Дисертації з теми "Fruits – Croissance"
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Tchango, Tchango Jean. "Qualité microbiologique des jus et nectars de fruits exotiques : croissance et thermorésistance des levures d'altération." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10010.
Повний текст джерелаBiyaoula, Daniel. "Activation et optimisation de la croissance des levures en vue du contrôle rapide des jus de fruits et des boissons aux fruits." Dijon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989DIJOS017.
Повний текст джерелаLechaudel, Mathieu. "Croissance et qualité organoleptique de la mangue (Mangifera Indica) : analyse expérimentale et modélisation de l'effet de la disponilité hydrique et carbonée." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INAP0012.
Повний текст джерелаTourdot, Edouard. "Spatiotemporal distribution of ploidy levels and ploidy specific transcriptome during Tomato fruit development." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0121.
Повний текст джерелаEndoreduplication is a cellular process during which nuclear DNA content (ploidy) is increased through successive genome duplication without cell division. Endoreduplication plays pivotal functions throughout the plant life cycle such as morphogenesis or cell specification, and also in response to environmental stresses. Another potential role of endoreduplication is that, by increasing gene copy number, transcription could be increased. In Tomato, the fruit pericarp tissue (fleshy part) is composed of a heterogeneous population of cells displaying a large variation of ploidy levels reaching up to 256c (c = haploid genome quantity). In this tissue, these high ploidy levels are generally correlated with large cells. However, little is known about the onset and progression of endoreduplication during tomato fruit growth and its consequences on the regulation of cell size and gene expression. We therefore aim to determine the in situ distribution of gene expression based on the ploidy levels in the pericarp during fruit development.For that, ploidy distribution in the pericarp is first quantified in situ by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FisH). In parallel, cell size is measured to study the potential link between ploidy and cell growth. Second, RNA extracted from nuclei sorted based on their ploidy level are used for sequencing. From this transcriptome data, a search for potential markers of ploidy and/or genes having a ploidy specific expression will be done. These ploidy distribution and transcriptomics experiments are done by harvesting fruits at five stages from 6 to 12 days post anthesis (dpa) during fruit growth. Using this data a virtual map of ploidy distribution and gene expression will be done for early development of Tomato fruit pericarp
Beaumont, Chloé. "Intégration multi-omique pour prédire la croissance et le turnover des protéines des fruits en développement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0443.
Повний текст джерелаTo overcome barriers related to improving plant production, a better understanding ofthe mechanisms underlying fruit development is essential, with protein metabolism at the core ofthese processes. Recent studies on protein turnover in tomato have highlighted the importance ofprotein synthesis in metabolic and physiological traits. Recent results from the laboratory also showthat proteins play a key role in fruit growth, allowing for a good prediction of the relative growthrate (RGR) in a panel of nine species.In this context, this thesis aims to study the stability of proteins in a panel of ten fleshy fruit species,selected for their genetic diversity and contrasting characteristics, such as the development duration,ranging from 30 to over 200 days. The objective is to identify generic and specific propertiesduring growth. Multi-omics data (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) were acquired at tenstages of development, all expressed in absolute quantification.We first compared the physiological growth data with fruit development rates and metabolic fluxesestimated by modeling. This highlighted the importance of nitrogen metabolism, particularly proteins,in the growth-defense trade-off.Next, transcriptomic data were explored to predict fruit development characteristics (growth, RGR,total protein content). Generalized linear models showed reliable predictions, highlighting the centralrole of proteins and cell wall compounds in fruit growth.The following chapter describes the comparative proteomic data obtained from the same samplesof the nine fruit species. The analysis of proteins derived from multi-species orthologous genes revealskey biological functions shared between species, including roles in fruit maturation, energymetabolism regulation, and protein synthesis and degradation.Finally, the last part compares protein turnovers calculated from transcriptomic and proteomic data.The synthesis rates are relatively stable across species, while the degradation rates vary accordingto the development duration, with more stable proteins in slow-developing fruits (trees) comparedto fast-developing fruits (herbaceous plants). The analysis of orthogroups shows that protein stabilitydepends on their function, with proteins involved in essential processes being more stable thanthose with regulatory functions, such as stress response. These results open up prospects for usingadvanced techniques, such as deep learning, to predict protein lifespan based on their sequences
Jullien, Alexandra. "Croissance, développement et qualité des fruits du bananier (musa spp groupe aaa cv grande naine). Modélisation de la répartition des assimilâts entre les fruits du régime." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INAP0029.
Повний текст джерелаAdra, Fatima. "Etude des effets d’une élévation de température sur la croissance et le développement du pêcher : conséquences sur la qualité des fruits." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0689.
