Статті в журналах: "Froth recovery"

1

Martinez, Jose, Miguel Maldonado, and Leopoldo Gutierrez. "A Method to Predict Water Recovery Rate in the Collection and Froth Zone of Flotation Systems." Minerals 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070630.

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This paper describes a method to predict water recovery rate into and through the foam in a bubble column operating under different gas rates, froth depths, and frother types and concentrations. Three frothers were considered: Metil Isobutil Carbinol (MIBC), a proprietary blend of alcohols, aldehydes, and esters commercialized under the name PINNACLE® 9891, and a PGE-based Dow Froth 1012 (DF1012). The water rate entering into the froth (foam) layer from the bubbly (collection) zone was estimated as the water rate overflowing the column when operating at a thin stable foam layer, i.e., 0.5 cm. It was observed that the rate at which water entered into the froth phase could be modelled as a unique linear function of the gas holdup below the froth, regardless of the frother chemistry. This is a fundamental result not previously found in the literature that also facilitates the calculation of the froth zone water recovery for deeper froths. The water recovery in the froth was found to be an inverse logarithmic function of the average liquid residence time in the froth. Although the same trend was observed for the three frothers tested, they did not converge into a single function, which suggests that frother chemistry plays a role in determining froth structure and then needs to be incorporated when modeling water transport in the froth. Finally, the water overflow rate calculated as the product of the water rate into the froth and froth water recovery predicted the actual measured values fairly well. The water transport model here proposed provides a simple representation of the interactions between collection and froth zone and its relation to easily measure operating variables.

2

Ostadrahimi, Mahdi, Saeed Farrokhpay, Khodakaram Gharibi, and Ali Dehghani. "Effects of Operating Parameters on the Froth and Collection Zone Recovery in Flotation: An Industrial Case Study in a 10 m3 Cell." Minerals 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050494.

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The effects of flotation operation parameters, including froth depth, air flowrate, and frother dosage, on the froth and collection zone recovery and the flowrate of particles into the froth phase were investigated in a 10 m3 industrial cell. The results showed that froth recovery increases upon increasing air flowrate and frother dosage, as well as reducing froth depth. While all tested parameters affected the particles that entered into the froth phase, air flowrate and frother dosage showed the most and least significance, respectively. When the air flowrate, frother dosage, and froth depth were 146 m3/h, 150 mL/min, and 5 cm, respectively, froth recovery was found to be above 84%. Also, the effect of the parameters studied on collection zone recovery was different from their effect on the froth zone, with air flowrate having the greatest impact on the former.

3

Yianatos, Juan, Paulina Vallejos, Luis Vinnett, and Sebastián Arriagada. "Semi-Continuous Froth Discharge to Reduce Entrainment of Fine Particles in Flotation Cells Subject to Low-Mineralized Froths." Minerals 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080695.

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An operational strategy is proposed to improve the metallurgical performance of flotation cells subject to low-mineralized froths. This strategy consists of using a semi-continuous discharge into the concentrate, in which the froth is operated under loading and unloading periods. A transient model is developed to evaluate the proposed approach. The model is calibrated using experimental data from two industrial flotation banks. The metallurgical performances of the last cells of these banks are then simulated, considering the semi-continuous froth discharge. The results show that the semi-continuous mode significantly reduces gangue entrainment, improving the concentrate grade while maintaining approximately the same recovery. The semi-continuous strategy demonstrates good potential to enhance the metallurgical indexes under low-mineralized froths, as those in the last cells of rougher flotation banks.

4

Jera, Tawona Martin, and Clayton Bhondayi. "A Review on Froth Washing in Flotation." Minerals 12, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111462.

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In the attempt to process lower-grade ores, mineral flotation has taken centre stage as the preferred recovery route. However, in many instances, the froth product does not have a high grade due to the entrainment of gangue minerals. Industry has solved this challenge by introducing froth washing mechanisms. Clean wash water is introduced into or on top of the froth to reduce the amount of entrained gangue in the final concentrate. This article reviews froth-washing systems in detail and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each wash-water delivery mechanism. Comments on industrial uptake are provided. The indications are that froth washing improves the grade of the concentrate and influences froth stability and mobility. Other researchers have reported an improvement in recovery—especially of coarse particles—with wash water being added, while others have reported a reduction in recovery, especially with composite particles. Froth washing is generally applied in mechanical flotation cells by washing at the lip. In column flotation cells and Jameson cells, wash water is added to the entire froth surface. The literature also indicates that the wash-water rate, wash-water quality, type of wash-water delivery/ distribution mechanism and the area covered by wash water are critical parameters that dictate the efficacy of the washing system. Further research is necessary on the impact of wash-water quality on the froth phase sub-processes including froth rheology.

5

Jera, Tawona M., and Clayton Bhondayi. "A Review of Flotation Physical Froth Flow Modifiers." Minerals 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080864.

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Over the past few decades, the need to process more minerals while lowering capital costs has led to an increase in the size of flotation cells, e.g., 0.03 m3 to 1000 m3. However, this increase has created new challenges in the operation and design of industrial flotation cells, particularly in terms of froth removal, because the distance the froth must travel increases with an increase in the flotation cell diameter. This has a negative impact on recovery. Physical froth flow modifiers can be used to improve froth removal. Their major functions are to modify and optimise the flow of the froth, improve froth drainage, reduce dead zones, and improve froth flow and removal dynamics. Therefore, physical froth flow modifiers are discussed, evaluated, and compared in this paper. The literature indicates that physical froth flow modifiers such as crowders and launders are used extensively as industrial solutions to enhance froth transport and recovery in large flotation cells. Other modifiers (including froth baffles and froth scrapers) have been found to have a profound effect on local froth phase sub-processes, including drainage and bubble coalescence. However, industrial uptake is either dwindling or limited to small-volume rectangular/U-shaped cells in the case of scrapers, or, there is no uptake at all in the case of froth baffles. Further research on how some of the physical modifiers (e.g., baffles and launders) impact the selectivity of particles is required.

6

Ruismäki, Ronja, Tommi Rinne, Anna Dańczak, Pekka Taskinen, Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero, and Ari Jokilaakso. "Integrating Flotation and Pyrometallurgy for Recovering Graphite and Valuable Metals from Battery Scrap." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050680.

