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Статті в журналах з теми "Frequentist paradigms"
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Neupert, Shevaun D., Claire M. Growney, Xianghe Zhu, Julia K. Sorensen, Emily L. Smith, and Jan Hannig. "BFF: Bayesian, Fiducial, and Frequentist Analysis of Cognitive Engagement among Cognitively Impaired Older Adults." Entropy 23, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23040428.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Engagement in cognitively demanding activities is beneficial to preserving cognitive health. Our goal was to demonstrate the utility of frequentist, Bayesian, and fiducial statistical methods for evaluating the robustness of effects in identifying factors that contribute to cognitive engagement for older adults experiencing cognitive decline. We collected a total of 504 observations across two longitudinal waves of data from 28 cognitively impaired older adults. Participants’ systolic blood pressure responsivity, an index of cognitive engagement, was continuously sampled during cognitive testing. Participants reported on physical and mental health challenges and provided hair samples to assess chronic stress at each wave. Using the three statistical paradigms, we compared results from six model testing levels and longitudinal changes in health and stress predicting changes in cognitive engagement. Findings were mostly consistent across the three paradigms, providing additional confidence in determining effects. We extend selective engagement theory to cognitive impairment, noting that health challenges and stress appear to be important moderators. Further, we emphasize the utility of the Bayesian and fiducial paradigms for use with relatively small sample sizes because they are not based on asymptotic distributions. In particular, the fiducial paradigm is a useful tool because it provides more information than p values without the need to specify prior distributions, which may unduly influence the results based on a small sample. We provide the R code used to develop and implement all models.
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Neupert, Shevaun D., and Jan Hannig. "BFF: Bayesian, Fiducial, Frequentist Analysis of Age Effects in Daily Diary Data." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 1 (August 17, 2019): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz100.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objectives We apply new statistical models to daily diary data to advance both methodological and conceptual goals. We examine age effects in within-person slopes in daily diary data and introduce Generalized Fiducial Inference (GFI), which provides a compromise between frequentist and Bayesian inference. We use daily stressor exposure data across six domains to generate within-person emotional reactivity slopes with daily negative affect. We test for systematic age differences and similarities in these reactivity slopes, which are inconsistent in previous research. Method One hundred and eleven older (aged 60–90) and 108 younger (aged 18–36) adults responded to daily stressor and negative affect questions each day for eight consecutive days, resulting in 1,438 total days. Daily stressor domains included arguments, avoided arguments, work/volunteer stressors, home stressors, network stressors, and health-related stressors. Results Using Bayesian, GFI, and frequentist paradigms, we compared results for the six stressor domains with a focus on interpreting age effects in within-person reactivity. Multilevel models suggested null age effects in emotional reactivity across each of the paradigms within the domains of avoided arguments, work/volunteer stressors, home stressors, and health-related stressors. However, the models diverged with respect to null age effects in emotional reactivity to arguments and network stressors. Discussion The three paradigms converged on null age effects in reactivity for four of the six stressor domains. GFI is a useful tool that provides additional information when making determinations regarding null age effects in within-person slopes. We provide the code for readers to apply these models to their own data.
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Chinembiri, Tsikai Solomon, Onisimo Mutanga, and Timothy Dube. "Carbon Stock Prediction in Managed Forest Ecosystems Using Bayesian and Frequentist Geostatistical Techniques and New Generation Remote Sensing Metrics." Remote Sensing 15, no. 6 (March 18, 2023): 1649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15061649.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study compares the performance of a hierarchical Bayesian geostatistical methodology with a frequentist geostatistical approach, specifically, Kriging with External Drift (KED), for predicting C stock using prediction aides from the Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 multispectral remote sensing platforms. The frequentist geostatistical approach’s reliance on the long-run frequency of repeated experiments for constructing confidence intervals is not always practical or feasible, as practitioners typically have access to a single dataset due to cost constraints on surveys and sampling. We evaluated two approaches for C stock prediction using two new generation multispectral remote sensing datasets because of the inherent uncertainty characterizing spatial prediction problems in the unsampled locations, as well as differences in how the Bayesian and frequentist geostatistical paradigms handle uncertainty. Information on C stock spectral prediction in the form of NDVI, SAVI, and EVI derived from multispectral remote sensing platforms, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2, was used to build Bayesian and frequentist-based C stock predictive models in the sampled plantation forest ecosystem. Sentinel-2-based C stock predictive models outperform their Landsat-8 counterparts using both the Bayesian and frequentist inference approaches. However, the Bayesian-based Sentinel-2 C stock predictive model (RMSE = 0.17 MgCha−1) is more accurate than its frequentist-based Sentinel-2 (RMSE = 1.19 MgCha−1) C stock equivalent. The Sentinel-2 frequentist-based C stock predictive model gave the C stock prediction range of 1 ≤ MgCha−1 ≤ 290, whilst the Sentinel-2 Bayesian-based C stock predictive model resulted in the prediction range of 1 ≤ MgCha−1 ≤ 285. However, both the Bayesian and frequentist C stock predictive models built with the Landsat-8 sensor overpredicted the sampled C stock because the range of predicted values fell outside the range of the observed C stock values. As a result, we recommend and conclude that the Bayesian-based C stock prediction method, when it is combined with high-quality remote sensing data such as that of Sentinel-2, is an effective inferential statistical methodology for reporting C stock in managed plantation forest ecosystems.
