Статті в журналах: "Fruit biology"

1

Kline, Olivia, Ngoc T. Phan, Mitzy F. Porras, Joshua Chavana, Coleman Z. Little, Lilia Stemet, Roshani S. Acharya, et al. "Biology, Genetic Diversity, and Conservation of Wild Bees in Tree Fruit Orchards." Biology 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010031.

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Different species of bees provide essential ecosystem services by pollinating various agricultural crops, including tree fruits. Many fruits and nuts depend on insect pollination, primarily by wild and managed bees. In different geographical regions where orchard crops are grown, fruit growers rely on wild bees in the farmscape and use orchard bees as alternative pollinators. Orchard crops such as apples, pears, plums, apricots, etc., are mass-flowering crops and attract many different bee species during their bloom period. Many bee species found in orchards emerge from overwintering as the fruit trees start flowering in spring, and the active duration of these bees aligns very closely with the blooming time of fruit trees. In addition, most of the bees in orchards are short-range foragers and tend to stay close to the fruit crops. However, the importance of orchard bee communities is not well understood, and many challenges in maintaining their populations remain. This comprehensive review paper summarizes the different types of bees commonly found in tree fruit orchards in the fruit-growing regions of the United States, their bio-ecology, and genetic diversity. Additionally, recommendations for the management of orchard bees, different strategies for protecting them from multiple stressors, and providing suitable on-farm nesting and floral resource habitats for propagation and conservation are discussed.

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2

Majumder, DAN, L. Hassan, MA Rahim, and MA Kabir. "Studies on physio-morphology, floral biology and fruit characteristics of mango." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 9, no. 2 (June 27, 2012): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10985.

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Plant, inflorescences and fruit characteristics of 60 mango genotypes were studied during the period 2007 to 2008. There were distinct variations among the findings of the gemplasm on plant, leaf, inflorescence fruit characters and yield. Wide variations were observed in relation to the % flowering shoot, % perfect flower, % fruit set per panicle, number of harvested fruits per plant, individual fruit weight, % edible portion and % total soluble solid ranging from 24.00 to71.33%, 8.10 to19.17%, 9.07 to 29.27%, 21.33 to 60.33, 365.33 to 219.00g, 45.22 to 79.83% and 16.90 to 28.26%, respectively. The germplasm MI28 was top of the list in case of number of panicle, number of main branch per panicle, percent perfect flower and fruit harvest per plant. The maximum and minimum number of fruit set per panicle was noted in MI28 and MI92, respectively. The maximum percentage of fruit harvest per panicle was found in MI94 (5.46) but the germplasm MI28 gave the highest number of fruit per plant (60.33). Moreover, the germplasm MI09 had the highest percentage of edible portion (79.83). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10985 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 187199, 2011

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3

Grafi, Gideon. "Dead but Not Dead End: Multifunctional Role of Dead Organs Enclosing Embryos in Seed Biology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 8024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218024.

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Dry fruits consist of two types, dehiscent and indehiscent, whereby the fruit is splitting open or remains closed at maturity, respectively. The seed, the dispersal unit (DU) of dehiscent fruits, is composed of three major parts, the embryo and the food reserve, encapsulated by the maternally-derived organ, the seed coat. Indehiscent fruit constitutes the DU in which the embryo is covered by two protective layers (PLs), the seed coat and the fruit coat. In grasses, the caryopsis, a one-seeded fruit, can be further enclosed by the floral bracts to generate two types of DUs, florets and spikelets. All protective layers enclosing the embryo undergo programmed cell death (PCD) at maturation and are thought to provide mainly a physical shield for embryo protection and a means for dispersal. In this review article, I wish to highlight the elaborate function of these dead organs enclosing the embryo as unique storage structures for beneficial substances and discuss their potential role in seed biology and ecology.

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4

Wang, Chen, Jiajian Cao, Ning Hao, and Tao Wu. "Genetic and Molecular Regulation Mechanisms in the Formation and Development of Vegetable Fruit Shape." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031514.

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Vegetable crops have a long history of cultivation worldwide and rich germplasm resources. With its continuous development and progress, molecular biology technology has been applied to various fields of vegetable crop research. Fruit is an important organ in vegetable crops, and fruit shape can affect the yield and commercialization of vegetables. In nature, fruits show differences in size and shape. Based on fruit shape diversity, the growth direction and coordination mechanism of fruits remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the latest research on fruit shape. In addition, we compare the current theories on the molecular mechanisms that regulate fruit growth, size, and shape in different vegetable families.

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5

Tsang, Anita C. W., and Richard T. Corlett. "Reproductive biology of the Ilex species (Aquifoliaceae) in Hong Kong, China." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 12 (December 2005): 1645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-131.

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Fourteen wild species of shrubs and trees in the dioecious genus Ilex occur in Hong Kong (22°N, 114°E). All species flowered and formed fruits once each year. Sex ratios at flowering were male biased in all but one large population studied and, in most cases, this bias could not be explained by earlier flowering in males or higher female mortality. Apis cerana accounted for >87% of flower visits in all species and there was a significant positive relationship across species between the number of visits per flower per hour and the estimated mean number of flowers on a plant. The large green fruits of Ilex chapaensis Merr. were consumed only by masked palm civets, Paguma larvata, while the red or black fruits of other species were consumed by birds. The rate of fruit removal across species was positively related to sugar content and negatively related to phenolic and saponin contents. The mean number of pyrenes per fruit was 4.0–6.2 and the mean percentage of pyrenes containing seeds was 49%–90%. Most embryos were immature (heart shaped) at fruit maturity, but <50% of embryos developed further in some species. Floral investment was 0.93–5.84 times higher in male plants, but total reproductive investment was 0.62–8.3 higher in females.

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6

Helenurm, Kaius, and Spencer C. H. Barrett. "The reproductive biology of boreal forest herbs. II. Phenology of flowering and fruiting." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 2047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-279.