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Since the current volumes of collected end-of-life lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are low, one option to increase the feasibility of their recycling is to feed them to existing metals production processes. This work presents a novel approach to integrate froth flotation as a mechanical treatment to optimize the recovery of valuable metals from LIB scrap and minimize their loss in the nickel slag cleaning process. Additionally, the conventional reducing agent in slag cleaning, namely coke, is replaced with graphite contained in the LIB waste flotation products. Using proper conditioning procedures, froth flotation was able to recover up to 81.3% Co in active materials from a Cu-Al rich feed stream. A selected froth product was used as feed for nickel slag cleaning process, and the recovery of metals from a slag (80%)–froth fraction (20%) mixture was investigated in an inert atmosphere at 1350 °C and 1400 °C at varying reduction times. The experimental conditions in combination with the graphite allowed for a very rapid reduction. After 5 min reduction time, the valuable metals Co, Ni, and Cu were found to be distributed to the iron rich metal alloy, while the remaining fraction of Mn and Al present in the froth fraction was deported in the slag.

7

Duoc, Tran Van, Nguyen Hoang Son, Nhu Thi Kim Dung, and Vu Thi Chinh. "Recovery of clean coal from blast furnace dusts by flotation column." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(1).14.

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The paper presents the results of the study on recovery of clean coals from blast furnace dusts of the Cao Bang Iron Steel plant. The study has explored the effects of the most important operating parameters on the coal flotation performance including flotation reagent dosage, solid concentration, froth wash-water rate, flotation time and the froth thickness. The results of the study showed that using a combination of a rougher and a cleaning flotation operations at respectively collector dosage, solid concentration, flotation time, froth wash-water rate and froth thickness of 1000 g/t, 100 g/l, 10 minutes and 1.5 l/minute and 450 mm, has obtained a clean coal product with the yield, ash content and combustible matter recovery respectively of 44.90%, 19.15% and 77.63%. The clean coal has met the quality strandards requirements of the fuel for sintering.

8

Khan, Shaihroz, Omar Bashir Wani, Mohammad Shoaib, John Forster, Rana N. Sodhi, Darryel Boucher, and Erin R. Bobicki. "Mineral carbonation for serpentine mitigation in nickel processing: a step towards industrial carbon capture and storage." Faraday Discussions 230 (2021): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1fd00006c.

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We incorporate the carbonation of ultramafic ore followed by froth-flotation to enhance nickel recovery in the beneficiation stage, instead of the traditional froth-flotation step for nickel processing.

9

Yianatos, J. B., M. H. Moys, F. Contreras, and A. Villanueva. "Froth recovery of industrial flotation cells." Minerals Engineering 21, no. 12-14 (November 2008): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2007.12.012.

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10

Neethling, S. J. "Simple approximations for estimating froth recovery." International Journal of Mineral Processing 89, no. 1-4 (December 2008): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2008.09.007.

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11

Taner, Hasan Ali, and Vildan Onen. "Study of chalcopyrite flotation in the presence of illite using a design of experiments approach." Clay Minerals 56, no. 3 (September 2021): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2021.35.

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AbstractThe interaction between chalcopyrite and illite particles was analysed using ζ-potential measurements and flotation tests. Statistically designed tests were used to examine the factors controlling flotation (frother concentration, dispersant concentration, froth height, airflow rate and amount of clay). Furthermore, the significance levels of the impacts of these factors on responses (chalcopyrite grade/recovery, pyrite grade/recovery, dynamic froth stability and mean bubble diameter) were determined. Chalcopyrite and pyrite ζ-potentials were measured in the presence of illite. The addition of 15% illite to the chalcopyrite, especially between pH 11 and 12, shifted the ζ-potential values closer to that of pure illite, indicating complete surface coating of chalcopyrite with illite. In the flotation experiments, better results were obtained in terms of chalcopyrite grade at a low airflow rate and a high froth height. With increasing froth height there was a decline in the gangue mineral recovery as the residence time of the froth increased. The most significant factor increasing pyrite recovery was the amount of clay. Although illite is considered to be the least problematic clay mineral for flotation, as reported in the literature, an illite content of as low as 5% in the ore decreased chalcopyrite grade by 3.83%. While K and Na contents of 4% were detected after flotation without the addition of illite, their abundance increased to 5.7% after the addition of illite.

12

ÄMMÄLÄ, ARI, LIISA MÄKINEN, HENRIKKI LIIMATAINEN, and JOUKO NIINIMÄKI. "Effect of carboxymethylcellulose and starch depressants on recovery of filler and fines in tertiary flotation." March 2013 12, no. 3 (April 1, 2013): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.3.43.

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Yield loss in state-of-art deinking processes for newsprint is usually 15%–20%. Economic and environmental concerns associated with reject handling point to a need to improve yield. This paper describes a study conducted to determine whether it is possible to recover fillers and fiber fines from flotation froth reject of an old newsprint/old magazine processing mill by refloating froth with and without the use of depressants. The recovery of approximately 10%–15% of material was observed without the use of additional flotation chemicals in the reflotation stage. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was observed to be a functional depressant that enhanced fiber fines recovery in particular and, to some extent, china clay recovery but lowered calcium carbonate recovery. The recovery increased to 20%–30% with a dosage of approximately 1 kg CMC/ton of pulp. In addition, starch had a depressing effect, but this effect was weaker than that of CMC, even with much higher dosages.

13

Muanda, Meschack Mukunga, Pele Pascal Daniel Omalanga, and Vanessa Mwambaie Mitonga. "Comparative Cleaning Stages in Recovery of Copper and Cobalt from Tailings using Potassium Amylxanthate as Collector." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.2.2165.

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Copper and cobalt demand is projected to be increased from here to 2050 and the challenge is to find treat economically minerals which contains those metals. Several tailings from oxide ores throughout the word contain good grades of copper and cobalt that should be recovered by froth flotation. This paper investigates the recovery of copper and cobalt through reprocessing of spiral classifier tailings by determination of specific reagents dosage. The flotation behaviours of malachite and heterogenite were studied through many roughing and cleaning flotation tests in order to recovery most of copper and cobalt. The effect of specific reagents was be varied and others parameters were kept constant. The highest recoveries of both copper and cobalt in rougher concentrate were respectively 82.51% and 72.51% with grades of 12.52% and 0.99% respectively. However, the cleaner concentrate was 24.54 Cu% and 1.38% Co with recoveries of 69.26 % and 40.7% respectively. It was concluded that the reprocessing of spiral classifier tailings through froth flotation is benefit because it recovers most of desired metal and reduces the risk of their presence on environment through.

14

Muanda, Meschack Mukunga, Pele Pascal Daniel Omalanga, and Vanessa Mwambaie Mitonga. "Comparative Cleaning Stages in Recovery of Copper and Cobalt from Tailings using Potassium Amylxanthate as Collector." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.2.2165.

