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Статті в журналах з теми "French cities"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 грудня 2024

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1

Downing, Joseph. "Rapping French Cities in the 1990s." French Politics, Culture & Society 38, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 136–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2020.380307.

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The scholarship on French rap has thus far paid too little attention to social boundary making. This is important given the long-standing sociological importance of territorial boundaries in creating and reenforcing marginalization, especially for ethnic and racial minorities, in French cities. This article highlights the process of boundary making by presenting an analysis of 364 rap tracks from the 1990s. The results demonstrate stark contrasts: 94 percent of Marseille rappers depict boundaries at the city level, while 68 percent of Paris rappers use districts (arrondissements and suburban départements) as the key signifiers of boundary making. Paris rap follows an established pattern of brightening existing socioeconomic and territorial boundaries through lyrics that focus on alienation and marginalization. Rap from Marseille follows a countervailing logic of blurring socioeconomic and territorial boundaries through lyrics that strive to capture a lived, inclusive multiculturalism in the city.

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2

Ranum, Orest. "French Cities and Wars of Religion." Journal of Jesuit Studies 8, no. 4 (September 3, 2021): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-08040007.

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3

Body-Gendrot, Sophie. "Deconstructing Youth Violence in French Cities." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 13, no. 1 (2005): 4–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571817053558275.

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4

Pumain, D., Th Saint-Julien, and L. Sanders. "Urban dynamics of some French cities." European Journal of Operational Research 25, no. 1 (April 1986): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(86)90108-6.

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5

Jones, Colin. "FRENCH CROSSINGS: I. TALES OF TWO CITIES." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 20 (November 5, 2010): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440110000034.

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ABSTRACTUnder the general title, ‘French Crossings’, the presidential addresses over the next four years will explore intersections and relationships between cultures, periods, disciplines, approaches, historiographies and problems, all within the general field of early modern and modern French history. ‘Tales of Two Cities’ takes as its approach both comparative history andl'histoire croisée. It compares and contrasts the very differing cultural impact on each side of the Channel of one of the most influential British novels about Franco-British political culture, namely, Charles Dickens'sA Tale of Two Cities(1859). The novel has been conventionally hailed in England, especially from the end of the nineteenth century, as a parable unfavourably contrasting France's revolutionary tradition with the allegedly more humane political evolutionism of England. In France, the novel has been largely ignored or else viewed as a Burkean rant. Yet Dickens's personal attitudes towards France and in particular Paris suggests a more ambiguous and complicated history. For Dickens, modern Paris, as regenerated under Haussmann, was a brilliant success story against which he contrasted both Paris in the 1790s and the social and political circumstances he claimed to detect within English metropolitan culture in the recent past and present. Dickens views the radical and disinherited workers’ suburb of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine less, it is suggested, as quintessentially French than as quintessentially plebeian, and the prospect of a slide into revolutionary politics as a lurking threat within England as well as France.

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6

Darin, Michael. "French belt boulevards." Urban Morphology 4, no. 1 (January 28, 2000): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51347/jum.v4i1.3867.

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As the evolution of French belt boulevards clearly shows, it is the interaction between urban planning and 'spontaneous' urban dynamics which creates urban forms, in this case prestigious ones. A comparison of twenty such boulevards in a number of cities provides insights into the formation and transformation of these major urban forms, their morphological features and their role in contemporary urban planning.

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7

Horn, Jeff. "The Urban Environment in Early Modern French Cities." Journal of Urban History 26, no. 3 (March 2000): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614420002600305.

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8

Charlot, Sylvie, and Gilles Duranton. "Cities and Workplace Communication: Some Quantitative French Evidence." Urban Studies 43, no. 8 (July 2006): 1365–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980600776459.

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9

Puissant, Sylvette, and Claude Lacour. "Mid-sized French cities and their niche competitiveness." Cities 28, no. 5 (October 2011): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.05.008.

