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Статті в журналах з теми "Froth recovery"
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Martinez, Jose, Miguel Maldonado, and Leopoldo Gutierrez. "A Method to Predict Water Recovery Rate in the Collection and Froth Zone of Flotation Systems." Minerals 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070630.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper describes a method to predict water recovery rate into and through the foam in a bubble column operating under different gas rates, froth depths, and frother types and concentrations. Three frothers were considered: Metil Isobutil Carbinol (MIBC), a proprietary blend of alcohols, aldehydes, and esters commercialized under the name PINNACLE® 9891, and a PGE-based Dow Froth 1012 (DF1012). The water rate entering into the froth (foam) layer from the bubbly (collection) zone was estimated as the water rate overflowing the column when operating at a thin stable foam layer, i.e., 0.5 cm. It was observed that the rate at which water entered into the froth phase could be modelled as a unique linear function of the gas holdup below the froth, regardless of the frother chemistry. This is a fundamental result not previously found in the literature that also facilitates the calculation of the froth zone water recovery for deeper froths. The water recovery in the froth was found to be an inverse logarithmic function of the average liquid residence time in the froth. Although the same trend was observed for the three frothers tested, they did not converge into a single function, which suggests that frother chemistry plays a role in determining froth structure and then needs to be incorporated when modeling water transport in the froth. Finally, the water overflow rate calculated as the product of the water rate into the froth and froth water recovery predicted the actual measured values fairly well. The water transport model here proposed provides a simple representation of the interactions between collection and froth zone and its relation to easily measure operating variables.
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Ostadrahimi, Mahdi, Saeed Farrokhpay, Khodakaram Gharibi, and Ali Dehghani. "Effects of Operating Parameters on the Froth and Collection Zone Recovery in Flotation: An Industrial Case Study in a 10 m3 Cell." Minerals 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050494.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effects of flotation operation parameters, including froth depth, air flowrate, and frother dosage, on the froth and collection zone recovery and the flowrate of particles into the froth phase were investigated in a 10 m3 industrial cell. The results showed that froth recovery increases upon increasing air flowrate and frother dosage, as well as reducing froth depth. While all tested parameters affected the particles that entered into the froth phase, air flowrate and frother dosage showed the most and least significance, respectively. When the air flowrate, frother dosage, and froth depth were 146 m3/h, 150 mL/min, and 5 cm, respectively, froth recovery was found to be above 84%. Also, the effect of the parameters studied on collection zone recovery was different from their effect on the froth zone, with air flowrate having the greatest impact on the former.
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Yianatos, Juan, Paulina Vallejos, Luis Vinnett, and Sebastián Arriagada. "Semi-Continuous Froth Discharge to Reduce Entrainment of Fine Particles in Flotation Cells Subject to Low-Mineralized Froths." Minerals 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080695.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An operational strategy is proposed to improve the metallurgical performance of flotation cells subject to low-mineralized froths. This strategy consists of using a semi-continuous discharge into the concentrate, in which the froth is operated under loading and unloading periods. A transient model is developed to evaluate the proposed approach. The model is calibrated using experimental data from two industrial flotation banks. The metallurgical performances of the last cells of these banks are then simulated, considering the semi-continuous froth discharge. The results show that the semi-continuous mode significantly reduces gangue entrainment, improving the concentrate grade while maintaining approximately the same recovery. The semi-continuous strategy demonstrates good potential to enhance the metallurgical indexes under low-mineralized froths, as those in the last cells of rougher flotation banks.
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Jera, Tawona Martin, and Clayton Bhondayi. "A Review on Froth Washing in Flotation." Minerals 12, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111462.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the attempt to process lower-grade ores, mineral flotation has taken centre stage as the preferred recovery route. However, in many instances, the froth product does not have a high grade due to the entrainment of gangue minerals. Industry has solved this challenge by introducing froth washing mechanisms. Clean wash water is introduced into or on top of the froth to reduce the amount of entrained gangue in the final concentrate. This article reviews froth-washing systems in detail and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each wash-water delivery mechanism. Comments on industrial uptake are provided. The indications are that froth washing improves the grade of the concentrate and influences froth stability and mobility. Other researchers have reported an improvement in recovery—especially of coarse particles—with wash water being added, while others have reported a reduction in recovery, especially with composite particles. Froth washing is generally applied in mechanical flotation cells by washing at the lip. In column flotation cells and Jameson cells, wash water is added to the entire froth surface. The literature also indicates that the wash-water rate, wash-water quality, type of wash-water delivery/ distribution mechanism and the area covered by wash water are critical parameters that dictate the efficacy of the washing system. Further research is necessary on the impact of wash-water quality on the froth phase sub-processes including froth rheology.