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Bojinov, Iavor I., Natesh S. Pillai, and Donald B. Rubin. "Diagnosing missing always at random in multivariate data." Biometrika 107, no. 1 (November 23, 2019): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asz061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary Models for analysing multivariate datasets with missing values require strong, often unassessable, assumptions. The most common of these is that the mechanism that created the missing data is ignorable, which is a two-fold assumption dependent on the mode of inference. The first part, which is the focus here, under the Bayesian and direct-likelihood paradigms requires that the missing data be missing at random; in contrast, the frequentist-likelihood paradigm demands that the missing data mechanism always produce missing at random data, a condition known as missing always at random. Under certain regularity conditions, assuming missing always at random leads to a condition that can be tested using the observed data alone, namely that the missing data indicators depend only on fully observed variables. In this note we propose three different diagnostic tests that not only indicate when this assumption is incorrect but also suggest which variables are the most likely culprits. Although missing always at random is not a necessary condition to ensure validity under the Bayesian and direct-likelihood paradigms, it is sufficient, and evidence of its violation should encourage the careful statistician to conduct targeted sensitivity analyses.
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Schnute, Jon T. "A General Framework for Developing Sequential Fisheries Models." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1676–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A sequential fisheries model relates observed data to the biological dynamics of an underlying stock. Either model component, dynamic or observational, can be subject to statistical variation. Current fisheries literature includes models with (1) variable dynamics and no observation error, (2) deterministic dynamics and observations subject to measurement error, and (3) combined dynamic and measurement variability. This paper presents a general framework for developing sequential fishery models and estimating model parameters from available data. The framework encompasses most traditional stock assessment models and suggests new, potentially useful extensions. It generalizes the conventional definition of state space model to include nonlinear equations with nonnormal error. The paper rigorously compares two paradigms (KF: Kalman filter, EV: errors in variables) used for parameter estimation. Each paradigm is formulated in both frequentist and Bayes contexts, where Bayes is shown to be most appropriate for the EV paradigm. Model design concepts are illustrated with a simple example oriented to catch data and a more complex example with catch-at-age data. Because the framework forces essential questions to be asked about underlying processes, observed data, and sources of variability, it can help delineate the limits of current knowledge and establish rational priorities for future data collection.
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Ateeq, Kahkashan, Saima Altaf, and Muhammad Aslam. "Modeling and Bayesian Analysis of Time between the Breakdown of Electric Feeders." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2022 (May 30, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5830945.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The failure of electric feeders is a common problem in the summer season in Pakistan. In this article, one of the troubling aspects of the electric power system of Pakistan (Multan city) has been studied. The time lapses between the breakdown of electric feeders of the city have been modeled by suggesting an inverse Rayleigh-exponential distribution. The parameters of the distribution are estimated in both the frequentist and Bayesian paradigms. Since the Bayes estimators under informative priors are not attained in the closed form, this paper provides a comparative analysis of the Bayes estimators under Lindley and Tierney–Kadane approximation methods. The simulation study and the real-life data set assessed the validity of the model and the superiority of the Bayes estimators over the maximum likelihood estimators.