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Copper and cobalt demand is projected to be increased from here to 2050 and the challenge is to find treat economically minerals which contains those metals. Several tailings from oxide ores throughout the word contain good grades of copper and cobalt that should be recovered by froth flotation. This paper investigates the recovery of copper and cobalt through reprocessing of spiral classifier tailings by determination of specific reagents dosage. The flotation behaviours of malachite and heterogenite were studied through many roughing and cleaning flotation tests in order to recovery most of copper and cobalt. The effect of specific reagents was be varied and others parameters were kept constant. The highest recoveries of both copper and cobalt in rougher concentrate were respectively 82.51% and 72.51% with grades of 12.52% and 0.99% respectively. However, the cleaner concentrate was 24.54 Cu% and 1.38% Co with recoveries of 69.26 % and 40.7% respectively. It was concluded that the reprocessing of spiral classifier tailings through froth flotation is benefit because it recovers most of desired metal and reduces the risk of their presence on environment through.

15

Yu, Shaning, and J. A. Finch. "Froth Zone Recovery in a Flotation Column." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 29, no. 3 (July 1990): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1990.29.3.237.

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16

Lepage, Mark R., Cesar O. Gomez, and Kristian E. Waters. "Using Top-of-Froth Conductivity to Infer Water Overflow Rate in a Two-Phase Lab-Scale Flotation Column." Minerals 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12040454.

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The metallurgical performance of a flotation machine is largely defined by phenomena occurring in the froth zone. The water content in the froth affects recovery by influencing froth stability and mobility and, at the same time, reduces grade by mechanical entrainment of gangue particles in the overflow water. Efficient operation requires a compromise between the water carried by bubbles from the collection zone and that which overflows. It is believed that the most suitable operating strategy could be based on the measurement of froth water content, as a strong correlation with water overflow is anticipated. This work reports the testing results of an in situ electrical conductivity sensor continuously measuring the froth zone water content in a laboratory-scale flotation column. The test program included simultaneous measurement of froth conductivity and water overflow rates for changes in gas flow rate and frother concentration. The results show a stronger dependence of the measured top-of-froth water content on frother concentration than on the gas flow rate. A relatively linear trend was shown between top-of-froth water content and water overflow rate for a given air rate and frother.

17

You, Hao, Hongjuan Sun, Tongjiang Peng, Yating Qin, and Song Tang. "Recovery of Residual Carbon from Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Flotation with Simultaneous Dechlorination." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 6777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186777.

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Ti-extraction blast furnace slag (EBFS) is a secondary slag produced by titanium extraction of titanium-bearing blast furnace slag (TBBFS), which is challenging to be used directly because of its residual carbon and chlorine. This study was performed to recover the residual carbon and remove chlorine from EBFS by froth flotation. The finely ground EBFS (FEBFS) contained graphitized carbon and khamrabaevite and had a 10.19% loss on ignition (LOI) and 5.52% Cl. The graphitized carbon was mainly recovered by flotation rather than khamrabaevite. Graphitized carbon appeared as flakes embedded in or stacked on the surface of the concentrate grains. The irregular-shaped particles were amorphous aluminosilicate glasses, whose presence adversely affected the quality and performance of the flotation concentrate. The Cl contents of the flotation concentrate and tailings obtained under the optimized flotation conditions were significantly reduced to 1.17% and 0.4%, respectively. The dechlorination efficiency reached 71.56%. Meanwhile, the LOI of flotation tailing was reduced to 1.32% and the carbon recovery was 84.79%. Froth flotation could recover residual carbon and remove chlorine from EBFS simultaneously, a novel way to deal with EBFS as a resource and harmless process.

18

Vallejos, Paulina, Juan Yianatos, Rodrigo Grau, and Alejandro Yáñez. "The Impact of Froth Launders Design in an Industrial Flotation Bank Using Novel Metallurgical and Hydrodynamic Models." Minerals 13, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13020169.

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In flotation cells, especially in large flotation units, froth management is a crucial variable that should be considered during the design phase or optimized to improve the performance of existing flotation circuits. This paper presents a simulation evaluation of the effect of launder design on the metallurgical performance of an industrial flotation circuit consisting of five TankCell® e630 (630 m3) cells in a Cu rougher duty. This analysis was carried out using a new industrial simulator that includes novel metallurgical and hydrodynamic models, developed from a wide database collected from many industrial concentrators. This tool is currently incorporated into HSC Chemistry® software and allows evaluating the effect of launder design on mineral froth recovery, water recovery, entrainment, and other variables. The industrial flotation circuit was evaluated under different launder design scenarios, considering an actual flotation circuit that includes TankCell® e630 cells for calibration and as a reference (baseline). Firstly, two different designs were evaluated in the full circuit: a standard launder design and a new launder technology. It was found that the new launder technology enabled improvement of the mineral recovery along the circuit, mainly for coarse particles, due to the improvement in froth mineral recovery. Next, a partial upgrade of the launder design along the circuit was analysed. Thus, the new launder technology was evaluated in the first and the last two cells of the bank. The results showed that upgrading the launders in different cells along the circuit delivered an increase in the final recovery with respect to the baseline, with a partial impact on the concentrate grade. However, these changes are less than those when evaluating the full upgrade scenario. A partial launder upgrade either in the first or last two cells of the bank showed similar final recoveries, but the latter enabled a slightly higher concentrate grade (about 1% higher) to be achieved. Finally, the evaluation of launder design using the industrial simulator made it possible to estimate its effect on variables that are not commonly obtained from plant surveys, including superficial gas rates at the froth surface level, froth recovery per particle size, collection recovery per particle size and liberation, gangue entrainment, and bubble loading grade.

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McFadzean, B., T. Marozva, and J. Wiese. "Flotation frother mixtures: Decoupling the sub-processes of froth stability, froth recovery and entrainment." Minerals Engineering 85 (January 2016): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2015.10.014.

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20

Mdoe, Reuben J., and Anand Anupam. "Recovery of Coal Values from Middling and Rejects by Froth Flotation and Mozley Mineral Separation." Studies in Engineering and Technology 8, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v8i1.4785.