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The flowering and fruiting phenologies of 12 boreal forest herbs were recorded during 1979 (flowering and fruiting) and 1980 (flowering only) in spruce–fir forests of central New Brunswick. The species studied were Aralia nudicaulis, Chimaphila umbellata, Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis, Cypripedium acaule, Linnaea borealis, Maianthemum canadense, Medeola virginiana, Oxalis montana, Pyrola secunda, Trientalis borealis, and Trillium undulatum. Flowering in the community occurred from mid-May to the end of July. The order of flowering was maintained in the 2 years, but the degree of synchronization of inflorescences differed in several species. Fruiting in the community began in mid-July and extended beyond the end of September. The percentage of buds that ultimately bore fruit ranged from 0 (Cypripedium acaule) to 61% (Aralia nudicaulis). With the exception of Cypripedium acaule, which received little pollinator service, the self-incompatible species, Cornus canadensis, Maianthemum canadense, and Medeola virginiana, experienced the lowest levels of fruit-set. Pollen limitation and predation of developing fruit appear to be the major factors limiting percentage fruit-set in boreal forest herbs. Fruit production varied with time of flowering of inflorescences in several species, with periods of low fruit-set tending to coincide with lower densities of flowering inflorescences. Significant rates of fruit removal by herbivores occurred in all sarocochorous species. Disappearance of fruits from infructescences ranged from 31 (Medeola virginiana) to 95% (Aralia nudicaulis), with highest removal rates occurring during periods of greatest fruit availability.

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7

Greenspan, Ralph J., and Martin Kreitman. "The evolution of fruit-fly biology." Lancet 372 (December 2008): S28—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61878-4.

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8

Fletcher, B. S. "The Biology of Dacine Fruit Flies." Annual Review of Entomology 32, no. 1 (January 1987): 115–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.32.010187.000555.

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9

Sampson, Blair, Steve Noffsinger, Creighton Gupton, and James Magee. "Pollination Biology of the Muscadine Grape." HortScience 36, no. 1 (February 2001): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.1.120.

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Fruit set in the muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) depended on insect cross-pollination, although flowers were well adapted for selfing. Pollinizer cultivars produced about half of their optimal fruit set when selfed, but cross-pollination was needed to reach an optimal fruit set of 33.7%. Eighty-one percent of the overall fruit set in pistillate vines was attributed to insect cross-pollination; wind played only a small role. Diminished fruit set and fewer seeds per berry occurred in cultivars receiving no effective cross-pollination. Components of fruit quality were not profoundly affected by the pollination treatments, although seed set and berry weight in pistillate cultivars was lower in the absence of cross-pollination. Parthenocarpy was rare, except in `Fry Seedless'. Muscadine production throughout the southeastern United States depends on cross-pollination by indigenous insects, particularly bees. To ensure consistently high yields, bees must have safe access to flowers and their nesting sites must be preserved.

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10

Herawani, Febrina, Aunu Rauf, and Sugeng Santoso. "STATUS OF INFESTATION AND BIOLOGY OF PEPPER FRUIT FLY, Atherigona orientalis (Schiner) (Diptera: Muscidae)." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 19, no. 1 (August 12, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11964-73.

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Status of Infestation and Biology of Pepper Fruit Fly, Atherigona orientalis (Schiner) (Diptera: Muscidae). Numerous muscid flies Atherigona orientalis (Schiner) (Diptera: Muscidae) emerged from fruitfly-infested pepper fruits. It is not known whether A. orientalis is primary or secondary pest, and its biology is poorly studied. Research was conducted with the objectives to determine the status of infestation of A. orientalis on pepper fruits, and to study its biology. Field survey was conducted in pepper fields in Bogor, whereas study on its biology was done in laboratory. Field surveys showed that flies emerged from fruitfly-infested fruits consisted of 86.1% A. orientalis, 4.8% Bactrocera dorsalis, and 9.1% other fly species. Fruits having only A. orientalis representing 79.7% of the infested fruits. Number of A. orientalis flies emerged per fruit ranged 1-24, with an average of 3.5 individuals. Laboratory study showed incubation period of eggs was 1.62 d, larva development lasted 11.93 d, and pupa 5.08 d. Longevity of female adult was 32.85 d and male 31.40 d. Number of eggs laid by a single female ranged 12-191, with an average of 83.80. Net reproductive rate R0 =36.052, intrinsic rate of increase rm = 0.136, mean generation time T = 26.482, doubling time Dt = 5.098, and finite rate of increase λ = 1.145. Overall, our research indicated that A. orientalis was a primary pest of pepper fruits, with a high potential of population increase.

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11

García-Coronado, Heriberto, Julio César Tafolla-Arellano, Miguel Ángel Hernández-Oñate, Alexel Jesús Burgara-Estrella, Jesús Martín Robles-Parra, and Martín Ernesto Tiznado-Hernández. "Molecular Biology, Composition and Physiological Functions of Cuticle Lipids in Fleshy Fruits." Plants 11, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11091133.

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Fleshy fruits represent a valuable resource of economic and nutritional relevance for humanity. The plant cuticle is the external lipid layer covering the nonwoody aerial organs of land plants, and it is the first contact between fruits and the environment. It has been hypothesized that the cuticle plays a role in the development, ripening, quality, resistance to pathogen attack and postharvest shelf life of fleshy fruits. The cuticle’s structure and composition change in response to the fruit’s developmental stage, fruit physiology and different postharvest treatments. This review summarizes current information on the physiology and molecular mechanism of cuticle biosynthesis and composition changes during the development, ripening and postharvest stages of fleshy fruits. A discussion and analysis of studies regarding the relationship between cuticle composition, water loss reduction and maintaining fleshy fruits’ postharvest quality are presented. An overview of the molecular mechanism of cuticle biosynthesis and efforts to elucidate it in fleshy fruits is included. Enhancing our knowledge about cuticle biosynthesis mechanisms and identifying specific transcripts, proteins and lipids related to quality traits in fleshy fruits could contribute to the design of biotechnological strategies to improve the quality and postharvest shelf life of these important fruit crops.

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12

Liu, Wei, Kui Liu, Daoguo Chen, Zhanquan Zhang, Boqiang Li, Mohamed M. El-Mogy, Shiping Tian, and Tong Chen. "Solanum lycopersicum, a Model Plant for the Studies in Developmental Biology, Stress Biology and Food Science." Foods 11, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 2402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11162402.