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Jera, Tawona M., and Clayton Bhondayi. "A Review of Flotation Physical Froth Flow Modifiers." Minerals 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080864.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the past few decades, the need to process more minerals while lowering capital costs has led to an increase in the size of flotation cells, e.g., 0.03 m3 to 1000 m3. However, this increase has created new challenges in the operation and design of industrial flotation cells, particularly in terms of froth removal, because the distance the froth must travel increases with an increase in the flotation cell diameter. This has a negative impact on recovery. Physical froth flow modifiers can be used to improve froth removal. Their major functions are to modify and optimise the flow of the froth, improve froth drainage, reduce dead zones, and improve froth flow and removal dynamics. Therefore, physical froth flow modifiers are discussed, evaluated, and compared in this paper. The literature indicates that physical froth flow modifiers such as crowders and launders are used extensively as industrial solutions to enhance froth transport and recovery in large flotation cells. Other modifiers (including froth baffles and froth scrapers) have been found to have a profound effect on local froth phase sub-processes, including drainage and bubble coalescence. However, industrial uptake is either dwindling or limited to small-volume rectangular/U-shaped cells in the case of scrapers, or, there is no uptake at all in the case of froth baffles. Further research on how some of the physical modifiers (e.g., baffles and launders) impact the selectivity of particles is required.
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Ruismäki, Ronja, Tommi Rinne, Anna Dańczak, Pekka Taskinen, Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero, and Ari Jokilaakso. "Integrating Flotation and Pyrometallurgy for Recovering Graphite and Valuable Metals from Battery Scrap." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050680.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the current volumes of collected end-of-life lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are low, one option to increase the feasibility of their recycling is to feed them to existing metals production processes. This work presents a novel approach to integrate froth flotation as a mechanical treatment to optimize the recovery of valuable metals from LIB scrap and minimize their loss in the nickel slag cleaning process. Additionally, the conventional reducing agent in slag cleaning, namely coke, is replaced with graphite contained in the LIB waste flotation products. Using proper conditioning procedures, froth flotation was able to recover up to 81.3% Co in active materials from a Cu-Al rich feed stream. A selected froth product was used as feed for nickel slag cleaning process, and the recovery of metals from a slag (80%)–froth fraction (20%) mixture was investigated in an inert atmosphere at 1350 °C and 1400 °C at varying reduction times. The experimental conditions in combination with the graphite allowed for a very rapid reduction. After 5 min reduction time, the valuable metals Co, Ni, and Cu were found to be distributed to the iron rich metal alloy, while the remaining fraction of Mn and Al present in the froth fraction was deported in the slag.
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Duoc, Tran Van, Nguyen Hoang Son, Nhu Thi Kim Dung, and Vu Thi Chinh. "Recovery of clean coal from blast furnace dusts by flotation column." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(1).14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper presents the results of the study on recovery of clean coals from blast furnace dusts of the Cao Bang Iron Steel plant. The study has explored the effects of the most important operating parameters on the coal flotation performance including flotation reagent dosage, solid concentration, froth wash-water rate, flotation time and the froth thickness. The results of the study showed that using a combination of a rougher and a cleaning flotation operations at respectively collector dosage, solid concentration, flotation time, froth wash-water rate and froth thickness of 1000 g/t, 100 g/l, 10 minutes and 1.5 l/minute and 450 mm, has obtained a clean coal product with the yield, ash content and combustible matter recovery respectively of 44.90%, 19.15% and 77.63%. The clean coal has met the quality strandards requirements of the fuel for sintering.
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Khan, Shaihroz, Omar Bashir Wani, Mohammad Shoaib, John Forster, Rana N. Sodhi, Darryel Boucher, and Erin R. Bobicki. "Mineral carbonation for serpentine mitigation in nickel processing: a step towards industrial carbon capture and storage." Faraday Discussions 230 (2021): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1fd00006c.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We incorporate the carbonation of ultramafic ore followed by froth-flotation to enhance nickel recovery in the beneficiation stage, instead of the traditional froth-flotation step for nickel processing.
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Yianatos, J. B., M. H. Moys, F. Contreras, and A. Villanueva. "Froth recovery of industrial flotation cells." Minerals Engineering 21, no. 12-14 (November 2008): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2007.12.012.