Повний текст джерелаThe latest IPCC report clearly confirms the climate projections for increasing temperaturesand their variability at the end of the 21st century. The effects of climate changes in fruit yield andquality have been studied in a project funded by INRA (project CAQ40, Metaprogramme ACCAF).Experiments carried out on potted peaches placed in different climates (control, +2 ° C and + 5 ° C),allowed the identification of the processes (phenology, development, growth, photosynthesis,metabolism) most sensitive to rising temperatures and their consequences on the development andcomposition of fruits and the sustainability of production.Higher temperature has increased the demand for water, leading to a decrease in the waterpotential of the trees, which may have led to a concentration of the compounds of interest in thefruit. The reduction of leaf photosynthesis under high temperature conditions was related to theinhibition of photosynthesis by high temperatures and stomatal control related to water status.After flowering, the rise in temperature accelerates the vegetative growth, triggering a more rapidestablishment of leaf area. This early vegetative growth resulted in: (i) very rapid dynamics ofelongation of the axes in long shoot (ii) a more pronounced apical dominance, (iii) a decrease in theaxillary axial branching. In contrast the later heat treatment had an adverse effect on the initiationand differentiation of floral buds reducing the production potential in the following year.In addition, the increase in temperature after flowering resulted in a marked shortening ofthe fruit growth period, with an expected harvest date almost 3 weeks earlier. This shortening offruit growth duration has led to a decrease in the flow of carbon entering the fruit, penalizing itsgrowth and quality. The very different climates between the two experimental years resulted in ahigh variability in fruit composition between the two years of experimentation. In 2014, increasedtemperature during the early stage of fruit development or continuously led to the harvest ofsmaller fruit with higher concentrations and higher sucrose content. In 2015, the time durationbetween flowering and maturity was even shorter than in 2014, which could be linked to thewarmer climate of 2015. In 2015 fruits were less sweet and acidic than those of 2014. However, therise of temperatures at the end of fruit development in 2015 increased the levels andconcentrations of hexoses and sorbitol; this increase was partially due to a concentration effect butalso to an effect on fruit metabolism. Increased temperatures in the middle and at the end of fruitdevelopment also favoured the accumulation of malic and citric acid. The high temperatures did nothave much effect on vitamin C and either increased or decreased the levels of phenolic compounds.The effects of an increase in temperature on the metabolism are therefore very dependent on thestage of fruit development.The use of a Fruit‐scale model and a tree‐level (QualiTree) model could simulate both the effect ofthe environment and cultural practices on the growth and quality of the fruit, and give a moreintegrated view of the plant's functioning under environmental constraints
Ayub, Ricardo Antonio. "Manipulation génétique de la synthèse d'éthylène chez le melon (Cucumis melo, L. ) par expression d'un ADNc antisens codant pour l'ACC oxydase." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT003A.
Повний текст джерелаSavalle-Gloire, Noé. "Effet du microclimat lié à l'ombrage temporaire sur la physiologie et la croissance, le rendement et la qualité des fruits de la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L. H. Karst)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AVIG0624.
Повний текст джерелаDue to climate change, farming practices must be adapted to protect crops from increased heat and water stress. Additionally, limiting greenhouse gas emissions requires the development of renewable energies. However, in some countries, conflicts of use arise when a large part of the land is already dedicated to agriculture. Agrivoltaics is the practice of installing photovoltaic panels on cultivated land to produce renewable electricity while also protecting crops from heatwaves and drought, and thus it addresses both these issues. This practice could be particularly useful for tomato greenhouses, where shading is already used to protect the plants and where a structure capable of supporting the panels is already in place. The use of mobile panels (dynamic agrivoltaics) makes it possible to adjust shading to the needs of the plant. However, this practice causes temporary shading, the effect of which on crops is not yet fully understood, making it difficult to optimise their stirring policy and maximise crop yields and quality. This thesis examines the impact of shading on the vegetative growth, physiology, yield, andquality of tomato plant. It studies the effects of shading applied at different spatial and temporal scales, ranging from the organ to the plant and varying in intensity on an hourly or seasonal basis. The experiments were conducted in an agrivoltaic greenhouse in Alénya (Pyrénées-Orientales, France) in 2021 and 2022. Various shading treatments were investigated, depending on the daily pattern of plant shading (late morning, early morning, late afternoon, and afternoon) compared to a control grown in a similar greenhouse without photovoltaic panels. The experimental data were used to adapt and calibrate a tomato structure-function model (FSPM) developed in the PSH laboratory, which made it possible to analyse the effect of shading at the whole plant level
Cakpo, Coffi Belmys. "Analyse multi-espèces de la croissance et du métabolisme des sucres en lien avec la qualité des fruits : approche par modélisation écophysiologique Inter-species comparison of sugar and starch accumulation patterns." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0717.