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Fruits, vegetables and other plant-derived foods contribute important ingredients for human diets, and are thus favored by consumers worldwide. Among these horticultural crops, tomato belongs to the Solanaceae family, ranks only secondary to potato (S. tuberosum L.) in yields and is widely cultivated for fresh fruit and processed foods owing to its abundant nutritional constituents (including vitamins, dietary fibers, antioxidants and pigments). Aside from its important economic and nutritional values, tomato is also well received as a model species for the studies on many fundamental biological events, including regulations on flowering, shoot apical meristem maintenance, fruit ripening, as well as responses to abiotic and biotic stresses (such as light, salinity, temperature and various pathogens). Moreover, tomato also provides abundant health-promoting secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, etc.), making it an excellent source and experimental system for investigating nutrient biosynthesis and availability in food science. Here, we summarize some latest results on these aspects, which may provide some references for further investigations on developmental biology, stress signaling and food science.

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Drummond, Frank. "Reproductive Biology of Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton)." Agriculture 9, no. 4 (March 30, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9040069.

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Wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton, is a native forest understory plant that is managed as a fruit crop. Over the past 51 years, experiments have been conducted to investigate its reproduction. A model was developed that predicts bloom to begin at 100° days (base 4.4 °C) after 1 April and to end at 500° days for a period of three to four weeks. Flower stigmas are only receptive to pollen deposition for eight to 10 days, and the rate of fruit set declines rapidly after four days. Placement of pollen upon receptive stigmas suggests that fruit set occurs with as little as a single pollen tetrad. Twelve tetrads result in 50% fruit set. Several years of exploratory fruit set field experiments show viable seeds per berry, which result from pollination with compatible genotype pollen, is associated with larger berry mass (g). Decomposition of the total variance in fruit set shows that stem variation explains 65% to 79% of total variance in the fruit set. To a lesser extent, the field, year, and clone also explain the percent fruit set variation. Variation between stems may be due to variation in the number of flowers. Fruit set tends to decrease as the flower density increases, possibly due to the limitation of pollinators.

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Rêgo, Elizanilda R. do, Fernando L. Finger, Vicente W. D. Casali, and Antônio A. Cardoso. "Inheritance of fruit color and pigment changes in a yellow tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) mutant." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 1 (March 1999): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000100019.

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A naturally occurring yellow tomato fruit mutant cv. Santa Clara was reciprocally crossed with the red wild type, after which F1 plants were self pollinated or backcrossed with both parents. Plants from F1 generations produced all fruits with a homogeneous deep red color when ripe. F2 plants showed a 3:1 red:yellow segregation of fruit color, and 100% red when backcrossed with red wild type or 1:1 red:yellow segregation in backcrosses with the yellow mutant; hence, yellow fruit color was determined by a recessive allele. Based on reciprocal crosses, fruit color is unlikely to be determined by maternal genes. Accumulation of lycopene dropped by 99.3% and<FONT FACE="Symbol"> b</font>-carotene by 77% in ripe yellow fruits, compared to the red wild type. Leaf and flower chlorophyll and total carotenoid concentrations were not affected by the yellow mutation. However, the mutant fruit had a higher rate of chlorophyll degradation during fruit ripening, whilst fruit from the F1 generation showed lower rates of degradation, similar to that observed in red wild type fruits.

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He, Yuxin, Yijuan Xu, and Xiao Chen. "Biology, Ecology and Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in China: A Review." Insects 14, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14020196.

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Tephritid fruit flies are notoriously known for causing immense economic losses due to their infestation of many types of commercial fruits and vegetables in China. These flies are expanding, causing serious damage, and we summarized references from the last three decades regarding biological parameters, ecological performance and integrated pest management. There are 10 species of tephritid fruit flies mentioned at a relatively high frequency in China, and a detailed description and discussion in this comprehensive review were provided through contrast and condensation, including economics, distribution, identification, hosts, damage, life history, oviposition preference, interspecific competition and integrated management, in anticipation of providing effective strategies or bases for the subsequent development of new research areas and improvement of integrated management systems.

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Khan, MMH. "Biology and management of fruit borer, Virachola isocrates (Fab.) Infesting guava." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v41i1.27666.

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Two experiments were conducted to study the biology of guava fruit borer, Virachola isocrates (Fab.) and to evaluate the effectiveness of management practices for managing fruit borer, Virachola isocrates (Fab.) in Sharupkathi variety of guava. The biology including morphometrics of guava fruit borer were studied in the laboratory of the Department of Entomology, PSTU, Dumki, Patuakhali during May to October, 2012. Results revealed that incubation period, larval period, pupal period of this borer ranged from 8-10, 17-46, 7-33 days, respectively and total life cycle was completed within 30 to 60 days. Adult longevity ranged from 4-7 days. The average length of full grown larva was 17.45 mm, and breadth across thorax and abdomen were 3.36 and 2.80 mm, respectively. The average length of pupa was 15.90 mm, and breadth across thorax and abdomen were 3.68 and 2.89 mm, respectively. The average length of adult body was 16.90 mm, and breadth across thorax and abdomen were 3.91 and 2.94 mm, respectively. The average length of antennae was 10.35 mm. The mean length of pro-, meso and metathoracic legs was 7.55mm, 8.10mm and 10.45 mm, respectively. The metathoracic leg was longer as compared to pro and mesothorarcic legs. The length of fore wing across the upper and lower margin ranged from 16.00 mm to 18.00 mm and 11.50 mm to 12.00 mm, respectively. The length of hind wing across the upper and lower margin ranged from 10.00 mm to 11.00 mm and 8.00 mm to 9.00 mm, respectively. The breadth of fore wing across the middle ranged from 10.50-11.00 with mean breadth of 10.78 mm. Likewise, the breadth of hind wing across the middle ranged from 11.00-14.00 with mean breadth of 12.55 mm. The results on the percent infestation reduction over control revealed that package with field sanitation + collection of infested fruits + application of Superior (Chlorpyrifos + Cypermethrin) 505 EC @ 1 ml/ l water, and package consisting of field sanitation + collection of infested fruits + bagging of fruits with polythene bag gave 100 % control of the pest. These two packages may be used for the large scale cultivation of Sharupkathi variety in BangladeshBangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(1): 41-51, March 2016

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Shifeng Cao and Yonghua Zheng. "Postharvest biology and handling of loquat fruit." Stewart Postharvest Review 4, no. 2 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2212/spr.2008.2.3.

