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Статті в журналах з теми "Frontostriatal"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Mori, Asako, Yasumasa Okamoto, Go Okada, Koki Takagaki, Masahiro Takamura, Ran Jinnin, Naho Ichikawa, et al. "Effects of behavioural activation on the neural circuit related to intrinsic motivation." BJPsych Open 4, no. 5 (August 2, 2018): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.40.

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BackgroundBehavioural activation is an efficient treatment for depression and can improve intrinsic motivation. Previous studies have revealed that the frontostriatal circuit is involved in intrinsic motivation; however, there are no data on how behavioural activation affects the frontostriatal circuit.AimsWe aimed to investigate behavioural activation-related changes in the frontostriatal circuit.MethodFifty-nine individuals with subthreshold depression were randomly assigned to either the intervention or non-intervention group. The intervention group received five weekly behavioural activation sessions. The participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning on two separate occasions while performing a stopwatch task based on intrinsic motivation. We investigated changes in neural activity and functional connectivity after behavioural activation.ResultsAfter behavioural activation, the intervention group had increased activation and connectivity in the frontostriatal region compared with the non-intervention group. The increased activation in the right middle frontal gyrus was correlated with an improvement of subjective sensitivity to environmental rewards.ConclusionsBehavioural activation-related changes to the frontostriatal circuit advance our understanding of psychotherapy-induced improvements in the neural basis of intrinsic motivation.Declaration of interestNone.

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2

Shang, C. Y., Y. H. Wu, S. S. Gau, and W. Y. Tseng. "Disturbed microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal fiber pathways and executive dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 5 (August 15, 2012): 1093–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001869.

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BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is recognized as an early-onset neuropsychiatric disorder with executive dysfunctions and neurobiological deficits. The authors compared executive functions and microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal circuit in children with ADHD and typically developing children.MethodWe assessed 25 children with ADHD and 25 age-, sex-, handedness- and intelligence-matched typically developing children by using psychiatric interviews, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – third edition, and the tasks involving executive functions in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. The frontostriatal tracts were reconstructed by diffusion spectrum imaging tractography and were subdivided into four functionally distinct segments, including dorsolateral, medial prefrontal, orbitofrontal and ventrolateral tracts. Tract-specific and matched case-control analyses were used and generalized fractional anisotropy values were computed.ResultsChildren with ADHD had lower generalized fractional anisotropy of all the bilateral frontostriatal fiber tracts and poorer performance in verbal and spatial working memory, set-shifting, sustained attention, cognitive inhibition and visuospatial planning. The symptom severity of ADHD and the executive functioning performance significantly correlated with integrity of the frontostriatal tracts, particularly the left orbitofrontal and ventrolateral tracts. Children with ADHD also demonstrated loss of the leftward asymmetry in the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal tracts that was present in typically developing children.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate disturbed structural connectivity of the frontostriatal circuitry in children with ADHD and add new evidence of associations between integrity of the frontostriatal tracts and measures of core symptoms of ADHD and a wide range of executive dysfunctions in both groups.

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3

Gau, S. S., W. L. Tseng, W. Y. I. Tseng, Y. H. Wu, and Y. C. Lo. "Association between microstructural integrity of frontostriatal tracts and school functioning: ADHD symptoms and executive function as mediators." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 3 (July 28, 2014): 529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001664.

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BackgroundDeficits in executive function (EF), impaired school functioning and altered white matter integrity in frontostriatal networks have been associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, relationships between impairments in these areas are unclear. Using a sample of youths with and without ADHD, this study examined the association between microstructural integrity of frontostriatal tracts and school dysfunction and the mediating roles of EF and ADHD symptoms in this association.MethodThe sample included 32 Taiwanese youths with ADHD and 32 age-, sex-, handedness- and IQ-matched typically-developing (TD) youths. Participants were assessed using psychiatric interviews, parent reports on ADHD symptoms and school functioning, and EF measures from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). The frontostriatal tracts were reconstructed by diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) tractography and were subdivided into four functionally distinct segments: caudate–dorsolateral, caudate–medial prefrontal, caudate–orbitofrontal and caudate–ventrolateral tracts.ResultsYouths with ADHD, relative to TD youths, showed altered white matter integrity in all four bilateral pairs of frontostriatal tracts (decreased general fractional anisotropy, GFA), had poor attention, vigilance and response inhibition, and showed impaired school functioning. Altered microstructural integrity in frontostriatal tracts was significantly associated with school dysfunction, which was mediated by EF measures of attention/vigilance and response inhibition in addition to inattention and hyperactivity symptoms.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate an association between white matter integrity in the frontostriatal networks and school functioning and suggest that EF deficits and ADHD symptoms may be the mediating mechanisms for this association. Future research is needed to test the directionality and specificity of this finding.

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4

Ipser, Jonathan C., Gregory G. Brown, Amanda Bischoff-Grethe, Colm G. Connolly, Ronald J. Ellis, Robert K. Heaton, and Igor Grant. "HIV Infection Is Associated with Attenuated Frontostriatal Intrinsic Connectivity: A Preliminary Study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 3 (March 2015): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000156.

