal gas generator of a gas turbine engine. The generator is to provide coordinated joint operation of its units: compressor, combustion chamber and compressor turbine with the purpose of reducing the period of development of new products, improving their fuel efficiency, providing operability of the blades of a high-temperature cooled compressor turbine and meeting all operational requirements related to the operation of the optimal combustion chamber including a wide range of stable combustion modes, high-altitude start at subzero air and fuel temperature conditions and prevention of the atmosphere pollution by toxic emissions. Methods of optimizing the parameters of coordinated joint operation of gas generator units are developed. These parameters include superficial flow velocities in the boundary interface cross sections between the compressor and the combustion chamber, as well as between the combustion chamber and the compressor turbine. The effective efficiency of the engine thermodynamic cycle is the optimization target function. The required depth of the turbine blades cooling is a functional constraint evaluated with account for calculations of irregularity and instability of the gas temperature field and the actual flow turbulence intensity at the blades’ inlet. We carried out theoretical analysis of the influence of various factors on the gas flow that causes changes in the flow total pressure in the channels of the gas generator gas dynamic model, i.e. changes in the efficiencies of its units. It is shown that the long period (about five years) of the engine final development time, is due to the necessity to perform expensive full-scale tests of prototypes, in particular, it is connected with an incoordinate assignment in designing the values of the flow superficial velocities in the boundary sections between the gas generator units. Designing of an optimal gas generator is only possible on the basis of an integral mathematical model of an optimal combustion chamber.
Дисертації з теми "Fuel combustion units"
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Никольский, Валерий Евгеньевич. "Синергетические реакционно-массообменные процессы в газожидкостных аппаратах и топливных агрегатах химической технологии". Thesis, Украинский государственный химико-технологический университет, 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/24524.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора технических наук по специальности 05.17.08 – процессы и оборудование химической технологии. – Национальный технический университет "Харьковский политехнический институт" Министерства образования и науки Украины, Харьков, 2016 г.
Диссертационная работа посвящена решению актуальной инжиниринговой научно-технической проблемы: разработать современные энергоэффективные экологически чистые технологии, средства генерирования и потребления тепловой энергии с применением систем рекуперации теплоты на основе синергетического единства аппаратурно-технологического оформления процессов и системного подхода. В работе разработаны научно-методологические основы и практические способы повышения эффективности использования топлива в газожидкостных аппаратах и топливных агрегатах химической технологии за счет интенсификации тепловых процессов в их рабочем пространстве. С позиции совершенствования топливо– и материалосберегающих техники и технологий созданы новые конструкции газожидкостных аппаратов и топливных агрегатов. На их основе синтезированы экологически чистые энергоэффективные технологические системы (ЭТС), приемлемые для химической технологии и других сфер промышленности, коммунального, сельского хозяйства, отвечающие современным энергетическим и экологическим требованиям. Систематизированы методы интенсификации гетерогенных процессов в теплотехнологических аппаратах; предложены новые перспективные РТ и АК методы интенсификации и обоснована целесообразность их практического использования при синтезе новых ЭТС на базе синергетически совмещенных реакционно-разделительных процессов (обеспечение неоднофазности, наложение электрических и магнитных полей на контактирующие фазы, оптимизация параметров пульсаций в гетерогенных системах, одно- и многотипное комбинирование теплогенерирующих аппаратов, обеспечение многократных входных и концевых эффектов, соударения, закручивания, взаимной эжекции контактирующих фаз и их осциллирования, циклический подвод энергии). Разработанные и приведенные в диссертации аппараты, технологические процессы и оборудование широко внедрены на предприятиях Минхимпрома, Минметаллургии, Минавтопрома, Минкоммунхоза Украины и стран СНГ.A thesis for Doctor of Technical degree, specialty 05.17.08 – process and equipments of chemical technology. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2016. The thesis deals with the improvement of actual engineering science-technical problem: the development of the modern energy effective ecological technologies, the means of energy generation and consumption using the heat recuperation systems on the base of synergetic unity of hardware implementation of the processes and system approach. For that the methodological fundamentals and practical methods of increasing of fuel utilization efficiency in the gas-liquid apparatuses and in the fuel combustion units of chemical technology at the expense of heat processes intensification were developed. Looking for improvements in fuel efficiency and materials saving the new constructions of gas-liquid apparatuses and fuel combustion units were created. On this base the ecological and energy efficiency technological systems were synthesized. They confirm to the requirements of modern power engineering and they are acceptable for the chemical technology and the other industries, as well as for communal services and agriculture. The high-effective contact-module system was developed. It was equipped with the immersion combustion apparatuses with multiple phase inversion and oscillation modulating of contacted phases. The system can be used for heat supply of industrial and agricultural buildings, apartment houses without using boilers with heat utilization of combustion products, when heat rating of 200, 400, 600, 1000, 2000 kWt is assumed, depending a need for generated heat. The expenses for complex structures and buildings’ heating using the development are decreased by 2,5 – 2,8 times in comparison with the traditional means. Contact-module system has stood the government heat-ecological test, which confirmed its high efficiency, ecological compatibility, serviceability. Construction standard specifications for serial production in the different branches of economy were obtained. The developed and presented in the thesis apparatuses, technological processes and equipments were applied in chemistry, metallurgy, motor-car industries and in communal services in Ukraine and CIS countries.