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10

Wurtzel, Ellen. "Passionate Encounters, Public Healing." French Historical Studies 46, no. 3 (August 1, 2023): 331–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-10454811.

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Abstract This article focuses on the resurgence of urban bathhouses (called estuves in French after the stoves that heated them) between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries in Paris and other northern French-speaking cities. Popular and widespread institutions, bathhouses contributed to both individual well-being and civic health in cities across the kingdom. Using medical treatises, trial records, literary sources, and archival documentation, the article argues that bathhouses encouraged sociability, brought disparate groups together, and were in fact essential to the circulation and well-being of people in medieval cities as places of emotional community.

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11

Sibertin-Blanc, Mariette, and Jean-Marc Zuliani. "Les fonctions de services : une alternative à la recomposition du système productif des petites villes industrielles ? L'exemple du Grand Sud-Ouest français." Sud-Ouest européen 17, no. 1 (2004): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rgpso.2004.2858.

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Service industries, as an alternative to the rebuilding of the productive system of small industrial towns ? The example of the french greater south-west. Small industrial cities of the French Greater South-West are facing important economical transformations. To the loss of influence of their industry, succeeds a development of sen'ices activities. The recent emergence of « services to companies » leads to « autonomisation » effects, on the basis of deployment of rather banalised allowances. Mainly favoured by local policies, the expansion of public services thwart the negative representation of small cities in crisis. This expansion appears, nevertheless, unequal depending on the geographic localisation of small cities relatively to urban centers of bigger sizes. The territorial incidences of merchandise and public services (autonomisation, field of influence, dependence) afford to small, traditionally industrial, cities, functioning attributes of normal cities.

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12

Tomatis, Francisco, Luisa F. Lozano-Castellanos, Oscar L. García-Navarrete, Adriana Correa-Guimaraes, Maria Sol Wilhelm, Ouiam Fatiha Boukharta, Diana A. Murcia Velasco, and José E. Méndez-Vanegas. "Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Cities of The French Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago Francés) in Castilla y León according to The Spanish Urban Agenda." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 9164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159164.

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The emblematic French Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago Francés) crosses towns, cities, and Spanish regions to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain), However, where is The French Way of Saint James going with respect to the urban sustainability of its host cities? As each city is unique and urban sustainability favors the revitalization and transition of urban areas, to know where to go, it is first necessary to establish a diagnosis that makes the different urban situations visible. In this article, the behavior of urban sustainability is analyzed in the six host cities of The French Way of Saint James in the Autonomous Community of Castilla y León, a region characterized by its link with the rural environment and its current depopulation problems. The data and indicators used are officially provided by the Spanish Urban Agenda, which, through the normalization of its values, are able to territorialize the SDGs at the local level and reflect the realities of the cities of Burgos, Astorga, Cacabelos, León, Ponferrada, and Valverde de la Virgen. The results make it possible to diagnose and compare these host cities, identifying weaknesses, skills, and opportunities that favor the promotion of action plans, local or joint (favored by The French Way of Saint James), in the multiple aspects of sustainability. In addition, they show that Valverde de la Virgen is the city with the best performance in terms of urban sustainability.

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13

Kida, Tsuyoshi. "Semio-linguistic Norms and Variations of French in Urban and Commercial Spaces in Japan." Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 74–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/jala.v4-i1-a4.

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The presence of English has grown in public and commercial spaces of urban localities across the world, yet the French language is gaining an increasing presence in Japan and is thus characterizing its linguistic landscape of its cities. Many language signs in these cities containing names of shops or products in French, appear on storefronts and packages. These texts seemingly convey shop policies or product images rather than a correct use of the French language. These situations require us to cast questions such as the following: 1) Which categories produce signs in French? 2) Which demographics constitute targeted receivers of these signs? 3) To what extent to these demographics comprehend the language n these signs? 4) What are the formal features specific to these signs? 5) What are the motivations and identities of the stakeholders of signs? 6) What are the motives for opting for French rather than other foreign languages in Japanese society? To respond to these questions, in this article, I will report on my preliminary analysis of signage data collected over several years throughout Japan’s urban centres. For this, I will discuss the presence of foreign languages in Japanese society and its language (loanwords, writing systems, foreign language in the media), after which, the article alludes to the ethnolinguistic vitality of French in the society. This vitality of the French language in Japan’s urban linguistic landscapes is described by the form and presence of metalinguistic variation, that is, the form and meaning of elements of French in signage in Japan’s cities.