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The recovery of coals values from Middling and Rejects carries out by using Froth flotation and Mozley Mineral Separation. The middling and rejects are the waste products from gravity beneficiation process, it has been noted that most of washery plants are selling this product at low cost because they have less values.The independent variables selected for Mozley Mineral Separator and their ranges were indicated in the parentheses as follow, water flow rates (400, 600, 800ml/s), amplitude (1.25, 1.5, 1.75inch) and collection time (30, 40, 60 s) while the independent variables for froth flotation were; Pulp density (10, 12.5, 15 %), collector dosage (39.3, 44.4, 49.5 g/t) and frother dosage (61.8, 65.3, 68.8 g/t). The number of experimental runs and regression equation determined by using Design Expert softwareThe d80 for middling and rejects samples were 10.5mm and 12.89mm respectively. The ash contents for the middling sample treated by froth flotation decrease from 37% to 15.85% at the reagent concentration of 49.5g/t collector, 65.3g/t frother and pulp density of 10%. The froth flotation results of middling sample shown to have a great reduction of ash contents. The overall optimum middling recovery and yield for washery grade I and II attain at reagent concentration and pulp density of 47.703g/t, 68.568g/t and 13.2% for collector, frother and pulp density respectively. The feed of reject coal was 71% and the ash contents reduced to 28.87% with the recovery of 0.85%. The analysis through Mozley mineral separator did not show significant changes in the reduction of ash from both middling and rejects. The ash contents achieved were above the scope of the studies for recovering of coal values. The experiments for middling and reject by froth flotation and Mozley mineral separator may be carried out by varying other parameters as well as the type of methods.

21

Guler, Taki, and Ercan Polat. "Gangue Entrainment in Olivine Flotation: Effect of MIBC Dosage on the Mitigation of Lizardite Recovery." Current Physical Chemistry 10, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1877946809666190919092219.

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Background: Olivine is an important industrial raw material especially for metallurgical applications like foundry sand, refractory, slag conditioning, etc. Loss On Ignition (LOI) value (>1%) is the main specification of olivine ore/concentrate for those areas together with the chemical specifications. Objective: This flotation study was conducted in natural pH condition with Na-oleate as collector to clarify the effect of frother (MIBC) dosage on the LOI value of olivine concentrate. Methods: Characterization of ore sample for this study was made by XRD, XRF and petrographic analyses. Lizardite, a serpentine group mineral, was found to be a hydrated soft fraction of ore sample in addition to hard olivine and pyroxene minerals constituting ore. Results: Finely ground soft lizardite adversely affected the olivine flotation in a way of entraining mechanically into concentrate. LOI value of concentrate was observed mainly to be froth volume depended issue, and therefore, mainly water recovery dependent. LOI value increased proportionally with water recovery at longer flotation time and MIBC dosages indicating the entrainment of lizardite as the suspending hydrophilic component of water phase. Certain rate of the hydrated lizardite mineral was thought to be recovered via hydrophobization, which was clearly seen especially at the initial stages of flotation period in the presence of excess frother. This experimental finding was attributed to similar chemical composition of minerals constituting ore, and accidental activation of lizardite. Conclusions: Lizardite recovery in froth was explained with accidental activation and/or weak attachment of locked particles onto froth bubble although main recovery mechanism was determined to be mechanical entrainment. Olivine concentrate obeying the specifications of metallurgical applications could be obtained at suitable MIBC dosage and flotation time.

22

Gutierrez, Leopoldo, Fernando Betancourt, Lina Uribe, and Miguel Maldonado. "Influence of Seawater on the Degree of Entrainment in the Flotation of a Synthetic Copper Ore." Minerals 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070615.

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Froth flotation is a process in which hydrophobic particles attach to bubbles forming particle–bubble aggregates, which are transported to the top section of the cell where they overflow to form the concentrate. Particles also reach the concentrate by entrainment, which is a non-selective process that leads to low concentrate grades. The objective of this work was to study and compare the degree of entrainment measured using three methods, in fresh and seawater, and using methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) and DF-250 as frothers. The experimental results indicated that the degree of entrainment decreased in seawater. Besides, water recovery was lower in the experiments with seawater regardless of the frother that was used in the experiments, which correlated with the observed low degrees of entrainment. It is proposed that the reduction of entrainment and water recovery in seawater can be explained by a reduction of air recovery and/or more bubble coalescence in the froth. It is also proposed that surfactant diffusion/convection from the lamellae to the Plateau borders in the froth is reduced in seawater, which reduces the surface tension gradients, and thus the restoring liquid flow from the Plateau borders to the lamellae.

23

Park, Chul-Hyun, Ho-Seok Jeon, Byoung-Gon Kim, and Oh-Hyung Han. "Recovery of Roasting-Molybdenite Concentrate by Froth Flotation." Korean Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 12 (December 27, 2009): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2009.19.12.661.

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24

Rahman, Reza M., Seher Ata, and Graeme J. Jameson. "Froth recovery measurements in an industrial flotation cell." Minerals Engineering 53 (November 2013): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.08.003.

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25

Alexander, D. J., J. P. Franzidis, and E. V. Manlapig. "Froth recovery measurement in plant scale flotation cells." Minerals Engineering 16, no. 11 (November 2003): 1197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2003.07.016.

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Lan, Zhuo Yue, Yong Cheng Zhou, and Xiong Tong. "Recovery of Fine Cassiterite from Tin Tailings Slime by Froth Flotation." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3478.

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Tin gravity slime tailings of Datun mineral processing plant in south-eastern China contains fine and ultrafine cassiterite. Tin recovery from the slime tailings was studies in the presence of different flotation reagents. A flotation process has been used on a laboratory scale to investigate the effect of various reagents such as collectors, auxiliary collector, activators, ect., and theirs dosages in neutral flotation environment. To reach an optimum tin recovery, different dosages of the reagents were also studied. Due to cassiterite is friable and a large amount of fines and slimes were generated. Usually de-sliming is used to prevent slime coating and to increase the recovery of tin. However, analyses have shown that fine particles in the sample mostly contain tin, thus de-sliming was not suggested. By applying the process, ultrafine cassiterite can be efficiently recovered from the tailings slime by one rougher process, and the concentrate assaying 1.20% Sn with a recovery of 89.10% was obtained.

27

Chen, Yong, Jiankang Wen, Yongsheng Song, Wenjuan Li, Shuang Liu, and Ying Liu. "Mineralogical Characteristics of Pegmatite Tailings and Beneficiation Assessment of Pollucite in Recovering Cesium." Minerals 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050541.

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The technological mineralogical characteristics of cesium-containing minerals in tailings were examined by means of chemical analysis, the energy spectrum analysis method, and MLA (mineral liberation analyzer) to determine the element content, phase analysis, associated mineral components, degree of liberation, particle size, etc. The results showed that the samples mainly contained spodumene, quartz, feldspar, mica, and other minerals. Pollucite was the main cesium-containing mineral in the sample, which had a cesium oxide content that was as high as 34.58%. The mineral content of pollucite in the sample was relatively low—only 1.23%. The pollucite monomer content and the amount of rich intergrowth was 85.25%, and the metal distribution of cesium in the +0.074 mm sample was as high as 87.06%. Spodumene was the main mineral associated with pollucite. The beneficiation evaluation of this tailing sample was conducted using a combined process that integrated desliming, magnetic separation, and froth flotation, and a pollucite concentrate containing 4.45% Cs2O was obtained with a 63.71 recovery rate. This indicates that little pollucite was removed by means of desliming and magnetic separation before froth flotation recovery, but during the froth flotation stage in spodumene and feldspar, a large pollucite loss was observed. Therefore, to improve pollucite recovery, a pollucite-specific adsorption reagent should be synthesized.