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Нікольський, Валерій Євгенович. "Синергетичні реакційно-масообмінні процеси в газорідинних апаратах і паливних агрегатах хімічної технології". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/24517.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.08 – процеси та обладнання хімічної технології. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2016 р.
Дисертаційна робота присвячена вирішенню актуальної інжинірингової науково-технічної проблеми: розробити сучасні енергоефективні екологічно чисті технології, засоби генерування та споживання теплової енергії із застосуванням систем рекуперації теплоти на основі синергетичної єдності апаратурно-технологічного оформлення процесів і системного підходу. У роботі розроблено науково-методологічні основи та практичні способи підвищення ефективності використання палива в газорідинних апаратах і паливних агрегатах хімічної технології за рахунок інтенсифікації теплових процесів в їх робочому просторі. З позиції вдосконалення паливо- і матеріалозберігаючих техніки і технологій створено нові конструкції газорідинних апаратів і паливних агрегатів. На їх основі синтезовано екологічно чисті енергоефективні технологічні системи (ЕТС), прийнятні для хімічної технології та інших сфер промисловості, комунального, сільського господарства, які відповідають сучасним енергетичним та екологічним вимогам. Розроблено високоефективну контактно-модульну систему (КМС), обладнану апаратами зануреного горіння (АЗГ) з багатократною інверсією і модуляцією коливань контактуючих фаз для потреб теплопостачання промислових будівель і споруд, житлових і сільськогосподарських комплексів, яка виключає використання котельних і бойлерних установок з утилізацією теплоти продуктів згоряння, тепловою потужністю 200, 400, 600, 1000, 2000 кВт і вище залежно від потреби в генерованій теплоті. Витрати на обігрівання будівель і споруд при використанні пристрою знижуються в 2,5-2,8 рази в порівнянні з традиційними способами обігрівання. КМС пройшла державні тепло-екологічні випробування, які підтвердили її високу енергоефективність, екологічність, надійність в роботі. Отримано технічні умови на серійне її виготовлення і експлуатацію в різних галузях народного господарства. Розроблені і наведені в дисертації апарати, технологічні процеси і устаткування широко впроваджені на підприємствах Мінхімпрому, Мінметалургіі, Мінавтопрому, Мінкомунгоспу України та країн СНД.A thesis for Doctor of Technical degree, specialty 05.17.08 – process and equipments of chemical technology. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2016. The thesis deals with the improvement of actual engineering science-technical problem: the development of the modern energy effective ecological technologies, the means of energy generation and consumption using the heat recuperation systems on the base of synergetic unity of hardware implementation of the processes and system approach. For that the methodological fundamentals and practical methods of increasing of fuel utilization efficiency in the gas-liquid apparatuses and in the fuel combustion units of chemical technology at the expense of heat processes intensification were developed. Looking for improvements in fuel efficiency and materials saving the new constructions of gas-liquid apparatuses and fuel combustion units were created. On this base the ecological and energy efficiency technological systems were synthesized. They confirm to the requirements of modern power engineering and they are acceptable for the chemical technology and the other industries, as well as for communal services and agriculture. The high-effective contact-module system was developed. It was equipped with the immersion combustion apparatuses with multiple phase inversion and oscillation modulating of contacted phases. The system can be used for heat supply of industrial and agricultural buildings, apartment houses without using boilers with heat utilization of combustion products, when heat rating of 200, 400, 600, 1000, 2000 kWt is assumed, depending a need for generated heat. The expenses for complex structures and buildings’ heating using the development are decreased by 2,5 – 2,8 times in comparison with the traditional means. Contact-module system has stood the government heat-ecological test, which confirmed its high efficiency, ecological compatibility, serviceability. Construction standard specifications for serial production in the different branches of economy were obtained. The developed and presented in the thesis apparatuses, technological processes and equipments were applied in chemistry, metallurgy, motor-car industries and in communal services in Ukraine and CIS countries.
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Niemeyer, Kyle Evan. "Reducing the Cost of Chemistry in Reactive-Flow Simulations: Novel Mechanism Reduction Strategies and Acceleration via Graphics Processing Units." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1378393709.
