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Статті в журналах з теми "French Expedition"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 23 вересня 2022

Оновлено: 28 вересня 2022

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1

Millar, Pat. "The tension between emotive/aesthetic and analytic/scientific motifs in the work of amateur visual documenters of Antarctica's Heroic Era." Polar Record 53, no. 3 (March 9, 2017): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741700002x.

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ABSTRACTVisual documenters made a major contribution to the recording of the Heroic Era of Antarctic exploration. By far the best known were the professional photographers, Herbert Ponting and Frank Hurley, hired to photograph British and Australasian expeditions. But a great number of images – photographs and artworks – were also produced by amateurs on lesser known European expeditions and a Japanese one. These amateurs were sometimes designated official illustrators, often scientists recording their research. This paper offers a discursive examination of illustrations from the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–1899), German Deep Sea Expedition (1898–1899), German South Polar Expedition (1901–1903), Swedish South Polar Expedition (1901–1903), French Antarctic Expedition (1903–1905) and Japanese Antarctic Expedition (1910–1912), assessing their representations of exploration in Antarctica in terms of the tension between emotive/aesthetic and systematic analytic/scientific motifs. Their depictions were influenced by their illustrative skills and their ‘ways of seeing’, produced from their backgrounds and the sponsorship needs of the expedition.

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2

Lewander, Lisbeth. "The Swedish relief expedition to Antarctica 1903–04." Polar Record 39, no. 2 (April 2003): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247402002784.

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Swedish attempts in 1903–04 to rescue Otto Nordenskjöld's expedition to Antarctica are examined in the context of an international competition involving Sweden, Argentina, and France. The Swedish relief expedition, led by Captain Olof Gyldén, is viewed partly as a little-known expedition and partly for its potential as a major national event. The developments and progress of the Swedish and French expeditions are shown alongside those of the Argentine expedition, which ultimately was successful in its attempts to rescue Nordenskjöld. The Swedish relief expedition never produced a significant national collective memory, unlike several other unsuccessful rescue operations. Potential reasons for this are examined, including the role of internal conflicts among individuals both on the expedition and in Sweden, and the failure to make the expedition a national event. The different attempts to make the relief expedition a major nationalist effort included issues concerning choice of vessel, staff, and equipment; media accounts of competing relief expeditions in which Sweden's positive national features were contrasted with those of ‘others;’ and the views on the competition expressed by various participants.

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3

Budd, Grahame M. "Australian exploration of Heard Island, 1947–1971." Polar Record 43, no. 2 (March 28, 2007): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247407006080.

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In 1947 knowledge of Heard Island was confined to a rough mapping compiled by nineteenth-century sealers, and the results of four scientific expeditions that had briefly investigated the Atlas Cove area. Exploration continued in two distinct periods between 1947 and 1971. In the first period the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) built a scientific station at Atlas Cove in 1947, and occupied it continuously until 1955 as an ‘A Class’ meteorological station, a seismic and magnetic observatory, and a base for other scientific studies and for exploration of the island. In the second period four summer expeditions and one wintering expedition worked on the island between 1963 and 1971. The summer expeditions were an ANARE expedition in 1963, an Australian private expedition (The South Indian Ocean Expedition to Heard Island) in 1965, and ANARE expeditions in 1969 and 1971 associated with United States and French expeditions. A United States expedition wintered in 1969. There were no further expeditions until 1980. The years 1947–1971 saw many achievements. Expedition members recorded seven years of synoptic meteorological observations and four years of seismic and magnetic observations. They developed empirical techniques of work, travel, and survival that shaped the collective character of ANARE and were later applied in Antarctica. Despite difficult terrain and consistently bad weather, and the accidental deaths of two men in 1952, unsupported field parties of two or three men travelling on foot explored and mapped in detail the heavily glaciated island, and documented its topography, geology, glaciology and biology. They made three overland circuits of the island, the first ascent of Big Ben (2745 m), and the first recorded landing on the nearby McDonald Islands. Expedition members bred and trained dog teams for later use in Antarctica. They reported the commencement and subsequent progress of massive glacier retreat caused by regional warming, and of the island's colonisation by king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) and antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). They also reported measurements of glacier flow and thickness, the palaeomagnetism of Heard Island rocks, behavioural and population studies of southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) and other birds, studies of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) and leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx), and the cold stress and acclimatisation experienced by humans working in the island's wet-cold climate. In addition, Heard Island served as a testing ground for men, equipment, scientific programmes, huskies, general administration, and logistics, without which Mawson station could not have been established as successfully as it was in 1954. The American wintering expedition and the French summer expedition contributed to major international geodetic and geophysical investigations. In sum, the expeditions between 1947 and 1971 added much to our knowledge of Heard Island, and they laid down a solid foundation for the work of later expeditions.