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Bahnmueller, Julia, Krzysztof Cipora, Silke Melanie Göbel, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, and Mojtaba Soltanlou. "Pick the smaller number: No influence of linguistic markedness on three-digit number processing." Journal of Numerical Cognition 7, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.6057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The symbolic number comparison task has been widely used to investigate the cognitive representation and underlying processes of multi-digit number processing. The standard procedure to establish numerical distance and compatibility effects in such number comparison paradigms usually entails asking participants to indicate the larger of two presented multi-digit Arabic numbers rather than to indicate the smaller number. In terms of linguistic markedness, this procedure includes the unmarked/base form in the task instruction (i.e., large). Here we evaluate distance and compatibility effects in a three-digit number comparison task observed in Bahnmueller et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01216) using a marked task instruction (i.e., ‘pick the smaller number’). Moreover, we aimed at clarifying whether the markedness of task instruction influences common numerical effects and especially componential processing as indexed by compatibility effects. We instructed German- and English-speaking adults (N = 52) to indicate the smaller number in a three-digit number comparison task as opposed to indicating the larger number in Bahnmueller et al. (2015). We replicated standard effects of distance and compatibility in the new pick the smaller number experiment. Moreover, when comparing our findings to Bahnmueller et al. (2015), numerical effects did not differ significantly between the two studies as indicated by both frequentist and Bayesian analysis. Taken together our data suggest that distance and compatibility effects alongside componential processing of multi-digit numbers are rather robust against variations of linguistic markedness of task instructions.
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Poirier, Dale J. "Frequentist and Subjectivist Perspectives on the Problems of Model Building in Economics." Journal of Economic Perspectives 2, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.2.1.121.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
I plan to discuss, in as simple and nontechnical a fashion as possible, the subjectivist-Bayesian attitude toward model building in econometrics and to contrast it with the standard frequentist attitude. To convey what I believe is the principle distinguishing attitude between Bayesians and non-Bayesians, I refer to their respective positions as “subjectivist” and “frequentist.” The basic differences between these positions arise from different interpretations of “probability.” Frequentists interpret probability as a property of the external world, i.e., the limiting relative frequency of the occurrence of an event as the number of suitably defined trials goes to infinity. For a subjectivist, probability is interpreted as a degree of belief fundamentally internal to the individual as opposed to some characteristic of the external world. Subjective probability measures a relationship between the observer and events (not necessarily “repetitive”) of the outside world, expressing the observer's personal uncertainty about those events. The subjectivist paradigm is designed to produce “coherent” revisions in beliefs about future observables in light of observed data. Most of the issues I raise are familiar to statisticians but not to economists. Rather than give the suspicious reader a menu of Bayesian techniques, I hope to create an interest in acquiring a taste for the Bayesian cuisine by recommending five pragmatic principles.
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Westera, Wim. "Comparing Bayesian Statistics and Frequentist Statistics in Serious Games Research." International Journal of Serious Games 8, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v8i1.403.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents three empirical studies on the effectiveness of serious games for learning and motivation, while it compares the results arising from Frequentist (classical) Statistics with those from Bayesian Statistics. For a long time it has been technically impracticable to apply Bayesian Statistics and benefit from its conceptual superiority, but the emergence of automated sampling algorithms and user-friendly tools has radically simplified its usage. The three studies include two within-subjects designs and one between-subjects design. Unpaired t-tests, mixed factorial ANOVAs and multiple linear regression are used for the analyses. Overall, the games are found to have clear positive effects on learning and motivation, be it that the results from Bayesian Statistics are more strict and more informative, and possess several conceptual advantages. Accordingly, the paper calls for more emphasis on Bayesian Statistics in serious games research and beyond, as to reduce the present domination by the Frequentist Paradigm.