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Ityokumbul, M. T., W. Bulani, and N. Kosaric. "Economic and Environmental Benefits from Froth Flotation Recovery of Titanium, Zirconium, Iron and Rare Earth Minerals from Oilsand Tailings." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0213.

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The froth flotation recovery of titanium, zirconium, iron and rare earth minerals from oil-sand tailings and their further beneficiation are described in this paper. The recovery of rare earth mineral value from these tailings has not been reported previously due to their low concentrations. The economic value of all of these minerals recovered in this way has been estimated to be almost double the cost of full effective tailings management. Adoption of these processes can eliminate the current unsound practice of simply storing these tailings behind high dykes in large lagoons.

29

Al-Maghrabi, Mohammed-Noor. "Modeling the Recovery of Froth Flotation Using Game Theory." Journal of Mining World Express 5 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14355/mwe.2016.05.001.

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30

Jameson, Graeme J., and Cagri Emer. "Coarse chalcopyrite recovery in a universal froth flotation machine." Minerals Engineering 134 (April 2019): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.01.024.

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31

Hay, Martyn P. "Optimising froth condition and recovery for a nickel ore." Minerals Engineering 21, no. 12-14 (November 2008): 861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2008.04.013.

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32

Zhang, Jie, Jiapeng Li, Yu Wang, Meijie Sun, Lufan Wang, and Yanan Tu. "Separation of Graphites and Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Roasting–Froth Flotation." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010030.

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The separation of graphites and cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is essential to close the loop of material used in LIBs. In this study, the roasting characteristics of the spent LIB materials are carefully analyzed, and the effects of roasting on the surface morphology and elemental chemical states of electrode materials are fully investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, SEM-EDS, and XPS to explore the roasting–flotation enhancement mechanism. Then, froth flotation is utilized to separate the graphites and cathode materials from the spent LIB materials. The optimal roasting temperature is determined by thermogravimetric analysis and the SEM-EDS analysis of the spent LIB materials. The results suggest that the organic binder can be effectively removed from the spent LIB materials at the roasting temperature of 500 °C, and there is almost no loss of graphite. The XPS results indicate that, in the process of roasting, the decomposition products of the organic binder can easily react with valuable metals (Ni, Co, and Mn) to produce corresponding metal fluoride. The flotation results of the spent LIB materials after roasting at the optimal conditions indicate that graphites and cathode materials can be efficiently recovered through roasting–froth flotation. When the dosage of kerosene is 200 g/t and the dosage of methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) is 150 g/t, the cathode materials grade is 91.6% with a recovery of 92.6%, while the graphite grade is 84.6% with a recovery of 82.7%. The roasting–froth flotation method lays the foundation for the subsequent metallurgical process.

33

Dvoichenkova, G. P., V. V. Morozov, E. L. Chanturia, and E. G. Kovalenko. "Selection of recycled water electrochemical conditioning parameters for preparation of diamond-bearing kimberlite for froth separation." Gornye nauki i tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) 6, no. 3 (October 13, 2021): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2021-3-170-180.

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The main reason of decreasing diamond recovery through froth separation is their surface hydrophilization by hypergene minerals and technogenic films, crystallized from the supersaturated aqueous phase, fixed on the surface structurally or by adhesion. Various types of physical actions, including thermal and ultrasonic treatment of the initial feed of froth separation, are recommended to increase the diamond-bearing kimberlite beneficiation process performance, providing cleaning of the surface of diamonds due to destruction of their accretions with rock minerals and removal of film hydrophilizing coatings from the surface of diamond crystals. A sample of kimberlite material with a given content of diamonds of 1.5–2 mm in size was used as a subject of research in the process of froth separation. The results of thermodynamic calculations and experimental research have substantiated the necessity of using electrochemical conditioning of recycled water for increasing the efficiency of diamond surface cleaning in froth separation operation when using the process of thermal treatment of initial ore feed. The use of diaphragmless electrochemical conditioning of recycled water increases the efficiency of thermochemical dissolution of hydrophilizing compounds on the surface of diamonds through reducing the concentration of calcium and carbonate ions as well as through shifting the medium pH to 6.1–6.5. The measurements of the limiting wetting angle showed that the maximum effect of increasing the diamond surface hydrophobicity was achieved when heat and electrochemical treatment were used together. Laboratory studies showed the possibility of increasing flotation diamond extraction from 65.7 to 91.4 % through application of electrochemical conditioning of recycled water. The optimum parameters of diaphragmless electrochemical treatment of recycled water of the froth separation cycle in conditions of application of pulp heat treatment: current density of 175–200 A/m2 and power consumption of 1.2–1.5 kWh/m3. Tests carried out at processing plant No. 3 of the Mirny GOK (Mining and Processing Complex) (Mirny, Yakutiya) showed that the application of the developed froth separation process intensification method with the use of thermal treatment of pulp and electrochemical diaphragmless treatment of recycled water allowed increasing the recovery of diamonds of +0.5–2 mm size by 4.9–5.1 %.

34

Cao, Qin Bo, Shu Ming Wen, Chen Xiu Li, Shao Jun Bai, and Dan Liu. "Application of New Flotation Machine on Phosphate Flotation." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.624.

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Phosphate is a typical oxide ore characterizing that generating abundant froth during flotation. In this research a new flotation machine was employed in the flotation of phosphate. Comparing to regular flotation machine, in the reverse flotation of dolomite the recovery and grade of MgO has no significance improvement. While, in the case of reverse flotation of silicon dioxide, the new flotation machine has significance advantage. In 5 minutes of flotation time, the yield of froth is 20.66% with new machine, which equals to yield using regular machine under 8 minutes. The flotation time has been shorten by new machine. In addition, the recovery of silicon dioxide improved by 6% and the grade of silicon dioxide in phosphate concentrate decreased by 1.3% comparing the regular flotation machine. The results demonstrate that new flotation machine is more suitable and efficient for phosphate flotation

35

Bustamante Rúa, Moises Oswaldo, Sindy Dayanis Gonzalez Arias, and Pablo Bustamante Baena. "Nickel laterite concentration through a non-conventional method with surface sulfidization." DYNA 87, no. 215 (October 1, 2020): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n215.85981.