Повний текст джерелаIn recent years, demand for quality products, including taste and nutritional aspects, has become important for both fruit stakeholder and consumers. Sugar metabolism is an obvious target to meet these requirements. Indeed, the metabolism of soluble sugars provides the precursors for the synthesis of compounds necessary for growth and development (structural compounds), but also for the synthesis of compounds involved in fruit tasting value such as soluble sugars, organic acids, anthocyanins and aromatic compounds. In addition to these functions, the metabolism of soluble sugars contributes to the regulation of water import, which is essential for fruit growth. Therefore, understanding the development of fleshy fruit quality requires a holistic approach. Ecophysiological modeling offers a powerful tool to understand the interaction between processes and a unifying framework to study fruit growth and sugar metabolism in relation to fruit quality.The aim of this thesis was to investigate similarities and differences in fruit growth and sugar accumulation strategies across 10 contrasting species of fleshy fruits (nectarine, apple, clementine, cucumber, kiwi, strawberry, pepper, eggplant, tomato, and grape). We used a combination of experimental and modelling approaches to understand the major processes that control fruit growth and primary metabolite concentrations (in particular, soluble sugars and starch).A first analysis of experimental data allowed us to highlight a great variability both in the biophysical characteristics (fresh, dry masses, cuticular conductance, hydric potential of the fruit, osmotic pressure,...) and in the biochemical composition (total soluble sugars, organic acids, starch) of fleshy fruits.We then developed a generic sugar model and used it to quantify the effects of major physiological and dilution processes that affect sugar concentration in fruits.Results showed that the ten species of this study can be split up into 6 groups based on their metabolic profiles. Inspection of the dynamics of the processes involved in sugar accumulation revealed the existence of distinct accumulation patterns across species, during fruit development.The sugar model was then coupled to a biophysical model of fruit growth (Fishman and Génard, 1998). The coupling was carried out by integrating the effect of soluble sugars on osmotic pressure, making it possible to highlight the link between sugar/starch dynamics and water flows to the fruit. This coupling also required the extension of the biophysical growth model, in particular in what concerns the evolution of vessel functionThe integrated sugar-growth model allowed us to reproduce differences in fruit growth curves and in the evolution of metabolite concentration, including soluble sugars and starch, during fruit development. The estimation of the model parameters revealed different growth strategies between species with short and long growth durations, strategies associated with both sugar transport and hydraulic properties
Lasserre, Éric. "Structure et expression des gènes codant pour l'ACC oxydase chez le melon (Cucumis melo L. ) : Analyse fonctionnelle des régions régulatrices." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT016A.
Повний текст джерелаMathieu-Rivet, Elodie. "Etude du rôle de l'activateur de l'APC/C CCS52 dans la transition du cycle mitotique vers l'endocycle au cours du développement du fruit de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.)." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21654/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this study, we have isolated 4 cDNAs encoding putative proteins activating the APC/C in tomato: SlCCS52A, SlCCS52B, SlCDC20-1, and SlCDC20-2. Data obtained by RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization revealed different expression profiles in tissues but also during the development of tomato fruit, suggesting that different activator proteins could provide the spatio-temporal modulation of the APC/C activity in tomato. In addition, the SlCCS52A transcripts accumulate especially in the fruit during the cell expansion phase, while transcripts of the SlCCS52B gene are rather present during the early stages of development, characterized by a high activity of cell divisions. To clarify the role of SlCCS52A and SlCCS52B in cell cycle control and endocycle in tomato, we performed a functional analysis of these genes. Reducing the expression of SlCCS52A leads to reduced fruit size and cell size, accompanied by a decrease in the level of ploidy. The overexpression of this gene alters the kinetics of fruit development. The establishment of endocycle is delayed, but the increase in ploidy is faster and the relative growth of the fruit is much more important then. Finally, the reduced expression of SlCCS52B leads to an increased expression of SlCCS52A in fruit, suggesting the existence of compensatory mechanisms. All these results show that SlCCS52A is involved in the establishment of endoreduplication in tomato, and participates in the control of cell expansion
Constantinescu, Dario. "Analyse et amélioration d’un modèle mécaniste de croissance et composition du fruit : Etude de la variabilité génétique des mécanismes de croissance du fruit, conception d’idéotypes et analyse des effets des transferts d’eau et de la concentration des solutés sur la croissance du fruit Model-Assisted Estimation of the Genetic Variability in Physiological Parameters Related to Tomato Fruit Growth under Contrasted Water Conditions Model-assisted analysis of the pedicel-fruit system suggests a fruit sugar uptake regulation and a water saving strategy." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0716.