Повний текст джерела
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Neethling, S. J. "Simple approximations for estimating froth recovery." International Journal of Mineral Processing 89, no. 1-4 (December 2008): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2008.09.007.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Froth recovery"
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Marozva, Tafadzwa. "Investigating the effect of frother type on froth structure, froth recovery and entrainment." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13753.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mineral processing involves liberation and beneficiation operations. Several beneficiation processes exist and one such important process is froth flotation. The flotation process involves the transportation of valuable minerals of a hydrophobic nature into the froth and to the concentrate launder. This hydrophobicity may be natural or imparted by a collector. Froth structure is significant in determining the froth stability which has an effect on the grade and recovery of valuable minerals. The froth structure is dependent on amongst other factors the type of frothers used during the separation process. As a result, frother type and concentration can be used to manipulate the froth recovery and grade of valuable mineral recovered. Upper Group 2 (UG2) ore contains chromite minerals which are naturally hydrophilic. The chromite minerals are usually recovered in the concentrate mainly due to entrainment. This lowers the grade of valuable minerals recovered and poses detrimental effects to downstream operations. Thus, the froth structure plays an important role in the flotation performance of UG2 ore. This project was aimed at investigating the effect of chain length and functional group of different frothers on the froth stability, froth recovery and entrainment. Froth recovery, entrainment, solids and water recovery, as well as metallurgical recovery, were measured in a laboratory scale continuous column flotation cell. Froth stability was measured in a froth stability column, which is a non-overflowing column in which froth rise rate and equilibrium height were measured. A series of increasing molecular weight polyglycol and alcohol frothers, and their blends, were used to investigate the effect of frother type on froth structure.
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Vera, Marco A. "A touch of froth : how bubble-particle aggregates take the strain; an investigation into aspects of froth zone recovery in mineral flotation /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16112.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
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Mozaffari, Ezatollah. "A study of coarse particle recovery by froth flotation in the Jameson cell." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263391.
Повний текст джерела
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Sayed, Ahmed Ahmed S. "CAVITATION NANOBUBBLE ENHANCED FLOTATION PROCESS FOR MORE EFFICIENT COAL RECOVERY." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/mng_etds/8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Froth flotation is a widely used, cost effective particle separation process. However, its high performance is limited to a narrow particle size range, e.g., between 50 µm and 600 µm for coal and between 10 µm and 100 µm for minerals. Outside this range, the efficiency of froth flotation decreases significantly, especially for difficult-to-float particles of weak hydrophobicity (e.g., oxidized coal).
Nanobubbles integrated into a specially designed column flotation expanded the particle size range for efficient froth flotation as a result of increased probabilities of particle- bubble collision and attachment and reduced probability of detachment.
The major advantages of nanobubble enhanced flotation include lower collector and frother dosages since nanobubbles that are mostly smaller than 1 µm can be formed selectively on hydrophobic coal particles from dissolved air in coal slurry. Nanobubbles act as a secondary collector on particle surfaces, thereby resulting in considerably lower operating costs.
A systematic parametric investigation of the proposed technology was performed to understand the effects of process variables on separation performance with a typical coal sample using a specially designed flotation column and three 10-liters conventional flotation cells. Results indicate that the combustible recovery of a -150 µm coal increased by 5-50% in the presence of nanobubbles, depending on process operating conditions. Nanobubbles also significantly improved process separation efficiency and increased the flotation rate constant by more than 40%.
Theoretical evaluation of the innovative flotation technology was employed using specially designed apparatus to study the nanobubbles stability and the roles of nanobubbles on particle-bubble interactions, froth stability, and surface area flux. In addition, a detailed technical performance and economic evaluation was performed.
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Mathe, Z. T. "Modelling the influence of the froth phase on recovery in batch and continuous flotation cells." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10851.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To determine model parameters, a large data set was required. This is due to the semi-empirical nature of the proposed froth model. In this regard, the use of data obtained from continuously operated cells was therefore not suitable for deriving model parameters. It was thought that this could only be achieved by using data obtained from a batch flotation cell. A batch flotation cell has a distinct advantage of being suitable for generating, rapidly, large amount of data. However, the non-steady behaviour of froths found in this type of cell require a robust methodology for extracting the necessary parameters. In return this methodology was developed in this thesis. The main hypothesis of this methodology is that batch flotation performance, in terms of recovery, can be adequately approximated by treating a batch test as if it consists of a series of tests carried out in continuously operated flotation cells. Each flotation time interval is regarded as a single stage. Treating batch data in this manner allows for the derivation of desired kinetic parameters to describe flotation performance.
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Crawshaw, Simon A. M. "An investigation into the effects of the froth phase on the recovery of coal by flotation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278728.