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Nickel ores are found mainly as sulfides and laterites in oxidized ores, such as iron oxides, which are usually “Ni-bearing”. This investigation determined the physical-chemical conditions necessary to increase the tenor and recovery in lateritic deposits, with the implementation of a new technology that allows the increase of the tenor (a process called “up-grading”). The froth flotation is proposed as a concentrating process to increase the Nickel content in the lateritic deposits. By means of sulfidization and direct flotation, specific hydrophobicity of the mineral is achieved, substantially improving the nickel concentrations in the process, with recoveries close to 86%, which, compared with conventional direct and inverse floats without effecting this activation with Na2S, results in recoveries of 70% and 16%, respectively. The reverse flotation also increases the Nickel content with an approximate recovery of 70%; however, the froth flotation, with activation Na2S is still better.

36

Akande, S., E. O. Ajaka, O. O. Alabi, and T. A. Olatunji. "Effects of varied process parameters on froth flotation efficiency: A case study of Itakpe iron ore." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 807–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i3.21.

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The dire need for Itakpe iron ore concentrates of appreciable iron content meets for smelting operation necessitated this study. Core samples of the iron ore sourced from Itakpe, Kogi State, Nigeria were prepared for petrological analysis followed by chemical and particle size analyses. Froth flotation was done using different collectors at varying particle sizes and pH values. Characterization studies carried out revealed that Itakpe iron ore is a lean ore assaying 36.18% Fe2O3 and contains predominantly quartz, sillimanite, and haematite. Its liberation size lies favourably at 75 μm. Processing the ore by froth flotation yielded appreciable enrichment. Optimal recovery (~92%) was achieved using potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) at pH 11 for fine feed sizes (<125 μm) yielding iron concentrate assaying 67.66% Fe2O3. Thus, processing at this set-of-conditions is recommended for the industrial production of more enriched Itakpe iron ore concentrates. Keywords: Process parameters, Froth flotation, Efficiency, Itakpe iron ore

37

Amelunxen, Peter, Gerson Sandoval, David Barriga, and Roger Amelunxen. "The implications of the froth recovery at the laboratory scale." Minerals Engineering 66-68 (November 2014): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2014.04.022.

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38

Koutlemani, M. M., P. Mavros, A. I. Zouboulis, and K. A. Matis. "Recovery of Co2+Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Froth Flotation." Separation Science and Technology 29, no. 7 (April 1994): 867–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496399408006631.

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39

Muhammad Arif Bhatti, Muhammad Arif Bhatti, Kamran Raza Kazmi Kamran Raza Kazmi, Samreen Zahra Samreen Zahra, and Ansar Mehmood and Rashid Mehmood Ansar Mehmood and Rashid Mehmood. "Beneficiation Study on Low-Grade Graphite Ore of Shounter Valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000617.

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A low-grade graphite ore originating from Kael area, Shounter Valley, Azad Kashmir, assaying 8.90% graphite content was upgraded by froth flotation technique to produce a commercial grade graphite concentrate. Mineral phases present in the ore were identified by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The variables of flotation process such as particle size of the feed, pH of the pulp, % solids of the pulp, speed of impeller, type and quantity of collecting and frothing agents, conditioning time and froth collecting time were optimized to get maximum grade and recovery of graphite mineral. The pH of the pulp was adjusted with sodium carbonate. Kerosene oil was used as collector while pine oil as frother respectively. Sodium silicate was employed as depressant. The grade of the final graphite concentrate produced was 85.80% C with overall recovery of 86.00%. Its surface morphology was studied using SEM-EDX technique while grain size by laser particle size analyzer.

40

Muhammad Arif Bhatti, Muhammad Arif Bhatti, Kamran Raza Kazmi Kamran Raza Kazmi, Samreen Zahra Samreen Zahra, and Ansar Mehmood and Rashid Mehmood Ansar Mehmood and Rashid Mehmood. "Beneficiation Study on Low-Grade Graphite Ore of Shounter Valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000617/jcsp/42.01.2020.

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A low-grade graphite ore originating from Kael area, Shounter Valley, Azad Kashmir, assaying 8.90% graphite content was upgraded by froth flotation technique to produce a commercial grade graphite concentrate. Mineral phases present in the ore were identified by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The variables of flotation process such as particle size of the feed, pH of the pulp, % solids of the pulp, speed of impeller, type and quantity of collecting and frothing agents, conditioning time and froth collecting time were optimized to get maximum grade and recovery of graphite mineral. The pH of the pulp was adjusted with sodium carbonate. Kerosene oil was used as collector while pine oil as frother respectively. Sodium silicate was employed as depressant. The grade of the final graphite concentrate produced was 85.80% C with overall recovery of 86.00%. Its surface morphology was studied using SEM-EDX technique while grain size by laser particle size analyzer.

41

Mehta, Neha, Giovanna Dino, Iride Passarella, Franco Ajmone-Marsan, Piergiorgio Rossetti, and Domenico De Luca. "Assessment of the Possible Reuse of Extractive Waste Coming from Abandoned Mine Sites: Case Study in Gorno, Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 21, 2020): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062471.

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Supply of resources, a growing population, and environmental pollution are some of the main challenges facing the contemporary world. The rapid development of mining activities has produced huge amounts of waste. This waste, found in abandoned mine sites, provides the potential opportunity of extracting raw material. The current study, therefore, focuses on testing the validation of a shared methodology to recover extractive waste from abandoned mines, and applies this methodology to a case study in Gorno, northwest Italy. The methods focused on: (1) analyzing the impact of tailings and fine fraction of waste rock (<2 mm) on plants (Cress - Lepidium Sativum) to assess usability of both as soil additive, and (2) recovering raw materials from tailings and coarse fraction (>2 mm) of waste rock, by means of dressing methods like wet shaking table and froth flotation. The results indicated that the fine fraction of waste rock and tailings did not have detrimental effects on seed germination; however, there was marked decrease in plant growth. As for the recovery of raw materials, the coarse waste rock samples, crushed to <0.5 mm, produced a recovery of Cd, Ga, and Zn—as much as 66%, 56%, and 64%, respectively—using the wet shaking table. The same samples when crushed to 0.063–0.16 mm and used for froth flotation produced a recovery of Cd, Ga, and Zn of up to 61%, 72%, and 47%, respectively. The flotation experiment on tailings showed a recovery of Cd, Ga and Zn at pH 7 of 33%, 6% and 29% respectively. The present investigation highlights the methodologies used for extracting raw materials from extractive waste.