Повний текст джерелаDeveloping knowledge on fruit development responses to agricultural practices and environmental conditions is important from breeders to growers. Indeed, this would support the design of agricultural practices that could increase fruit yield and quality and adapt fruit production to climate change, for satisfying the increasing food demand. The aim of this thesis was to use and improve a mechanistic model of fruit growth for exploring the genetic variability of tomato growth in fresh and dry mass, designing drought-resistant tomato ideotypes, underlining patterns of diurnal water and sugars flows in the pedicel-fruit system, and studying the effects on fruit growth of the variations of fruit pulp solutes concentrations that determine fruit quality at harvest. The models developed allowed to describe in an adequate way biophysical and metabolic processes determining fruit growth and solutes composition. The obtained model simulation results suggested that pedicel conductivity and sugars active uptake could be key mechanisms in determining the fruit genetic variability and should be maximized in the research of ideotypes. In addition, the obtained results suggested that water flows regulation may generate a diurnally regulated fruit sugar uptake and could prevent water loss through water recirculation between xylem and phloem and between phloem and apoplast. Finally, the results obtained from an integrating model approach including the description of fruit growth and fruit solutes metabolism highlighted that acids and minerals concentrations variation due to both accumulation and dilution processes could have a non-negligible impact on fruit growth. The works presented in this thesis have highlighted that the estimation of the fruit growth physiological parameters and the techniques of models conception and calibration should be improved to make them increasingly suitable for the design of better-suited agricultural practices
Li, Shao-Hua. "Alimentation en eau du pêcher (Prunus persica (L. ) Batsch) : physiologie, croissance, et développement : conséquences sur la production et la qualité des fruits." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20068.
Повний текст джерелаAl, Gehani Idress. "Effet des stades d'application et de l'intensité de stress hydriques répétés sur l'état hydrique et la croissance des plantes et des fruits de tomate." Avignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AVIG0315.
Повний текст джерелаRepeated water stress treatments of moderate intensity (pre-dawn leaf water potential from –0. 6 to –1. 3 MPa) and high intensity (pre-dawn leaf water potential from –1. 4 to –2. 0 MPa) were applied on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv Raïssa) plants growing in a greenhouse during the flowering and fruit growth stages for three successive years. The growth of shoots and fruits reduced with only one cycle of water stress treatment applied. When water stress treatment to be repeated, the water supply of the plants is strongly improved as well as the water supply and the dry matter accumulation of the fruits about +100% compared to the fruits developed by plants with only one cycle of water stress treatment, which results in a doubling of the water use efficiency. The stressed plants are able to develop an osmotic adjustment strategy whenever the stress intensity is high. Fruit osmotic potential decreased and accompanied by higher contents of soluble sugars (glucose and fructose) and of some organic acids (malic and citric acid). Water stress also reduces the loss of firmness of small size fruits. The firmness correlated strongly with fruit water potential but poorly with osmotic and turgor potential
Obeid, Saleh. "Influence de la température des racines sur la croissance des jeunes plants de melon (Cucumis melo L. ) : aspects particuliers concernant la nutrition phosphatée." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20177.
Повний текст джерелаJoubès, Jérôme. "Contribution à l'étude du développement précoce du fruit de tomate Lycopersicon esculentum Mill : rôle des gènes du cycle cellulaire dans le contrôle de l'organogé̀nèse du fruit." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28705.
Повний текст джерелаBEN, MIMOUN MEHDI. "Vers la maitrise de la variabilite des fruits au sein d'un arbre : etude et modelisation de la croissance des peches (prunus persica l. batch) a l'echelle du rameau." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INAP0006.
Повний текст джерелаTran, Cong Dung. "La consommation de fruits et de légumes, les apports en antioxydants et le facteur de croissance analogue à l'insuline-1 (IGF-1) et sa principale protéine porteuse (1GFBP-3)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23832/23832.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаTran, Cong Dung. "La consommation de fruits et de légumes, les apports en antioxydants et le facteur de croissance analogue à l'insuline-I (IGF-I) et sa principale protéine porteuse (IGFBP-3)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18372.
Повний текст джерелаDelanoë, Olivia. "Les ressources génétiques des passiflores de Guyane : amélioration de la culture des fruits de la Passion ("Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa" Degener, Passifloraceae)." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20154.
Повний текст джерелаTakam, Soh Patrice. "Estimation de la loi de la durée de séjour en présence d'une censure post-évènement d'intérêt. : Application à la croissance des fruits du cacaoyer et modélisation du risque d'attaque par la pourriture brune au Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20163/document.
Повний текст джерелаWe are interested in this study in estimating the lifetime distribution by taking into consideration individuals on which the interest event and the censorship can occur in the same intervaland both events were then observed. We proposed two nonparametric approaches based on an asymptotic approximation when the lengthbetween two consecutive observation days tends to 0. The first one was based on an integral relationship and the second one on a lifetime restoration. We used theses approaches to build a fruitgrowth model depending on climatic variables. We also estimated the susceptibility (success probability of attack by a spore on a fruit) of the fruit depending of its developmental stage and theinfectious potential of the disease over time.This infectious potential could help to build a model of infectious potential depending on infected fruits. The knowledge of the infectious potential depending on infected fruits, the estimation of the susceptibility of the fruit and the model of growth will allow to built a dynamic model of infectious potential to predict the evolution risk of disease progression
Cartier, Nicole. "Les polysaccharides de la paroi primaire des cellules de Rubus fruticosus cultivées en suspension : intervention des polyosidases endogènes dans leur réarrangement au cours de la croissance." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10058.