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Gómez-Lim, M. A. "MANGO FRUIT RIPENING: PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 341 (May 1993): 484–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.341.52.

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Herrero, M. "Flower biology and fruit set in cherry." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1161 (May 2017): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1161.56.

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Bharti, Vijay, V. K. Rana, and Sumit Kumar. "Biology of pomegranate fruit borer deudorix isocrates." Indian Journal Of Entomology 83, no. 1 (2021): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2020.00244.8.

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Bhoya, K. M., and C. J. Patel. "Biology of Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 11 (November 10, 2018): 2605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.297.

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Headrick, D. H., and R. D. Goeden. "THE BIOLOGY OF NONFRUGIVOROUS TEPHRITID FRUIT FLIES." Annual Review of Entomology 43, no. 1 (January 1998): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.217.

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Beveridge, Fernanda Caro, Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian, Chongxi Yang, and Steve W. Adkins. "Fruit Biology of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)." Plants 11, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 3293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233293.

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Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important perennial crop adapted to a wide range of habitats. Although global coconut demand has increased sharply over the past few years, its production has been decreasing due to palm senility, as well as abiotic and biotic stresses. In fact, replanting efforts are impeded due to the lack of good quality seedlings. In vitro technologies have a great potential; however, their applications may take time to reach a commercial level. Therefore, traditional seed propagation is still critical to help meet the rising demand and its practice needs to be improved. To achieve an improved propagation via seeds, it is important to understand coconut fruit biology and its related issues. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the existing knowledge on coconut fruit morpho-anatomy, germination biology, seed dispersal, distribution, fruit longevity and storage. This will help to identify gaps where future research efforts should be directed to improve traditional seed propagation.

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Aksic, Milica Fotiric, Vera Rakonjac, Dragan Nikolic, and Gordan Zec. "Reproductive biology traits affecting productivity of sour cherry." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 48, no. 1 (January 2013): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2013000100005.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate variability in reproductive biology traits and the correlation between them in genotypes of 'Oblačinska' sour cherry (Prunus cerasus). High genetic diversity was found in the 41 evaluated genotypes, and significant differences were observed among them for all studied traits: flowering time, pollen germination, number of fruiting branches, production of flower and fruit, number of flowers per bud, fruit set, and limb yield efficiency. The number of fruiting branches significantly influenced the number of flower and fruit, fruit set, and yield efficiency. In addition to number of fruiting branches, yield efficiency was positively correlated with fruit set and production of flower and fruit. Results from principal component analysis suggested a reduction of the reproductive biology factors affecting yield to four main characters: number and structure of fruiting branches, flowering time, and pollen germination. Knowledge of the reproductive biology of the 'Oblačinska' genotypes can be used to select the appropriate ones to be grown or used as parents in breeding programs. In this sense, genotypes II/2, III/9, III/13, and III/14 have very good flower production and satisfactory pollen germination.

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Liu, Zhongchi, Hong Ma, Sook Jung, Dorrie Main, and Lei Guo. "Developmental Mechanisms of Fleshy Fruit Diversity in Rosaceae." Annual Review of Plant Biology 71, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 547–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-111119-021700.

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Rosaceae (the rose family) is an economically important family that includes species prized for high-value fruits and ornamentals. The family also exhibits diverse fruit types, including drupe (peach), pome (apple), drupetum (raspberry), and achenetum (strawberry). Phylogenetic analysis and ancestral fruit-type reconstruction suggest independent evolutionary paths of multiple fleshy fruit types from dry fruits. A recent whole genome duplication in the Maleae/Pyreae tribe (with apple, pear, hawthorn, and close relatives; referred to as Maleae here) may have contributed to the evolution of pome fruit. MADS-box genes, known to regulate floral organ identity, are emerging as important regulators of fruit development. The differential competence of floral organs to respond to fertilization signals may explain the different abilities of floral organs to form fleshy fruit. Future comparative genomics and functional studies in closely related Rosaceae species with distinct fruit types will test hypotheses and provide insights into mechanisms of fleshy fruit diversity. These efforts will be facilitated by the wealth of genome data and resources in Rosaceae.

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Clarke, PJ, and PJ Myerscough. "Floral Biology and Reproductive Phenology of Avicennia marina in South-Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 3 (1991): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910283.

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Flowering, pollination and reproductive phenology of the tree, Avicennia marina (Grey mangrove), were examined on the south-east coast of Australia in New South Wales. Individual flowers are protandrous and open for 2-5 days, while a flower cluster has open flowers for 2-4 weeks. About 16000 pollen grains and four ovules are produced per flower. Self-pollination of an individual flower is unlikely because of protandry, but the sequence and synchrony of flowering, together with pollinator behaviour, favour geitonogamy. Some fruit is set when cross-pollination is restricted by bagging flowers, which indicates partial self-compatibility. Subsequently, fruit abortion is higher in the bagged treatment than in those open-pollinated; this may reflect some pre-dispersal inbreeding depression. Between 4 and 41% of open-pollinated flower buds set fruit, most of which had one or rarely two seeds. Phenologically, each reproductive stage is unimodal and the whole process from bud initiation to abscission of mature fruit is completed within a year. Initiation of floral buds, flowering, growth and abscission of fruits are almost synchronous among fecund trees at a particular latitude each year. Latitudinal differences occur consistently among populations that are separated by less than 2° of latitude; those at lower latitudes flower earlier. Flowering of individual trees varies greatly between years and many trees fail to reproduce each year, although the populations remain fecund from year to year. A flexible breeding system and regular population fecundity ensure annual propagule supply in the populations studied.

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Mackay, Duncan A., and Molly A. Whalen. "An experimental study of the pollination biology of the perennial halophyte Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii (Frankeniaceae) in a South Australian salt marsh." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 1 (2009): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08153.

