Дисертації з теми "French ethnographer"

A partir d’une sociologie de l’action organisée attentive à la mise en œuvre de la politique de la Fédération Française de Tennis (FFT) dans et par ses unités territoriales, notre travail analyse les effets induits par le double processus de « déconcentralisation » et de professionnalisation plus particulièrement sur la gouvernance de ces organisations. Nous montrons ici que le siège FFT, face aux menaces qui pèsent sur le tournoi « Roland-Garros » et afin de préserver son modèle, a engagé une transformation de la territorialisation de son action. Ayant défini à ce titre un nouveau mode de régulation entre les différentes organisations qui la composent, un changement est désormais à l’œuvre au sein des ligues régionales et des comités départementaux. Dans la première partie, nous montrons comment le siège FFT se sert du contexte économique pour faire évoluer sa gouvernance et pour mettre en œuvre un nouveau mode de pilotage de ses unités territoriales. La deuxième partie analyse, ensuite, le développement de cette action fédérale qui se veut plus processuelle que contractuelle, action marquée, en outre, par le caractère inter-organisationnel donnée à la résolution des problèmes de gouvernance territoriale afin de gagner en flexibilité et cohérence. Enfin, dans la troisième partie, nous relativisons les effets des nouvelles règles fédérales en démontrant que la FFT a finalement pleinement profité de l’antériorité de la dynamique de changement déjà à l’œuvre au sein des ligues même si celle-ci se déployait avec de fortes différenciations temporelles et fonctionnelles selon les territoires
Our study is based on the sociological side of the numerous organized actions dealing with the implementation of the politics of the French Tennis Federation (FFT) among and throughout its territorial units. The goal of this research was to analyze the effects engendered by the double process of devolution –the passing of power- and professionalization, especially on the governance of these organized actions.We wanted here to show that the French Tennis Federation’s head office, confronted with the well-known threats concerning the French Grand Slam Roland Garros and in the objective of preserving its model of functioning, has engaged into a transformation of the territorialisation of its actions. To this end, it defined a new model of regulation between the different organizations it is composed of. This change is now being implemented within the regional tennis leagues and departmental committees.First, we will show how the French Tennis Federation’s head office is using the economic context in order to make its governance better and to implement a new model of management of its territorial units. Then, the second part is an analysis of the development of this federal action that is more of a process than a contract. Furthermore, this action is marked by the inter-organizational nature given to the manner of solving problems of territorial governance so that the French Tennis Federation can become more flexible and consistent. In the last part of the dissertation, we try to put the effects of these new federal rules into perspective. This is done by showing that the French Tennis Federation has in fact largely taken advantage of the changing dynamics that was already being put into action among the regional tennis leagues, even if this dynamics was highly different in matters of time and functioning depending on the territories concerned

A produção textual de Georges Bataille (1897-1962), privilegiadamente estudada nos campos da Literatura e da Filosofia, apresenta uma vasta gama de temas e é considerada por seus comentadores como refratária a qualquer classificação rigorosa e indexável. Contudo, ele é autor de uma obra de grande interesse para área da Antropologia em função de um forte experimentalismo dos conceitos e da escrita e de uma compreensão totalizante da experiência do pesquisador e do escritor. O presente estudo tem como objetivo o exame de parte específica da produção e atuação de Bataille que coincide com os inícios da institucionalização da antropologia francesa (anos 1920- 1930), quando o autor encontra-se envolvido com o projeto da revista Documents, Doctrines Archélogie Beaux-Arts Ethnographie (1929-1930) e bastante próximo dos antropólogos que colaboram com a publicação. Ao recuperar a formação primeira de Bataille como arquivista paleógrafo na École des chartes e seus primeiros escritos e interesses, entre os quais se encontra a antropologia de Marcel Mauss, o trabalho se dedica a construir as conexões entre a profissão de arquivista paleógrafo nas bibliotecas Francesas e a produção do escritor que tem lugar entre os anos 1918 e 1930, interessado em destacar os nexos entre essas dimensões e o processo de constituição dos museus na França sobretudo aquele que culminará no Musée de lHomme (1937). As experiências nas bibliotecas, nos museus e na revista colocam Bataille diante da questão da classificação e do arquivamento de objetos e documentos. O interesse em uma leitura de Bataille por essa via que procura relacionar a institucionalização da disciplina etnográfica na França ligada à formação, catalogação e arquivamento de documentos nos museus e o processo de criação do Dicionário de Documents auxilia a iluminar uma dupla intervenção crítica que consiste em construir um deslocamento, uma derivação da forma de pensar. Essa perspectiva diversa nos oferece um duplo olhar para os modos pelos quais a reflexão sobre o lugar das histórias da disciplina e seus praticantes tem sido experimentada.