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4

GREENFIELD, JEROME. "THE MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1862–1867 AND THE END OF THE FRENCH SECOND EMPIRE." Historical Journal 63, no. 3 (February 12, 2020): 660–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000657.

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AbstractThe French expedition to Mexico from 1862 to 1867 rarely features in accounts of the origins of the Franco-Prussian War or of the liberalization of the French Second Empire in its final years. By contrast, this article uses a range of archival and published sources to argue that the failure of the Mexican expedition was an important factor in the crisis that convulsed French politics in the late 1860s. The legitimacy of the fiscal-military system was undermined, partly because of the burdens that the expedition imposed on the French people. There resulted difficulties over finance and the army, which hindered the Second Empire's ability to confront the Prussian threat and accelerated the emergence of the ‘Liberal Empire’ with the constitutional reforms of 1867–70. Liberalization, though, could not rescue the imperial regime, and the legitimacy crisis of the Second Empire was only resolved by a transition to a parliamentary democracy under the Third Republic.

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5

NIETO, CAROLINA, and TOMÁŠ DERKA. "A new species of the genus Spiritiops Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) from the Pantepui biogeographical province." Zootaxa 3256, no. 1 (April 4, 2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3256.1.5.

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The genus Spiritiops was described by Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty in 1998. Since then, only the type species, S. silvudus,was reported from different countries, such as Brazil, French Guiana, Surinam and Venezuela. In the last years, variousinternational speleological expedition explored summits of some table mountains called tepuis in Guyana region in south-eastern Venezuela. Here we describe a new species of the genus Spiritiops, found at three tepuis (Auyán-tepui, Churí-tepui and Mt. Roraima) during above mentioned speleological expeditions.

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6

LYONS, WILLIAM G., and MARTIN AVERY SNYDER. "Fasciolariidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) of French Guiana and nearby regions, with descriptions of two new species and comments on marine zoogeography of northeastern South America." Zootaxa 4585, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4585.2.2.

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The fasciolariid fauna from two expeditions to French Guiana is examined and augmented with published records and material of other collections from the Guianas and northeastern Brazil. Twelve species of Fasciolaria and Aurantilaria (Fasciolariinae), Aristofusus, Lyonsifusus and Fusinus s.l. (Fusininae), and Lamellilatirus and Polygona (Peristerniinae) are reported and discussed. Nine species are represented in expedition collections, and reports of three other species are evaluated. Two morphologically distinct species of Lamellilatirus are described as new; type localities of both are off French Guiana, 114–118 m. Ten Guianan fasciolariids range variously northward to Caribbean South America and the Lesser Antilles and southward to Ceará, Brazil; one other extends into the northern Caribbean, and one extends southward to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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7

Dobrolyubska, Y., and O. Prysiazhniuk. "French Morea Expedition of 1828-1833: the Origins of Colonial Discourse." Problems of World History, no. 10 (February 27, 2020): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-10-5.

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Philhellenism existed in European society long before to the Morea expedition, the latter only exacerbated this tendency. The expedition helped to transform the superficial interest into a scientific interest, since its materials formed a scientific and aesthetic luggage, which remained one of the best for many years for European scientists who were unable to visit the region in person. The ancient Greek ruins aroused the admiration and awe of Europeans who saw in them a largely romanticized past. Officers, soldiers and people of art became the first group to form a collective memory of the past. For them, these events were emotionally colored. When they return home, scientists, artists, and even officers will become carriers and translators of this collective memory in French society. This group was the bearer of information about the monuments and treasures of the ancient Greeks, the key events, the most important details of Greek antiquity – the cradle of European civilization and its values. The scientific Morea expedition was important for the expansion of knowledge about Greece as a country and its ancient heritage. In architecture, sculpture, painting, furniture, and decorative art, ancient Greek motives were actively used – usually in a much romanticized and ornate form. After the expedition, European museums and numerous collectors began to show increased interest in Greek culture. The downside of this interest was the active plundering of the country’s cultural heritage. Another result of the expedition was that science began to be regarded as “politics of the XIX century”.

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8

MacCAFFREY, WALLACE T. "THE NEWHAVEN EXPEDITION, 1562–1563." Historical Journal 40, no. 1 (March 1997): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x9600698x.