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Relatively little is known about the pollination biology or breeding systems of entomophilous plant species in salt-marsh habitats. In the present study, the pollination biology of the perennial halophyte Frankenia pauciflora DC. var. gunnii Summerh. (Frankeniaceae) was investigated in a salt marsh near Goolwa, South Australia. The flowering peak of this species occurs in summer and flowers are visited by a diverse array of insects in the Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. An experiment was performed to test for the presence of pollen limitation in the field. Flowers to which outcross pollen was added produced significantly more fruits and significantly more seeds per fruit than did unmanipulated control flowers. Average seed weight per fruit did not differ significantly between control and pollen-addition flowers. In glasshouse experiments, flowers to which cross-pollen was added produced significantly more fruit than did flowers to which self-pollen was added, suggesting the presence of a facultatively xenogamous breeding system.

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Hohmann, Celso Luiz, Ana Maria Meneguim, Elizete Anelli Andrade, Tanara Garcia de Novaes, and Carla Zandoná. "The avocado fruit borer, Stenoma catenifer (wals.) (Lepidoptera: elachistidae): egg and damage distribution and parasitism." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 25, no. 3 (December 2003): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452003000300018.

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The avocado fruit borer, Stenoma catenifer (Wals.) has been a limiting factor in growing avocados over the last years in many Brazilian states. This is a result of the lack of safe and feasible management practices to minimize the fruit borer damage. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the pest biology and ecology as well as on the role of natural enemies to define strategies to control the pest. Samples were taken biweekly and consisted of 20 fruits collected randomly (10 from the upper half and 10 from the lower half of the plant) in ten plants, cv. Margarida, in a commercial avocado grove in Arapongas and Cambé regions, PR, from October/2001 to September/2002. Laboratory determinations of the percentage of damaged fruit per plant region, location and number of bored fruit sites, and the number and location of the fruit borer eggs, including parasitized ones, were performed. The results showed that S. catenifer preferred to oviposit and attack fruits located on the upper half of the trees. The majority of the eggs were laid on the fruit pedicel whereas the damage was mainly located on the lower half of the fruits. Trichogrammatids were the most constant and abundant parasitoids found in both localities throughout the study period.

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29

Diniz, Écio Souza, Rodolfo Oliveira Costa, Larissa Areal Carvalho Müller, Jan Thiele, and Marconi Souza Silva. "PHENOLOGY, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF Chresta scapigera (LESS.) Gardner (ASTERACEAE)." Oecologia Australis 25, no. 03 (September 15, 2021): 710–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2021.2503.07.

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Chrestas capigera (Less.) Gardner is an important medicinal herb which, however, has been poorly studied for its biology and ecology. This study aimed to investigate its phenology, floral biology, reproductive biology (self-pollination tests), spatial distribution and correlations between phenophases and climatic data in two sites (Cerrado stricto sensu and Campo rupestre) in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. From August of 2012 to August of 2013, we monitored phenophase occurrence for 70 individuals: emission of new leaves, flowering, production of immature fruits, and mature fruits. Floral anthesis occurred during daytime and remained all day until fruit formation. Peak leaf emergence was observed in April, correlating with minimum monthly temperature and mean monthly precipitation. Flowering and green fruit peaked in May and June, respectively, and correlated negatively with all climatic variables. Mature fruits peaked in June, but did not correlate significantly with any of the climatic variables. However, no difference was found between the two sites regarding the timing of phenophases. The spatial distribution pattern of individuals within sites was random. The self-pollination tests showed that the individuals pollinated and fertilized themselves. Our findings allow us to conclude that the phenology of C. scapigera has pronounced phenological seasonality with reproductive peak activities in the drier and colder season, which is congruent with the self-pollination and anemochoric dispersion strategy.

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30

Matias, Raphael, and Hélder Consolaro. "Pollination biology of Geissomeria pubescens Nees (Acanthaceae) in a forest remnant in central Brazil." Botany 92, no. 3 (March 2014): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0211.

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Specialized plants like those in genus Geissomeria Lindl. (Acanthaceae) seem to depend directly on pollination by hummingbirds for reproduction. The goal of this study was to investigate the pollination biology of Geissomeria pubescens Nees (Acanthaceae) in a forest fragment in the municipality of Catalão, state of Goiás, Brazil, including aspects of morphology, floral biology, energy availability from nectar, and reproductive system. Geissomeria pubescens has pendulous red flowers, tubular corolla, diurnal anthesis, and no odor. These floral traits characterize G. pubescens as an ornithophilous species. The total amount of energy available from nectar was 8.60 ± 2.87 cal·flower–1, and each individual produced up to 22.53 cal·day–1. Based on the resources offered by G. pubescens, the fragment studied may support up to 94.6 hummingbirds during the peak of nectar availability. Hummingbirds were the only flower visitors, and Thalurania furcata (Gmelin, 1788) was the main pollinator. Flowers from manual cross- and self-pollination treatments produced fruits, but fruit set was low compared with open pollination. These results, along with the lack of fruit set from agamospermy and spontaneous selfing, demonstrate the importance of hummingbirds for pollen flow and, consequently, for fruit formation in G. pubescens.

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31

Boyd, Robert S. "Population biology of west coast Cakile maritima: effects of habitat and predation by Peromyscus maniculatus." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2620–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-327.

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Survival patterns of Cakile maritima Scop. ssp. maritima seedlings in adjacent open-beach and foredune habitats differed, with significant cohort and seasonal effects only for open-beach plants. Open-beach plants were usually killed by fall storms. Some foredune plants (5.3%) survived into a second reproductive season, producing 85% of mature fruits in the foredune. Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) removed 95% of fruits matured by foredune plants. Sand burial of fruits increased their chances of escaping predation. Burial was 52-fold more likely for fruits on open-beach plants compared with foredune plants, resulting in lower seed predation on the open beach. Germination from P. maniculatus caches produced 63% of foredune plants, but they represented only 0.002% of all removed seeds. Cache plants had lowered survival relative to noncache plants, so that seed dispersal by P. maniculatus did not benefit C. maritima. Both foredune and open-beach populations were likely to decline if transition patterns among age-classes and fruit production rates observed in 1983 and 1984 remained constant. Because of high fruit production by overwintering plants, foredune plants produced more fruits than needed to maintain plant numbers, but predation by P. maniculatus reduced seed survival to less than 20% of the replacement rate for that habitat. Key words: Cakile maritima, Peromyscus maniculatus, plant–animal interactions, seed dispersal, seed bank, plant demography.