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Bartlett, Jonathan W., and Ruth H. Keogh. "Bayesian correction for covariate measurement error: A frequentist evaluation and comparison with regression calibration." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 27, no. 6 (September 28, 2016): 1695–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280216667764.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bayesian approaches for handling covariate measurement error are well established and yet arguably are still relatively little used by researchers. For some this is likely due to unfamiliarity or disagreement with the Bayesian inferential paradigm. For others a contributory factor is the inability of standard statistical packages to perform such Bayesian analyses. In this paper, we first give an overview of the Bayesian approach to handling covariate measurement error, and contrast it with regression calibration, arguably the most commonly adopted approach. We then argue why the Bayesian approach has a number of statistical advantages compared to regression calibration and demonstrate that implementing the Bayesian approach is usually quite feasible for the analyst. Next, we describe the closely related maximum likelihood and multiple imputation approaches and explain why we believe the Bayesian approach to generally be preferable. We then empirically compare the frequentist properties of regression calibration and the Bayesian approach through simulation studies. The flexibility of the Bayesian approach to handle both measurement error and missing data is then illustrated through an analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Дисертації з теми "Frequentist paradigms"
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Santos, Nuno Manuel Patrício dos. "As potencialidades de captação de clientes através de parcerias com Instituições Financeiras: o caso dos agentes de viagens em Portugal." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/2780.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O presente estudo propõem uma abordagem de marketing complementar às actualmente
usadas pelos agentes de viagens, mais eficaz para fazer face a um contexto de
desintermediação crescente, verificada no mercado das viagens de turismo. Este fenómeno,
provocado pelos notáveis avanços verificados nas tecnologias de informação e comunicação,
pelas profundas alterações verificadas nos hábitos de compra dos clientes de viagens de
turismo, e pelo novo posicionamento dos diversos fornecedores de serviços que compõem
esta oferta agregada, tende a colocar dificuldades aos agentes de viagens tradicionais, que se
baseiam exclusivamente em extensas redes físicas de balcões, oferta padronizada de destinos
massificados a preços competitivos, campanhas de promoção sistemática e merchandising
agressivo. Este novo contexto, provocou alterações significativas na actividade primária dos
agentes de viagens, realçando a sua componente de prestador de serviços e de especialista
conselheiro dos clientes, equidistante dos fornecedores das várias componentes das viagens.
Nesta nova lógica (emergente no mercado nacional) em que os clientes assumem um papel
cada vez mais activo – sobretudo os viajantes frequentes e experimentados – o paradigma
tradicional do marketing-mix poderá não ser capaz per si de permitir este reposicionamento,
essencial à sobrevivência futura de redes alargadas de agentes de viagens de turismo. Tendo
como pano de fundo, os principais desafios que, segundo Kotler, enfrentam as empresas de
serviços (diferenciação competitiva, qualidade de serviço e produtividade) procuraremos ao
longo deste trabalho avaliar, à luz da teoria do marketing relacional, o potencial de captação e
estabelecimento de relações rentáveis e duradouras com novos clientes de viagens.
Os resultados indicam que as parcerias de distribuição desenvolvidas entre os intermediários
de viagens e instituições financeiras de largo espectro são mais eficazes, do que as acções de
marketing massificado, na captação de viajantes frequentes, experimentados e independentes,
que quanto maiores forem os benefícios proporcionados aos clientes dos parceiros pelas
acções desenvolvidas, mais viajantes adquirem serviços aos agentes de viagens mas não
demonstrou que o negócio gerado por este tipo de acções gere maiores margens para os
agentes de viagem, facto que sugere que a rentabilização das relações com estes clientes passa
pelo desenvolvimento (em fases posteriores à captação) de abordagens centradas na retenção
e no aprofundamento das relações com este tipo de viajantes, baseadas numa forte interacção
entre clientes, fornecedores e outros stakeholders.The present research study proposes a complementary and more effective marketing approach to travel agencies, to face a growing disintermediation process going on in leisure travel market. This phenomenon, due to huge IT innovations and developments, changing consumer behaviour and primary supplier’s new positioning, is creating new and increasing difficulties to traditional travel agents, based on extensive network of branches, standard offers, massmarket destinations at low prices, systematic promotion campaigns and aggressive merchandising. This new context, deeply changed travel agents’ primary activity, reinforced their role as service provider and customer’s consultant, equidistant from different kind and types of suppliers. This new and emergent logic, in which customers – specially frequent and independent travellers - assume a more active role in their trip’s reservations, marketing mix paradigm may not be able to allow this focus changing, essential to future survival of extensive networks of travel agencies’ branches. Having in mind, main challenges services companies are facing, in Kotler’s point of view (quality, differentiation and productivity), we will evaluate, within relational marketing concepts and theory, capacity of recruitment, retention and enhancement with a new and emergent type of travellers. Results show that distribution partnerships, developed between travel agents and financial institutions are more effective than mass-market initiatives in independent and frequent traveller’s recruitment, the more benefits those customers can get from travel agent’s partner, due to this kind of partnerships, more services those will acquire to travel agents but didn’t confirm the initial idea that those kind of actions would allow better margins for travel agents, suggesting that customer’s enhancement to long term relationships could only be obtained through strong and permanent interactions between suppliers, customers and other stakeholders.