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England's decision to opt for the reformed religion had major repercussions in her foreign relations. Continental and Scottish protestants now looked to their royal co-religionist for protection. An intervention in Scotland on behalf of the reformers was triumphantly successful. When the French protestants took arms in 1562 they turned to Elizabeth for aid. Cecil was hesitant; Robert Dudley, however, backed by Throckmorton, urged armed intervention. The queen agreed but drove a hard bargain. The Huguenots were to hand over Newhaven (Le Havre) to be held by the English until Calais was returned. She in turn loaned money to hire mercenaries. From the beginning the alliance faltered. Elizabeth refused succour to the Huguenots besieged in Rouen. Condé and Coligny opened negotiations with Catherine de Medici, in which English interests were disregarded. In due course the assassination of the duke of Guise, the catholic champion, opened the way for a settlement. The reunited French parties joined in an assault on Newhaven; a humiliating surrender followed. The ill success of this venture was decisive in shaping the future course of English relations with their continental co-religionists. At home it marked the emergence of Robert Dudley as a major player in high politics.

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9

Kochetkov, Dmitry. "Second Contact of Maori with French: Marion Dufresne's Expedition." South East Asia Actual problems of Development, no. 4 (53) (2021): 240–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2021-4-4-53-240-261.

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This article is about the second visit of the French sailors to New Zealand and their contact with the native New Zealanders now known as Maori people. During this visit a tragic series of conflicts that was started at the first visit got it’s development. That could affect the whole process of French and British colonization of Polynesia.

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10

Berezhnaya, Natalia. "Religious Propaganda or Political Manifest: “Open Letters” of Johann Casimir of Palatinate." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018679-5.

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In the 16th century the factors of confessional propaganda and “public opinion” become very important for public power. Each princedom, defining the principles of imperial and "foreign" policy, was guided by the confessional motivation of the prince and all structures of territorial power (courts institutions, Landtags, city councils), as well as that part of society that had a consolidated opinion in religious affairs (universities, Landeskirchen). Johann Casimir (1543—1592), the son of the Elector Palatinate Friedrich III and regent for his nephew Friedrich IV, began to form the pro-calvinist confessional-political course of the Palatinate. He organized and led the several expeditions to help the French and Dutch Calvinists. The accession to the throne of the Lutheran Ludwig VI made it impossible for Johann Casimir to use the resources of the Palatinate. However, he organized informational support for his actions in defense of Protestantism. Johann Casimir prepared for publication “Confessio Fidei” of Friedrich III (1577, in German, Latin and French), and three “open letters”: about the military actions of Protestants in France (1576, in German and French), about the reasons for the military expedition to the Netherlands (1578, in German, Latin and Dutch), about the reasons for the military expedition in support of the Elector of Cologne (1583—1584, in German and French). Was only religious propaganda the aim of the prince? Or was Johann Casimir guided not the least by political motives and ambitions? Historiography focused on attempts of the Palatinate electors to unite German Protestants at the turn of the 16th — 17th centuries (Friedrich IV and Friedrich V), however, we can assume that the “plan of action” appeared already in Johann Casimir. His interventions were not successful, but allowed the Palatinate to claim leadership among the German Protestants.

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11

Teive, Hélio Afonso Ghizoni, Francisco Manoel Branco Germiniani, and Renato Puppi Munhoz. "Jean-Baptiste Charcot, the French Antarctic expedition and scurvy." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 72, no. 7 (July 2014): 562–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20140058.

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During the second expedition to the South Pole, Commander Jean-Baptiste Charcot and some members of the crew of “Pourquoi Pas?” developed symptoms suggestive of scurvy. The clinical picture was totally reversed after dietary changes.

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12

Murphy, Neil. "The Duke of Albany's Invasion of England in 1523 and Military Mobilisation in Sixteenth-century Scotland." Scottish Historical Review 99, no. 1 (April 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2020.0432.

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In November 1523 a Scottish army, led by John Stewart, duke of Albany, invaded England for the first time since the battle of Flodden. While this was a major campaign, it has largely been ignored in the extensive literature on Anglo-Scottish warfare. Drawing on Scottish, French and English records, this article provides a systematic analysis of the campaign. Although the campaign of 1523 was ultimately unsuccessful, it is the most comprehensively documented Scottish offensive against England before the seventeenth century and the extensive records detailing the expedition advances broader understanding of military mobilisation in medieval and early modern Scotland. While the national mobilisation drive which sought to gather men from across the kingdom was ultimately unsuccessful, the expedition witnessed the most extensive number of French soldiers yet sent to Scotland. Finally, the article considers how an examination of the expedition enhances understanding of regency rule and the political conditions in Scotland in the years after Flodden.

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13

Silva, Vera C., and Marc Pollet. "The Sepsidae of the Mitaraka expedition, French Guiana (Diptera)." Zoosystema 42, no. 14 (May 7, 2020): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/zoosystema2020v42a14.

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14

Horne, John. "A Colonial Expedition? French Soldiers’ Experience at the Dardanelles." War & Society 38, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 286–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2019.1643493.