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Baranski, Jacob A. "Experimental Investigation of Octane Requirement Relaxation in a Turbocharged Spark-Ignition Engine." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1375262182.
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Anosike, Nnamdi Benedict. "Technoeconomic evaluation of flared natural gas reduction and energy recovery using gas-to-wire scheme." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8625.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most mature oil reservoirs or fields tend to perform below expectations, owing to
high level of associated gas production. This creates a sub-optimal performance
of the oil production surface facilities; increasing oil production specific
operating cost. In many scenarios oil companies flare/vent this gas. In addition
to oil production constraints, associated gas flaring and venting consists an
environmental disasters and economic waste. Significant steps are now being
devised to utilise associated gas using different exploitation techniques. Most of
the technologies requires large associated gas throughput.
However, small-scale associated gas resources and non-associated natural gas
reserves (commonly referred to as stranded gas or marginal field) remains
largely unexploited. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to evaluate techno-
economic of gas turbine engines for onsite electric power generation called gas-
to-wire (GTW) using the small-scaled associated gas resources. The range of
stranded flared associated gas and non-associated gas reserves considered is
around 10 billion to 1 trillion standard cubic feet undergoing production decline.
The gas turbine engines considered for power plant in this study are based on
simple cycle or combustion turbines. Simple cycle choice of power-plant is
conceived to meet certain flexibility in power plant capacity factor and
availability during production decline. In addition, it represents the basic power
plant module cable of being developed into other power plant types in future to
meet different local energy requirements.
This study developed a novel gas-to-wire techno-economic and risk analysis
framework, with capability for probabilistic uncertainty analysis using Monte
Carlo simulation (MCS) method. It comprises an iterative calculation of the
probabilistic recoverable reserves with decline module and power plant
thermodynamic performance module enabled by Turbomatch (an in-house
code) and Gas Turb® software coupled with economic risk modules with
@Risk® commercial software. This algorithm is a useful tool for simulating the
interaction between disrupted gas production profiles induced by production
decline and its effect on power plant techno-economic performance over
associated gas utilization economic life. Furthermore, a divestment and make-
up fuel protocol is proposed for management of gas turbine engine units to
mitigate economical underperformance of power plant regime experienced due
to production decline.
The results show that utilization of associated gas for onsite power generation is
a promising technology for converting waste to energy. Though, associated gas
composition can be significant to gas turbine performance but a typical Nigerian
associated gas considered is as good as a regular natural gas. The majority of
capital investment risk is associated with production decline both natural and
manmade. Finally, the rate of capital investment returns decreases with smaller
reserves.
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Хоролець, Максим Дмитрович. "Дослідження шляхів підвищення ефективності роботи котельного обладнання ТЕЦ на ПАТ "Запоріжсталь"". Магістерська робота, 2022. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/6509.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Хоролець М. Д. Дослідження шляхів підвищення ефективності роботи котельного обладнання ТЕЦ на ПАТ "Запоріжсталь" : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 144 "Теплоенергетика" / наук. керівник Г. В. Карпенко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2022. 108 с.UA : Робота викладена на 108 сторінках друкованого тексту, містить 9 таблиць,33 рисунки. Перелік посилань включає 24 джерела з них на іноземній мові 0. Здійснено аналіз конструктивних особливостей та основних видів витрат котлоагрегатів. Досліджена основна методика можливих заходів покращення роботи котельних установок. Виконаний розрахунок теплового балансу котлоагрегату, описані системи автоматизованого регулювання. Отримані експериментальні данні викладені в повному обсязі в текстовому та графічному вигляді згідно діючих нормативних документів. Зроблені висновки за результатами дослідження та сформульовані рекомендації щодо подальшого забезпечення впровадження систем автоматизації в роботу котлоагрегатів на підприємстві.
EN : The work is presented on108 pages of printed text, contains 9 tables, 33 figures.The list of references includes 24 sources,0 of them in foreign language.The analysis of design features and main types of boiler costs is carried out. The basic technique of possible improvement measures is investigated work of boiler installations. The calculation of the heat balance of the boiler unit is performed, the automated control systems are described. Received experimental data are set out in full in text and graphics in accordance with applicable regulations. Conclusions based on the results of the study and recommendations for further implementation of automation systems in the operation of boilers at the enterprise.