This present study has the purpose of examining some specific parts of George Bataille´s production and action that correspond with the beginning of French anthropology institutionalization (1920s and 1930s), when the author finds himself immersed in the Documents, Doctrines Archélogie Beaux-Arts Ethnographie (1929-1930) magazine project and building a very close relationship with the professionals involved in the publications creation. By resuming Batailles first occupation as paleographer archivist at École des chartes and his primary written pieces and interests, among which is the anthropology of Marcel Mauss, the work is dedicated to build connections between his job inside French libraries and his activities as a writer from 1918 to 1930, when his interests were focused on highlighting the links between these dimensions and the constitution of the museums in France - especially the one that will culminate at the Musée de l\'Homme (1937). The experiences in the libraries, museums and the magazine put Bataille before the classification and filing of objects and documents. His interest in this path that searches for relating the institutionalization of the ethnographic discipline in France connected to framing ideas, cataloging and archiving documents in museums and the creational process of the Dictionary of the magazine helps to illuminate a double critical intervention that consists in building a movement, an offshoot of thinking. This different perspective offers us another look to the means through which the reflections on the place discipline stories and its practitioners have been experienced.

O presente estudo refere-se a uma investigação qualitativa, do tipo etnográfica, voltada para a identificação e compreensão das assim chamadas alternativas pedagógicas e pessoais dos professores de educação física da RME/POA. Nesta investigação busquei respostas para o seguinte problema de pesquisa: o que os professores de educação física da RME/POA têm feito na prática pedagógica e de vida pessoal para evitar o desgaste e o esgotamento em função das circunstâncias de trabalho num contexto de mudanças sócio-culturais? Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e compreender as alternativas pedagógicas e pessoais destes professores para evitar, superar e amenizar o desgaste ocasionado pelo trabalho docente. Para fins de entendimento, neste estudo o que denominei como alternativas pessoais foram tomadas somente como medida de influência ao trabalho pedagógico, pois não foi objetivo deste estudo entrar nas histórias pessoais de vida dos professores-colaboradores. Os procedimentos e instrumentos de obtenção de informações para desenvolver este estudo foram: a observação participante, a entrevista semi-estruturada, diário de campo e análise de documentos. O trabalho de campo teve um tempo total de duração de dez meses, dos quais oito meses foram de contato com os professores-colaboradores, e dois meses foram de pesquisas dedicadas exclusivamente para análise de documentos e referencial bibliográfico. Como parte de minhas opções metodológicas, durante a investigação no campo decidi trabalhar com duas escolas e seis professores-colaboradores, a fim de garantir a representatividade tipológica. A partir das informações produzidas no campo foi possível a construção das três categorias de análise deste estudo: a primeira, a reorganização do trabalho docente; a segunda, a dupla face do vínculo e o diálogo; a terceira, a trajetória nas alternativas dos professores.
The present study refers to a qualitative inquiry, of the ethnographic kind, towards the comprehension and identification of the so-called alternative pedagogical and personals of the professors of the RME/POA. In this inquiry I searched for the following problem of research: what the professors of physical education of the RME/POA have deed in the practical pedagogical one and of personal life for avoid the stress and the exhaustion in function of the circumstances of work in a context of partner-cultural changes? Therefore, the objective of this study was identify and understand the pedagogical and personal alternatives of these professors to a void, surpass and minimize the stress caused by the educational work. For ends of understanding, in this I study what did I name like personal alternatives was taken only as measure of influence to the pedagogical work, once the objective of this study was not to go through personal backgrounds of life of the professors-collaborating ones. The procedures and information instruments to obtain the development of this study were: the participant observation, the interview is structured, newspaper of field and analysis of documents. The fieldwork had a total time of duration of ten months, of the which eight months were of contact with the professors-collaborating, and two months were of researches dedicated exclusively to documents analysis and bibliographical yardstick. As part of my methodological options, during the field inquiry in the field I decided to work with two schools and six collaborating professors, to guarantee the typological representative. From the information it was possible the construction of the three categories of analysis of this study: first, the reorganization of the educational work; to second, to double face of the bond and the dialogue; to third, the path in the alternatives of the professors.