Книги з теми "Frequentist paradigms"
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Titelbaum, Michael G. Fundamentals of Bayesian Epistemology 2. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863140.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book introduces readers to the fundamentals of Bayesian epistemology. It begins by motivating and explaining the idea of a degree of belief (also known as a “credence”). It then presents Bayesians’ five core normative rules governing degrees of belief: Kolmogorov’s three probability axioms, the Ratio Formula for conditional credences, and Conditionalization for updating credences over time. After considering a few proposed additions to these norms, it applies the core rules to confirmation and decision theory. The book then details arguments for the Bayesian rules based on representation theorems, Dutch Books, and accuracy measures. Finally, it looks at objections and challenges to Bayesian epistemology. It presents problems concerning memory loss, self-location, old evidence, logical omniscience, and the subjectivity of priors. It considers the rival statistical paradigms of frequentism and likelihoodism. Then it explores alternative Bayesian-style formalisms involving comparative confidence rankings, credences ranges, and Dempster-Shafer functions.
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Titelbaum, Michael G. Fundamentals of Bayesian Epistemology 1. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198707608.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book introduces readers to the fundamentals of Bayesian epistemology. It begins by motivating and explaining the idea of a degree of belief (also known as a “credence”). It then presents Bayesians’ five core normative rules governing degrees of belief: Kolmogorov’s three probability axioms, the Ratio Formula for conditional credences, and Conditionalization for updating credences over time. After considering a few proposed additions to these norms, it applies the core rules to confirmation and decision theory. The book then details arguments for the Bayesian rules based on representation theorems, Dutch Books, and accuracy measures. Finally, it looks at objections and challenges to Bayesian epistemology. It presents problems concerning memory loss, self-location, old evidence, logical omniscience, and the subjectivity of priors. It considers the rival statistical paradigms of frequentism and likelihoodism. Then it explores alternative Bayesian-style formalisms involving comparative confidence rankings, credences ranges, and Dempster-Shafer functions.
Частини книг з теми "Frequentist paradigms"
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Vallverdú, Jordi. "The Coevolution, Battles, and Fights of Both Paradigms." In Bayesians Versus Frequentists, 61–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48638-2_5.
Повний текст джерела
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Ivezi, Željko, Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, Alexander Gray, Željko Ivezi, Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, and Alexander Gray. "Classical Statistical Inference." In Statistics, Data Mining, and Machine Learning in Astronomy. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151687.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter introduces the main concepts of statistical inference, or drawing conclusions from data. There are three main types of inference: point estimation, confidence estimation, and hypothesis testing. There are two major statistical paradigms which address the statistical inference questions: the classical, or frequentist paradigm, and the Bayesian paradigm. While most of statistics and machine learning is based on the classical paradigm, Bayesian techniques are being embraced by the statistical and scientific communities at an ever-increasing pace. The chapter begins with a short comparison of classical and Bayesian paradigms, and then discusses the three main types of statistical inference from the classical point of view.
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Ivezi, Željko, Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, Alexander Gray, Željko Ivezi, Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, and Alexander Gray. "Bayesian Statistical Inference." In Statistics, Data Mining, and Machine Learning in Astronomy. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151687.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter introduces the most important aspects of Bayesian statistical inference and techniques for performing such calculations in practice. It first reviews the basic steps in Bayesian inference in early sections of the chapter, and then illustrates them with several examples in sections that follow. Numerical techniques for solving complex problems are next discussed, and the final section provides a summary of pros and cons for classical and Bayesian method. It argues that most users of Bayesian estimation methods are likely to use a mix of Bayesian and frequentist tools. The reverse is also true—frequentist data analysts, even if they stay formally within the frequentist framework, are often influenced by “Bayesian thinking,” referring to “priors” and “posteriors.” The most advisable position is to know both paradigms well, in order to make informed judgments about which tools to apply in which situations.
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Ahmad, Ishfaq, Alam Zeb Khan, Mirza Barjees Baig, and Ibrahim M. Almanjahie. "Flood Frequency Analysis Using Bayesian Paradigm." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 84–103. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9771-1.ch005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At-site flood frequency analysis (FFA) of extreme hydrological events under Bayesian paradigm has been carried out and compared with frequentist paradigm of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The main objective of this chapter is to identify the best approach between Bayesian and frequentist one for at-site FFA. As a case study, the data of only two stations were used, Kotri and Rasul, and Bayesian and MLE approaches were implemented. Most commonly used tests were applied for checking initial assumptions. Goodness of fit (GOF) tests were used to identify the best model, which indicated that the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution appeared to be best fitted for both stations. Under Bayesian paradigm, quantile estimates are constructed using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation method for their respective returned periods and non-exceedance probabilities. For MCMC simulations, as compared to other sampler, the M-H sampling technique was used to generate a large number of parameters. The analysis indicated that the standard errors of the parameters' estimates and ultimately the quantiles' estimates using Bayesian methods remained less as compared to maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), which shows the superiority of Bayesian methods over conventional ones in this study. Further, the safety amendments under two techniques were also calculated, which also show the robustness of Bayesian method over MLE. The outcomes of these analyses can be used in the selection of better design criteria for water resources management, particularly in flood mitigation.