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15

MONNIOT, FRANÇOISE. "Ascidians (Tunicata) of the French Guiana Expedition." Zootaxa 4114, no. 3 (May 24, 2016): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4114.3.1.

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16

Harland, W. Brian. "Part 1: Chapter 2 Outline History of Geological Research." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 17, no. 1 (1997): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1997.017.01.02.

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Useful records of observations perhaps began in 1596 with Barents' voyage and resulting chart. The many expeditions until the middle of the eighteenth century were primarily for whaling with minor additions to the charts. In 1758 A. R. Martin led a Swedish voyage and in 1773 C. J. Phipps commanded a British naval expedition, the first of several, to seek a northeast passage to the Pacific. They penetrated no further than Spitsbergen and made useful observations. At that time and for many years the British Admiralty was concerned with extensive Arctic exploration. The elaborate nature of these expeditions was not so much designed for scientific purposes as for useful employment for enterprising officers, with ships in numbers no longer needed in the period of naval supremacy after 1805. Hydrographic survey was often the principal achievement. In terms of efficiency and Arctic know-how the early whalers such as Scoresby were superior.1827 may be considered as the year when geological work began, with expeditions from Norway (B. M. Keilhau 1831) and Britain (Capt. Parry, e.g. Horner 1860; Salter 1860). Keilhau, a geologist, visited Edgeoya and Bjornoya. Admiral Parry, Hydrographer of the Navy, wintered on HMS Hecla in Sorgfjorden where further specimens were collected. In 1837 an early Swedish expedition was directed by Loven. Then, 1838 to 1840, the French voyage of La Recherche took place under the Commission Scientifique du Nord (e.g. Robert 1840).Only a selection of the many expeditions in the second half of the century are noted here.

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17

DEW, NICHOLAS. "Scientific travel in the Atlantic world: the French expedition to Gorée and the Antilles, 1681–1683." British Journal for the History of Science 43, no. 1 (August 27, 2009): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087409990057.

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AbstractAlthough historians have long recognized the importance of long-range scientific expeditions in both the practice and culture of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century science, it is less well understood how this form of scientific organization emerged and became established in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In the late seventeenth century new European scientific institutions tried to make use of globalized trade networks for their own ends, but to do so proved difficult. This paper offers a case history of one such expedition, the voyage sponsored by the French Académie royale des sciences to Gorée (in modern Senegal) and the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique in 1681–3. The voyage of Varin, Deshayes and de Glos reveals how the process of travel itself caused problems for instruments and observers alike.

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18

Borisenko, Alisa Yu. "Archaeology of Semirechye at the End of the 19th Century (Based on the Materials of the Expedition Led by Ch.-E. Ujfalvy)." Archaeology and Ethnography 19, no. 7 (2020): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-7-44-51.

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Purpose. This article analyzes the archaeological materials gathered by French explorer of Hungarian descent Charles-Eugène Ujfalvy in the course of his expedition into Semirechye (Jetysu). In 1879 his work “French scientific expedition to Russia, Siberia and Turkestan” (“Expédition scientifique française en Russe, en Sibérie et dans le Turkestan”) was published in Paris, where the author expounded extensive and diverse materials on the history, demography, natural economic and cultural specificities of Central Asia. Results. Activities of the European explorers, French in particular, in the territory of Central Asia not once have been the subject of attention and research by specialists. However, only a few mentions in scientific literature can be found about the work of Ch.-E. Ujfalvy in the territory of Jetysu. They are particularly small in number and contain either mentions about the fact of that journey or general descriptions of the expedition. Analysis of archaeological materials gathered by scientists has not been carried out before. The expeditionary route passed through territories that the French author called the Russian Turkestan, by limiting it to Semey in the north, Zarafshan in the south, Fergana Valley in the east and Aral Sea in the west. Ch.-E. Ujfalvy was one of those whose work was distinguished by a great variety and volume of collected material on the history, geography, and traditional culture of the peoples living in the studied territories. Conclusion. Ch.-E. Ujfalvy’s monograph includes not only texts, but also illustrative material. He also outlined the archaeological sites and findings among the landscaping and natural attractions described by the explorer. He has covered some of them in text and some are simply sketched and attached as illustrations to the monograph. The scientist highlights several types of archaeological objects. The article provides a data review about archaeological antiquities of the Jetysu region, gathered by Ch.-E. Ujfalvy in the course of his expedition.

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19

Prout, Louis B. "THE GEOMETRIDAE OF THE “ST. GEORGE” EXPEDITION FROM FRENCH OCEANIA." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 77, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1929.tb00691.x.