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14

Pascal, Mathilde, Vérène Wagner, Magali Corso, Karine Laaidi, Aymeric Ung, and Pascal Beaudeau. "Heat and cold related-mortality in 18 French cities." Environment International 121 (December 2018): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.049.

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15

Gibson, Lacey. "A Tale of Two Cities: Differences in Wine Culture in Nice and London." Gastronomica 18, no. 4 (2018): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2018.18.4.71.

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The French Paradox is the theory that France has an unexpectedly low prevalence of coronary heart disease compared to levels that would be predicted by their high consumption of fats. Aside from high-fat foods, wine is portrayed by English media to be a staple of the French diet. In this article, I explore the wine-drinking cultures in Nice, France, and London, England, that were revealed by conducting semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and descriptive surveys. I describe two mealtime vignettes of my ethnographic experience that are symbolic of my main findings from this study. Specifically, I find that residents of Nice consume wine in smaller portions, often during shared social experiences at meals, whereas Londoners are more likely to consume wine in larger portions and more frequently for relaxation than their counterparts in Nice. Wine connoisseurship in London is a relatively novel practice, and wine drinking is often associated with the potential for inebriation, whereas mindful appreciation of high-quality wines is a staple element of French identity in Nice. Further epidemiological research is needed to determine causality of French wine culture's impact on cardiovascular health. However, it is evident from my research that the aesthetics of French wine culture may be a powerful tool to promote mindfulness and moderation.

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16

Susser, Ida, and Stéphane Tonnelat. "Transformative cities." Focaal 2013, no. 66 (June 1, 2013): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2013.660116.

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When our article was first written, the Occupy movement was in full swing and we were clearly in optimistic mode. However, as all studies of social movements have shown, from the antiapartheid struggles of South Africa to the rebellious nineteenth century in France or Britain, the road of mobilization is never straightforward. Nor did we assume that “Occupy” in the United States or even the popular rebellions of the Arab Spring would lead to a blossoming of democratic nations. We take these understandings from writers such as Eric Hobsbawm (1996), who understood the French Revolution and the British industrial revolution as complementary processes that set the stage for the imperfect and unequal nation-states of France and Britain today. In South Africa (to pick one historic moment), after the high school students who took to the streets in protest in Soweto were mowed down by South African army tanks, the streets were virtually quiescent for a decade. However, over 40 years of fascism in South Africa, the 1950s bus boycotts, the 1960s Sharpeville massacre, the famous trials of Mandela and others, the Soweto school children, and finally the union mobilization in a United Front and international sanctions led to the end of apartheid. But, as we are all now aware, these battles did not end inequality or neoliberalism.

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17

Njoh, Ambe J. "The segregated city in British and French colonial Africa." Race & Class 49, no. 4 (April 2008): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063968080490040602.

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A number of different techniques and rationales were used by the French and British colonial authorities to racially segregate cities in Africa - from the use of planning by-laws requiring European building materials, to the requiring of fluency in European languages in specific areas of towns. Here, the ways in which town planning policies were used to segregate cities in Madagascar, Congo, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Nigeria are considered.

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18

Hu, Shan, Jun Li, and Clément Noël Douady. "The Methods of French Urban Design and its Inspiration for China." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2467.

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Nowadays Chinese cities have many urban design activities. This paper selects three typical cases of the French urban design, from the macro, meso and micro levels of the three space urban design, hoping to give an inspiration for the urban design to the Chinese cities.