This thesis considers the relationship between soteriology, missiology and pedagogy in fresh expressions of church. Having identified the key theological and pedagogical challenges for the fresh expressions of church movement, three heuristic models of the dominant contemporary approaches to Christian education are identified, positing a direct relationship between soteriological and missiological beliefs and the consequential pedagogical praxis of Christian communities. The methodology of the qualitative research is shown to be grounded within the field of practical theology and utilizes a critical realist framework for the ethnographic approach undertaken in the participant observation of three fresh expressions of church. The pedagogical praxis, soteriological and missiological beliefs of the three communities are thus outlined and analysed, allowing the ethnographic data to critique, and be critiqued by, the heuristic models put forward. The three models are shown to be in part upheld by the praxis of the three communities whilst the data analysis challenges the integrity of the theological diversity of the fresh expressions of church movement and calls for further research to be undertaken on identifying the nature and purpose of Christian education with, and for, the unchurched.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre de la didactique du Français sur Objectifs Universitaire. Il porte sur l’accueil des étudiants de nationalité étrangère en mobilité en France et les difficultés qu’ils rencontrent pour leur intégration dans le système universitaire français. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser les difficultés ressenties par d'étudiants en mobilité en France dans le cadre de leur parcours universitaire. Ces difficultés peuvent être liées aux dimensions linguistiques, culturelles et à l’organisation du système universitaire. Par ailleurs, ce travail cherche à donner des pistes et des alternatives pour améliorer l’intégration d'étudiants de nationalité étrangère en France ; donc nous avons essayé de proposer les bases pour l'élaboration d’un programme de Français sur Objectifs Universitaires (FOU) visant à préparer d'étudiants à l’acquisition de compétences langagières, disciplinaires et méthodologiques de la vie universitaire à partir de l’analyse de leurs besoins spécifiques
This work is part of the pedagogy of “French as Foreign Language”, and more specifically French for university purpose. It focuses on the reception of foreign students who moved to France and are having difficulties relating to their integration into the French university system.The objective of this work was to analyze the difficulties felt by international students studying in France as part of their university career. The most difficulties were related to linguistic, cultural and organizational aspects of the university system..This work gives leads and alternatives to improve the integration of foreign students in French universities. There fore we propose basis for the development of a program for French university purpose aimed at preparing students to acquire linguistic, disciplinary and methodological skills for university life due to an analysis of their specific needs

Depuis l’engagement pionnier, au début des années 80, du réseau pluridisciplinaire Langage et Travail, des chercheurs issus des sciences du langage et du travail ont souligné l’importance croissante de la part langagière et plus largement interactionnelle du travail, avec en particulier la montée en puissance des activités de service. Notre recherche s’inscrit dans le champ d’une linguistique impliquée sur le terrain de la formation professionnelle, qui se développe depuis quelques années dans le domaine francophone. Les premiers travaux conduits dans ce champ ont permis de mieux cerner l’importance du langage et des interactions dans les cursus de formation, à la fois en tant que vecteurs de la transmission des pratiques et des savoirs professionnels, et entant qu’objets d’apprentissage. Dans une perspective inspirée par le paradigme de la socialisation langagière, ce travail se base sur une ethnographie collaborative menée durant deux ans dans une filière de licence professionnelle (Bachelor) en Management de l’hôtellerie-restauration de l’Institut Paul Bocuse (Ecully, France). Il a eu pour but d’analyser, puis d’améliorer les processus de transmission-appropriation des compétences interactionnelles du service en restauration. Dans une première partie, nous commençons par analyser, avec une focale assez large, la place des compétences interactionnelles dans les représentations émergeant des discours sur les métiers de service en restauration, ainsi que dans les prescriptions relatives à différentes sources éducatives et professionnelles et quelques types de formation. Nous étudions ensuite, dans une deuxième partie, avec une focale plus resserrée, la façon dont leur transmission est prise en charge dans différents contextes de formation (cours) de la filière susmentionnée de l’Institut Paul Bocuse. Nous resserrons encore la focale pour nous concentrer sur la formation au sein des restaurants-écoles de l’établissement étudié, au niveau fin des interactions entre les étudiants et les autres protagonistes de l’activité (maîtres d’hôtel-formateurs, chefs et clients). Les résultats révèlent une faible prise en charge de la transmission de ces compétences dans les pratiques formatives ayant cours dans ces restaurants d’application pour privilégier les procédures et gestes techniques du service. En regard, ils mettent au jour dans les pratiques de service attestées dans ces espaces, une dynamique collective et distribuée contribuant à socialiser les novices à la conduite professionnelle de l’activité et aux différents enjeux qu’elle recouvre pour les acteurs impliqués. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, nous présentons la démarche d’ingénierie de la formation menée en étroite collaboration avec les formateurs aux métiers de service responsable de la pratique professionnelle dans les restaurants-écoles de l’institution. Cette démarche d’ingénierie a pour but de combler les « blancs des discours » de formation, et de mettre en œuvre un entraînement aux compétences visées, postulées en tant que plus-value immatérielle apportée au service matériel du repas, sous la forme d’information, de conseil et plus globalement d’accompagnement de l’expérience culinaire du client. En clôture de cette dernière partie, nous rendons compte des effets constatés dans les performances de service des étudiants, après intégration des modifications apportées à la formation.Située à la croisée des sciences de l’éducation et des sciences du langage, cette recherche se veut finalement une contribution au domaine d’étude, encore assez peu investi, de la part interactionnelle de la formation professionnelle