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20

Poulton, E. B., and N. D. Riley. "THE RHOPALOCERA OF THE “ST. GEORGE” EXPEDITION, FROM FRENCH OCEANIA." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 76, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1929.tb01415.x.

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21

Baker, F. W. G. "CO2 and Pourquoi-Pas?" Polar Record 48, no. 2 (July 8, 2011): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000313.

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During the explorations of Pourquoi-Pas?, commanded by Jean Baptiste Charcot, in the Southern Ocean in the period 1908–1910, Ensign R.-E. Godfroy collected, between latitudes 64°09'S and 70°05'S, eleven samples of air, according to instructions given by Muntz and Luné (1911) for measuring the concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere. The samples were later analysed in the laboratories of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, Paris using basically the same methods as for the samples collected by the French First Polar Year expedition 1882–1883 (Baker 2009). The maximum concentration of CO2 was 255 ppm, the minimum 145 ppm (the sample taken at sea at 69°30'S) and the mean 205 ppm. The average of the concentrations in the samples made by the French first IPY expedition at Bahia Orange was 256ppm and the minimum was 231 ppm.

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22

Houart, Roland. "NIPPONOTROPHON MAKASSARENSIS, A NEW RECENTLY DREDGED MURICACEAN SPECIES OF STRANGE GENERIC AFFINITIES (GASTROPODA: MURICIDAE)." Marine Research in Indonesia 24 (May 10, 2018): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v24i0.402.

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A murieid, dredged by the French-Indonesian "CORINDON" expedition (1980) in the Strait of Makassar was recently brought to my attention. After carefully checking in the literatures, it appears to be new, but one problem was remaining unresolved: its classification in an appropriate genus.

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23

Krolow, Tiago Kütter, Augusto Loureiro Henriques, and Marc Pollet. "The Tabanidae of the Mitaraka expedition, with an updated check list of French Guiana (Diptera)." ZooKeys 684 (July 12, 2017): 85–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.684.13197.

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This paper documents the horse fly fauna collected in lowland rainforest in the southwesternmost part of French Guiana (Mitaraka). During this “Our Planet Revisited” survey nine tabanid species were recorded from French Guiana for the first time: Chrysops ecuadorensis Lutz, C. incisus Macquart, Catachlorops amazonicus Henriques & Gorayeb, Chlorotabanus flagellatus Krolow & Henriques, Cryptoylus cauri Stone, Phaeotabanus phaeopterus Fairchild, Philipotabanus stigmaticalis (Kröber), Stypommisa captiroptera (Kröber) and Tabanus amapaensis Fairchild. An updated check list of Tabanidae of French Guiana is presented, including 79 species and one unidentified Chrysops.

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24

Jean-Yves Puyo. "The French Military Confront Mexico's Geography: the Expedition of 1862-67." Journal of Latin American Geography 9, no. 2 (2010): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lag.2010.0014.

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25

Foietta, Enrico. "An Unexpected Journey - The French Expedition of Charles Fossey at Hatra (Iraq)." Asia Anteriore Antica. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures 3 (February 24, 2022): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/asiana-1132.

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This paper deals with the overlooked French Expedition of the famous architect Charles Fossey at the end of the 19th century at Hatra (Northern Iraq) using information of unpublished documents from the Archive Nationale de France. The collected data shed new light on the understanding of Small Shrine 2, one of the fourteen small shrines built inside the districts of the city.

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26

Aragonès, Enric. "Lyell's Journey in Catalonia." Earth Sciences History 27, no. 2 (November 3, 2008): 220–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.27.2.b43911qhq23741j4.

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Lyell's expedition through Spanish and French Catalonia in the summer of 1830 is here documented from his field notebooks—a source still unexplored. As a result, the chronology, his itinerary and his activities are specified day by day. Several previously unknown aspects are revealed, especially Lyell's unpublished geological observations on Tertiary basins, his contacts with native naturalists and the role of chance in choosing his itinerary. An attempt to reconstruct two of Lyell's cross-sections through the Pyrenees has been made. The further influence of his papers on Spanish and French geologists is also discussed.

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27

Mouser, Bruce L. "Forgotten Expedition into Guinea, West Africa, 1815–17: an Editor's Comments." History in Africa 35 (January 2008): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.0.0007.