Повний текст джерела
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Fundikwa, Bridget. "Environmental Performance Assessment of Froth Flotation for Coal Recovery and Sulfur Removal from Ultrafine Coal Waste." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21191.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The South African coal mining industry generates large volumes of coal ultrafine waste (< 150 microns) each year, with a significant amount being dumped in tailing slurry dams. These slurry dams have been associated with prolonged pollution and loss of valuable resources. In the two stage flotation process developed at the University of Cape Town, froth flotation is used to both recover coal (stage 1) and remove pyritic sulfur (stage 2) from ultrafine coal waste, resulting in three outputs streams: a saleable coal product, a small volume sulfide-rich stream, and a reduced volume sulfide lean tailings stream. Pre-disposal removal of sulfide sulfur and coal recovery by means of froth flotation is aimed at effectively removing the acid rock drainage (ARD) risk associated with sulfide bearing waste s and at recovering valuable resources respectively. Previous studies have demonstrated the technical feasibility of this process for a number of coal waste types on a laboratory-scale, with results indicating that it is possible to recover large quantities of useable coal whilst generating a tailings waste stream with a reduced sulfur content and negligible ARD risk. An order of magnitude financial model for a fictitious plant has also been developed, and applied to demonstrate the economic viability for s elected case studies. To date, however, studies on the environmental viability of the process have only focused on the ARD mitigating potential of the two-stage flotation process and little attention has been given to the systemic environmental implication s of the process such as the energy and reagent usage. The research study therefore aims to evaluate the environmental burdens and benefits of the two-stage flotation process, particularly from a South African context, and to compare the environmental performance to the conventional disposal of untreated coal ultrafines. Furthermore, this project aims to establish which stages along the process contribute the most to the environmental burdens of the process and how the variations of the input parameters affect the overall environmental performance of the proposed process. To this end, a life cycle inventory of inputs and outputs was compiled on the basis of the empirical results derived from a previous laboratory-scale case study conducted on a sample of an acid generating ultrafine coal waste from the Waterberg region. Experimental results from the case study, which entailed two-stage flotation (using Naflote 9858 as a coal collector and xanthate (SIBX) as a sulfide collector in stages 1 and 2), and detailed characterisation of the feed and desulfurised tailings, was supplemented with literature information and data from mass and energy balance calculations for a fictitious plant. An environmental impact analysis was subsequently conducted using a combination of Life Cycle Impact Assessment and risk-based impact assessment techniques and criteria. The impact categories selected included climate change, terrestrial acidification, fossil fuel depletion, natural land transformation, aquatic water pollution risk, drinking water quality risk, aqueous acidification, salinity and consumptive water footprint. Aquatic water pollution risk, drinking water quality risk and aqueous acidification impact indicators were calculated by summing up risk potential factors for the constituents of the final disposed waste streams. The rest of the impact categories were calculated by multiplying the inventory result with a characterisation factor developed from impact assessment models The case study results indicated that the simple mentation of the two-stage flotation process results in a notable decrease in eco-toxicity, salinity, consumptive water footprint, metal toxicity, aqueous acidification, fossil fuel depletion and natural land transformation impacts. However, the results al so indicated an increase in atmospheric related impacts (climate change and terrestrial acidification impacts), which has been attributed to the additional energy consumption associated with the two-stage flotation process and the production processes associated with the flotation reagents. Analyses of the process contributions to the individual impact categories for the two-stage flotation process revealed the climate change and terrestrial acidification impact categories to be dominated by the electricity production process and the flotation reagents production process. The sensitivity analyses revealed a higher dependence of the fossil fuel depletion impact category on the percentage coal yield than the electricity consumption of the foreground process. Furthermore the sensitivity analyses indicated a strong dependence of the climate change and terrestrial acidification impacts on the electricity consumption and the SIBX dosage in the foreground process. In the South African context, implementation the two-stage flotation process would result in a significant recovery of coal (approximately 1.2 million tonnes for every 4 million tonnes dry coal ultrafines lost per annum) and a sulfide-rich product which can be utilised for electricity production and sulfuric acid production respectively, hence promoting resource efficiency. Although higher than in the case of conventional land disposal, the energy used in the two-stage flotation process is infinitesimal compared to the energy recovered in the process through the generation of additional coal, and results in only a 0.025 % increase in the annual greenhouse gas emissions. The implementation of the two-stage flotation would also result in reduced water losses in comparison to conventional land disposal, which is beneficial in the South African context as South Africa is a water scarce region. Lastly whilst the implementation of the two-stage flotation process would result in the reduction of water related impacts associated with acidification, salinization and metal pollution, it might pose a further threat to aquatic life if the xanthate salt reagents are emitted to local water sources. The limitations of the study were mainly associated with the quality of the input and output data, the impact categories and the system boundary and scenario development. The multiple sources of information and the variations in literature of the energy input estimates were noted as a source of uncertainty. The lack of characterisation factors for some of the substances in the system as well as the exclusion of the possibility of utilization of the sulfide-lean stream were also part of the limitations associated with the study. Recommendations for future work include improving the environmental assessment by incorporating various case studies and by incorporating downstream processing as well as optimizing the two-stage flotation process by using less energy and by using less toxic flotation reagents.