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Grassia, P., E. Mas-Hernández, N. Shokri, S. J. Cox, G. Mishuris, and W. R. Rossen. "Analysis of a model for foam improved oil recovery." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 751 (June 20, 2014): 346–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.287.

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AbstractDuring improved oil recovery (IOR), gas may be introduced into a porous reservoir filled with surfactant solution in order to form foam. A model for the evolution of the resulting foam front known as ‘pressure-driven growth’ is analysed. An asymptotic solution of this model for long times is derived that shows that foam can propagate indefinitely into the reservoir without gravity override. Moreover, ‘pressure-driven growth’ is shown to correspond to a special case of the more general ‘viscous froth’ model. In particular, it is a singular limit of the viscous froth, corresponding to the elimination of a surface tension term, permitting sharp corners and kinks in the predicted shape of the front. Sharp corners tend to develop from concave regions of the front. The principal solution of interest has a convex front, however, so that although this solution itself has no sharp corners (except for some kinks that develop spuriously owing to errors in a numerical scheme), it is found nevertheless to exhibit milder singularities in front curvature, as the long-time asymptotic analytical solution makes clear. Numerical schemes for the evolving front shape which perform robustly (avoiding the development of spurious kinks) are also developed. Generalisations of this solution to geologically heterogeneous reservoirs should exhibit concavities and/or sharp corner singularities as an inherent part of their evolution: propagation of fronts containing such ‘inherent’ singularities can be readily incorporated into these numerical schemes.

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Leiva, Claudio, Claudio Acuña, Luis Bergh, Saija Luukkanen, and Cristóbal da Silva. "Online Superficial Gas Velocity, Holdup, and Froth Depth Sensor for Flotation Cells." Journal of Sensors 2022 (December 19, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7221294.

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In flotation process, the efficiency and selectivity depend on mineralogy, particle size distribution and liberation, reagents added, mixing, and particle coverage. However, the kinetics of particle recovery is highly dependent on cell hydrodynamic and circuit configuration and operational strategy. Controlling froth depth and gas flow rate, measured as superficial gas velocity, is a straightforward alternative related to kinetics in the froth and collection zones. However, these parameters are not measured accurately. Froth depth measurement is based on a floating device coupled with a sonic sensor; this configuration presents hysteresis and deviation due to variation in the gas holdup and pulp density. In self-aspirated machines, there is no technology to measure gas velocity. To address this problem, the intelligent online gas dispersion sensor based on two concentric HDPE cylindres is proposed. The intelligent online gas dispersion sensor is based on two concentric HDPE cylinders. The methodology improves the accuracy of gas velocity calculation with a new algorithm. Froth depth measurement is based on two pressure transducers, reducing the uncertainty of the floating sonic sensor to 1 cm. Pulp bulk density is directly measured, and gas holdup can be estimated. Experimental results and industrial device validation indicate that the new intelligent system can measure superficial gas velocity (Jg) online and self-calibrate, with a 2% error, the froth depth error being ±1 cm. Therefore, a multiparameter sensor for measuring gas dispersion in industrial flotation cells was experimentally designed and validated in an industrial environment (TRL 8). In this context, the proposed online gas dispersion sensor emerges as a robust technology to improve the operation of the flotation process.

44

Högberg, Ida, Dariusz Zasadowski, Anette Karlsson, Bengt Wikman, Fredrik Andersson, Erik Hedenström, Håkan Edlund, and Magnus Norgren. "Brightness development of a hydrogen peroxide bleached spruce TMP. Comparisons of pre-treatments with DTPA and a separable chelating surfactant." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-01-p050-055.

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Abstract In this investigation a new type of recoverable complexing agent (chelating surfactant) has been compared with a conventional complexing agent; diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), in the metal ion sequestering of thermomechanical pulps (TMP) to be hydrogen peroxide bleached. After different degrees of washing of the pulps, bleaching experiments at different total alkali charges were performed with and without sodium silicate additions, and the ISO brightness of handmade sheets was measured. The residual hydrogen peroxide in the bleaching liquor was also determined. No significant difference in either the brightness development or the residual hydrogen peroxide content could be detected between the pulps treated with equivalent molar ratios of the different complexing agents. Furthermore, the recovery of the chelating surfactant-manganese complexes from laboratory made white water by froth flotation was also studied. Two different foaming agents; sodium dodecyl sulphonate (SDS) and dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO), were tested in the froth generation. After an addition of 160 ppm of DDAO, more than 80% of the manganese chelates could be recovered in the foam, containing 3% of the initial water mass.

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Alabi, Oladunni Oyelola, Olanrewaju Rotimi Bodede, and Taiwo Paul Popoola. "Froth Flotation Beneficiation a Sure Way to Value Addition to Arufu (Nigeria) Zinc Ore Towards Smelting Grade Concentrate Production." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 5 (May 31, 2020): 622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.5.1933.

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Froth flotation of Arufu ore was carried out at varying particle sizes after characterization. Fifty (50) kilogram crude sample of the ore was sourced from Arufu zinc mine in Arufu town of Nassarawa state, Nigeria. The whole sample was crushed out of which five (5) kilogram was sampled out using random sampling method. One kilogram each of the resulting sample was then ground and sieved to three particle sizes viz; 63 µm, 90 µm and 125 µm. Chemical analysis of the representative sample of the sourced ore was carried out using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (ED –XRF). 250 grams of the 63 µm sample was charged into Froth flotation cell mixed with water at a ratio of 1:4 to form slurry. The Slurry formed was condition to a pH of 9, while other froth flotation reagents were added one after the other. This resulted in froth and depressed samples, which were dewatered after 24 hours and samples picked for compositional analysis. The procedure was repeated for 90 µm and 125 µm. The characterization of head sample revealed that the ore contains predominantly 36.80%ZnO (26.29% Zn), 31.1 % SiO2 alongside other trace mineral as gangue in the ore. However, Froth flotation studies of the ore at varying particle size revealed that, appreciable amount of mineral of interest (ZnO) was lost to the tailing at sieve sizes 63 µm and 90 µm. This was attributed to over-grinding above the ore’s liberation size phenomenon which has been proven to have adverse effect on the mineral’s quality and overall separation efficiency. It was concluded that the froth flotation is best carried out at a particle size of 125 µm, pH of 9, using potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX) as frother to yield concentrate grade of 50.21 % ZnO (35.93 % Zn) at a recovery of 46.3%. This was re – cleaned to yield high grade of 82.36%ZnO (66.42%Zn). The re – cleaned concentrate produced falls within the standard requirement of 65 % Zn needed as a charge into the blast furnace for Zinc metal production.