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Late in 1818 Major William Gray (Royal African Corps) and Staff Surgeon (Captain) Duncan Dochard (RAC) launched a mission of discovery along the Gambia River, intending to determine the source of the Niger River and follow its course to the point that it flowed into an inland sea or emptied into an ocean. That expedition consisted of no fewer than 62 military personnel, 31 formally appointed civilians, and likely an equal number of unofficial Africans who had taken advantage from a large and well-armed entourage for security along the path. That expedition, which lasted for more than two years, was moderately successful, but it failed in its larger objectives. It returned to the coast eventually without even reaching Timbuktu. Its leaders produced a monograph, published in 1825, that confirmed many observations made earlier by Mungo Park.The Gray/Dochard expedition, while admirable in its efforts and intent, was not the first, however, to make this particular attempt. Indeed, planning for this expeditionary cycle began in London during the summer of 1815, and was part of a larger government-sponsored plan to trace the course of the Niger, clarify the circumstances of the death of Mungo Park, and perhaps return his remains and personal property to the coast. The expedition's planners also hoped to resolve suggestions that the Niger might drain into an inland lake, might evaporate in the desert, or might join with the Nile, Congo, or another river before reaching Africa's coast. No less important was a concern in 1815 that the end of warfare on the European continent would bring a resurgence of French commercial and imperial interests.

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28

Bassi, Ernesto. "Turning South before Swinging East: Geopolitics and Geopolitical Imagination in the Southwestern Caribbean after the American Revolution." Itinerario 36, no. 3 (December 2012): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000077.

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On July 21, 1786 a secret meeting took place in the office of the Spanish ambassador in Paris, Count of Aranda. The ambassador, aided by the Irish abbot O'Sullivan (who acted as translator), met John Brooks, a British captain who introduced himself as a loyalist veteran of the American Revolution. Brooks had come to Paris from London, all expenses covered by the Spanish government, to inform Aranda of an expedition projected in Britain to invade the northern coast of South America in the vicinity of the port of Cartagena. According to Brooks, Juan Blommart, a French veteran of the American Revolution, was the leader of the projected expedition. With official British backing—Brooks declared that the Marquis of Buckingham was sponsoring the expedition—and the participation of military adventurers John Cruden and Francisco de Miranda, the expedition was scheduled to sail before the end of the year. After receiving Aranda's report, the Spanish Ministry of the Indies sent the information across the Atlantic to New Granada's Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Góngora for him to make all the necessary preparations to face this potential threat.

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29

Bakhronovna, Rasulova Durdona. "The scientific expedition of french explorer charrles eugene ujfalvy in central asia." Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR) 8, no. 8 (2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2278-4853.2019.00269.6.

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30

DENIS, JACQUES. "SPIDERS COLLECTED IN FRENCH MOROCCO BY THE DURHAM COLLEGES EXPEDITION CLUB, 1952*." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 126, no. 2 (August 20, 2009): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00437.x.

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31

Delacour, J., P. Jabouille, and W. P. Lowe. "On the Birds collected during the Third Expedition to French Indo-China." Ibis 70, no. 1 (May 9, 2008): 23–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1928.tb08708.x.

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32

DELACOUR, J. "On the Birds collected during the Fourth Expedition to French Indo-China." Ibis 71, no. 2 (May 13, 2008): 192–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1929.tb08755.x.

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33

Delacour, J. "On the Birds collected during the Fifth Expedition to French Indo-China." Ibis 72, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 564–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1930.tb02967.x.

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34

BIRD, GRAHAM J. "Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) from the Southern French Polynesia Expedition, 2014. I. Tanaidomorpha." Zootaxa 4548, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4548.1.1.

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Shallow-water and littoral tanaids from the Southern French Polynesia Expedition, 2014 to Rapa Iti, Morane, Taravai and Mangareva, were examined with the tanaidomorphs represented by nine taxa, four of them described as new species within the genera Chondrochelia, Poorea, Triparatanais, and Zeuxoides. A new paratanaid genus is established, Periparatanais n. gen., and Nobili’s Tanais seurati is rediscovered and redescribed as a species distinct from the Hawai’ian Zeuxo insularis n. comb. A broad comparison of tanaid faunas across the Polynesian and eastern Indo-Pacific regions based on the Marine Ecosystems of the World (MEOW) classification shows almost no species-level correspondences but several genera within four apseudomorphan and three tanaidomorphan families are consistently present.

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35

Teive, Hélio A. G., Renato P. Munhoz, Plínio G. de Lima, and Francisco M. B. Germiniani. "Jean-Baptiste Charcot in Rio de Janeiro: glamorous trip and celebrity in 1908." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 73, no. 9 (September 2015): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20150100.

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The authors review the visit of Commander Charcot and the crew of his ship, the “Pourquoi Pas?”, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1908, where he stayed for eight days, while en-route as part of the second French expedition to the Antarctic. It was a glamorous stay as Commander Charcot was treated as a true star and international celebrity, befitting his position.

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36

Tchoudinov, Alexandre. "The French in Egypt in 1798—1801: Failed Dialogue of Civilizations." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015129-0.