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Saracoglu, Mehmet. "FROTH FLOTATION PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT BY FEED CAVITATION AND MAGNETIC PLASTIC PARTICLE ADDITION." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/mng_etds/9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Froth flotation is the most commonly used process to recover and upgrade the portion of the coal preparation plant feed that has a particle size smaller than 150 microns. Problems that occur when employing froth flotation in the coal industry include i) coal surfaces that are weakly-to-moderately hydrophobic, and ii) flotation systems that are overloaded and limited by insufficient retention time.
Research was performed to evaluate techniques that could be implemented to improve flotation performance under the aforementioned scenarios. Pre-aeration of flotation feed using a cavitation system was extensively evaluated in laboratory and full-scale test programs. The benefits of adding hydrophobic, magnetic plastic particles were also investigated to improve froth stability and increase bubble surface area.
Laboratory tests revealed that pre-aeration through a cavitation tube improved coal recovery by as much as 20 absolute percentage points in both conventional cells and flotation columns when treating difficult-to-float coals. Carrying capacity increased by 32% which was projected to provide a 4 t/h increase in flotation recovery for a typical 4-m diameter flotation column. Product size analyses suggest that the improved particle recovery was more pronounced for the finest coal fractions as a result of particle agglomeration, resulting from the use of the nucleated air bubbles on the coal surfaces as a bridging medium. In-plant testing of a commercial-scale cavitation system found that feed pre-aeration could reduce collector dosage by 50% when no additional air is added and by 67% when a small amount of air is added to the feed to the cavitation system. At a constant collector dosage, recovery increased by 10 absolute percentage points with cavitation without additional air and 17 absolute points when additional air is provided.
The addition of hydrophobic plastic particles to the flotation feed at a 10% concentration by weight was found to substantially improve froth stability thereby elevating the recovery and enhancing carrying-capacity. Test results showed that the primary flotation improvements were directly linked to the coarsest particle size fractions in the plastic material which supports the froth stability hypothesis. Combustible recovery was increased up to 10 percentage points while producing the desired concentrate quality.
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Siame, Edward. "Recovery of lithium from china clay waste using a combination of froth flotation, magnetic separation, roasting and leaching." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3096.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was aimed at recovering lithium from china clay waste using a combination of froth flotation, magnetic separation, roasting and leaching. The china clay waste produced by Goonvean Ltd contains about 0.84% Li2O and 0.36% Rb2O, present in some of the mica minerals. Among the mica minerals, zinnwaldite is the major source of lithium with smaller amounts being contributed by muscovite. The results of the flotation tests showed that the dodecylamine collector dosage had a greater effect on the recovery and grade of mica minerals to concentrate than pH over the range tested. It was found that a mica concentrate containing 1.45% Li2O, 0.55% Rb2O and 4.47% Fe2O3 could be produced at a recovery of 98.6%, 85.2% and 92.8% respectively. Mineralogical analysis of the flotation products showed that the concentrate consisted mainly of muscovite, zinnwaldite and kaolinite with minor amounts of K-feldspar and quartz. The tailing consisted of mainly quartz, K-feldspar and kaolinite with minor amounts of apatite, topaz, zinnwaldite and muscovite. Further upgrading of the concentrate was found to be possible using a wet high intensity magnetic separator producing a magnetic fraction containing 2.07% Li2O, 0.74% Rb2O and 7.42% Fe2O3 with a recovery of 73%, 67% and 77% respectively. A mineralogical analysis of the separation products showed that the magnetic fraction consisted of predominantly zinnwaldite with muscovite as the main contaminant. The non-magnetic fraction consisted of muscovite and kaolinite as the main minerals while zinnwaldite, K-feldspar and quartz were subordinate. Electron-microprobe analysis on individual mica grains have shown that zinnwaldite and muscovite contain on average a calculated Li2O content of 3.88% and 0.13% respectively. Lithium extraction from the concentrate is only possible after the lithium has been converted into a water-soluble compound. Thus, in order to convert the lithium in concentrate into a water-soluble compound, the gypsum and limestone lithium extraction methods together with the new method of using sodium sulphate were investigated. The process involved roasting a predetermined amount of lithium-mica concentrate with either gypsum, limestone or sodium sulphate at various temperatures and subsequently leaching the pulverised materials in water at 85oC. A lithium extraction efficiency of about 84% was obtained using gypsum at 1050oC while rubidium extraction was very low at 14%. It was found possible to extract about 97% Li and 16% Rb if the concentrate was roasted with sodium sulphate at 850oC. Processing the concentrate with limestone resulted in very low lithium extraction. Iron co-extraction was low in all cases. The XRD analysis of the gypsum and sodium sulphate roast-products showed that the water soluble lithium species were KLiSO4 and Li2KNa(SO4)2 respectively. Preliminary tests on the leach solution obtained by using sodium sulphate as an additive have shown that a Li2O3 product with a purity of > 90% could be produced by precipitation with sodium carbonate although more work is required to reach the industrial target of > 99%. The lithium carbonate obtained with Li2CO3 content of about 90% is still suitable for use in the glass and ceramic industries, and as feedstock for the production of high-purity lithium compounds. An economic evaluation of the proposed lithium carbonate production plant has indicated an annual rate of return on the investment before tax of 7.2%.