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AbstractHIV-associated cognitive impairments are prevalent, and are consistent with injury to both frontal cortical and subcortical regions of the brain. The current study aimed to assess the association of HIV infection with functional connections within the frontostriatal network, circuitry hypothesized to be highly vulnerable to HIV infection. Fifteen HIV-positive and 15 demographically matched control participants underwent 6 min of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI). Multivariate group comparisons of age-adjusted estimates of connectivity within the frontostriatal network were derived from BOLD data for dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsal caudate and mediodorsal thalamic regions of interest. Whole-brain comparisons of group differences in frontostriatal connectivity were conducted, as were pairwise tests of connectivity associations with measures of global cognitive functioning and clinical and immunological characteristics (nadir and current CD4 count, duration of HIV infection, plasma HIV RNA). HIV – associated reductions in connectivity were observed between the DLPFC and the dorsal caudate, particularly in younger participants (<50 years, N=9). Seropositive participants also demonstrated reductions in dorsal caudate connectivity to frontal and parietal brain regions previously demonstrated to be functionally connected to the DLPFC. Cognitive impairment, but none of the assessed clinical/immunological variables, was also associated with reduced frontostriatal connectivity. In conclusion, our data indicate that HIV is associated with attenuated intrinsic frontostriatal connectivity. Intrinsic connectivity of this network may therefore serve as a marker of the deleterious effects of HIV infection on the brain, possibly via HIV-associated dopaminergic abnormalities. These findings warrant independent replication in larger studies. (JINS, 2015, 21, 1–11)

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5

Becker, Alena, Martin Fungisai Gerchen, Martina Kirsch, Bettina Ubl, Sivaniya Subramaniapillai, Carsten Diener, Christine Kuehner, Falk Kiefer, and Peter Kirsch. "Frontostriatal Connectivity During Reward Anticipation." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 225, no. 3 (July 2017): 232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000307.

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Abstract. Neurobiological research indicates that altered reward processing is among the most promising risk mechanisms in alcohol use disorder and depression. To elucidate differences and similarities between both disorders, we investigated clinical patients and at-risk individuals in two studies using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) monetary reward paradigm. In the first study, alcohol use disorder patients compared to depressed and healthy individuals showed increased activation of the ventral striatum during reward anticipation. In contrast, both patient groups showed reduced frontostriatal connectivity compared to controls. In the second study, at-risk comorbid individuals showed decreased activation in the dorsal striatum along with decreased frontostriatal connectivity. While the connectivity results replicate the common pattern found for the patient groups, the activation results indicate a more depression-related pattern in individuals prone to developing both disorders. In conclusion, frontostriatal connectivity might be a promising transdiagnostic marker for depression, alcohol use disorder, and their comorbidity.

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6

Radakovic, Ratko, Vaisakh Puthusseryppady, Emma Flanagan, Matthew C. Kiernan, Eneida Mioshi, and Michael Hornberger. "Frontostriatal grey matter atrophy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis A visual rating study." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 12, no. 4 (December 2018): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-040008.

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ABSTRACT Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterised by frontostriatal grey matter changes similar to those in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, these changes are usually detected at a group level, and simple visual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cortical atrophy scales may further elucidate frontostriatal changes in ALS. Objective: To investigate whether frontostriatal changes are detectable using simple visual MRI atrophy rating scales applied at an individual patient level in ALS. Methods: 21 ALS patients and 17 controls were recruited and underwent an MRI scan. Prefrontal cortex sub-regions of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC), lateral orbitofrontal cortex (LOFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), striatal sub-regions of the caudate nucleus (CN) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were rated using visual grey matter atrophy 5-point Likert scales. Results: Significantly higher atrophy ratings in the bilateral MOFC only in ALS patients versus controls was observed (p<.05). Patients with greater MOFC atrophy had significantly higher atrophy of the CN (p<.05) and LOFC (p<.05). Conclusion: Use of simple visual atrophy rating scales on an individual level reliably detects frontostriatal deficits specific to ALS, showing MOFC atrophy differences with associated CN and LOFC atrophy. This is an applicable method that could be used to support clinical diagnosis and management.

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7

Levitt, James, Marek Kubicki, Robert McCarley, Martha Shenton, and Yogesh Rathi. "161. Frontostriatal Miswiring in Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 43, suppl_1 (March 1, 2017): S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx021.219.

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8

Sabaroedin, Kristina, Adeel Razi, Kevin Aquino, Sidhant Chopra, Amy Finlay, Barnaby Nelson, Kelly Allott, et al. "S166. EFFECTIVE CONNECTIVITY OF FRONTOSTRIATAL SYSTEMS IN FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S99—S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.232.

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Abstract Background Neuroimaging studies have found dysconnectivity of frontostriatal circuits across a broad spectrum of psychotic symptoms. However, it is unknown whether dysconnectivity within frontostriatal circuits originates from disrupted bottom-up or top-down control signaling within these systems. Here, we used dynamic causal modelling (DCM) to examine the effective connectivity of frontostriatal systems in first-episode psychosis (FEP). Methods A total of 55 FEP patients (26 males; mean [SD] age = 19.24 [2.89]) and 24 healthy controls (15 males; mean [SD] age = 21.83 [1.93]) underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol. Biologically plausible connections between eight left hemisphere regions encompassing the dorsal and ventral frontostriatal systems were modelled using spectral DCM. The regions comprise dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior hippocampus, amygdala, dorsal caudate, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, and the midbrain. Effective connectivity between groups were assessed using a parametric Bayesian model. Associations between effective connectivity parameters and positive symptoms, measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale positive subscale, was assessed in the patient group in a separate Bayesian general linear model. Results DCM shows evidence for differences in effective connectivity between patients and healthy controls, namely in the bottom-down connections distributed in the frontostriatal system encompassing the hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, and midbrain. Compared to healthy controls, patients also demonstrated increased disinhibition of the midbrain. In patients, positive symptoms are associated with increased top-down connections to the midbrain. Outgoing connection from the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens is also increased in association with positive symptoms. Discussion Aberrant top-down connectivity in the frontostriatal system in patients is consistent with top-down dysregulation of dopamine function in FEP, as dopaminergic activity in the midbrain is proposed to be under the control of higher brain areas. In patients, increased self-inhibition of the midbrain, as well as symptom associations in both ingoing and outgoing connections of this region, are congruous with hyperactivity of the midbrain as proposed by the dopamine dysregulation hypothesis. Here, we demonstrate that mathematical models of brain imaging signals can be used to identify the key disruptions driving brain circuit dysfunction, identifying new targets for treatment.