Since the pioneering involvement of the multidisciplinary network Langage et Travail [Language and Work] in the early 1980s, researchersin the fields of linguistics and occupational science have highlighted the growing importance of the language element and more broadly theinteractional element of work, especially with the increased importance of service activities.Our research is in the field of language studies involved in the area of vocational training, which has been developed over the last few yearsin the French-speaking sector. The first research work conducted in this field made it possible to better define the importance of language andinteractions in the training curriculum, both as vectors for the transmission of vocational practice and knowledge and as subjects to be taught.From a perspective inspired by the linguistic socialization paradigm, this work is based on a collaborative ethnography conducted over two yearswithin a vocational degree course (Bachelors) in Catering and Hotel Management at the Institut Paul Bocuse (Ecully, France). The aim was toanalyze, then improve the process of the transmission-acquisition of interactional skills in catering and restaurant service.In Part One we begin by analyzing, with a fairly broad focus, the place of interactional skills in the picture emerging from discussions aboutservice roles in restaurant catering, as well as that in the advice relating to different educational and professional sources and some types oftraining. Then in Part Two we studied, with a more specific focus, the way in which their transmission is handled in different training contexts(classes) of the above-mentioned course at the Institut Paul Bocuse. We focus even more closely in order to concentrate on training in the trainingrestaurants of the establishment studied, at the very specific level of the interactions between the students and others involved in the activity (headwaiter-instructors, chefs and customers). The results reveal a low level of responsibility for the transmission of these skills in the training practicescurrent in these restaurants used to emphasize the procedures and actions of service. In this respect, they bring to light in the service practicesshown in these dining rooms, a collective and shared dynamic that helps beginners to cooperate in the professional conduct of the activity andunderstand the different issues it covers for those involved. In the third part of the thesis, we present the approach to training engineeringconducted in close collaboration with the service staff instructors responsible for professional practice in the institution’s training restaurants. Theaim of this engineering approach is to fill in the “gaps in what is said” in training, and to implement exercises in the targeted skills, postulated asan intangible added value brought to the physical service of a meal, in the form of information, advice and more generally support for thecustomer’s culinary experience. To conclude this final part, we report on the effects observed in students’ service performance following theincorporation of the changes made to the training course.Located in the area where the educational sciences and language sciences intersect, ultimately this research is intended to make acontribution to the field of study, still little investigated, of the interactional element in vocational training

Les recherches en comportement du consommateur dans les espaces marginalisés s’intéressant à leurs pratiques d’émancipation se concentrent rarement sur ceux vivant dans les espaces urbains défavorisés. Le concept de la vulnérabilité spatiale, introduit récemment, ouvre la voie à une compréhension des pratiques des consommateurs « vulnérables » à travers l’analyse des espaces de créativité et d’accès alternatifs à la consommation. Dans ce travail de thèse, par la mise en place d’une ethnographie multisite dans deux quartiers défavorisés de la région lyonnaise, nous nous intéressons au sens des microcultures des jeunes consommateurs dans leur gestion de la vulnérabilité spatiale, nous montrant leurs stratégies collectives de coping, soutenues et dépendantes des structures sociales locales. Cette dépendance institutionnelle prend une double signification, qui est celle d’un indicateur de l’insuffisance de consommation, mais aussi celle d’une source de résistance créative à la vulnérabilité spatiale et d’une consommation alternative encouragée dans les espaces d’émancipation. Sur le plan théorique nous complétons la compréhension de la vulnérabilité des consommateurs et leurs stratégies de coping en y ajoutant les ressources collectives des jeunes et leur contrôle de la vulnérabilité. À travers notre contexte d’étude nous complétons aussi le concept de l’insuffisance de consommation par le manque persistant d’accès aux expériences culturelles reflétant la déprivation sociale et le chemin potentiel vers l’exclusion sociale et du marché. Ce travail de thèse offre également quelques recommandations pour les politiques publiques ainsi que pour les institutions culturelles