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19

Vinogradov, V. V. "Eccentric Images of Urban Space in French Cinematography." Vestnik VGIK 14, no. 1(51) (March 25, 2024): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.69975/2074-0832-2022-51-1-87-96.

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The article dwells upon the urban space representation in the French cinema. The analysis is mainly based on the films “And God Created Woman” by R. Vadim, “My Nights Are More Beautiful Than Your Days” by A. Zulawsky, “The Captive” by Ch. Ackerman, “Hotel America” by A. Téchiné, “Coasting the Coast” by A. Varda , “About Nice” by J. Vigo, “Port of Shadows” by M. Carné, “The Moon in the Gutter” by J.-J. Beineix. The author takes up the study of comprehension of urban eccentric and concentric spaces formerly undertaken by Yu. Lotman, G. Simmel, W. Benjamin. As put it some of these researchers, almost every city seems to be an eccentric phenomenon which turns a man’s life into a kind of performance. Still, the author believes that the concept of eccentricity provides a basis for another related characterization — a phantom city. Not just the city as such provokes eccentricity, but there is a certain type of cities in which this quality reveals to the maximum extent. The most strikingly it is represented in the films set in coastal cities which are normally associated with some kinds of mirages. The author comes to the conclusion that the image of a coastal city in its cultural representation (in literature and films), whatever its intonation or accent, is traditionally associated with the concepts of mirage, ephemerality and fallacy. Such cities arouse feelings of marginality, of being in between the real world and a fantastic one, a sense of theatricalization, illusiveness of action – in a word, of eccentricity. These are the key typological features of coastal cities fitting into the characteristics of eccentric spaces.

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20

Traugott, Mark. "Capital Cities and Revolution." Social Science History 19, no. 1 (1995): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017259.

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The premise here is that there existed a specific moment in the history of France —and, one might speculate, of other European societies—when a popular insurrection in the capital was capable of bringing down the national government, virtually overnight and irrespective of public sentiment in the provinces. In the face of such sudden outbursts, not even those regimes that appeared most firmly entrenched proved to be secure. The most striking instances, and the ones that will be the exclusive focus of attention here, occurred in Paris during the early years of the French Revolution of 1789 as in 1830 and 1848, when the urban crowd was able, if only for a time, to impose new institutions and policies upon the nation. In general, the rural population proved acquiescent, but the will of the capital initially held sway even when the numerical majority living in the countryside seemed resistant to the change.

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21

Wallace, Robert. "Tales of Two Cities." Canadian Theatre Review 46 (March 1986): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.46.001.

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Wallace: When you began the Centaur 17 years ago, Quebec was entering a period of political unrest and upheaval. Was it difficult to start an English-speaking theatre here then? Podbrey: I loved Montreal the moment I arrived here and started the theatre company within months of my getting the idea. It happened very quickly and happily and actually preceded the big period of unrest. The Montreal public still hadn’t confronted itself the way it was going to in the following years . But even through the unrest we never had any real difficulty in establishing and continuing our work here. We’ve always had very high levels of attendance and have tried to keep an open-door policy towards the changes that are taking place, to encourage a progressive response rather than retrenching or hiding behind any barr iers. We’ve enjoyed a very good relationship across the language lines in the city and with the French theatre community. There has never been any acrimony that I can remember.

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22

Adisson, Félix, and Francesca Artioli. "Four types of urban austerity: Public land privatisations in French and Italian cities." Urban Studies 57, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019827517.

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This article contributes to current debates on urban austerity by comparing public land privatisations in French and Italian cities. These privatisations have emerged in several countries during the last two decades as a recurring austerity measure. However, current research does not explain how similar national austerity policies result in diverse urban outcomes. This article tackles this limitation by developing an analytical model of the different types of urban austerity. It uses the intergovernmental system and local policy capacity as the main variables to explain four local patterns of austerity, that is, gridlock austerity, nationally mitigated austerity, locally mitigated austerity and opportunistic austerity. Drawing on nine case studies covering two public landowners, the article shows that public land austerity policies have become routine practice based on compromises in French cities, but conflictual and based on ad hoc solutions in Italian cities.