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9

Chen, Mu-Hong, Wan-Chen Chang, Wei-Chen Lin, Pei-Chi Tu, Cheng-Ta Li, Ya-Mei Bai, Shih-Jen Tsai, Wen-Sheng Huang, and Tung-Ping Su. "Functional Dysconnectivity of Frontal Cortex to Striatum Predicts Ketamine Infusion Response in Treatment-Resistant Depression." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 23, no. 12 (July 30, 2020): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaa056.

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Abstract Background Frontostriatal disconnectivity plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. However, whether the baseline functional connectivity of the frontostriatal network could predict the treatment outcome of low-dose ketamine infusion remains unknown. Methods In total, 48 patients with treatment-resistant depression were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups (a single-dose 40-minute i.v. infusion) as follows: 0.5 mg/kg ketamine, 0.2 mg/kg ketamine, and saline placebo infusion. Patients were subsequently followed-up for 2 weeks. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed for each patient before infusion administration. In addition, the baseline frontostriatal functional connectivity of patients with treatment-resistant depression was also compared with that of healthy controls. Results Compared with the healthy controls, patients with treatment-resistant depression had a decreased functional connectivity in the frontostriatal circuits, especially between the right superior frontal cortex and executive region of the striatum and between the right paracingulate cortex and rostral-motor region of the striatum. The baseline hypoconnectivity of the bilateral superior frontal cortex to the executive region of the striatum was associated with a greater reduction of depression symptoms after a single 0.2-mg/kg ketamine infusion. Conclusion Reduced connectivity of the superior frontal cortex to the striatum predicted the response to ketamine infusion among patients with treatment-resistant depression.

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10

Shukla, Dinesh K., Joshua John Chiappelli, Hemalatha Sampath, Peter Kochunov, Stephanie M. Hare, Krista Wisner, Laura M. Rowland, and L. Elliot Hong. "Aberrant Frontostriatal Connectivity in Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 45, no. 5 (December 21, 2018): 1051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby165.

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AbstractNegative symptoms represent a distinct component of psychopathology in schizophrenia (SCZ) and are a stable construct over time. Although impaired frontostriatal connectivity has been frequently described in SCZ, its link with negative symptoms has not been carefully studied. We tested the hypothesis that frontostriatal connectivity at rest may be associated with the severity of negative symptoms in SCZ. Resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) data from 95 mostly medicated patients with SCZ and 139 healthy controls (HCs) were acquired. Negative symptoms were assessed using the Brief Negative Symptom Scale. The study analyzed voxel-wise rsFC between 9 frontal “seed regions” and the entire striatum, with the intention to reduce potential biases introduced by predefining any single frontal or striatal region. SCZ showed significantly reduced rsFC between the striatum and the right medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), lateral prefrontal cortex, and rostral anterior cingulate cortex compared with HCs. Further, rsFC between the striatum and the right medial OFC was significantly associated with negative symptom severity. The involved striatal regions were primarily at the ventral putamen. Our results support reduced frontostriatal functional connectivity in SCZ and implicate striatal connectivity with the right medial OFC in negative symptoms. This task-independent resting functional magnetic resonance imaging study showed that medial OFC–striatum functional connectivity is reduced in SCZ and associated with severity of negative symptoms. This finding supports a significant association between frontostriatal connectivity and negative symptoms and thus may provide a potential circuitry-level biomarker to study the neurobiological mechanisms of negative symptoms.

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11

Loewke, Adrienne C., Adelaide R. Minerva, Alexandra B. Nelson, Anatol C. Kreitzer, and Lisa A. Gunaydin. "Frontostriatal Projections Regulate Innate Avoidance Behavior." Journal of Neuroscience 41, no. 25 (May 17, 2021): 5487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2581-20.2021.

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12

Rogers, Mark A., John L. Bradshaw, Christos Pantelis, and James G. Phillips. "Frontostriatal deficits in unipolar major depression." Brain Research Bulletin 47, no. 4 (November 1998): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00126-9.

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13

Levitt, James J., Paul G. Nestor, Marek Kubicki, Amanda E. Lyall, Fan Zhang, Tammy Riklin-Raviv, Lauren J. O′Donnell, Robert W. McCarley, Martha E. Shenton, and Yogesh Rathi. "Miswiring of Frontostriatal Projections in Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 4 (January 28, 2020): 990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz129.