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The article is devoted to the problem of cross-cultural interaction between the French and the Arabs during the Egyptian expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte 1798—1801. Using a comparative analysis of a wide range of French sources and Arab chronicles, the author comes to the conclusion that Bonaparte's attempt at an inter-civilizational dialogue with the Muslim population of Egypt ended in complete failure. Based on the stereotypical ideas about the Orient, common in the French literature of the Enlightenment, Napoleon tried to play in Egypt the same role that, according to the French philosophers, the Prophet Muhammad allegedly played in his time, namely, to take advantage of the “credulity” and “superstition” of the local population to subordinate it to his power. However, the Egyptians were very skeptical concerning Bonaparte's claims about the French army's commitment to Islam and his attempts to present himself as the Mahdi, the prophet of the last times. The daily practices of the occupiers, which openly contradicted the culture of Islam, completely alienated the Muslims from the French, which resulted not only in their mutual misunderstanding, but also in real hatred for each other.

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37

Morrison, Doug, and Ivan Barko. "The Lapérouse Expedition and Geomagnetism: The Unexpected Discovery of Lamanon’s ‘Lost’ Letter and Ledru’s Instructions." Historical Records of Australian Science 26, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr14026.

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In January 1787, on board Lapérouse's Boussole anchored off Macao, the chevalier de Lamanon wrote a letter to the marquis de Condorcet, the then permanent secretary of the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris. Lamanon's letter contained a summary of his magnetic observations made up to that point on Lapérouse's famous but ill-fated expedition. The letter, amongst other detail, included evidence that the Earth's magnetic field increased in intensity from the equator towards the poles. Sent to Condorcet via the then minister for the French Navy (the maréchal de Castries), the letter was subsequently lost, but not before it was copied. The copy, with early nineteenth-century ownership identified first to Nicolas Philippe Ledru and subsequently to Louis Isidore Duperrey, was itself then lost for over 150 years, but recently rediscovered bound-in with other manuscripts related to the Lapérouse expedition and terrestrial magnetism, including instructions by Ledru and remarks written in the 1830s and 1840s by Duperrey on Lamanon's letter and observations. The significance of Lamanon's letter and the Ledru and Duperrey manuscripts to the history of geomagnetism is discussed here. Duperrey's notes are transcribed in French for the first time and the Lamanon, Ledru and Duperrey manuscripts are translated into English, also for the first time.

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38

McNeill, J. R., and James Pritchard. "The Anatomy of a Naval Disaster: The 1746 French Expedition to North America." American Historical Review 102, no. 4 (October 1997): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170701.

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39

Delacour, Jean, Pierre Jabouille, and Willoughby P. Lowe. "VII.-Short Report on the Second Expedition to French Indo-China (1925-1926)." Ibis 69, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1927.tb05647.x.

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40

Gwyn, Julian, and James Pritchard. "Anatomy of a Naval Disaster: The 1746 French Naval Expedition to North America." William and Mary Quarterly 54, no. 2 (April 1997): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2953288.

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41

Baugh, Daniel A., and James Pritchard. "Anatomy of a Naval Disaster: The 1746 French Naval Expedition to North America." Journal of Military History 61, no. 2 (April 1997): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2953982.

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42

Collenette, C. L. "THE ARCTIIDAE, NOCTUIDAE AND SPHINGIDAE OF THE “ST. GEORGE” EXPEDITION, FROM FRENCH OCEANIA." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 76, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 469–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1929.tb01416.x.

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43

Stone, Ian R. "Profile: Samuel Hearne." Polar Record 23, no. 142 (January 1986): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400006793.

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Samuel Hearne is best known to students of polar history because of his famous overland expedition of 1770–72, when he became the first European to reach the northern coast of North America at the mouth of the Coppermine River. Fewer know of his other notable journeys, in which he established Cumberland House as an inland trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company; fewer still may be aware of his capture, while Governor of Prince of Wales' Fort on Hudson Bay, by the French naval commander la Pérouse in 1782. That Hearne was an attractive and interesting character emerges clearly from his own account of his major expedition (a classic in exploration literature) and his other writings. However, he was also a figure of controversy, both during his life and subsequently, and this lends interest to his story.

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44

Lhuillier, J., and J. Bendezu-Sarmiento. "Recent discoveries on the Hellenistic and Parthian Occupation of Ulug-depe." Archaeological News 32 (2021): 212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-32-212-227.

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This paper seeks to shed new light on the latest discovered Hellenistic and Parthian occupation period at Ulug-depe (South Turkmenistan). After its abandonment at the end of the Middle Iron Age period, the site was reoccupied during the late 1st millennium BC. Extended research led by the joint French-Turkmen Archaeological Expedition (MAFTur) has succeeded in unearthing this occupation in many places of the site and has studied a varied pottery assemblage.