Книги з теми "Fuel combustion units"
1
Zaporozhets, A. O., and V. P. Babak. Control of fuel combustion in small and medium power boilers. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.418.128.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monograph deals with the problems of increasing the effi ciency of fuel combustion and reducing emissions of harmful substances in boilers with a capacity of up to 3.5 MW. Approaches for the formation of stoichiometric air-fuel mixtures in boilers are developed. Th e method for indirect determination of the concentration of air components was developed, which allows to increase the metrological characteristics of gas-analyzing devices. Methods, algorithms and programs to automate the combustion control process, while ensuring the reliability of the data, are created. A system for monitoring the fuel combustion process was developed, and it was implemented on the basis of the NIISTU-5 boiler unit. For researchers, engineers, as well as lecturers and postgraduates of higher educational institutions and scientifi c institutions, working in the fi eld of engineering and optimization in the energy.
Частини книг з теми "Fuel combustion units"
1
Liljedahl, John B., Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, and Makoto Hoki. "Fuels and Combustion." In Tractors and their Power Units, 48–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6632-4_4.
Повний текст джерела
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J. Sroka, Zbigniew. "Work Cycle of Internal Combustion Engine Due to Rightsizing." In Internal Combustion Engine Technology and Applications of Biodiesel Fuel. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97144.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is worth still working on the development of the internal combustion engine, because its time was not yet over. This was demonstrated by the author’s review of the literature, indicating at least the perspective of 2050 the universality of the engine as the primary propulsion or support in hybrid transport units. The presented considerations may have a broader perspective, when the thermodynamic problems of a thermal machine such as an internal combustion engine are indicated. This chapter deals with the issues of changing the swept volume known as downsizing/rightsizing. An equivalent swept volume was introduced, defined by the coefficients determining changes in the cylinder diameter and the stroke of the piston. An attempt was made to find the mutual relations to the efficiency of the work cycle and engine operating parameters. The research methodology was proposed as a mix of laboratory tests and theoretical analyses, on the basis of which it was established that while maintaining the same value of the downsizing index, despite the various permissible combinations of cylinder diameter and piston stroke changes, the cycle efficiency remains unchanged. The engine operating parameters are changing, resulting from the use of support systems for rightsizing geometric changes.
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Araújo, Kathleen. "Beyond Malthus." In Low Carbon Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199362554.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter explores the evolving understanding of carbon and sustainability since the 18th and 19th centuries. Relevant applications of influential ideas are then identified with respect to knowledge, innovation, policy, and meta-level change. More than 100 years ago, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius hypothesized about the onset of ice ages and interglacial periods by considering high latitude temperature shifts (NASA Earth Observatory, n.d.). Applying an energy budget model and ideas of other scientists, like John Tyndall, Arrhenius argued that changes in trace atmospheric constituents, particularly carbon dioxide, could significantly alter the Earth’s heat budget (Arrhenius, 1896, 1897; NASA Earth Observatory, n.d.). Today, science indicates that the global, average surface temperature has continued to rise alongside the increase in greenhouse gases. Among global GHGs, CO2 emissions have increased by more than a factor of 1,000 in absolute terms since 1800. During that time, global carbon emissions found in the primary energy supply increased by roughly 6% per year (Grubler, 2008a). This growth in carbon emissions from energy is significant because CO2 from fuel combustion dominates global GHG emissions (IEA, 2015a and 2015b; IPCC, 2013). As noted earlier, 68% of the global GHGs that are attributed to human activity are linked to the energy sector; namely, fuel combustion and fugitive emissions (IEA, 2015a). Within this share, 90% consisted of CO2 (IEA, 2015a). In contrast to the rise in absolute numbers, carbon emissions per unit of output in the global primary energy supply has decreased 36% overall or by slightly less than 0.2% per year over the past two centuries (Grubler, 2008a). This subtle decarbonizing pattern in the energy mix is explained by the faster growth rate of energy use in relation to the rate of carbon emissions from that use. The delinking of energy utilization and carbon emissions occurred in part with the introduction of less carbon-intensive fossil fuel sources, like natural gas, in which a higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratio is evident (Gibbons and Gwin, 2009; Grubler, 2004, citing Marchetti, 1985).
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McElroy, Michael B. "Natural Gas : The Least Polluting Of The Fossil Fuels." In Energy and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490331.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In terms of emissions from combustion, natural gas, composed mainly of methane (CH4), is the least polluting of the fossil fuels. Per unit of energy produced, CO2 emissions from natural gas are 45.7% lower than those from coal (lignite), 27.5% lower than from diesel, and 25.6% lower than from gasoline. As discussed by Olah et al. (2006), humans have long been aware of the properties of natural gas. Gas leaking out of the ground would frequently catch fire, ignited, for example, by lightning. A leak and a subsequent fire on Mount Parnassus in Greece more than 3,000 years ago prompted the Ancient Greeks to attach mystical properties to the phenomenon— a flame than could burn for a long time without need for an external supply of fuel. They identified the location of this gas leak with the center of the Earth and Universe and built a temple to Apollo to celebrate its unique properties. The temple subsequently became the home for the Oracle of Delphi, celebrated for the prophecies inspired by the temple’s perpetual flame. The first recorded productive use of natural gas was in China, dated at approximately 500 BC. A primitive pipeline constructed using stems of bamboo was deployed to trans¬port gas from its source to a site where it could be used to boil brine to produce both economically valuable salt and potable water. Almost 2,000 years would elapse before natural gas would be tapped for productive use in the West. Gas from a well drilled near Fredonia, New York, was used to provide an energy source for street lighting in 1821. The Fredonia Gas Light Company, formed in 1858, was the first commercial entity established specifically to market natural gas. Joseph Newton Pew, founder of the Sun Oil Company (now Sunoco), established a company in 1883 to deliver natural gas to Pittsburgh, where it was used as a substitute for manufactured coal gas (known also as town gas). Pew later sold his interests in natural gas to J. D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil. The early application of natural gas was primarily for lighting, not only for streets but also for factories and homes.