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Abstract We investigated brain wiring in chronic schizophrenia and healthy controls in frontostriatal circuits using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography in a novel way. We extracted diffusion streamlines in 27 chronic schizophrenia and 26 healthy controls connecting 4 frontal subregions to the striatum. We labeled the projection zone striatal surface voxels into 2 subtypes: dominant-input from a single cortical subregion, and, functionally integrative, with mixed-input from diverse cortical subregions. We showed: 1) a group difference for total striatal surface voxel number (P = .045) driven by fewer mixed-input voxels in the left (P = .007), but not right, hemisphere; 2) a group by hemisphere interaction for the ratio quotient between voxel subtypes (P = .04) with a left (P = .006), but not right, hemisphere increase in schizophrenia, also reflecting fewer mixed-input voxels; and 3) fewer mixed-input voxel counts in schizophrenia (P = .045) driven by differences in left hemisphere limbic (P = .007) and associative (P = .01), but not sensorimotor, striatum. These results demonstrate a less integrative pattern of frontostriatal structural connectivity in chronic schizophrenia. A diminished integrative pattern yields a less complex input pattern to the striatum from the cortex with less circuit integration at the level of the striatum. Further, as brain wiring occurs during early development, aberrant brain wiring could serve as a developmental biomarker for schizophrenia.

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14

de la Fuente-Fernández, Raúl. "Frontostriatal Cognitive Staging in Parkinson's Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/561046.

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Cognitive impairment and behavioural disorders are often encountered in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD). A simple PD-related frontostriatal cognitive dysfunction (PDFCD) staging is proposed. Executive dysfunction and mental fatigue (stage I), depression/anxiety (stage IIa), apathy/pain (stage IIb), and dementia (stage III) reflect a sequential process of dopamine depletion occurring in different regions of the striatum (stages I and II) and the frontal cortex (stage III). In addition to these nonmotor manifestations present in the unmedicated (OFF) state, the PDFCD model also predicts a number of complications related to dopaminergic treatment (ON state), from impulse control disorders (stages I and IIa) to hallucinations (stage IIb) and psychosis (stage III). Although the model admittedly needs further refinements, it provides a framework for hypothesis testing and may help clinicians optimize therapeutic strategies.

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15

Lin, H. Y., S. S. F. Gau, S. L. Huang-Gu, C. Y. Shang, Y. H. Wu, and W. Y. I. Tseng. "Neural substrates of behavioral variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: based on ex-Gaussian reaction time distribution and diffusion spectrum imaging tractography." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 8 (August 9, 2013): 1751–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001955.

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BackgroundIncreased intra-individual variability (IIV) in reaction time (RT) across various tasks is one ubiquitous neuropsychological finding in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, neurobiological underpinnings of IIV in individuals with ADHD have not yet been fully delineated. The ex-Gaussian distribution has been proved to capture IIV in RT. The authors explored the three parameters [μ (mu), σ (sigma), τ (tau)] of an ex-Gaussian RT distribution derived from the Conners' continuous performance test (CCPT) and their correlations with the microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal–caudate tracts and the cingulum bundles.MethodWe assessed 28 youths with ADHD (8–17 years; 25 males) and 28 age-, sex-, IQ- and handedness-matched typically developing (TD) youths using the CCPT, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd edition and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Microstructural integrity, indexed by generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), was measured by diffusion spectrum imaging tractrography on a 3-T MRI system.ResultsYouths with ADHD had larger σ (s.d. of Gaussian distribution) and τ (mean of exponential distribution) and reduced GFA in four bilateral frontostriatal tracts. With increased inter-stimulus intervals of CCPT, the magnitude of greater τ in ADHD than TD increased. In ADHD youths, the cingulum bundles and frontostriatal integrity were associated with three ex-Gaussian parameters and with μ (mean of Gaussian distribution) and τ, respectively; while only frontostriatal GFA was associated with μ and τ in TD youths.ConclusionsOur findings suggest the crucial role of the integrity of the cingulum bundles in accounting for IIV in ADHD. Involvement of different brain systems in mediating IIV may relate to a distinctive pathophysiological processing and/or adaptive compensatory mechanism.

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Camargo, Carlos Henrique Ferreira, Marcelo Araújo Ladeira, Rafael Arthur Serpa, Vinicius Aguiar Jobbins, Carlos Rory Pucci Filho, Leonardo Christiaan Welling, and Hélio Afonso Ghizoni Teive. "The Effectiveness of Reality Orientation Therapy in the Treatment of Parkinson Disease Dementia." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr 34, no. 2 (October 4, 2018): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317518802461.

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Patients with Parkinson disease dementia (PDD) have deficits resulting mainly from frontostriatal dysfunction. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of reality orientation therapy (ROT) combined with drug therapy (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) in PDD treatment and compare it with that of drug therapy alone. Patients (n = 12) with a diagnosis of PDD were divided into 2 groups: group A—drug therapy and ROT; group B—drug therapy alone. Reality orientation therapy was applied weekly for 6 months, and patients were assessed during the same period. Significant improvements in frontostriatal deficits were observed in the group that received the combined therapy, as shown mainly by the scores in verbal fluency in the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) battery ( P = .02) and in attention in Scales for outcomes of Parkinson’s Disease–Cognition ( P = .021) and Clock Drawing Test ( P = .037). Patients who received only medication had worse results in constructional praxis recall in the CERAD battery ( P = .037). Our results indicate that ROT may help in the treatment of frontostriatal cognitive deficits and can potentially be used to complement drug therapy.

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TAYLOR, MICHAEL J., OMAR M. ALHASSOON, BRIAN C. SCHWEINSBURG, JOHN S. VIDEEN, and IGOR GRANT. "MR spectroscopy in HIV and stimulant dependence." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6, no. 1 (January 2000): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700611104.