Consumer research oriented on empowering consumer practices in marginalized spaces is rarely focused on those living in deprived neighbourhoods. The recent concept of spatial vulnerability introduces an approach to understand the practices of "vulnerable" consumers through the analysis of spaces of their creativity and alternative access to consumption. By conducting a multisite ethnography in two deprived neighbourhoods in Lyon agglomeration, our dissertation examines the meaning of microcultures of young consumers from these neighbourhoods in managing spatial vulnerability. Our data show that adolescents’ collective coping strategies are both supported by and dependent on local socio-educational institutions. The institutional dependence has a double meaning – i.e. as an indicator of consumption inadequacy, and as a source of creative resistance to spatial vulnerability and of alternative consumption. From the theoretical perspective, we complete an understanding of consumer vulnerability and their coping strategies through the resource-control interplay by adding to it a collective level of consumers’ resources and control of vulnerability. Through our study context we extend the concept of consumption inadequacy by introducing a persistent lack of access to cultural experiences, thus reflecting social deprivation and the potential way towards social and market exclusion. Our dissertation also provides a guidance for future research and offer recommendations for public policy interventions and cultural institutions actions

This doctoral thesis approaches literary tourism initially from an historical perspective in order to define the phenomenon through a review of the existing academic literature in the field. The forms of literary tourism are analysed to provide a typology and from this the value of literary tourism is explained both from the visitor's point of view and the destination manager's. Current theories underpinning the existing literature on literary tourism, including Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital are reviewed. To extend the current state of research and to answer the research questions a case study of successful urban literary tourism is identified, in this case in Brittany, France. The uses of French literature in literary tourism are reviewed to provide a sound basis on which to examine French texts and tourist destinations. Novel methods of field research are developed to formalise and to make reproducible the methodology for this study and for future work drawing on, and seeking to combine both literary theory and ethnography. Following a pilot study on the French Riviera the full discovery instruments are designed and applied in fieldwork on the case destination, Concarneau, using the detective novel, The Yellow Dog, which is set in Concarneau. Analysis of the findings from this provide a new contribution to the field of literary theory, in the area of reader interpellation, and answer the research questions in the form of a new set of recommendations for DMOs and tourism stakeholders. From the empirical study that used Web 2.0 social media, only available since 2013, an analysis of which novels do stimulate literary tourism is presented for the first time. Out of the research process new methods have been evolved, and are presented in the conclusion, for the DMO to synthesise and leverage digital resources. This provides DMOs with interpretation processes for its managed heritage to use with its local stakeholders in hotels and in tourism businesses. Finally, an innovative conceptualisation of what constitutes tourism knowledge is proposed.

This dissertation examines French and Francophone texts, contexts and thematic problems that comprise a genre I call "ethnographic fiction," whose development we can trace throughout the twentieth century in several geographic locations and in distinct historical moments. During the twentieth century in France, anthropology as an institutionalized discipline and "literature" (writ large) were in constant communication with one another. On the one hand, many French anthropologists produced stylized works demonstrating aesthetic sensibilities that were increasingly difficult to classify. On the other hand, though, poets, philosophers and other literary intellectuals read, absorbed, commented on and attacked texts from anthropology. This century-long conversation produced an interdisciplinary conceptual field allowing French anthropology to borrow from and adapt models from literature at the same time as literature asserted itself as more than just an artistic enterprise and, indeed, as one whose epistemological prerogative was to contribute to and enrich the understanding of humankind and its cultural processes. In this dissertation I argue that fiction can be seen to travel in multiple directions within France's twentieth-century conversation between literature and anthropology such that we can observe the formation of a new genre, one comprised of texts that either explicitly or more implicitly fuse fictional forms and contents together with the methodological and representational imperatives of anthropology and ethnographic fieldwork. Additionally, I argue that fiction moves geographically as well, notably from the metropole to Francophone West Africa which became an anthropological hotspot in the twentieth century once extended field research was legitimated in France and armchair anthropology was thoroughly discredited. By investigating ethnographies, novels, memoirs and films produced both in metropolitan France, Francophone West Africa, and the French Caribbean (including texts by Michel Leiris, Amadou Hampâté Bâ, Jean Rouch, Jean-Claude Izzo and Raphaël Confiant), I aim to shed light on the kinds of work that elements of fiction perform in ethnographic texts and, by contrast, on how ethnographic concepts, strategies and fieldwork methods are implicitly or explicitly adopted and reformulated in more literarily oriented works of fiction. Ethnographic fiction as a genre, then, was born not only from the epistemological rapprochement of anthropology and literature in metropolitan France, but from complex and often fraught encounters with the very locations where anthropological praxis was carried out.