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23

Blaudin de Thé, Camille, Benjamin Carantino, and Miren Lafourcade. "The carbon ‘carprint’ of urbanization: New evidence from French cities." Regional Science and Urban Economics 89 (July 2021): 103693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103693.

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24

Tuppen, J. N., and P. Mingret. "Suburban malaise in French cities: the quest for a solution." Town Planning Review 57, no. 2 (April 1986): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.57.2.x1u475528024r546.

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25

Cesari, Jocelyne. "Mosques in French Cities: Towards the End of a Conflict?" Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31, no. 6 (November 2005): 1025–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691830500282634.

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26

Flamant, Anouk. "The local turn in integration policies: why French cities differ." Ethnic and Racial Studies 43, no. 11 (March 20, 2020): 1981–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1738522.

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27

Kim, Subin. "Cultural Revitalization of French Local Cities in the Early 1980s." Korean Journal of Urban History 25 (November 30, 2020): 113–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22345/kjuh.2020.11.25.113.

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28

Wolff, Manuel, Sylvie Fol, Hélène Roth, and Emmanuèle Cunningham-Sabot. "Is planning needed? Shrinking cities in the French urban system." Town Planning Review 88, no. 1 (January 2017): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2017.10.

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29

NEVERS, JEAN-YVES. "Grants Allocation to French Cities: The Role of Political Processes." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 15, no. 3 (September 1991): 366–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1991.tb00644.x.

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30

STEWART, CHRISTOPHER M. "On the Socio-Indexicality of a Parisian French Intonation Contour." Journal of French Language Studies 22, no. 2 (September 16, 2011): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269511000457.

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ABSTRACTThis study examines how intonation contours prevalent in a Parisian French urban youth vernacular (Conein and Gadet, 1998; Fagyal 2003, 2005) index sociolinguistic meanings for Parisian French listeners. In a web-based experiment, listeners placed recordings with stress patterns ranging from clearly penultimate (‘non-standard’) to clear phrase-final (‘standard’) in cities whose linguistic correctness they had previously evaluated. Stimuli with the most numerous and strongest cues to penultimate prominence were reliably identified with cities low in linguistic prestige. Sociolinguistic experience was shown to predict stimulus evaluations. The conclusions reached speak to the socio-indexicality of certain Parisian intonation contour types and the methodology used herein may lend itself to future studies of socially sensitive language variation.

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31

Cottineau, Clémentine, and Maarten Vanhoof. "Mobile Phone Indicators and Their Relation to the Socioeconomic Organisation of Cities." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010019.

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Thanks to the use of geolocated big data in computational social science research, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of human activities is increasingly being revealed. Paired with smaller and more traditional data, this opens new ways of understanding how people act and move, and how these movements crystallise into the structural patterns observed by censuses. In this article we explore the convergence between mobile phone data and more traditional socioeconomic data from the national census in French cities. We extract mobile phone indicators from six months worth of Call Detail Records (CDR) data, while census and administrative data are used to characterize the socioeconomic organisation of French cities. We address various definitions of cities and investigate how they impact the statistical relationships between mobile phone indicators, such as the number of calls or the entropy of visited cell towers, and measures of economic organisation based on census data, such as the level of deprivation, inequality and segregation. Our findings show that some mobile phone indicators relate significantly with different socioeconomic organisation of cities. However, we show that relations are sensitive to the way cities are defined and delineated. In several cases, changing the city delineation rule can change the significance and even the sign of the correlation. In general, cities delineated in a restricted way (central cores only) exhibit traces of human activity which are less related to their socioeconomic organisation than cities delineated as metropolitan areas and dispersed urban regions.

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32

Duranton, Gilles. "Urban Evolutions: The Fast, the Slow, and the Still." American Economic Review 97, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.1.197.