Повний текст джерелаDeluche, Cynthia. "Endoréduplication, division et expansion cellulaire : mécanismes acteurs de la croissance du fruit." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0199/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe transformation of the ovary wall into a fleshy pericarp involves a coordinated pattern of cell division and cell expansion. Considerable data have been reported on tomato fruit development and ripening, but the pattern of cell division, cell expansion and endoreduplication at the tomato fruit set and during fruit growth remains grossly appreciated at the whole pericarp level and many questions are not yet resolved: How are cell division and cell expansion coordinated in tomato fruit a cellular level and according to developmental time? When does endoreduplication begin in fruit tissues and what is its function? The first part of this deals with the coordination of cell division and cell expansion during the end of tomato ovary development and the beginning of fruit growth. Evidence for early differentiation of cell layers in the ovary wall and then in fruit pericarp are presented. Cell division happens mainly in the external epidermis and shows partial synchronization, whereas cell expansion happens mostly in mesocarp cell layers. Endoreduplication is initiated as soon as before anthesis. The second part of this work is devoted to RNA-seq based transcriptome profiling of pericarp nuclei which have been sorted according to four ploidy levels (4, 8, 16 and 32C). We demonstrate that the expression of most of the pericarp-expressed genes shows a proportional increase according to ploidy level, on a nuclear basis. However, a significant amount of genes has been identified as over-expressed or under-expressed according to ploidy level
Guichard, Soraya. "Flux hydriques, croissance et qualité du fruit de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) en conditions estivales sous serre." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30092.
Повний текст джерелаCapelli, Mathilde. "Décrypter l’irrégularité de production des fruitiers tropicaux via l’analyse des coûts de la reproduction : le cas du manguier (Mangifera indica L.)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT079/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe mango tree (Mangifera indica), the fifth fruit crop production in the world, is characterized by an irregular bearing pattern. Irregular bearing is responsible for economic difficulties for producers and for all actors along the fruit industry chain. A better understanding of mechanisms which trigger and maintain irregular bearing is therefore necessary. The first objective of this study is to provide a new perspective on irregular bearing of the mango tree using a concept developed in ecology and evolutionary biology, the costs of reproduction. The experiment was carried out dynamically at several spatial scales, growth unit (GU), scaffold branch, tree, and on four cultivars. Results show a negative effect, or cost, of reproduction on vegetative growth during the following cycle, with cultivar-specific behaviors related to their bearing pattern. In particular, an important reproductive effort reduces the probability of vegetative burst of the bearing GUs. The second objective is to study, for two cultivars and at the GU scale, the anatomical changes of the bearing axis during fruit growth, and hormonal and trophic mechanisms involved in the negative effects of reproduction on vegetative bud outgrowth. Results show that reproduction leads to cambium differentiation mainly in phloem, favoring nutrients and water supply to the fruit. Inflorescences and growing fruits release auxin, contributing to vegetative bud burst inhibition on fruiting GUs. Growing fruits mobilize starch reserves of bearing GUs. Their low starch content at and after harvest contributes to decrease their probability of vegetative burst, and/or delay it when it occurs. The results reveal a strong cultivar effect, and the involvement of these mechanisms in irregular bearing is discussed. Our results allow to better understand the factors maintaining irregular or alternate bearing of different mango cultivars. From a practical perspective, they suggest that pruning techniques adapted to each cultivar and GU fate may contribute to more regular production each year
Bourdon, Matthieu. "L’endoréduplication dans le développement du fruit de tomate : de la structure à la croissance cellulaire." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14219/document.
Повний текст джерелаTomato fruit development includes massive endopolyploidisation events (DNA duplication inthe absence of mitoses) within pericarp cells, in which 8 DNA levels from 2 C to 256 C are detected atmature green stage.The first part of this work dealt with the study of the spatial distribution of ploidy levels inpericarp. To achieve this purpose, a new method for in situ ploidy assessment was set up using aBAC-FISH protocol. The main results are 1/ the most polyploid cells are located in central mesocarpcell layers; 2/ the most polyploid cells are also the largest cells; 3/ these cells are likely to be alreadypresent in ovary at anthesis. Ploidy mapping has also shown that the final cell size does not dependonly on ploidy level but also on cell location in pericarp, and that endopolyploidization is likely set up intissues before cell expansion.The structure of the polyploid nucleus was studied by using fluorescence microscopy andelectron microscopy. Endopolyploidization profoundly modifies the size and shape of nuclei, whichbecome much larger and acquire a complex shape with deep invaginations. Nucleolus size increases,which is likely related to transcriptional increase. Moreover, the presence of numerous mitochondria inthe close vicinity of the nuclear membrane reinforces the hypothesis of increased nuclear andmetabolic activity in polyploid cells. The BAC-FISH in situ method for ploidy assessment also revealedthat endopolyploidization proceeded through polyteny.In the last part of this work, we screened a tomato Micro-Tom tilling bank for mutants affectedin endopolyploidization. The aim was to use tomato lines with distinct ploidy levels to check theinfluence of ploidy on fruit growth rate. Several mutant families were identified with moderatelyincreased ploidy levels. One of these families exhibited transmissible phenotype through 2generations, with ploidy increased by ca. 30 % and increased pericarp cell size. As these mutants hadalso a strongly pronounced parthenocarpic phenotype, their characterization could not be furtheradvanced in the frame of this work
Normand, Frédéric. "De la fleur au fruit : étude et modélisation de la floraison, de la fécondation-fructification et de la croissance du fruit chez le goyavier-fraise (Psidium cattleianum)." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INAP0019.