Dissertation

This dissertation examines ethnographic writing in the Jesuit Relations, a set of annual reports from missionaries in New France to Society of Jesus authorities in France that were published and widely read from 1632 to 1673. Drawing on currents in cultural anthropological thought about the complex relationship between anthropologists, their subjects, and the texts they produce, I analyze how the Relations allowed Jesuit missionaries to define for French readers Amerindian cultures, European-Amerindian interactions, and the health and success of the colony and the mission for forty years, almost without competition, giving them extraordinary influence over perceptions of the Amerindian Other at the very moment that France's interest therein was being piqued by an increasing awareness of the world outside of Europe. The texts now are lauded as the première source of information on the Algonquian and Iroquoian groups with which the Jesuits were in contact in seventeenth century New France. In this dissertation, I examine the ways Jesuits conveyed information about Amerindian groups, focusing on the rhetorical aspects of their accounts that have been largely ignored by social scientists who have mined the texts for data. Instead of considering the Relations as a collection of facts recorded by diligent field workers, I seek to understand them as texts that reflect multiple points of view and the political, religious, and intellectual pressures acting on their French Catholic authors. Were Amerindians human? If so, were they created in Eden along with the ancestors of Europeans? How could one explain their presence in America, with little apparent knowledge of their origins? And if they were human and of the same stock as European Christians, how could one explain the fact that their beliefs and behavior were so different from those of their French Christian interlocutors? These questions, I argue, left an enduring mark on the Jesuits' descriptions of Amerindian cultures, making their texts less the work of proto-anthropologists than a form of intellectual colonization.

Dissertation

The anthropological study of dance is particularly relevant to scholars who work on theories of embodiment and social practice, as well as those concerned with the production of history and ideologies, for dance concerns the deliberate movement of the body across space and in time, and within a particular socio-cultural context. Based on a year and a half of ethnographic research at a pre-professional ballet school in New York City that specializes in teaching the "classical French" form, this study applies an anthropological understanding of ideologies and processes in education to classical forms of ballet. Its analysis of how the ideological system associated with the aesthetics of ballet is created and recreated, in relation to shifting concepts of tradition, suggests that the process of establishing and maintaining institutional boundaries and "sculpting" the bodies of students in the classroom frames the ways that students are related to, and develop relationships with, the ideologies that they encounter. Both the school, as an institution, and individual students are able to navigate and position themselves within the landscape formulated by these ideologies through the development of social networks, the formulation of individual institutional genealogies, and the development and presentation of choreography in selected venues. These processes illustrate the ways in which ideological systems are articulated, developed, and altered in relation to understandings of the human body.

Les références proviennent du Centre des archives diplomatiques de Nantes (France)
Les Textes arabes de l’Ouargha (Lévi-Provençal, 1922), les Textes arabes de Rabat (Brunot, 1931) et les Textes arabes des Zaër (Loubignac, 1952), relatifs à trois régions marocaines, attirent l’attention par leur organisation méthodique, mais aussi par les thématiques abordées. Les Textes, comportant une préface arabe, une transcription en caractères latins et une traduction annotée, donnent une image du Maroc colonial entre 1912 et 1956. Sur les traces de l’orientaliste William Marçais, les trois auto-traducteurs se sont intéressés à l’ethnographie marocaine dans ses différentes facettes. Pour sonder le travail de ces auto-traducteurs, nous avons étudié leur traduction non seulement d’un point de vue comparatif, mais aussi du point de vue du paratexte. De plus, nous avons fait une étude sociohistorique des traducteurs, qui s’est avérée utile pour mieux comprendre leur idéologie et surtout qui a mis en lumière leur appartenance à la communauté d’érudits. Pour ce faire, notre cadre théorique s’est appuyé sur deux volets : volet archéologique et volet critique afin de dégager les normes sous-jacentes dans les interventions délibérées. La préface et les nombreuses notes démontrent clairement le projet de traduction des trois auto-traducteurs, qui est celui de « solidifier l’édifice » de l’Administration française. Force est toutefois d’admettre que l’analyse de l’auto-traduction n’a pas décelé des interventions marquées des traducteurs et donc l’analyse de la transcription en dialecte marocain a pris une grande place dans notre recherche. Cependant, la lecture de cette transcription, soit la traduction intralinguistique de l’oral à l’écrit, et la connaissance de ses tenants et aboutissants mettent en lumière le rôle joué par les auto-traductions, effectuées par des traducteurs au service de l’IHEM, qui est celui de façonner l’image du Marocain et de consolider le projet colonial français au Maroc.