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32

Gorman, Julian, Hanna Markones, and Michael John Lawes. "Understanding the reproductive biology of Terminalia ferdinandiana for improved fruit yields." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 8 (2019): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt19127.

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Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell., also known as the Kakadu plum, is an important food plant endemic to northern Australia. The fruit has substantial commercial demand as it contains sought-after antioxidants and the greatest concentration of ascorbic acid of any fruit known worldwide. Better knowledge of its reproductive biology is required to increase fruit production from wild stands and sustain commercial demand. Experiments demonstrate that T. ferdinandiana is andromonoecious and self-incompatible, relying on cross-pollination for successful fruit production. Wild stocks of this species are pollen limited, likely caused by pollinator satiation in dense, synchronously flowering stands. These findings indicate that enhanced fruit production requires supplementation of suitable pollinators in wild stands.

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33

Arbelet-Bonnin, Delphine, Sylvie Cangémi, Patrik Laurenti, and François Bouteau. "Observation of unexpected neo like-fruit development from Cakile maritima calli." Advances in Horticultural Science 36, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ahsc-12818.

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Parthenocarpy, the ability of some plants to undergo fruit growth in absence of fertilization, is an important question of basic science and the subject of much interest due to its possible agricultural benefits. In the context of our cellular biology studies on a halophyte of interest, Cakile maritima, we generated calli, pluripotent cell masses, that unexpectedly allowed the appearance of parthenocarpic fruits without any floral tissues. These observations raise the hope to develop an in vitro model to study parthenocarpic fruit development.

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34

Haldhar, Shravan Manbhar. "Biology of Ber Fruit Fly Carpomyia Vesuviana Costa." Indian Journal of Entomology 83, no. 3 (2021): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2021.00002.x.

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35

Sivinski, John, A. S. Robinson, and G. Hooper. "Fruit Flies: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control." Florida Entomologist 75, no. 1 (March 1992): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495502.

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36

Zhu, Changan, Shaofang Wu, Ting Sun, Zhiwen Zhou, Zhangjian Hu, and Jingquan Yu. "Rosmarinic Acid Delays Tomato Fruit Ripening by Regulating Ripening-Associated Traits." Antioxidants 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111821.

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Fruits are excellent sources of essential vitamins and health-boosting minerals. Recently, regulation of fruit ripening by both internal and external cues for the improvement of fruit quality and shelf life has received considerable attention. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a kind of natural plant-derived polyphenol, widely used in the drug therapy and food industry due to its distinct physiological functions. However, the role of RA in plant growth and development, especially at the postharvest period of fruits, remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that postharvest RA treatment delayed the ripening in tomato fruits. Exogenous application of RA decreased ripening-associated ethylene production and inhibited the fruit color change from green to red based on the decline in lycopene accumulation. We also found that the degradation of sucrose and malic acid during ripening was significantly suppressed in RA-treated tomato fruits. The results of metabolite profiling showed that RA application promoted the accumulation of multiple amino acids in tomato fruits, such as aspartic acid, serine, tyrosine, and proline. Meanwhile, RA application also strengthened the antioxidant system by increasing both the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of reduced forms of antioxidants. These findings not only unveiled a novel function of RA in fruit ripening, but also indicated an attractive strategy to manage and improve shelf life, flavor, and sensory evolution of tomato fruits.

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37

Yoo, Hee Ju, Jin-Hyun Kim, Kyoung-Sub Park, Jung Eek Son, and Je Min Lee. "Light-Controlled Fruit Pigmentation and Flavor Volatiles in Tomato and Bell Pepper." Antioxidants 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010014.

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Light is a major environmental factor affecting the regulation of secondary metabolites, such as pigments and flavor. The Solanaceae plant family has diverse patterns of fruit metabolisms that serve as suitable models to understand the molecular basis of its regulation across species. To investigate light-dependent regulation for fruit pigmentation and volatile flavors, major fruit pigments, their biosynthetic gene expression, and volatiles were analyzed in covered fruits of tomato and bell pepper. Immature covered fruits were found to be ivory in color and no chlorophyll was detected in both plants. The total carotenoid content was found to be reduced in ripe tomato and bell pepper under cover. Naringenin chalcone decreased more than 7-fold in ripe tomato and total flavonoids decreased about 10-fold in immature and ripe pepper fruit under light deficiency. Light positively impacts fruit pigmentation in tomato and bell pepper by regulating gene expression in carotenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, especially phytoene synthase and chalcone synthase, respectively. Nineteen volatile flavors were detected, and seven of these exhibited light-dependent regulations for both ripe tomato and pepper. This study will help in improving fruit quality and aid future research works to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating the influence of light-dependency on pigments and flavor volatiles.

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38

Kadzere*, I., C. B. Watkins, I. Merwin, F. Akinifessi, and J. D. Saka. "Effects of Storage Methods on Ripening of Uapaca kirkiana Fruitf." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 880A—880. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.880a.

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Postharvest biology of Uapaca kirkiana, a native tree fruit to the miombo woodlands of some parts of Southern Africa, is little understood. Experiments have been carried out to determine the influence of pre-ripening storage treatments on subsequent fruit ripening characteristics. Mature but unripe fruit, collected from Dedza District in Malawi, were either held under ambient conditions, incubated in clay pots for 3 d or at 4 °C for 11 d. Fruit were removed from clay pots and cold storage, held under ambient conditions, and quality assessed daily. Color changed from green-yellow and/or brown-yellow in the unripe fruit to brown in ripe fruit. Low initial fruit compression was associated with hard and unripe fruit at harvest. Compared with both ambient and cold storage, incubating the fruits in clay pots resulted in advanced fruit softening as reflected by the high compression levels even on the day of removal from the clay pots. By day six after removal, compression had increased to a mean of 81 mm in the clay pot fruits while maximum levels were 56 and 38 mm for ambient and cold storage, respectively. Storing fruit at cold temperature delayed softening and deterioration compared with ambient and clay pot storage treatments. There was a general decrease in the total soluble solids content of the fruit during ripening, and was not influenced by the pre-ripening storage treatments. Decay increased during ripening for all the three treatments. Deterioration of the pulp in fruit, indicated by the development of a brown color and/or disintegration of the pulp, was observed with increasing time from removal. These results will be discussed in relation to the potential for improving storage of U. kirkiana.