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Walker, James C. G. "How to Calculate Isotope Ratios." In Numerical Adventures with Geochemical Cycles. Oxford University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195045208.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The calculation of isotope ratios requires special consideration because isotope ratios, unlike matter or energy, are not conserved. In this chapter I shall show how extra terms arise in the equations for the rates of change of isotope ratios. The equations developed here are quite general and can be applied to most of the isotope systems used in geochemistry. As an example of the application of these new equations, I shall demonstrate a simulation of the carbon isotopic composition of ocean and atmosphere and then use this simulation to examine the influence on carbon isotopes of the combustion of fossil fuels. As an alternative application I shall simulate the carbon isotopic composition of the water in an evaporating lagoon and show how the composition and other properties of this water might be affected by seasonal changes in evaporation rate, water temperature, and biological productivity. Equations for the rates of change of individual isotopes in a reservoir are not essentially different from the equations for the rates of change of chemical species. Isotopic abundances, however, are generally expressed as ratios of one isotope to another and, moreover, not just as the ratio but also as the departure of the ratio from a standard. This circumstance introduces some algebra into the derivation of an isotopic conservation equation. It is convenient to pursue this algebra just once, as I shall in this section, after which all isotope simulations can be formulated in the same way. I shall use the carbon isotopes to illustrate this derivation, but the same approach can be used for the isotopes of other elements, such as sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, or strontium. The most abundant isotope of carbon has a mass of 12 atomic mass units, 12C. A less abundant stable isotope is 13C. And much less abundant is the radioactive isotope 14C, also called radiocarbon. It is convenient to express the abundances of these rare isotopes in terms of ratios of the number of atoms of the rare isotope in a sample to the number of atoms of the abundant isotope. We call this ratio r, generally a very small number.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Fuel combustion units"
1
Ha¨sa¨, Heidi, Ari-Pekka Kirkinen, Antti Tourunen, Timo Hyppa¨nen, Jaakko Saastamoinen, and Ari Kettunen. "Combustion Characteristics of Fuels: Experiment Scale-Up From Bench Scale Reactors to Commercial Scale CFB Boiler." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The equipment scale-up towards larger CFB units requires accurate knowledge of the process and combustion behavior of fuels. Unit sizes of 300 MWe are in operation and plans for larger units have been made. Shift from natural circulation to once through steam cycle requires more precise knowledge of the dynamic behavior of the fuel since there is no steam drum. The combustion of inhomogeneous fuels, as well as, special demands for dynamic process behavior poses new challenges to boiler manufactures. Nowadays, dynamic models are used to develop and analyze the dynamic behavior of the combustion process. Testing all the dynamic changes in the full-scale reactor would be both expensive and risky. Therefore, bench and pilot scale experiments, combined with dynamic models of the combustion processes, give a good basis to study behavior of larger scale units. At the same time models also increase knowledge of different process relations. The main objective of this paper is to present results of scale-up experiments from the bench scale, via pilot scale, to full-scale boilers. Further, how the combustion and reactivity of fuels in the full-scale boilers can be studied with the aid of small-scale experiments and simulations. Dynamic experiments were carried out with three reactors of different scale. Calculation and simulation models have been developed to illustrate the combustion in the reactors; e.g. heat release profiles, fuel reactivity and particle size distribution. Results from the dynamic experiments are used to adjust the computer models.