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45

Larsen, Kim, and Catarina Araújo-Silva. "A new genus of Colletteidae (Crustacea: Peracarida: Tanaidacea) from the Pacific with comments on dimorphic males with species specific characters." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, no. 5 (April 7, 2014): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414000101.

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A new genus and species of Tanaidacea are described from the manganese nodule province between the Clarion and the Clipperton Fracture Zone of the equatorial North Pacific Ocean collected during the French/German BIONOD expedition in 2012. The new genus, Cheliasetosatanais, can be diagnosed by the propodal and dactylus setation and the maxilliped endite armament. The male is also described and, while being a dimorphic swimming male, still shares the diagnostic characters and posseses a fully functional maxilliped.

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46

Baker, F. W. G. "The first International Polar Year (1882–1883): French measurements of carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere at Bahia Orange, Hoste Island, Tierra del Fuego." Polar Record 45, no. 3 (July 2009): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247408008176.

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ABSTRACTDuring the first International Polar Year (1882–1883) the French expedition to Bahia Orange, Hoste Island, Tierra del Fuego carried out a series of 39 measurements of concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These were supplemented by 6 measurements during the return voyage to Cherbourg. In addition 20 similar measurements were made at 4 stations in the northern hemisphere and 17 at 3 stations in the southern hemisphere that were participating in the transit of Venus observations.

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47

GALEA, HORIA R., CRISTINA G. DI CAMILLO, and DAVIDE MAGGIONI. "An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana." Zootaxa 4926, no. 3 (February 9, 2021): 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.1.

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Among the thecate hydroids brought back by the Proteus-Guyane 2017 expedition of the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle of Paris, France, from French Guiana, two interesting species are reported upon. The plumulariid Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881, known so far from the type specimen only, is comprehensively redescribed 140 years after its original description. It adopts two different morphotypes with respect to both its tropho- and gonosome, forming either simple or ramified colonies, with either structurally-complex or rudimentary phylactocarps, respectively. Taxonomic notes on the genera Callicarpa Fewkes, 1881 and Hippurella Allman, 1877 are provided in light of their intricate history of origin and fate, together with the provisional resurrection of Antomma Stechow, 1919, as an allied genus of the former. The aglaopheniid Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, whose gonosome was only partly documented to date, is redescribed thoroughly based on specimens bearing male and female corbulae. Scanning electron microscopy and molecular data were also used to document both species. A checklist of the thecate hydroids from French Guiana gathered during Proteus-Guyane 2017 and Guyane 2014 expeditions is provided as an appendix, together with brief notes on some species. Not dealing with the present study, but taking advantage of it, a new name, Antennella billardi Galea, nom. nov., is proposed as a replacement name for Plumularia balei Billard, 1911, which is a permanently invalid junior primary homonym of P. balei Bartlett, 1907.

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48

Masseti, Marco, and Steven Van Der Mije. "Squirrels from the Mariana Islands (south-western Pacific) in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, with notes on the mammalian fauna of this Micronesian archipelago." Archives of Natural History 41, no. 2 (October 2014): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2014.0247.

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Two mounted skins of squirrels allegedly originating from the Mariana islands, Micronesia (south western Pacific Ocean) are held in the collections of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden. They may have been collected in the course of a French scientific expedition, commanded by Louis-Claude De Saulses de Freycinet, in 1819. This paper discusses the identifies of the two specimens, their place in the list of mammals recorded from the Mariana Islands, and reflects on the origins of the Mariana Islands' mammalian fauna.

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49

Teive, Hélio Afonso Ghizoni, Carlos Frederico Leite de Souza Lima, Plínio Marcos Garcia de Lima, Francisco Manoel Branco Germiniani, and Renato Puppi Munhoz. "Jean-Baptiste Charcot and Brazil." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 72, no. 8 (June 2014): 640–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20140086.

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Jean-Baptiste Charcot, a neurologist from the famous Salpêtrière school and a renowned maritime explorer, visited Brazil twice. The first visit was in 1903, when the first French Antarctic expedition, traveling aboard the ship Français, made a very short stopover in Recife, in the state of Pernambuco. The second took place in 1908, during the famous voyage of the Pourquoi Pas? to the Antarctic, when Charcot and his crew stayed in the city of Rio de Janeiro for eight days.

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50

Vieira, Rodrigo, Alexssandro Camargo, Marc Pollet, and Torsten Dikow. "Updated checklist of French Guianan Asilidae (Diptera) with a focus on the Mitaraka expedition." Zoosystema 40, sp1 (October 24, 2019): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a23.

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