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HIV infection and abuse of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are both associated with brain damage and dysfunction. CNS stimulant overdose can lead to microinfarction, hemorrhagic lesions, and vasculitis (Bostwick, 1981; Cahill et al., 1981), and may impact frontostriatal systems. Investigations of HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals have demonstrated deficits in attention, speed of information processing, motor functioning, executive functioning, and learning efficiency. These deficits are consistent with frontostriatal involvement (Heaton et al., 1995; Martin, 1994). Given the rise in AIDS cases attributable to drug use at a time when the number of AIDS cases due to sexual transmission is stable or declining, it is critical to determine if drug use, especially CNS stimulants, potentiates HIV-related neuronal injury.

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CLARK, URAINA S., RONALD A. COHEN, MICHELLE L. WESTBROOK, KATHRYN N. DEVLIN, and KAREN T. TASHIMA. "Facial emotion recognition impairments in individuals with HIV." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 16, no. 6 (October 20, 2010): 1127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617710001037.

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AbstractCharacterized by frontostriatal dysfunction, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with cognitive and psychiatric abnormalities. Several studies have noted impaired facial emotion recognition abilities in patient populations that demonstrate frontostriatal dysfunction; however, facial emotion recognition abilities have not been systematically examined in HIV patients. The current study investigated facial emotion recognition in 50 nondemented HIV-seropositive adults and 50 control participants relative to their performance on a nonemotional landscape categorization control task. We examined the relation of HIV-disease factors (nadir and current CD4 levels) to emotion recognition abilities and assessed the psychosocial impact of emotion recognition abnormalities. Compared to control participants, HIV patients performed normally on the control task but demonstrated significant impairments in facial emotion recognition, specifically for fear. HIV patients reported greater psychosocial impairments, which correlated with increased emotion recognition difficulties. Lower current CD4 counts were associated with poorer anger recognition. In summary, our results indicate that chronic HIV infection may contribute to emotion processing problems among HIV patients. We suggest that disruptions of frontostriatal structures and their connections with cortico-limbic networks may contribute to emotion recognition abnormalities in HIV. Our findings also highlight the significant psychosocial impact that emotion recognition abnormalities have on individuals with HIV. (JINS, 2010, 16, 1127–1137.)

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19

Marsh, Rachel. "Dysfunctional frontostriatal control systems in bulimia nervosa." Future Neurology 4, no. 4 (July 2009): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fnl.09.19.

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20

Klostermann, Ellen C., Meredith N. Braskie, Susan M. Landau, James P. O'Neil, and William J. Jagust. "Dopamine and frontostriatal networks in cognitive aging." Neurobiology of Aging 33, no. 3 (March 2012): 623.e15–623.e24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.002.

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21

Rauschecker, Josef P., Elisabeth S. May, Audrey Maudoux, and Markus Ploner. "Frontostriatal Gating of Tinnitus and Chronic Pain." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 2015): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.002.

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22

Elliott, R., P. J. McKenna, T. W. Robbins, and B. J. Sahakian. "Neuropsychological evidence for frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 3 (May 1995): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700033523.

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SYNOPSISSchizophrenics and controls were compared on a computerized test of attentional set-shifting which provides a componential analysis of the Wisconsin Card Sort Test and has previously been shown to be sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction and Parkinson's disease. The main test was of extra-dimensional shifting where subjects are required to shift reponse to an alternative perceptual dimension. In one condition, termed ‘perseveration’, subjects are required to shift to a novel dimension and ignore the previously relevant one. In the other condition, termed ‘learned irrelevance’, subjects are required to shift to the previously irrelevant dimension and ignore a novel one. Chronic medicated schizophrenics (N = 32) show a highly significant impairment on the perseveration but not the learned irrelevance condition, as compared to normal age and IQ matched controls (N = 24). This was true even of a subgroup of patients with preserved IQ. The impairments in attentional set-shifting failed to correlate with patients' scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (mean; S.D. 26·8; 1·8) or with scores on a test of recognition memory. These results provide evidence for a specific deficit in a set-shifting test of executive function and support a hypothesis of frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia.

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Biver, F. "Altered frontostriatal relationship in unmedicated schizophrenic patients." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 61, no. 3 (September 29, 1995): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4927(95)02672-k.

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Robbins, T. W. "The Case for Frontostriatal Dysfunction in Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 16, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/16.3.391.

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van den Bos, Wouter, Christian A. Rodriguez, Julie B. Schweitzer, and Samuel M. McClure. "Adolescent impatience decreases with increased frontostriatal connectivity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 29 (June 22, 2015): E3765—E3774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423095112.

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Adolescence is a developmental period associated with an increase in impulsivity. Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct, and in this study we focus on one of the underlying components: impatience. Impatience can result from (i) disregard of future outcomes and/or (ii) oversensitivity to immediate rewards, but it is not known which of these evaluative processes underlie developmental changes. To distinguish between these two causes, we investigated developmental changes in the structural and functional connectivity of different frontostriatal tracts. We report that adolescents were more impatient on an intertemporal choice task and reported less future orientation, but not more present hedonism, than young adults. Developmental increases in structural connectivity strength in the right dorsolateral prefrontal tract were related to increased negative functional coupling with the striatum and an age-related decrease in discount rates. Our results suggest that mainly increased control, and the integration of future-oriented thought, drives the reduction in impatience across adolescence.