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39

Gisbert-Mullor, Ramón, Costanza Ceccanti, Yaiza Gara Padilla, Salvador López-Galarza, Ángeles Calatayud, Giuseppe Conte, and Lucia Guidi. "Effect of Grafting on the Production, Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Nutritional Quality of Fruit from Pepper Landraces." Antioxidants 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060501.

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Grafting is a widely utilized agronomical technique to improve yield, disease resistance, and quality of fruit and vegetables. This work aims to assess the effect of grafting and fruit ripening on the production, physico-chemical characteristics, and nutritional quality of fruit from Spanish local pepper landraces. Landraces “Cuerno,” “Sueca,” and “Valencia” were used as scions, and “NIBER®” as the rootstock. Two ripening stages of the fruits were sampled: green and red. Grafting improved the yield and marketable quality and did not negatively influence the physico-chemical and nutritional characteristics of the fruit. It was noteworthy that the bioactive compound contents and antioxidant capacity were more related to maturity stage and genotype, and red fruit had a higher antioxidant capacity than green fruit. However, in all the scions, grafting significantly enhanced lycopene content in both red and green fruit. Another important effect of grafting was the volatile compound composition evidenced by discriminant analyses, which was characterized for the first time in the fruit of these landraces. The rootstock and scion combination could be a way to improve not only the production, but also the fruit quality of peppers.

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40

Bizzio, Lorenzo N., Denise Tieman, and Patricio R. Munoz. "Branched-Chain Volatiles in Fruit: A Molecular Perspective." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (January 27, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.814138.

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Branched-chain volatiles (BCVs) constitute an important family of fruit volatile metabolites essential to the characteristic flavor and aroma profiles of many edible fruits. Yet in contrast to other groups of volatile organic compounds important to fruit flavor such as terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and oxylipins, the molecular biology underlying BCV biosynthesis remains poorly understood. This lack of knowledge is a barrier to efforts aimed at obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of fruit flavor and aroma and the biology underlying these complex phenomena. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding fruit BCV biosynthesis from the perspective of molecular biology. We survey the diversity of BCV compounds identified in edible fruits as well as explore various hypotheses concerning their biosynthesis. Insights from branched-chain precursor compound metabolism obtained from non-plant organisms and how they may apply to fruit BCV production are also considered, along with potential avenues for future research that might clarify unresolved questions regarding BCV metabolism in fruits.

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41

"Floral biology of temperate zone fruit trees and small fruits." Choice Reviews Online 34, no. 04 (December 1, 1996): 34–2154. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.34-2154.

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42

Hrotkó, K., and Z. Erdős. "Floral biology of tree fruit rootstocks." International Journal of Horticultural Science 12, no. 2 (April 19, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.31421/ijhs/12/2/649.

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The modern nursery industry requires seed sources of a high quality and regular quantity year by year. Besides the seed sources of processed cultivars (Bartlett pear, Shipley, Elberta peach) special seed orchards are planted with selected seed trees producing high quality and genetically determined seed (hybrid seed or inbred lines). Seedlings are still the most common commercial source of rootstocks for stone fruits (almond, apricot, peach, plum, prune and walnut). Although clonal rootstocks are spreading, usage of seedlings is still predominant at stone fruits and nuts. For successful seed production and planning of seed orchard the knowledge on floral biology, flower fertility, pollination, blossom time of trees (selected clone or cultivars) used for seed production is essential. In this field very little systematic research was carried out most of the papers were published in the second half of the 20th century. Our mini review gives an overview on the importance of flower fertility in the mating systems applied in seed orchards, and the research results on floral biology of fruit tree rootstocks propagated by seed (Prunus avium, Prunus mahaleb, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus cerasifera, Prunus insititia, Prunus amygdalus, P persica, P amygdalopersica, Pyrus pyraster, Pyrus communis and Pyrus betulifolia) over the last decades.

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43

"Apple chat fruit disease (apple chat fruit)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.6076.

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Анотація:

This datasheet on Apple chat fruit disease covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

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44

Racskó, J., J. Nyéki, M. Soltész, and Z. Szabó. "Floral biology, pollination and fertilisation of temperate zone fruit trees." International Journal of Horticultural Science 13, no. 3 (September 19, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.31421/ijhs/13/3/740.

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The knowledge of blooming, pollination and fertilisation and its use are indispensable in maximizing of cropping potential of fruits in economical fruit production. In attaining maximum yield a greater attention has to be focused on choosing cultivar combinations, and results of experiments on blooming, pollination and fertilisation must be applied carefully. To have efficient bee pollination requires attention at the time of designing an orchard. It requires further attention at the time of bloom of any of the fruit-hearing species. Markets demand new types of fruit which forces constant changes in the cultivar composition of orchard. The blooming, pollinating and fertilisation characteristics of cultivars chosen have to be known before an orchard is set up. Apart from the general knowledge of trees considered to be planted, there is a great need to know the flowering, pollinating and fertilization characteristics of each cultivar in detail.

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45

Okunlola, Babatunde Olanrewaju, Sekinat Okikiola Azeez, and Julius Olaoye Faluyi. "Reproductive biology of two Lagenaria (Curcubitaceae) species." Botanica, 2022, 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/botlit.2022.2.5.

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The genus Lagenaria (Cucurbitaceae) members are underutilised, neglected and on the verge of being threatened to extinction. An investigation of their reproductive biology will serve as the basis for effective strategic planning towards their conservation. The plant materials used for this study were collected from Osun, Ekiti and Niger States in Nigeria. Reproductive parameters, including seed germination, phenology and pollination mechanism, were documented. The highest seed germination rate was observed in the accession of Lagenaria siceraria from Ekiti Bowl. The male flowers appeared first, followed by female flowers’ emergence 14–28 days later, on the secondary shoots. The female flowers of each accession had unique inferior ovary shapes, which developed into different fruit shapes with distinct seed morphology. This study showed that the members of Lagenaria performed better as climbers than as trailers, and the number of fruits produced per accession depends on the size or weight of the fruit. Chrysomelidae and Coryna apicicornis beetles were the primary pollinators observed. Furthermore, the pollens were predominantly monad, spheroidal and tricolporate, and pollen stainability ranged between 81% and 91% in all the accessions studied. Therefore, the fruit and seed morphology were diagnostic for each accession, and the flowers were pollinated mainly by beetles

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46

Alfaro-Alpízar, Manuel Antonio, Sjaak J. C. Koster, M. Tracy Johnson, and Francisco Rubén Badenes-Pérez. "Description, Biology, and Impact of the Fruit-Feeding Moth, Mompha luteofascia sp. n. (Lepidoptera: Momphidae), on Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica." Annals of the Entomological Society of America, October 18, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz052.