2
Rosfjord, T. J. "Staged Combustion of CWM Fuel." In 1985 Joint Power Generation Conference: GT Papers. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-jpgc-gt-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The prognosis for electric power generating capacity and for electric power consumption forcasts a problem of power deficits in the future. A solution to that problem may be found in the conversion of existing and future oil and gas fired units to accept coal as the principle fuel. It is recognized that the gas turbine engine can represent a substantial response to the potential electric power deficit problem; consequently, providing a coal-based fuel compatible with gas turbine systems may be of great importance. Technological problems will be encountered in substituting a coal-water slurry for the currently-used more tractable gas turbine fuels. These problems include the design of both fuel injectors that provide desirable fuel distribution and atomization characteristics, and of combustors with broad ranges of stability. Moreover, it must be recognized that the bound nitrogen in coal will produce unacceptable levels of nitrogen oxides unless special combustion techniques are used. Thus, efforts must be undertaken to develop acceptable coal-water fuel specifications, establish the viability of burning coal-water mixtures in gas turbines, and establish a data base for ultimate use in combustion system design procedures.
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Hoffman, Larry E., Chris J. Harrison, and James J. Shields. "Combustion Turbine Triple Fuel System for Teesside, England Project." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-400.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents the unique design and operational aspects of the triple fuel system developed and implemented for the Westinghouse/Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 701-DA combustion turbine. Eight of these units have recently been put into service at the Enron cogeneration project in Teesside, England. This facility is currently the world’s largest gas fired combined cycle cogeneration project. The triple fuel system was designed to meet the customer’s unique operational requirements. A variable composition natural gas in combination with gaseous propane, and liquid naphtha presented considerable fuel and control system design challenges.
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Quentin, G., G. Brawley, A. Loft, and W. Perez-Daple. "Modified Fuel Control for a Large Heavy-Duty Combustion Turbine-Generator." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thermal transients during start-up and shutdown of a heavy-duty gas turbine stress the hot gas path components and reduce their effective life due to low-cycle fatigue. Experience has shown that stress-related cracking and wear is more extensive on gas turbines in cyclic service that start and stop more frequently, than machines in baseload service that operate more continuously. The start-up schedules of most engines in peaking duty are generally designed to minimize the time to reach full load. Rapid loading is not a critical element for many gas turbine users, who would prefer alternate start-up schedules that could extend component life, by as much as a factor of three. It is the fuel controls that dictate thermal energy input to a combustion turbine during start-up and shutdown. Therefore, experiments performed on the rates of acceleration and deceleration led to modified fuel controls for a natural gas-fired combustion turbine (General Electric Model MS7001B), Unit 41 at the T. H. Wharton Plant of Houston Lighting & Power Co. The results may be generalized and applied to other gas turbines and control systems, using different fuels. Specific findings relate to quicker ignition, more gradual initial warm-up, a lower acceleration for a soft start, and lower deceleration during fired shutdown. Additionally, new minimum fuel settings enhanced running reliability during load-shedding operation with water injection for NOx control. The results are described and illustrated in detail to demonstrate the new start-up and shutdown sequence. Subsequently, one HL&P unit was permanently modified for check-out, and across-the-board updating of other units is planned.
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Loosaar, Ju¨ri, Hendrik Arro, Teet Parve, To˜nu Pihu, Arvi Prikk, Toomas Tiikma, and Matti Hiltunen. "New 215 MWel CFB Power Units for Estonian Oil Shale." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Estonian basic power supply is over 90% covered by oil shale fired thermal power plants. Total installed thermal capacity of the boilers is 10.7 GWth and every year about 11 millions tons of oil shale is fired. Two different combustion technologies, the old pulverized oil shale firing and the new CFB technology are used at the moment. The new CFB units totaling 430 MWel delivered by Foster Wheeler Energia started operation in 2003–2004. The very first operational experience of CFB units are very promising and all basic problems of oil shale pulverized firing like high air emissions (SO2 — 820–1360 mg/MJ; NOx — 90–110 mg/MJ), fouling and corrosion of heating surfaces, low efficiency and low operational reliability seemed to be solved. Oil shale CFB firing at much lower temperatures (∼800°C) than pulverized firing (∼1400°C) results only partial decomposition of oil shale contained carbonates, meaning lower specific fuel consumption values and decreased CO2 emissions. Also fly ash composition and properties has been changed, which results in different new prospectives of ash utilization possibilities, but also some additional ash land filling problems. The paper analyses the first data of Estonian oil shale industrial CFB firing in the light of almost 40 year experience of Estonian oil shale use in power production.