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Smittenaar, P., M. Guitart-Masip, A. Lutti, and R. J. Dolan. "Preparing for Selective Inhibition within Frontostriatal Loops." Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 46 (November 13, 2013): 18087–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2167-13.2013.

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Vink, Matthijs, Iris Kleerekooper, Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg, and Rene S. Kahn. "Impact of aging on frontostriatal reward processing." Human Brain Mapping 36, no. 6 (February 20, 2015): 2305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22771.

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Shannon, Katherine E., Colin Sauder, Theodore P. Beauchaine, and Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp. "Disrupted Effective Connectivity Between the Medial Frontal Cortex and the Caudate in Adolescent Boys With Externalizing Behavior Disorders." Criminal Justice and Behavior 36, no. 11 (October 19, 2009): 1141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854809342856.

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Studies addressing the neural correlates of criminal behavior have focused primarily on the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. However, few studies have examined dopaminergic inputs to these or other brain regions, despite the fact that central dopamine (DA) dysfunction is associated with both trait impulsivity and novelty seeking. Given long-standing associations between both of these personality traits and externalizing psychopathology, the authors examined effective connectivity between the caudate nucleus and the anterior cingulate cortex, two areas that rely on DA input to facilitate associative learning and goal directed behavior. Dysfunction in top-down and bottom-up processing within this dopaminergically mediated frontostriatal circuit may be an important biological vulnerability that increases one’s likelihood of engaging in delinquent and criminal behavior. When compared with controls, reduced effective connectivity between these regions among adolescents with externalizing psychopathology was found, suggesting deficiencies in frontostriatal circuitry.

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Hassanzadeh-Behbahani, Shiva, Fan Nils Yang, Margarita Bronshteyn, Matthew Dawson, Princy Kumar, John VanMeter, David J. Moore, Ronald J. Ellis, and Xiong Jiang. "41224 REDUCED FRONTOSTRIATAL FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN 41- TO 70-YEAR-OLD ADULTS WITH HIV." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (March 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.436.

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ABSTRACT IMPACT: The knowledge acquired from my research can inform the development of early diagnostic methods for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: In the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remains high but the neural mechanisms are unclear. We examined whether older people with HIV (PWH) with minimal cognitive impairment have reduced functional connectivity in frontostriatal circuits compared to controls. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 99 PWH (mean age 56.6 years, 75% male, 62% Black, mean duration of HIV-infection 26.2 years ±9.3, 90% viral load <50 copies, 98% on stable cART) and 38 demographically-comparable controls (mean age 54.5 years, 71% male, 58% Black) participated in a cross-sectional study. A 7-domain neuropsychological battery and an Activities of Daily Living index were used to determine HAND diagnoses: 32 PWH met criteria for asymptomatic to mild HAND. Motor skill was assessed using the Grooved Pegboard Test by measuring performance speed. Structural MRI and resting-state functional MRI were collected. Seed-to-voxel analyses were conducted using 4 distinct regions in the striatum as seed regions. We used a voxel threshold of p<0.001 and cluster threshold of p<0.05 (FDR-corrected) after controlling for demographic variables. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Compared to controls, PWH had lower resting state functional connectivity between the default mode region of the striatum (i.e., medial caudate) and bilateral superior frontal gyrus, supplementary motor cortex and paracingulate gyrus (p<0.05; cluster size: 567 voxels). Also, compared to controls, PWH had reduced resting state functional connectivity between the motor division of the striatum (i.e., posterior putamen) and anterior cingulate cortex and left supplementary motor cortex (p<0.05, cluster size: 405 voxels). Performance speed on the Grooved Pegboard motor test negatively correlated with functional connectivity between the motor region of the striatum and supplementary motor frontal regions in all participants (Spearman’s rho=-0.18, p=0.04). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Our results support the hypothesis that frontostriatal abnormalities are widely present in PWH and might play a key role in HAND development. Our data suggest that dysfunction within the frontostriatal circuits may be involved in motor impairment in PWH, and ongoing inflammation may contribute to motor impairment and frontostriatal injury.

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Woolley, James, Isobel Heyman, Mick Brammer, Ian Frampton, Philip K. McGuire, and Katya Rubia. "Brain activation in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder during tasks of inhibitory control." British Journal of Psychiatry 192, no. 1 (January 2008): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036558.

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BackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be related to a dysfunction in frontostriatal pathways mediating inhibitory control. However, no functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study has tested this in children.AimsTo test whether adolescents with OCD in partial remission would show abnormal frontostriatal brain activation during tasks of inhibition.MethodEvent-related fMRI was used to compare brain activation in 10 adolescent boys with OCD with that of 9 matched controls during three different tasks of inhibitory control.ResultsDuring a ‘stop’ task, participants with OCD showed reduced activation in right orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia; inhibition failure elicited mesial frontal underactivation. Task switching and interference inhibition were associated with attenuated activation in frontal, temporoparietal and cerebellar regions.ConclusionsThese preliminary findings support the hypothesis that paediatric OCD is characterised by a dysregulation of frontostriatothalamic brain regions necessary for motor inhibition, and also demonstrate dysfunction of temporoparietal and frontocerebellar attention networks during more cognitive forms of inhibition.

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James, A., H. M. Fernandes, P. Alves Da Mota, and M. Hough. "Frontostriatal Dysconnectivity in adolescent Onset Schizophrenia and its Associations with Cognition: An MRI Volumetric and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.044.