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Al-Ali, Safaa Hussein Ali. "Mineralogy and mineral processing to optimise recovery of synchysite-(Ce) and apatite from carbonatite at Songwe Hill, Malawi." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/28823.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rare earth elements (REE) are considered as critical and non-substitutable metals for electronics and green technology. A greater diversity of supply is needed and the REE occur in a wide range of REE- and REE-bearing minerals within different ore deposit types. The beneficiation processes for REE ores can vary widely based on their mineralogy and texture. It is, therefore, essential to understand the mineralogical characteristics when designing processing routes. Little research was carried out on this topic until the last few years, apart from bastnäsite, monazite, and xenotime, and most REE minerals in deposits currently under exploration are poorly understood in terms of processing characteristics. This geometallurgical study brings together the results of process mineralogy and minerals processing to recover synchysite-(Ce) and apatite from the carbonatite at Songwe Hill, Malawi. This deposit is unusual because it is a potential carbonatite source of both LREE and HREE. Results from previous flowsheet development studies on this deposit suggest that flotation is the most promising processing route and therefore this study concentrated on testing this hypothesis. It sought to understand the mineralogy better in order to predict processing response and carried out a series of flotation experiments to improve the processing efficiency. It also investigated the fundamental magnetic properties of the rare earth fluorcarbonate minerals (including synchysite) and established for the first time that there is a systematic variation in their properties that can be applied to minerals processing. Eight samples of REE carbonatite drill core, crushed to 1700 μm, and a composite sample ground to 53 μm and 38 μm were used throughout this research. Automated mineralogy (QEMSCAN®) was applied to determine the mineralogical characteristics of the ore deposit. This utilised a novel species identification protocol (SIP) for REE minerals in carbonatites, which was validated by electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The principal REE minerals at Songwe are the REE fluorcarbonates, synchysite-(Ce) and also parisite-(Ce). These are challenging minerals for automated mineralogical techniques owing to their chemical similarity and common occurrence either as bladed (needle-like) crystals, which is the main textural type at Songwe Hill, or as syntaxial intergrowths. However, using the SIP developed in this study, the QEMSCAN® can distinguish between these minerals based on the Ca content and can also recognise syntaxial intergrowths on a scale of about > 20 μm. The Songwe Hill carbonatite hosts about 6 wt% to 10 wt% of REE- and REE-bearing minerals. Apatite hosts the more valuable HREE in addition to P2O5, followed by synchysite-(Ce)/parisite-(Ce) (mainly synchysite-(Ce)), and minor florencite-(Ce), which host the LREE. These minerals are commonly associated with the predominant gangue minerals, ankerite and calcite, and, to a lesser extent Fe- Ox/CO3 and K-feldspar, strontianite and baryte. Fundamental magnetic properties of pure REE fluorcarbonate single crystal minerals using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were determined. The magnetic susceptibility is highly dependent on the mineral composition. It is positive (paramagnetic) for bastnäsite-(Ce) and gradually decreases as the amount of Ca increases in parisite-(Ce), becoming negative (diamagnetic) for the Ca-rich member of the series, röntgenite. Synchysite-(Ce) in this deposit was experimentally determined by magnetic separation and behaved as a diamagnetic mineral. This can be explained by the layered structure common to the REE fluorcarbonate series minerals. Selected laboratory scale mineral processing experiments including magnetic separation and froth flotation were performed. Pre-concentration tests by magnetic separation showed a recovery of 84% for P2O5, 80% for Y2O3, and 76% for Ce2O3 in the non-magnetic product, with gangue minerals rejection of about 49% for ankerite and 48% for Fe-Ox/CO3 to the magnetic product. Apatite and synchysite-(Ce) loss to the magnetic product is mainly the result of their association with the paramagnetic minerals i.e. ankerite and Fe-Ox/CO3 as indicated by automated mineralogy. A spectrophotometer was utilised to measure the solubility of the organic chemical reagents including fatty acids and lignin sulphonate in different alkaline solutions and to determine the appropriate operating parameters for bench flotation tests. The results indicated that the solubility of fatty acids increased with increasing the pH value from 8.5 to 10.5, while the opposite was observed for lignin sulphonate. 35 bench-scale froth flotation tests under a wide range of chemical and operating conditions including pH modifiers and dosages, soluble and insoluble collectors, depressants, temperature, and conditioning time were performed. The results demonstrated that fatty acids and lignin sulphonate are sensitive to changes in pH, conditioning time, and temperature. These factors significantly affected flotation efficiency. A recovery of 86% for P2O5 and 74% for both of Y2O3 and Ce2O3 with TREO upgrading from 1.6 wt% to 3.8 wt% at a mass pull of 31% were achieved under a constant pulp pH of 9.5, elevated temperature, and long conditioning time. This study suggests that combining magnetic separation and froth flotation techniques to pre-concentrate and upgrade the REE- and REE-bearing minerals, should be considered further to minimise the cost of the chemical reagents used in froth flotation and gangue leaching.