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Kessler, Travis, Thomas Schwartz, Hsi-Wu Wong, and J. Hunter Mack. "Screening Compounds for Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Biofuel Upgrading Using Artificial Neural Networks." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract There is significant interest among researchers in finding economically sustainable alternatives to fossil-derived drop-in fuels and fuel additives. Fast pyrolysis, a method for converting biomass into liquid hydrocarbons with the potential for use as fuels or fuel additives, is a promising technology that can be two to three times less expensive at scale when compared to alternative approaches such as gasification and fermentation. However, many bio-oils directly derived from fast pyrolysis have a high oxygen content and high acidity, indicating poor performance in diesel engines when used as fuels or fuel additives. Thus, a combination of selective fast pyrolysis and chemical catalysis could produce tuned bioblendstocks that perform optimally in diesel engines. The variance in performance for derived compounds introduces a feedback loop in researching acceptable fuels and fuel additives, as various combustion properties for these compounds must be determined after pyrolysis and catalytic upgrading occurs. The present work aims to reduce this feedback loop by utilizing artificial neural networks trained with quantitative structure-property relationship values to preemptively screen pure component compounds that will be produced from fast pyrolysis and catalytic upgrading. The quantitative structure-property relationship values selected as inputs for models are discussed, the cetane number and sooting propensity of compounds derived from the catalytic upgrading of phenol are predicted, and the viability of these compounds as fuels and fuel additives is analyzed. The model constructed to predict cetane number has a test set prediction root-mean-squared error of 9.874 cetane units, and the model constructed to predict yield sooting index has a test set prediction root-mean-squared error of 13.478 yield sooting index units (on the unified scale).
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Starostin, A. A., D. V. Volosnikov, and P. V. Skripov. "PULSE THERMAL CONTROL OF MOISTURE IN AIRCRAFT LIQUID FUELS." In 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NONEQUILIBRIUM PROCESSES, PLASMA, COMBUSTION, AND ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA. TORUS PRESS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/nepcap9a-42.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The reliability of the operation of aircraft engines is determined by chemical reliability, which is due to the quality of the used fuels and lubricants: jet fuels and aircraft oils and their influence on the operational properties of units and assemblies of gas turbine engines. One of the factors reducing the smooth operation of a gas turbine engine is the presence of water traces in the fuel. The main reason is the condensation of water traces in the fuel tanks and its freezing in filters and fuel pipes at temperature differences. In addition, water dissolved in fuel significantly increases the wear of fuel system components and friction pairs.
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Castagnero, Steven J., Richard E. Weinstein, Thomas J. King, Donald L. Bonk, and Edward B. Toll. "An Evaluation of Hybrid Coal Combustion Technology for Repowering H.F. Lee Unit 2." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Combustion-based hybrid systems use coal as fuel, and employ combustion technologies in combination with a gas turbine in a number combined cycle configurations. One of these hybrid systems is known by its acronym: CHIPPS, for: ‘combustion-based high-performance power system.’ CHIPPS is a coal-fueled technology that is suited for repowering units that have boilers in good condition, as it continues the use of the existing furnace and steam tubes. This paper describes a conceptual evaluation to establish the feasibility of using CHIPPS technology to repower an existing coal-fired steam plant. The H.F. Lee power plant, owned by CP&L Progress Energy, is located on the Neuse River, just outside Goldsboro, North Carolina. CHIPPS would repower Unit 2, a 1950’s era non-reheat steam unit, one of the three units at this site. If CHIPPS repowering proved feasible for Unit 2, it would likely be a good choice for a wide range of other similar units throughout the U.S. CHIPPS retains the use of the existing Unit 2 furnace and steam turbine/generator, but adds a combustion turbine to increase energy efficiency in a way that makes this coal-fired plant nearly as efficient as a combined cycle power plant that would otherwise use more expensive natural gas. The CHIPPs technology concept used employs a Foster Wheeler circulating fluidized bed partial gasifier that would supply syngas to a General Electric 6B combustion turbine. Only a portion of the coal is gasified to syngas. The remaining coal energy is transferred as char to the lower of three boiler burner rows of the existing Unit 2 furnace that would be fitted with special burners for the char. The upper two rows are not changed and continue to burn coal from the existing mills. With CHIPPS: • Output is expected to increase from 78,520 kW to 139,750 kW, • 7 percent less fuel would be needed per kWh generated, • Environmental improvement would become exemplary, however, • Cost is high, about $214,606,000; Unit 2 is too small for attractive economics, and a non-reheat unit leads to only modest efficiency improvement. Future CHIPPS repowering might be better suited for a larger reheat steam plant instead of at H.F. Lee Unit 2. This paper summarizes the CHIPPS repowering power plant concept and describes: • An overview of the CHIPPS process; • A description of the existing H.F. Lee Unit 2; • An estimate of the performance improvements expected with Unit 2 repowered with CHIPPS; • An estimate of the environmental performance expectation from the unit with CHIPPS; and, • An estimate of the expected costs to upgrade the unit. Significant conclusions and suggestions for where this class of hybrid combustion technologies might best be applied.