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BackgroundAdolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS) is associated with cognitive impairment and poor clinical outcome. Cognitive dysfunction is thought to reflect functional dysconnectivity between the frontal cortex and the striatum, Previous work [1] has shown frontostriatal dysconnectivity in large WM tracts explain core cognitive deficits, with processing speed, which is affected by alterations in WM connectivity, being an intermediary variable.ObjectiveTo undertake a follow-up MRI study using whole-brain structural connectomics to track topological changes in the follow-up (1st episode versus follow-up), in order to characterize the early stages (evolution of the first two years) of the disorder.DesignA follow-up study of 25 AOS subjects and 25 age and sex-matched healthy subjects.OutcomeNetwork theory will be applied to identify topological alterations in structural networks, including frontostriatal white matter (WM) tracts in relation to cognition and outcome measures.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Alexopoulos, George S. "Frontostriatal and Limbic Dysfunction in Late-Life Depression." American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 10, no. 6 (November 2002): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200211000-00007.

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Liston, Conor, Richard Watts, Nim Tottenham, Matthew C. Davidson, Sumit Niogi, Aziz M. Ulug, and B. J. Casey. "Frontostriatal Microstructure Modulates Efficient Recruitment of Cognitive Control." Cerebral Cortex 16, no. 4 (July 20, 2005): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj003.

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Yuan, Kai, Dahua Yu, Meng Zhao, Min Li, Ruonan Wang, Yangding Li, Peter Manza, et al. "Abnormal frontostriatal tracts in young male tobacco smokers." NeuroImage 183 (December 2018): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.046.

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Colibazzi, Tiziano, Anissa Abi-Dargham, Guillermo Horga, Yuankai Huo, and Zhishun Wang. "ABNORMALITIES OF FRONTOSTRIATAL CIRCUITS IN THE PSYCHOSIS PRODROME." Schizophrenia Research 153 (April 2014): S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70111-2.

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DePasque, Samantha, and Adriana Galván. "Frontostriatal development and probabilistic reinforcement learning during adolescence." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 143 (September 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.009.

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Tang, Joyce, and Antonio P. Strafella. "The frontostriatal circuitry and behavioral complications in PD." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 18 (January 2012): S104—S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70033-5.

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Margolis, Amy. "44.4 FRONTOSTRIATAL CONTROL CIRCUITS IN CHILDREN WITH DYSLEXIA." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 55, no. 10 (October 2016): S329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.382.

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Mobbs, Dean, Mark A. Eckert, Debra Mills, Julie Korenberg, Ursula Bellugi, Albert M. Galaburda, and Allan L. Reiss. "Frontostriatal Dysfunction During Response Inhibition in Williams Syndrome." Biological Psychiatry 62, no. 3 (August 2007): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.041.

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Blair, Melanie, Jennifer Stewart, April May, Martina Reske, Susan Tapert, and Martin Paulus. "S269. Frontostriatal Biomarkers Predict Stimulant and Marijuana Use." Biological Psychiatry 83, no. 9 (May 2018): S453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.1161.

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Shin, Sangho, Wi Hoon Jung, Robert McCutcheon, Mattia Veronese, Katherine Beck, Jae Sung Lee, Yun-Sang Lee, Oliver D. Howes, Euitae Kim, and Jun Soo Kwon. "The Relationship Between Frontostriatal Connectivity and Striatal Dopamine Function in Schizophrenia: An 18F-DOPA PET and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study in Treatment Responsive and Resistant Patients." Psychiatry Investigation 19, no. 7 (July 25, 2022): 570–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2022.0033.

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Objective Striatal dopamine dysfunction caused by cortical abnormalities is a leading hypothesis of schizophrenia. Although prefrontal cortical pathology is negatively correlated with striatal dopamine synthesis, the relationship between structural frontostriatal connectivity and striatal dopamine synthesis has not been proved in patients with schizophrenia with different treatment response. We therefore investigated the relationship between frontostriatal connectivity and striatal dopamine synthesis in treatment-responsive schizophrenia (non-TRS) and compared them to treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) and healthy controls (HC).Methods Twenty-four patients with schizophrenia and twelve HC underwent [<sup>18</sup>F] DOPA PET scans to measure dopamine synthesis capacity (the influx rate constant K<sub>i</sub><sup>cer</sup>) and diffusion 3T MRI to measure structural connectivity (fractional anisotropy, FA). Connectivity was assessed in 2 major frontostriatal tracts. Associations between K<sub>i</sub><sup>cer</sup> and FA in each group were evaluated using Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients.Results Non-TRS showed a negative correlation (r=-0.629, p=0.028) between connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-associative striatum (DLPFC-AST) and dopamine synthesis capacity of associative striatum but this was not evident in TRS (r=-0.07, p=0.829) and HC (r=-0.277, p=0.384).Conclusion Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis of dysregulation of the striatal dopaminergic system being related to prefrontal cortex pathology localized to connectivity of DLPFC-AST in non-TRS, and also extend the hypothesis to suggest that different mechanisms underlie the pathophysiology of non-TRS and TRS.

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Kim, Seoyoung, Wi Hoon Jung, Oliver D. Howes, Mattia Veronese, Federico E. Turkheimer, Yun-Sang Lee, Jae Sung Lee, Euitae Kim, and Jun Soo Kwon. "Frontostriatal functional connectivity and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in schizophrenia in terms of antipsychotic responsiveness: an [18F]DOPA PET and fMRI study." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 15 (November 21, 2018): 2533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718003471.