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With the use of French and US data, new and systematic evidence is provided about the rapid location changes of industries across cities (the fast). Cities are also slowly moving up and down the urban hierarchy (the slow), while the size distribution of cities is skewed to the right and very stable (the still). The model proposed here reproduces these three features. Small, innovation-driven shocks lead to the churning of industries across cities. Then, cities slowly grow or decline following net gains or losses of industries. These changes occur within a stable distribution. The quantitative implications of the model are also explored. (JEL R12, R32)

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33

FORREST, ALAN. "French urban elites." Urban History 30, no. 1 (May 2003): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392680300107x.

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In France, as in the Anglo-Saxon world, social history has undergone a sea change in recent years with the growth of interest in issues of culture and representation, with the result that historians have come to ask rather different questions about cities and their social fabric. The change was not, of course, achieved overnight: since the 1930s the Annalistes have been opening up new approaches to the analysis of power and status, while in the development of micro-history Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's Montaillou occupies an honoured place. In this the lingering influence of a Marxist model has played an important part. For decades Marxist theory provided the key which opened up issues of social power and class division, the methodology which led to a widespread study of urban structures and social dominance. And though in some hands it might be criticized for leading to an over-arching concern with the urban economy and the growth of the industrial city, the same Marxist perspective also encouraged studies of such questions as the identity of urban elites, the extent of social mobility within cities and the development of suburbs. More recently French historians have been among the most innovative in exploring the culture of urban life in a variety of different contexts, whether – and here I shall simply cite representative examples – by the study of individual professions (Christophe Charle), of dress and public appearance (Daniel Roche), or of the appropriation of urban space (Bernard Lepetit). The three books under review here all, in their different ways, contribute to our understanding of that urban culture and of the changes which it has undergone. Yannec Le Marec takes up Charle's arguments through a micro-history of the professional development of lawyers and doctors in the south Breton city of Nantes during the nineteenth century. Natacha Coquery, looking at the eighteenth century, explains the representation of social power implicit in the transfer of sumptuous Paris hôtels from private use to that of government ministries and their fast-multiplying staff. And Claude Petitfrère presents an edited collection of papers, emanating from a conference organized by the highly influential Centre d'histoire de la ville moderne et contemporaine in his own university at Tours, which illuminates across time and place the ways in which an urban patriciate was first constructed, then reproduced and represented to contemporaries. Taken together the three volumes go far to illustrate current developments in historiography and offer an overview of the present state of urban social history in France.

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34

Hassad, Abdessamed, and Mouloud Grine. "The Urban & Economic Characteristics of Major Arab Cities in the Nineteenth Century, through the French Travelers Observations - Cairo as a Model." Milev Journal of Research and Studies 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.58205/mjrs.v7i1.545.

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The trip is considered as one of the most important historical sources that supports the researcher with an abundant scientific materials, especially since the travelers have recorded all the observations they saw in the areas they visited. The French travelersare ones of the pioneers of the traveler to the East, there are several factors that make them to be in this trip. In the forefront of which is the religious factor in the framework of what is known as the Christian pilgrimage in which it passes through several stations, including the Cairo station, which contains Christian sanctuaries. From there they continue their pilgrimage trip to the Levant .The nineteenth century witnessed a significant increase in French trips, especially that France got privileges fromThe Ottoman Empire to protect theorthodoxe as well as their holy places, and thus the abundance of French writings, through which we tried to find out the impressions that these travelers make for Arab Islamic cities, and we choose Cairo as one of the most prominent Arab cities at that time, as well as being one of the most prominent stations in French travel.We relied on the descriptive historical method while writing this reaserch paper

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35

Ostrowska, Joanna. "Performanse miast-duchów." Przegląd Kulturoznawczy, no. 4 (46) (2020): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843860pk.20.038.12842.

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The article takes readers to the towns-ghost destroyed in both World Wars. The author recallas examples of French villages detruit from Picardy and martyr cities: Czech Lidice and French Oradour-sur-Glane. Starting from Schechner’s “as performance” category, the author analyzes how the contemporary meaning of these places is built and with what means they create anti-war performances.