The Textes arabes de l’Ouargha (Lévi-Provençal, 1922), the Textes arabes de Rabat (Brunot, 1931) and the Textes arabes des Zaër (Loubignac, 1952), dealing with three regions in Morocco, draw attention to their methodological organization, as well as to their themes. The three works, consisting of an Arab version, a transcription using Latin characters and an annotated translation, provide a portrait of colonial Morocco between 1912 and 1956. Following in the footsteps of Orientalist William Marçais, the three self-translators concerned themselves with Moroccan ethnography in all its facets. To examine the works of these self-translators, we studied their translation not only from a comparative perspective, but also from a paratextual standpoint. In addition, we conducted a socio-historical study of these translators that proved useful to better understand their ideology and above all shed light on their membership in the community of scholars. For this purpose, our theoretical framework was based on both an archaeological component and a critical component in order to identify the norms underlying the translators’ intentional interventions. The preface and numerous notes clearly illustrate the different translation projects, namely, to “strengthen the edifice” of the French administration. Admittedly, our analysis of the self-translations did not reveal significant interventions and, thus, the study of the Moroccan dialect transcription became an important part of my research. A reading of each transcription – an intralinguistic translation from the oral to the written – and a grasp of all its aspects demonstrate that the role of each of the three self-translations, done by translators in the service of the IHEM, was to shape the image of Moroccans and consolidate the French colonial project in Morocco.

Niniejsza praca opowiada o utracie i odbudowie własnego sposobu konstruowania świata przez Mā’ohi – rdzennych mieszkańców Tahiti, oraz osadza je w szerszym kontekście globalnych problemów ekologicznych. We współczesnym Tahiti, mieszkańcy borykają się z kryzysem tożsamości kulturowej (będącym wynikiem kolonializmu) i globalną destabilizacją ekologiczną. Oddolną odpowiedź na te problemy wypracowują stowarzyszenia tahitańskich aktywistów. Opisuję historię dwóch z nich – Haururu zajmującego się starymi polinezyjskimi świątyniami w dolinie Papeno’o; oraz Fa’afaite te Ao Mā’ohi, które pracuje na rzecz odnowy polinezyjskich tradycji żeglarskich. Ich działalność wpisuje się w lokalny ruch odnowy rdzennej kultury, jak również w światowy aktywizm ekologiczny. W rzeczywistości bowiem nie mamy do czynienia z odrębnymi problemami. Stawiam tezę, że ochrona środowiska i przebudzenie kulturowe Mā’ohi są obecnie jednym zjawiskiem, wypływającym z polinezyjskiej ontologii, a jednocześnie wyrastającym z dzisiejszych największych problemów i potencjału ich rozwiązywania. Członkowie stowarzyszeń starają się rehabilitować nierozerwalny, podtrzymujący życie i tożsamość wyspiarzy węzła relacji (nati) pomiędzy ziemią, morzem i ludźmi. Odnowa wielowymiarowych relacji z lądem i oceanem, historią, duchowością, praktykami i wiedzą przodków w warunkach postkolonializmu, globalizacji i zmian klimatycznych jest jednym z podstawowych założeń współczesnego aktywizmu na Tahiti, a szerzej Polinezji. Zadam sobie pytanie o to, jak rekonstruuje się dziś te więzi oraz co oznacza w tym procesie stara polinezyjska świątynia – marae oraz va’a – pełnomorska piroga żeglowna. Aktywiści odwołują się bowiem do wiedzy, wartości i historii ich przodków (tupuna), łącząc je z współczesnymi technologiami, czy ideałami, aby kształtować bezpieczniejszą przyszłość dla nadchodzących pokoleń. Tożsamość Mā’ohi, środowisko, postkolonializm oraz szeroko rozumiana mobilność zaczynają tworzyć interesujący splot relacji, odgrywający kluczową rolę w opisywanych zjawiskach. Pierwsza część pracy wprowadza czytelnika w inspiracje teoretyczne, na kanwie których powstał tekst (również tych wywodzących się z myśli tahitańskiej). Opisuję w niej też historyczny kontekst formułowania się dzisiejszej postkolonialnej rzeczywistości wyspy. Druga część skoncentrowana jest na działaniach stowarzyszenia Haururu, jako przykładzie wiązania wielowymiarowych relacji wyspiarzy z ziemią. Nie ogranicza się to jedynie do praktycznych przejawów troski o lokalne plaże, rzeki, dolinę czy góry. Aktywiści odwołują się do mitologii i podań tahitańskich, tańców i pieśni, lokalnych przestrzeni czy duchowości, aby zmagać się o własną tożsamość, rehabilitować tubylcze historie oraz odzyskać kontrolę nad stworzoną przez kolonializm i chrystianizację wyspiarską rzeczywistość. Ma to polegać głównie na