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AbstractBackgroundGiven that only a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia responds to first-line antipsychotic drugs, a key clinical question is what underlies treatment response. Observations that prefrontal activity correlates with striatal dopaminergic function, have led to the hypothesis that disrupted frontostriatal functional connectivity (FC) could be associated with altered dopaminergic function. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between frontostriatal FC and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in patients with schizophrenia who had responded to first-line antipsychotic drug compared with those who had failed but responded to clozapine.MethodsTwenty-four symptomatically stable patients with schizophrenia were recruited from Seoul National University Hospital, 12 of which responded to first-line antipsychotic drugs (first-line AP group) and 12 under clozapine (clozapine group), along with 12 matched healthy controls. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and [18F]DOPA PET scans.ResultsNo significant difference was found in the total PANSS score between the patient groups. Voxel-based analysis showed a significant correlation between frontal FC to the associative striatum and the influx rate constant of [18F]DOPA in the corresponding region in the first-line AP group. Region-of-interest analysis confirmed the result (control group: R2 = 0.019, p = 0.665; first-line AP group: R2 = 0.675, p < 0.001; clozapine group: R2 = 0.324, p = 0.054) and the correlation coefficients were significantly different between the groups.ConclusionsThe relationship between striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and frontostriatal FC is different between responders to first-line treatment and clozapine treatment in schizophrenia, indicating that a different pathophysiology could underlie schizophrenia in patients who respond to first-line treatments relative to those who do not.

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Joyce, E. M., S. L. Collinson, and P. Crichton. "Verbal fluency in schizophrenia: relationship with executive function, semantic memory and clinical alogia." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 1 (January 1996): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700033705.

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SynopsisTo examine whether poor verbal fluency in schizophrenia represents a degraded semantic store or inefficient access to a normal semantic store, 25 normal volunteers and 50 DSM-III-R schizophrenic patients, matched for age, sex and IQ, were recruited. Although schizophrenic patients were impaired on both letter and category fluency, they showed a normal pattern of output in that category was superior to letter fluency, and an improvement in category fluency when a cueing technique was employed (Randolph et al. 1993). These results resemble those found in disorders of frontostriatal systems (Parkinson's and Huntington's disease) and suggest that poor verbal fluency in schizophrenia is because of inefficient access to semantic store. A measure of improvement with cueing was directly related to performance on the Stroop executive task. Of all symptom measures derived from SANS and Manchester Scales, only alogia was related to verbal fluency in that superior improvement correlated inversely with the degree of alogia. It is suggested that both alogia and poor verbal fluency are mediated by the same underlying cognitive abnormality that reflects frontostriatal dysfunction.

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Duerden, Emma G., Dallas Card, Ilyse D. Lax, Elizabeth J. Donner, and Margot J. Taylor. "Alterations in frontostriatal pathways in children born very preterm." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 55, no. 10 (July 16, 2013): 952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12198.

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Ullsperger, Markus, and D. Yves von Cramon. "The Role of Intact Frontostriatal Circuits in Error Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.4.651.

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The basal ganglia have been suggested to play a key role in performance monitoring and resulting behavioral adjustments. It is assumed that the integration of prefrontal and motor cortico—striato—thalamo—cortical circuits provides contextual information to the motor anterior cingulate cortex regions to enable their function in performance monitoring. So far, direct evidence is missing, however. We addressed the involvement of frontostriatal circuits in performance monitoring by collecting event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and behavioral data in nine patients with focal basal ganglia lesions and seven patients with lateral prefrontal cortex lesions while they performed a flanker task. In both patient groups, the amplitude of the error-related negativity was reduced, diminishing the difference to the ERPs on correct responses. Despite these electrophysiological abnormalities, most of the patients were able to correct errors. Only in lateral prefrontal cortex patients whose lesions extended into the frontal white matter, disrupting the connections to the motor anterior cingulate cortex and the striatum, were error corrections severely impaired. In sum, the fronto—striato—thalamo—cortical circuits seem necessary for the generation of error-related negativity, even when brain plasticity has resulted in behavioral compensation of the damage. Thus, error-related ERPs in patients provide a sensitive measure of the integrity of the performance monitoring network.

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Owen, Adrian M., Barbara J. Sahakian, John R. Hodges, Beatrice A. Summers, Charles E. Polkey, and Trevor W. Robbins. "Dopamine-dependent frontostriatal planning deficits in early Parkinson's disease." Neuropsychology 9, no. 1 (1995): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.9.1.126.

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Weber, Susanna C., Thorsten Kahnt, Boris B. Quednow, and Philippe N. Tobler. "Frontostriatal pathways gate processing of behaviorally relevant reward dimensions." PLOS Biology 16, no. 10 (October 19, 2018): e2005722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005722.

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Marsh, Rachel, Tiago V. Maia, and Bradley S. Peterson. "Functional Disturbances Within Frontostriatal Circuits Across Multiple Childhood Psychopathologies." American Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 6 (June 2009): 664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091354.

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Mason, S., J. Zhang, J. Rowe, R. Barker, and A. Hampshire. "E24 Frontostriatal Abnormalities In Huntington's Disease: An Fmri Study." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 85, Suppl 1 (September 1, 2014): A45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-309032.127.

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Espinoza, S., G. Lignani, I. Sukhanov, L. Caffino, S. Maggi, D. Leo, V. Tucci, F. Fumagalli, and R. R. Gainetdinov. "P.1.j.018 TAAR1 deficiency produces frontostriatal dysfunctions." European Neuropsychopharmacology 24 (October 2014): S329—S330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(14)70523-1.

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