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36

Akoi, Mohammed Rasul Murad. "Understanding Violence in Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities." Journal of University of Raparin 7, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(7).no(1).paper4.

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This paper, Understanding Violence in Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities, deals with violence in its various forms in Charles Dickens’ novel, A Tale of Two Cities. The novel recounts the French Revolution of 1789. In the novel, Dickens portrays a terrifying scene of blood and brutality. Violence appears in different forms. Critics have paid attention to Charles Dickens’ own fear of a similar revolution in England. The paper attempts to find the substance of that fear. The paper will discuss the three forms of violence in Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities; namely, violence as an inherent part of the French Revolution; violence committed by the crowds or mobs, and the evil that rises and grows as the Revolution continues. It will be argued that Dickens’ depiction of the crowd and mob behavior in A Tale of Two Cities captures the potential which is in the mentality of any crowd to grow violent. That is, a seemingly innocent start could lead to evil. A socio-psychological approach will also be consulted to analyze violence in the novel; violence as part of the revolution; violence committed by the mobs, and finally how the revolutionary masses turn evil.

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37

Marczak, Marek. "Polskie adaptacje łacińskich i francuskich nazw miejscowych w Nowym wielkim dykcjonarzu Pierre’a Daneta i Dymitra Franciszka Koli." Linguodidactica 24 (2020): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/lingdid.2020.24.12.

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The considerable number of toponyms is one of the many unexplored but interesting characteristics of the Danet-Kola French-Latin-Polish dictionary. The translator – Kola – alters toponyms in different ways. This article analyses the substantial corpus of lexicographical units, mainly place names of French and English cities. The results of the research illustrate the two most noticeable tendencies of Kola’s translations. Firstly, he adapts Latin toponyms if the term denotes a place with a diocese. Secondly, Kola refers to his knowledge of French in translation, even if place names are derived from other languages.

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38

Poulhès, Alexis, and Angèle Brachet. "Does Revitalizing the Center of Mid-Sized French Cities Reduce GHG Emissions from Commuting?" Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041851.

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Mid-sized cities are usually considered in the literature to be shrinking cities. Some policies promote right-sizing and others promote revitalization. The relationship between land-use planning and mobility having been established, the present research issue is focused on whether a policy of revitalizing the centers of mid-sized cities is favorable to low-carbon mobility. Our study investigates commuting trips through two indicators: commuting trip distance and car modal share. The increase in total population, the increase in the number of jobs per resident, the decrease in the unemployment rate, the increase in the rate of executives, the increase in the rate of working people in the population and the decrease in the residential vacancy rate all come from the censuses of 2006 and 2016. Statistical models based on individuals in 113 mid-sized cities, in which sociodemographic variables are introduced, show that at the level of agglomerations, no indicator has a simultaneously positive effect in the center and in the urban periphery. No indicator is entirely positive or negative on GHG emissions from commuting trips. While the increase in GHG emissions from commuting trips between 2006 and 2016 is significant in mid-sized cities (18%), a shift toward shrinking city centers is insufficient to change this trajectory.

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39

Duranton, Gilles, and Diego Puga. "Nursery Cities: Urban Diversity, Process Innovation, and the Life Cycle of Products." American Economic Review 91, no. 5 (December 1, 2001): 1454–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1454.

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This paper develops microfoundations for the role that diversified cities play in fostering innovation. A simple model of process innovation is proposed, where firms learn about their ideal production process by making prototypes. We build around this a dynamic general-equilibrium model, and derive conditions under which diversified and specialized cities coexist. New products are developed in diversified cities, trying processes borrowed from different activities. On finding their ideal process, firms switch to mass production and relocate to specialized cities where production costs are lower. We find strong evidence of this pattern in establishment relocations across French employment areas 1993–1996. (JEL R30, O31, D83)

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40

Vavilina, N. D., and S. Yu Volchenko. "The University and the City as Subjects of Interaction. Review of Russian-French monograph “The University and the City: Dialogue in a Post-Industrial Discourse. The Russian and French Cases”, ed. Prof. L. A. Osmuk." University Management: Practice and Analysis 26, no. 3 (December 11, 2022): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/umpa.2022.03.026.