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Titelbaum, Michael G. "The Problem of the Priors and Alternatives to Bayesianism." In Fundamentals of Bayesian Epistemology 2, 445–83. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863140.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter begins with “the Problem of the Priors”, a label for the accusation that Subjective Bayesianism undermines the required objectivity of scientific reasoning. We try to clarify the problem, then ask whether it is ameliorated by mathematical “washing out of priors” results. The chapter then assesses two rival statistical paradigms that hope to recapture the necessary objectivity: frequentism (collecting the techniques presented in traditional statistics courses) and likelihoodism. It is argued that these approaches either fail to successfully capture the confirmation of hypotheses by evidence, or invoke subjective factors as well.
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Zhong, Chong, Zhihua Ma, Junshan Shen, and Catherine Liu. "Dependent Dirichlet Processes for Analysis of a Generalized Shared Frailty Model." In Computational Statistics and Applications. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101502.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bayesian paradigm takes advantage of well-fitting complicated survival models and feasible computing in survival analysis owing to the superiority in tackling the complex censoring scheme, compared with the frequentist paradigm. In this chapter, we aim to display the latest tendency in Bayesian computing, in the sense of automating the posterior sampling, through a Bayesian analysis of survival modeling for multivariate survival outcomes with the complicated data structure. Motivated by relaxing the strong assumption of proportionality and the restriction of a common baseline population, we propose a generalized shared frailty model which includes both parametric and nonparametric frailty random effects to incorporate both treatment-wise and temporal variation for multiple events. We develop a survival-function version of the ANOVA dependent Dirichlet process to model the dependency among the baseline survival functions. The posterior sampling is implemented by the No-U-Turn sampler in Stan, a contemporary Bayesian computing tool, automatically. The proposed model is validated by analysis of the bladder cancer recurrences data. The estimation is consistent with existing results. Our model and Bayesian inference provide evidence that the Bayesian paradigm fosters complex modeling and feasible computing in survival analysis, and Stan relaxes the posterior inference.
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Coelho da Silva, Vanêssa, and Alana Aparecida de Almeida. "Importância do reuso de águas residenciais como paradigma sustentável." In Estudos em Direito Ambiental - Desenvolvimento, desastres e regulação, 48–56. Editora Licuri, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58203/licuri.83842.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Os problemas relacionados a crise hídrica são cada vez mais frequentes, onde a água encontra-se ameaçada devido ao seu uso inadequado, escassez e qualidade. A educação ambiental surge como uma proposta estratégica para propor informações e alternativas concretas que minimizem os problemas ambientais à toda a comunidade, principalmente no âmbito educacional. Este estudo, teve o objetivo enfatizar a importância do reaproveitamento da água após utilização em atividades domésticas, dando ênfase as questões: identificação do nível de conhecimento e importância do reaproveitamento da água pelos alunos; conhecimento dos discentes acerca de métodos adotados para reutilização da água; participação dos mesmos em eventos com abordagem sobre o tema em questão e práticas de reuso adotadas no cotidiano. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no segundo semestre de 2017, com 54 alunos pertencentes a duas turmas do 1º ano do ensino médio, em uma escola da rede pública estadual localizada em Petrolina-PE. Foram aplicados questionários contendo 07 perguntas objetivas, abordando o tema em questão. Os dados foram analisados de forma quantitativa e descritiva em relação ao objetivo da pesquisa realizada. Para análise dos dados foi realizada a contagem de todas as alternativas marcadas pelos discentes e calculada a porcentagem referente a cada uma destas alternativas. Acerca do tema abordado os alunos sabem do uso e da importância da reutilização da água, e quais as maneiras para que esse processo de captação ocorra, no entanto, há necessidade que o tema seja trabalhado numa perspectiva mais crítica, reflexiva e com mais frequência, dentre as várias demandas educativas.