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Kessler, Travis, Thomas Schwartz, Hsi-Wu Wong, and J. Hunter Mack. "Predicting the Cetane Number, Yield Sooting Index, Kinematic Viscosity, and Cloud Point for Catalytically Upgraded Pyrolysis Oil Using Artificial Neural Networks." In ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2020-2978.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The conversion of biomass using fast pyrolysis has the potential to be significantly less expensive at scale compared to alternative methods such as fermentation and gasification. Selective upgrading of the products of fast pyrolysis through chemical catalysis produces compounds with lower oxygen content and lower acidity; however, identifying the specific catalytic pathways for producing viable fuels and fuel additives often requires a trial-and-error approach. Specifically, key properties of the compounds must be experimentally tested to evaluate the viability of the resultant compounds. The present work proposes predictive models constructed with artificial neural networks (ANNs) for cetane number (CN), yield sooting index (YSI), kinematic viscosity (KV), and cloud point (CP), with blind test set median absolute errors of 5.14 cetane units, 3.36 yield sooting index units, 0.07 millimeters squared per second, and 4.89 degrees Celsius, respectively. Furthermore, the cetane number, yield sooting index, kinematic viscosity, and cloud point were predicted for over three hundred expected products from the catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis oil. It was discovered that 130 of these compounds have predicted cetane numbers greater than 40, with four of these compounds possessing predicted yield sooting index values significantly less than that of diesel fuel and predicted viscosities and cloud points comparable to that of diesel fuel.
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Goldmeer, Jeffrey, William York, and Paul Glaser. "Fuel and Combustion System Capabilities of GE’s F and HA Class Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64588.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The world is currently undergoing a shift in the power industry with an increase in the amount of electrical power being generated from natural gas. This is being driven, in part, by the increase in availability of natural gas derived from shale gas and the reduction in global natural gas prices. In parallel, there is a second trend; a shift of new gas turbines installations to higher efficiency F and HA-class gas turbine combined cycle platforms. Supporting these industry trends, GE’s DLN 2.6+ combustion system, which is available for the 7F, 9F, 7HA, and 9HA gas turbines offers a high degree of operational and fuel flexibility. The latest evolution of this combustion technology for GE’s 7F gas turbines has been commissioned on 25 units, including new units and upgrades to existing turbines. The increased fuel and operational flexibility of this system is aided by GE’s advanced control systems that includes a high fidelity digital twin. This paper details recent developments of the DLN 2.6+ combustion system as well as validation examples for both the DLN 2.6+ and the digital twin controls system.
Звіти організацій з теми "Fuel combustion units"
1
Stakes, Keith, Keith Stakes, Julie Bryant, Nick Dow, Jack Regan, and Craig Weinschenk. Analysis of the Coordination of Suppression and Ventilation in Multi-Family Dwellings. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/ympj4047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The majority of the existing full-scale fire service research studied the impact of tactics on the residential fireground, specifically in single-family structures. This study builds upon prior research by conducting thirteen experiments in three-story, multi-family dwellings to quantify the impact of coordination between ventilation and suppression actions. Experiments were conducted in four, garden-style apartment buildings; each of which had two lower-level units, four first-floor units, and four second-floor units. The apartments shared a common stairwell that was enclosed for all of the experiments in this study. To examine the effectiveness of tactics in the fire apartment, common stairwell and applicable exposure apartments, four experiments were conducted in lower-level apartments, seven were conducted in first-floor apartments, and two were conducted in second-floor apartments including both bedroom and kitchen/living room fires. The fire size varied based on the amount of initial ventilation provided. The main control variables included the location of initial water application, the ventilation method, and the timing of ventilation relative to water application. The suppression tactics included interior water application, exterior water application followed by interior water application, and a combined interior and exterior water application. The ventilation tactics examined in these experiments included horizontal, vertical, positive pressure, and hydraulic ventilation. Similar to previous experiments in acquired single-family structures, there was no meaningful increase in temperature outside of fire rooms when ventilation tactics were executed in close coordination with (shortly after or shortly before) the onset of suppression. In contrast, for experiments where ventilation occurred with delayed suppression, temperature exposures increased throughout the fire apartment, and in experiments where the apartment door was left open, temperatures and carbon monoxide exposures increased throughout the common stairwell. Suppression actions, whether interior or exterior, resulted in a decrease in temperatures and gas concentrations at locations where occupants may potentially be located. The enclosed common stairwell, a unique feature of this experimental series, acted as capture of combustion products. Opening the apartment door to gain access should be thought of as an important ventilation action, both in terms of its potential to cause fire growth and its potential for smoke movement into the stairwell, limiting the egress for potentially trapped occupants in exposure units. Tactics such as door control, positive pressure ventilation, and hydraulic ventilation which were used both simultaneous with and sequentially post-suppression were shown to limit gas flows into the stairwell. After effective suppression, structure ventilation operations should similarly be cognizant of gas flows, with the aim of establishing flow throughout all areas where occupants may be located.