Частини книг з теми "Froth recovery"
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Beneventi, Davide, Jeremy Allix, Patrice Nortier, and Elisa Zeno. "Recovered Papers Deinking by Froth Flotation." In Lignocellulosic Fibers and Wood Handbook, 133–55. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118773727.ch5.
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Heinrich, G. "Barite recovery from secondary sources by froth flotation." In Processing of Complex Ores, 249–59. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-037283-9.50027-5.
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Pattanaik, Abhyarthana, and Rayasam Venugopal. "Application of Colloids and Its Relevance in Mineral Engineering." In Colloids - Types, Preparation and Applications. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95337.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mineral engineering is an interdisciplinary branch which includes many branches like physics, chemistry, math and sub branches like instrumentation, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, geology etc. Amongst the various separation/beneficiation techniques of mineral processing, froth flotation is one of the most important fines beneficiation technique, which depends upon the surface and colloid chemical phenomena as the basis of selectivity. The method of separation relies on the surface state and colloidal chemistry of the ore particles and chemical reagents. Adsorption at the mineral solution interface is of major importance for the behaviour of mineral particles in the solution and for successful flotation performance. Adsorption of simple ions determine the change of the particle surface and electrochemical properties of the pulp/slurry phase and therefore affect the colloidal stability and the adsorption behaviour of reagent on the mineral surface. This chapter describes in detail about the role, importance and application of colloidal chemistry in mineral processing especially froth flotation. Froth flotation will remain a key unit operation for the treatment of low-grade ore fines for the decades to come with the overarching challenge as the need of the hour is to modify and improve existing process conditions so as to maintain an acceptable grade and recovery response for the feed whose liberation is more finer, more complex association of minerals and of lower grade.
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Oliveira, J. F., and J. A. Sampaio. "Development studies for the recovery of Brazilian scheelite fines by froth flotation." In Production and Processing of Fine Particles, 209–17. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-036448-3.50027-x.
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Vera, M. A., J. P. Franzidis*, and E. V. Manlapig. "Simultaneous Determination of Collection Zone Rate Constant and Froth Zone Recovery Factor ☆." In Frothing in Flotation II, 177–204. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203755457-6.
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Akdemir, Ü., and T. Güler. "Role of some physical variables on gangue and water recovery in froth." In Mineral Processing on the Verge of the 21st Century, 257–61. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203747117-45.
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Krebs, Damien, and Domenic Furfaro. "Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid Leaching of Greenland Steenstrupine to Obviate Silica Gel Formation." In Rare Earth Elements - Emerging Advances, Technology Utilization, and Resource Procurement [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Ilimaussaq complex in Greenland contains a rare earth bearing mineral called Steenstrupine. This mineral is a complex sodium rare earth phospho-silicate which also contains significant uranium and thorium. The mineral can be beneficiated via froth flotation to produce a mineral concentrate ranging between 15 and 23% rare earth oxide. Leaching of the mineral concentrate is required to dissolve the contained values and recover them using hydrometallurgy. Steenstrupine contains high amounts of acid soluble silica which can result in the formation of silica gel during leaching. Laboratory scale testwork was performed to determine which leaching conditions offer the control of silica and high extraction of values such as rare earth elements and uranium. A range of leach parameters where investigated to determine which are most significant to leach performance. Optimised parameters consisting of acid strength, residence time and nature of the operation were determined as significant. In conclusion the operating range identified produces high rare earth extractions while yielding a leach residue with suitable solid liquid separation performance. This process may be applied to other rare earth bearing minerals which contain high proportions of soluble silica.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Froth recovery"
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Akdemir, Ü., and T. Güler. "Role of some physical variables on gangue and water recovery in froth." In The 8th International Mineral Processing Symposium. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203747117-50.
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Sudibyo, B. B. Aji, S. Sumardi, F. R. Mufakir, A. Junaidi, F. Nurjaman, Karna, and Aulia Aziza. "Taguchi optimization: Case study of gold recovery from amalgamation tailing by using froth flotation method." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL PROCESS METALLURGY CONFERENCE (IPMC 2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4974434.