pojednaniu się i ponownym połączeniu z własną ziemią. W drugiej trzeciej pracy przedstawiam Polinezyjczyków jako spadkobierców voyaging culture/ voyaging people (kultury podróży, ludu podróży), w której dalekosiężne wyprawy morskie, stanowią jedną z podstaw ontologii. Zadam pytanie, czym jest mobilność rdzennych Polinezyjczyków w świecie współczesnym oraz jakie ma znaczenie dla wyspiarzy w globalnych zmaganiach z destabilizacją środowiska? Dzięki odrodzeniu zapomnianej sztuki żeglowania współcześni aktywiści starają się zredefiniować postrzeganie oceanu i powrócić do zamieszkiwania morza. Tym samym odniosę się do ogólnych pytań o relacje człowieka z naturą oraz o to, co oznacza zamieszkiwać wyspę i ocean. Praca ma też na celu zademonstrowanie wyspiarskich sposobów na rozwiązanie globalnych problemów ekologicznych. Niewątpliwie można z nich czerpać na poziomie międzynarodowym, jako z dobrych praktyk opartych na głębokiej, a jakże dziś potrzebnej myśli, przeformułowującej postrzeganie miejsca człowieka w świecie. The thesis tells the story of losing and reconstructing the indigenous Tahitian ways of understanding and inhabiting the island and the sea. It is highly related to the wider context of global ecological problems. The Tahitians are suffering from postcolonial identity crises and the global climate destabilization. The island’s activists are trying to address these issues. I describe two associations: Haururu that guards the ancient Polynesian temple complex in the Papeno’o Valley, and Fa’afaite te Ao Mā’ohi that works for the renewal of the Polynesian sailing traditions. The activities of both organizations are part of grassroots, local movement for cultural renewal and global ecological activism. It is not surprising, since both of the concerns, cultural and environmental, are actually one issue. I argue that caring for the environment and the Mā’ohi cultural awakening are one phenomenon that originates from the Polynesian ontology, and at the same time, comes from the need to resolve the most urgent, contemporary crises. The members of the associations are trying to rehabilitate inextricable, life and identity-sustaining bonds of relations (nati) between the land, the sea and the people. The renewal of multidimensional relations with the island, the ocean, the history, the spirituality, the practices, and the knowledge of the ancestors in the postcolonial, global and climatically unstable reality is one of the core concerns for Tahitian, and wider Polynesian, activism. I asked the question of how the islanders reconstruct these bonds, and what the marae (ancestral temple) and the va’a (voyaging canoe) mean to the process. The activists are combining their tupuna (ancestors’) values, knowledge and history with contemporary technologies and ideals to build a better future for generations to come. Mā’ohi identity, environment, postcolonialism, and mobility interweave into a knot of relations that play the key role in the described processes. The first part of the text introduces my theoretical inspiration including those coming from Tahitian thought. I refer, as well, to the historical context of Tahitian postcolonialism. The second part focuses on the activities of Haururu as an example of the bonding multidimensional relations of the islanders with the land. It is not limited to practical caring for the valley, rivers, mountains or littoral zone. The activists draw from Tahitian mythology, local legends, they dance and chant, redefine spaces and invoke ancestral spirituality. In this manner they struggle for their identity, rehabilitation of indigenous history, and to regain control over the island reality that has been structured by colonialism and Christianization. They search for reconciliation and reconnection to the land. In the third part the Polynesians are described as heirs to the voyaging culture/ voyaging people, for whom the most important ontological statements are connected to long distance seafaring. I will reflect on indigenous, Polynesian, mobility today and what its significance is for the environmental and the cultural struggle. I think that by reinstituting the forgotten art of their ancestors’ navigation and sailing, the activists reframe people’s perception of the ocean and enable them to reclaim their ability to inhabit the sea. The described above reflection introduces more general questions about human–nature relations and the meanings of inhabiting an island or a sea. I try to underline the islanders’ input in resolving the global ecological problems with practices that draw from profound, and I think internationally needed, thought that redefines the human position in the World.