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Abstract Fruits of Miconia calvescens DC. (Melastomataceae) were dissected to study insect frugivory in this plant in its native habitat in Costa Rica. Larvae of an unknown Mompha species (Lepidoptera: Momphidae), Anthonomus monostigma Champion (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and unidentified Diptera and Hymenoptera were found in M. calvescens fruits. The Mompha species, described here as new as Mompha luteofascia Koster & Badenes-Pérez, was the most abundant insect frugivore in M. calvescens, infesting up to 38.1% of the fruits sampled. Feeding damage by M. luteofascia was positively correlated with fruit maturity, and resulted in significantly reduced numbers of seeds and rates of seed germination. Miconia calvescens fruits with medium damage (50–75% of the pulp missing) and high damage (75–100% of the pulp missing) had an average of 96 and 99 seeds, respectively, whereas undamaged fruits contained an average of 127 seeds per fruit. In fruits with medium and high fruit damage, only 1.9 and 0.1% of the seeds germinated, respectively, whereas 34.8% of the seeds germinated in undamaged fruits. Mompha luteofascia developed through three instars, as determined from measurement of head capsules. Larvae usually fed as one individual per each fruit attacked, exiting fruit to pupate in foliage or litter. Parasitism of M. luteofascia larvae was substantial, averaging 64 and 38% at the two study sites. Although host specificity of M. luteofascia has not been evaluated, the significant reductions in seed numbers and seed germination caused by its larvae indicate that this species deserves further assessment as a potential biological control agent of M. calvescens.

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47

Turina, Massimo, and Nida’ Salem. "Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (Tomato brown rugose fruit virus)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.88757522.

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Анотація:

This datasheet on Tomato brown rugose fruit virus covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Seedborne Aspects, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

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48

ARNAUDOV, Veselin, Rositsa DAVIDOVA, and Viktor VASILEV. "BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE PLUM SEED WASP [EURYTOMA SCHREINERI SCHREINER (HYMENOPTERA: EURYTOMIDAE)]." AGROFOR 5, no. 1 (February 10, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agreng2001054a.

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The plum seed wasp, Eurytoma schreineri Schr. is a new pest on plum trees in Bulgaria. It is a serious pest for plums in northeastern Bulgaria. This wasp attacks the fruits of various plum cultivars. Damage by E. schreineri on plums ranges from 26-92%. The damage percent depends upon bioecological conditions and on the susceptibility of the plum varieties. Late-flowering cultivars are the most sensitive, where the attack can reach up to 90-92% of Stanley cultivar. This is univoltine and overwinters as a fully developed larva within stones of the fallow fruit under the plum trees. During the spring, usually in early May, the adults go out of the fallen mummified fruits and after mating the females oviposit inside the newly formed plum fruit. The egg is inserted into the endosperm of the fruit before the formation of the stone. Incubation lasts about 20-22 days, and hatch begins about the time that the plum seed embryo becomes visible. Larva development is completed by the end of June or early July, then the larvae enter diapause and remain in this state for 1-3 winters. Locally penetrating insecticides, applied when the larvae begin to hatch, provide a significant degree of larval control.

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49

Rahayu, Arifah, Wini Nahraeni, Nur Rochman, and Rizki Yora Ardiansyah. "MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS PUMMELO (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) ACCESSIONS FROM MAGETAN REGENCY." JURNAL AGRONIDA 3, no. 2 (January 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jag.v3i2.1043.

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Magetan Regency was the production centre of pummelo that have many accessions with various morphological and chemical characteristics, but only a few of them were identificated. This study was aimed at identifying morphological and chemical characteristics of pummelo fruits in Magetan Regency. The study was conducted in the Biology Laboratory of Djuanda University, Bogor from May to July 2015. Results showed with regard to their morphological characteristic, pomelo plants in this region were found to have spheroid and spheroid-pyriform fruits and the weight of their fruit parts, fruit core width, mesocarp thickness, fruit circle before peeling, fruit circle after peeling, number of fruit segments, number of developed seeds, and edible parts of the fruit were varied. Chemical characteristics were also found to be varied with vitamin C content of 29.80−44.66 mg/100g, total soluble solids (TSS) content of 8.10−9.72°Brix, total titratable acidity (TAA) of 0.31−0.53 g/100 ml, and TSS/ TAA ratio of 17.69−28.58. Key words: production centre of pummelo, spheroid, vitamin C, TSS

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50

Gagul, Janet N., David Y. P. Tng, and Darren M. Crayn. "Fruit developmental biology and endosperm rumination in Elaeocarpus ruminatus (Elaeocarpaceae), and its taxonomic significance." Australian Systematic Botany, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb18010.

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The genus Elaeocarpus is the largest genus in the family Elaeocarpaceae, comprising more than 350 species of trees and shrubs with a mainly Indo-Pacific distribution. Approximately 28 species in the genus, including nine species from Australia, are known to possess ruminate endosperm. To provide a basis for understanding fruit development and endosperm rumination in the genus and, therefore, its taxonomic and evolutionary significance, we studied the fruit anatomy of Elaeocarpus ruminatus F.Muell. at different developmental phases (petal-fall to maturity). We found lignin in pericarp and ovary wall tissues in the earliest stages of development. In contrast, endosperm rumination occurs only after fruits have fully expanded, and becomes more pronounced as fruits ripen. Its phylogenetic distribution suggests that ruminate endosperm is a derived, albeit homoplasious character in Elaeocarpus. Comparative studies on related species will be instructive in determining the utility of ruminate endosperm for informing infra-generic taxonomy of the genus, and gaining insight into its adaptive significance.

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