46

Alabi, Oladunni Oyelola, Olanrewaju Rotimi Bodede, and Taiwo Paul Popoola. "Froth Flotation Beneficiation a Sure Way to Value Addition to Arufu (Nigeria) Zinc Ore Towards Smelting Grade Concentrate Production." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 5 (May 31, 2020): 622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.5.1933.

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Froth flotation of Arufu ore was carried out at varying particle sizes after characterization. Fifty (50) kilogram crude sample of the ore was sourced from Arufu zinc mine in Arufu town of Nassarawa state, Nigeria. The whole sample was crushed out of which five (5) kilogram was sampled out using random sampling method. One kilogram each of the resulting sample was then ground and sieved to three particle sizes viz; 63 µm, 90 µm and 125 µm. Chemical analysis of the representative sample of the sourced ore was carried out using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (ED –XRF). 250 grams of the 63 µm sample was charged into Froth flotation cell mixed with water at a ratio of 1:4 to form slurry. The Slurry formed was condition to a pH of 9, while other froth flotation reagents were added one after the other. This resulted in froth and depressed samples, which were dewatered after 24 hours and samples picked for compositional analysis. The procedure was repeated for 90 µm and 125 µm. The characterization of head sample revealed that the ore contains predominantly 36.80%ZnO (26.29% Zn), 31.1 % SiO2 alongside other trace mineral as gangue in the ore. However, Froth flotation studies of the ore at varying particle size revealed that, appreciable amount of mineral of interest (ZnO) was lost to the tailing at sieve sizes 63 µm and 90 µm. This was attributed to over-grinding above the ore’s liberation size phenomenon which has been proven to have adverse effect on the mineral’s quality and overall separation efficiency. It was concluded that the froth flotation is best carried out at a particle size of 125 µm, pH of 9, using potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX) as frother to yield concentrate grade of 50.21 % ZnO (35.93 % Zn) at a recovery of 46.3%. This was re – cleaned to yield high grade of 82.36%ZnO (66.42%Zn). The re – cleaned concentrate produced falls within the standard requirement of 65 % Zn needed as a charge into the blast furnace for Zinc metal production.

47

Cruz, Constanza, Sebastián Herrera-León, Daniel Calisaya-Azpilcueta, Ruth Salazar, Luis A. Cisternas, and Andrzej Kraslawski. "Using Waste Brine from Desalination Plant as a Source of Industrial Water in Copper Mining Industry." Minerals 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091162.

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One of the main challenges of seawater desalination is a large volume of waste brine production that is commonly discharged into the sea and may threaten the marine ecosystem. This is critical in regions where conventional water resources are scarce and desalinated seawater is an alternative to meet water demand. Especially in regions where the mining industry is a key player in the economic development. The novelty of this research consists in the determination of the potential use of waste brine, discharged from the reverse osmosis process, as a source of industrial water in copper mining industry. To enable the waste brine applicability, there should be reduced calcium and magnesium ions concentration for improving copper recovery in the froth flotation process. The flotation tests were conducted in a batch cell with synthetic minerals composed of chalcopyrite, kaolinite, and quartz using different water qualities. The results showed that treated waste brine significantly improved copper recovery compared to untreated waste brine and seawater. Similar copper recovery was achieved when flotation test was performed with tap water and treated waste brine. Therefore, treated waste brine could provide a suitable water quality required in the froth flotation process as an alternative non-conventional water resource.

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Morozov, Iurii, Tatiana Intogarova, Olga Valieva, and Iuliia Donets. "Flotation classification in closed-circuit grinding as a way of reducing sulphide ore overgrinding." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-1-85-96.

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Research object and aim. Flotation classification in closed-circuit grinding is a way of improving copper ore flotation indicators by reducing minerals overgrinding. Due to valuable components froth recovery with their uncovering in the process of grinding, loss of copper in flotation tailings with secondary slime are reduced significantly. The research aims to study the possibility to improve the flotation of copper ore based on the use of flotation classification in the closed-circuit grinding. Methodology. In order to solve the problem, laboratory studies on closed-circuit grinding experimental modeling were carried out in a mode with and without flotation classification of hydraulic classification discharge. In each grinding mode, five stages of closed-cycle simulation have been implemented. Flotation classification was carried out in froth flotation modes with froth treatment with and without the tapered chute. According to experimental results, the loss of copper has been determined with slime in hydraulic classification discharge and flotation classification, and flotation classification end-product balance was calculated when operating in the closed-circuit grinding. Summary. The obtained experimental data prove the possibility of improving copper ore flotation by reducing minerals overgrinding in the course of flotation classification in closed-circuit grinding. The technology of flotation classification with froth treatment in tapered chutes make it possible to obtain prime concentrate with 18% copper mass fraction when extracting 37.7% copper into it, and final tailings in flotation classification discharge with 0.13% copper mass fraction under 2% loss.

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Dzingai, Mathew, Malibongwe Manono, and Kirsten Corin. "Simulating the Effect of Water Recirculation on Flotation through Ion-Spiking: Effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+." Minerals 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10111033.

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Froth flotation is a multifaceted complex process which is water intensive. The use of recycled water as an alternative source of water to meet water demands of the process may introduce deleterious inorganic ions that affect the mineral surface, pulp chemistry, and reagent action, hence the need to establish whether threshold ion concentrations exist beyond which flotation performance will be adversely affected. This is of paramount importance in informing appropriate recycle streams and allowing simple, cost-effective water treatment methods to be applied. Here we report that increasing ionic strengths of synthetic plant water (SPW); 3, 5, and 10 SPW respectively, resulted in an increase in water recovery in the order 0.073 mol·dm−3 (3 SPW) < 0.121 mol·dm−3 (5 SPW) < 0.242 mol·dm−3 (10 SPW), indicating an increase in froth stability as higher water recoveries are linked to increased froth stabilities. This behavior is linked to the action of inorganic electrolytes on bubble coalescence which is reported in literature. There was, however, no significant effect on the valuable mineral recovery. Spiking 3 SPW to 400 mg/L Ca2+ resulted in higher copper and nickel grades compared to 3 SPW, 5 SPW, and 10 SPW and was deemed to be the Ca2+ ion threshold concentration for this study since 3 SPW spiked with further Ca2+ to a concentration of 800 mg/L resulted in a decrease in the concentrate grade. The spiking of 3 SPW with Mg2+ resulted in higher copper and nickel grades compared to all other synthetic plant water conditions tested in this study.

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Yianatos, J., and P. Vallejos. "Limiting conditions in large flotation cells: Froth recovery and bubble loading." Minerals Engineering 185 (July 2022): 107695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107695.

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