Повний текст джерелаStrawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum) domestication is studied through an agronomic approach within a crop diversification project in humid highlands of Réunion Island. It consists in identifying how are built-up two characters of interest (the number of fruit produced per plant and the individual fruit weight) and their variability with the objective to act on them using appropriate cultivation techniques. A model representing the process of fruit number and individual fruit weight build-up is proposed, structured around limiting steps of the phenological cycle. Flowering, fecundation-fruit set and fruit growth were studied and modelled in this work. The results show the interest of the agronomic approach of domestication. This latter has provided in a short time a knowledge sufficient to propose adequate cultivation techniques for a new fruit species, and to improve the management of an orchard of genetically heterogeneous plants in relation with agronomical objectives. This approach of domestication is not opposed, but complementary, to that based on plant selection. This work also contributes to the study and integration in models of the variability at different levels in the process of crop yield build-up
Soltaniband, Veedaa. "Effects of biostimulants on soil microbiota, plant development, crop productivity and fruit quality of protected strawberries." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66704.
Повний текст джерелаThe strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is one of the most important horticultural crops in Canada. However, several challenges limit the productivity and quality of this crop. Therefore, this study focused on using the most promising biostimulants that can improve soil microbiota, plant development, crop productivity, and berry quality in the greenhouse and high tunnels. In order to study different biostimulants treatments, a greenhouse and high tunnel experiments were carried in a complete randomized block design with five or four replicates. For the greenhouse trial, we studied the effect of 14 treatments under conventional (7 treatments) and organic (7 treatments) growing management. Studied treatments for the conventional growing system consisted of 1- Control (without biostimulant), 2- Seaweed extract, 3- Trichoderma harzianum strain T22, 4- Rhizoglomus irregulare, 5- Combination of Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 6- Mixture of treatments 4 and 5, and 7- Citric acid-based formulation. For the organic growing system, the biostimulant treatments were: 8- Control (without biostimulant), 9- Seaweed extract, 10- Rhizoglomus irregulare, 11- Combination of Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 12- Mixture of treatments 10 and 11, 13- Mixture of treatments 10 and 11 with low fertilization, and 14- Citric acid-based. For the high tunnel experiment, six treatments were compared: 1- Control (without biostimulant), 2- Rhizoglomus irregulare, 3- Combination of Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 4- Mixture of treatments 2 and 3, 5- Citric acid-based formulation, and 6- Citric and lactic acid-based formulation. Our results showed that soil activity parameters were higher under organic crop management compared with the conventional one, although biostimulant treatments did not increase soil microbial activity compared with their respective control, except for the combination of mycorrhiza and bacteria of high tunnel conventionally grown plants. For both experiments, biostimulants did not influence significantly leaf photosynthetic performance. However, biostimulants did impact plant development and some growth parameters. Compared with control plants, our results showed that the number of flowering stalks decreased for greenhouse organically grown plants treated with mycorrhiza and for conventionally grown plants treated with the combination of mycorrhiza and bacteria. On the other hand, all biostimulants increased the growth of plants grown under the high tunnels. Concerning yield parameters, conventionally grown plants treated with citric acid produced higher total and marketable yield compared with control plants, while the marketable yield of organically grown plants was higher in the plants treated with citric acid and the combination of mycorrhiza and bacteria. In contrast to the greenhouse experiment, no yield effect was observed for high tunnel plants. In terms of berry quality, Trichoderma increased the polyphenol and anthocyanin content of conventionally grown berries, while a combination of mycorrhiza and bacteria increased the ºBrix, polyphenol and anthocyanin content of organically grown plants compared with control. No effect of biostimulants on ºBrix and polyphenols were observed for high tunnel plants compared with control, while all biostimulants increased berry anthocyanin content. From our study, we can conclude that some biostimulants may improve strawberry performance in terms of growth, yield, and fruit quality. The lack of a significant difference between biostimulant treatments, due to large variability, confirms the importance of validating these results under different growing conditions and production seasons.