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Artemev, Alexandr, Elena Veselova, Irina Nikitina, and Galina Viktorovna. "RECOVERY OF NEPHELINE FROM APATITE FLOTATION TAILINGS OF APATITE-NEPHELINE COMPLEX MINERAL COMPOSED ORES." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
"The recovery of all possible useful components from ores corresponds to modern approach to the mineral raw materials processing and provides a reduction in the amount of waste sent to tailings dumps. The increasing complexity of the mineral composition of the ore leads to the fact that the existing beneficiation methods and regimes do not provide the necessary quality of the obtained concentrates. This study shows the peculiarities of nepheline recovery from apatite flotation tailings of apatite-nepheline ores with low nepheline fraction. Two reagent regimes were tested for nepheline reverse flotation: a mixture of pine and foliate tall oil, a mixture of tall oil and polyalkylbenzene sulfonic acid, which previously showed high selectivity of separation of nepheline and dark-coloured minerals. On the studied apatite-nepheline ore samples the necessary selection of flotation separation was not observed. Mineralogical analysis shows that losses of nepheline with froth products occur both at the expense of nepheline in intergrowths with associated minerals and at the expense of liberated minerals. Nepheline is quite actively floated, which is associated with a change in the surface properties of the mineral. The quality of flotation nepheline concentrates is reduced due to liberated grains of amphiboles, pyroxenes, and mica. The high content of feldspar in the ore, which during flotation predominantly remains in the chamber product, also affects the quality of the nepheline concentrate. It was possible to increase the Al2O3 content in the concentrate to the required values only after magnetic separation in a strong field."
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Nakajima, Yasuharu, Joji Yamamoto, Shigeo Kanada, Sotaro Masanobu, Ichihiko Takahashi, Jun Sadaki, Ryosuke Abe, Katsunori Okaya, Seiji Matsuo, and Toyohisa Fujita. "Study on Seafloor Mineral Processing for Mining of Seafloor Massive Sulfides." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seafloor Massive Sulfides (SMSs), which were formed by deposition of precipitates from hydrothermal fluids vented from seafloor, has been expected as one of unconventional mineral resources on deep seafloors in the oceans. The authors have proposed the concept of seafloor mineral processing for SMS mining, where valuable minerals contained in SMS ores are separated on seafloor while gangue minerals are disposed on seafloor in appropriate ways. To confirm the applicability of column flotation, which is one of conventional mineral processing methods, to seafloor mineral processing, the authors carried out experiments simulating column flotation under the pressure conditions corresponding to the water depths down to 1000m in maximum using ore samples containing copper, iron, zinc and lead. In the experiments, formation of fine bubbles suitable to flotation and overflow of froth layer were observed at high pressures. The contents of copper and zinc in the concentrates recovered in the experiments at 1MPa were higher than those in the feed ores while the contents of silicon and calcium in the concentrates were lower than those in the feed ores. These results suggest that column flotation would be applicable to seafloor mineral processing.
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Nakajima, Yasuharu, Shotaro Uto, Shigeo Kanada, Joji Yamamoto, Ichihiko Takahashi, Sho Otabe, Jun Sadaki, Katsunori Okaya, Seiji Matsuo, and Toyohisa Fujita. "Concept of Seafloor Mineral Processing for Development of Seafloor Massive Sulfides." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49981.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seafloor Massive Sulfides (SMS), which were formed by deposition of precipitates from hydrothermal fluids vented from seafloor, is one of unconventional mineral resources beneath deep seafloors in the world. The authors have proposed the concept of seafloor mineral processing for development of SMS, where useful minerals included in SMS ores are separated on seafloor to be lifted while the remaining gangue is disposed on seafloor in appropriate ways. To apply column flotation, one of conventional methods in mineral processing, to seafloor mineral processing, the authors carried out simulating experiments of column flotation on deep seafloor using ores including copper, iron, lead and zinc as metallic elements. Prior to the experiments at high pressures, preparatory experiments at the atmospheric pressure were carried out to find out the optimum condition of the properties of pulp, a mixture of feed ore, water and chemical reagents. In flotation experiments at high pressures, formation and overflow of froth layer by bubbling were observed at 1MPa in both of pulps with pure water and artificial seawater. The analytical data showed that the concentration of metallic elements such as copper and zinc in the concentrates recovered from the experiments was higher than that in the feed ores while the concentration of silicon and calcium, which are assigned to gangue, in the concentrates was lower than that in the feed ores. These results suggest that column flotation can be applied to operation on seafloor.
Звіти організацій з теми "Froth recovery"
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Harrison, K. E., D. D. Ferris, R. M. Kosky, J. J. Warchol, W. F. Musiol, S. Y. Shiao, G. H. Luttrell, G. T. Adel, and R. H. Yoon. Controlled comparison of advanced froth flotation process technology and economic evaluations for maximizing BTU recovery and pyritic sulfur rejection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6778849.
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