Marguery, Philippe. "Contributions à l'étude et à l'amélioration de la croissance du fruit chez le pommier Malus domestica Borkh. Cv 'Golden delicious'." Amiens, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AMIES018.
Повний текст джерелаFranck, Berger. "Effet de la charge en fruit et de l'ombrage sur l'assimilation carbonée, la croissance et la production du caféier (coffea arabica L. )." Montpellier, ENSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0018.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to simulate the conditions of coffee (Coffea arabica L) agroforestry systems fruit load (FL: 100,50, 25. . And 5 % of full fruit load) and shading (S: 0, 25, 50 and 75 % of full sun irradiance) treatments were implemented on productive plantation in Costa Rica. Both FL and S significantly affected vegetative and reproductive development. Shading had a positive effect on vegetative development (higher individual leaf area and LAI but lower leaf mass:area ratio [MAD. Floral induction was reduced by shade leading to lower yields but higher bean size. Lower CF favoured vegetative development, increased bean size and decreased branch mortality, resulting in a better return to bloom. By estimating the amount of assimilated carbon (C) from biometric and C content measurements, it was observed that reducing CF induced a concomitant reduction of plant C assimilation rate (A). Gas exchange measurement showed that this negative effect of low C demand could be related to sucrose accumulation in leaves. Then, a model of leaf A incorporating limitations by stomatal conductance and photoinhibition was developed. Shade induced variations in the values of the parameters of this model were directly or indirectly related to MA which allowed to incorporate the effect of shade acclimation in to the model. This A model was then implemented on 3D coffee crown representations. Because the model does not incorporate the negative effect of leaf carbohydrate accumulation into account, the simulation results can be considered as indicators of potential crown A under different shading levels
Najla, Safaa. "Analyse et modélisation de la croissance de la plante et du fruit de tomate : application à des niveaux de salinité et de disponibilité hydrique variables." Avignon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AVIG0625.
Повний текст джерелаTomato production is very important in horticulture. The high competition on the world market emphasizes to improve fruit quality, whose criteria are complex. The modification of water and carbon status of the plant are an important key in developing the fruit quality. The effects of water and carbon factors on fruit quality are due to the plasticity observed in the functioning of the fruit, but also of the plant. By coupling experimental and modeling approaches, the effect of water and salt stress were studied (i) on the plant functioning. The interaction between the plant and fruit is described through the endogenous availability of water and carbon. In the first experiment (2006), tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. Cv Marmara) were grown in greenhouses at four salinity levels (4, 7, 10 and 13 mS cm-1) during 6 monts of culture. In the 2nd experiment (2007), a water stress, for 15 days, was applied. These experiments have showed a significant effect on the fruit growth and quality (size, dry mass content), and on plant growth (biomass, leaf area). The architecture has been analyzed through the process of initiation and growth of the various organs : inflorescence, leaflet, rachis internodes. Regarding the organs initiation, the phyllocron was not affected, but the number of leaflets per leaf was reduced. Regarding the elongation process, the increased length of leaflet and internodes was associated with increased salinity. The formalization of the process of initiation and growth and the estimated parameters, allowed the construction of a 3D dynamic model of plant. This model allows and integrated description of the elementary scale of leaflets to the scale of culture, and the effect of salinity on plant architecture. The salt and water stress had a significant effect of the plant water status. The technique of facilitated exudation with EDTA was used to estimate the variable involved in carbon allocation within the plant. The sugar concentration in the phloem varied over the time and was affected by water stress. In addition, the phloem turgor pressure was significantly lowered by water stress, and appeared to vary according to, the position and /or nature of the organ (leaves, fruit). The local availability of resources (water and caron) has identified the condition at the insertion point of the fruit on the plant. A biophysical model of fruit growth (Fishman and Génard 1998) was adapted. Using a single set of parameters for all the dataset the dynamics of accumulation of fresh and dry mass in the fruit were correctly simulated. I n addition, the model was also used to estimate the driving variables (osmotic potential and turgor pressure) in the fruit and therefore the water and carbon flows between the plant and fruit, in response to environmental conditions
Bastide, Philippe. "Evolution et métabolisme des composés phénoliques dans des fèves de cacao durant leur développement au cours de la croissance et de la maturation du fruit de Theobroma cacao L." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37602624h.
Повний текст джерелаChillet, Marc. "Incidence des conditions de croissance du fruit du bananier ("Musa" spp AAA cv 'Grande Naine') sur sa sensibilité à l'anthracnose de blessure due à "Colletotrichum musae" (Berck and Curt) Arx." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20187.
Повний текст джерелаThioye, Babacar. "Amélioration de la croissance et de la production fruitière de ziziphus mauritiana lam par l'inoculation mycorhizienne dans des vergers au Sénégal." Thesis, Antilles, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANTI0157/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe jujube (or Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is an important multipurpose species (e.g. fruits, fodder, wood) for reforestation and fruit farming in the Sahel. In this context where soils are often degraded and deficient in P, mycorrhization and phosphorus fertilization could play a major role on improvement of jujube growth and productivity. The main objective of this work was to improve growth and fruit production of Z. mauritiana by mycorrhizal inoculation in two orchards at Senegal. This work aims (i) to evaluate the responses of different species of Ziziphus and provenances of Z. mauritiana to inoculation with AMF in greenhouse conditions, (ii) to assess the impact of inoculation with R. irregularis IR27 on growth, survival and fruit production of Z. mauritiana, (iii) to assess the impact of inoculation on diversity of native AMF communities associated to Z. mauritiana after planting and (iv) to determinate the persistence of R. irregularis IR27 in roots of Z. mauritiana after planting.The fungus R. irregularis IR27 proved to be the most effective AMF tested in this work. The pair Z. mauritiana /R. irregularis IR27 has been chosen as model to study the impact of inoculation on fruit production of two provenances, Gola (Indian variety selected for its large size fruits) and Tasset (local cultivar with small-sized fruits) in two sites with contrasting rainfall (Amally and Keur Mangari). Our results showed a positive effect of inoculation on growth, survival and mycorrhizal colonization of Z. mauritiana plants at 13 and 24 months after planting at Amally and Keur Mangari respectively. Inoculation increased also fruit production of jujubes at 18 and 30 months after planting at Keur Mangari. These results indicated the high ability of R. irregularis to compete with indigenous AMF. The MiSeq Illumina sequencing of 18S rRNA gene revealed a negative impact of inoculation on AMF richness and diversity at Amally, unlike at Keur Mangari where inoculation had no impact on AMF richness and diversity. The RPB1 gene proved to be an appropriate marker to detect of R. irregularis IR27 in inoculated Z. mauritiana roots and to evaluate by qPCR the root colonization of R. irregularis IR27 which accounted for 11 to 13% at 13 months after planting at Amally and 12 to 15% at 24 months after planting at Keur Mangari. Therefore, it is important to assess at long-term the impact of R. irregularis IR27 and its persistence in inoculated Z. mauritiana roots in large environmental conditions
Etienne, Audrey. "Quels processus physiologiques pilotent l’acidité de la banane dessert (sp. Musa) en pré et post récolte ? : Modélisation écophysiologique et analyse expérimentale de l’effet du génotype et des conditions de croissance du fruit." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0777/document.
Повний текст джерелаCitric and malic acids determine the sourness and sweetness of banana pulp, which are the two main determinants of consumer preferences. The present work focused on the physiological processes controlling the accumulation of citric and malic acids in banana pulp (Musa sp. AA) using experimental analysis and ecophysiological modeling. We chose an integrative approach linking the pre and post-harvest stages, and focused on the effect of genotype and fruit growing conditions. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of fruit load, potassium fertilization and fruit age at harvest on the accumulation of citrate and malate in banana pulp. To account for genotypic variability, three genotypes with contrasting acidity at the eating stage were studied. Major differences in the pattern of citrate and malate accumulation were found in the three cultivars both during growth and post-harvest ripening and were shown to be the result of metabolic changes. The harvest stage had a significant effect on the concentrations of acids during post-harvest ripening. Fruit load and potassium fertilization had no effect.Ecophysiological models were developed to predict several banana acidity criteria during the pre and post harvest stages. pH and titratable acidity were predicted by a model of acid-base reactions; malate content by a model of vacuolar storage; and citrate content by a model of the TCA cycle. These models led to the identification of the key physiological processes that control banana acidity. Genotypic parameters were identified, which were related to the activity of the mitochondrial malic enzyme and of the malate mitochondrial carriers in the citrate model, as well as to the activity of the vacuolar proton pump, ATPase, in the malate model. The two models were also used to analyze the effects of fruit growth conditions on banana acidity.Combining the three models in a global model of banana acidity, and the possible use of this model for varietal improvement are discussed
Etienne, Audrey. "Quels Processus Physiologiques Pilotent l'Acidité de la Banane Dessert (sp. Musa) en Pré et Post Récolte? Modélisation Ecophysiologique et Analyse Expérimentale de l'Effet du Génotype et des Conditions de Croissance du Fruit." Phd thesis, Université des Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00985304.
Повний текст джерелаMoncousin, Charles. "Évolution de l'AIA, des composés phénoliques, de l'activité spécifique des péroxydases et de la production d'éthylène, au cours de la rhizogénèse, sur des microboutures de vigne (V. Riparia Michx. X V. Rupestris Scheele)." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10216.
Повний текст джерела"La consommation de fruits et de légumes, les apports en antioxydants et le facteur de croissance analogue à l'insuline-1 (IGF-1) et sa principale protéine porteuse (1GFBP-3)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23832/23832.pdf.
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