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The review describes the main ideas and hypothesis of the monograph issued by the international research team. The book examines the role of universities in the innovative development of a modern city in the Russian and French contexts. The urgency and singularity of research and the relevancy of generalization are noted. The impact of modern studentification and internationalization tendencies on Russian and French provincial university cities is marked.

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41

Vandentorren, Stéphanie, Florence Suzan, Sylvia Medina, Mathilde Pascal, Adeline Maulpoix, Jean-Claude Cohen, and Martine Ledrans. "Mortality in 13 French Cities During the August 2003 Heat Wave." American Journal of Public Health 94, no. 9 (September 2004): 1518–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.9.1518.

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42

Saravanan, Sarpparaje. "Background of French revolution in Dickenss A Tale of Two Cities." International Journal of English and Literature 5, no. 6 (August 31, 2014): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijel2014.0418.

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43

Declercq, Christophe, Sophie Larrieu, Vérène Wagner, Sabine Host, Laurence Pascal, Edouard Chatignoux, Myriam Blanchard, and Agnès Lefranc. "Coarse and Fine Particles and Daily Mortality in Nine French Cities." Epidemiology 20 (November 2009): S158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000362538.66388.21.

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44

Pascal, Mathilde, Edouard Chatignoux, Vérène Wagner, Myriam Blanchard, Magali Corso, Grégoire Falq, Sabine Host, Sophie Larrieu, Laurence Pascal, and Christophe Declercq. "Seasonal Effect of Ozone Concentrations on Mortality in 9 French Cities." Epidemiology 22 (January 2011): S193—S194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000392275.12251.a7.

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45

Combes, Pierre-Philippe, Gilles Duranton, and Laurent Gobillon. "The Costs of Agglomeration: House and Land Prices in French Cities." Review of Economic Studies 86, no. 4 (October 18, 2018): 1556–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy063.

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AbstractWe develop a new methodology to estimate the elasticity of urban costs with respect to city population using French house and land price data. After handling a number of estimation concerns, we find that the elasticity of urban costs increases with city population with an estimate of about 0.03 for an urban area with 100,000 inhabitants to 0.08 for an urban area of the size of Paris. Our approach also yields a number of intermediate outputs of independent interest such as the share of housing in expenditure, the elasticity of unit house and land prices with respect to city population, and within-city distance gradients for house and land prices.

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46

Neukirch, F., I. Pin, J. Knani, C. Henry, C. Pison, R. Liard, S. Romazzini, and J. Bousquet. "Prevalence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in three French cities." Respiratory Medicine 89, no. 10 (November 1995): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0954-6111(95)90136-1.

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47

Declercq, C., A. Lefranc, L. Pascal, H. Prouvost, S. Larrieu, P. Fabre, A. LE Tertre, et al. "Air Pollution and Hospitalizations for Heart Diseases in Eight French Cities." Epidemiology 17, Suppl (November 2006): S259—S260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200611001-00672.

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48

Deguen, S., S. Mesbah, and C. Segala. "Typology of 54 French Cities Having an Air Pollution Monitoring Network." Epidemiology 17, Suppl (November 2006): S380—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200611001-01013.

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49

Westland, Tom. "Spatial inequality in living standards and the urban premium in late colonial French West Africa." Revista de Historia Industrial — Industrial History Review 33, no. 92 (November 14, 2024): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/rhiihr.44765.

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Were colonial capitals islands of relative prosperity in West Africa, or did incomes in smaller cities keep up with income levels in major cities like Dakar? Though recent work has shown that by the 1950s real wages for unskilled workers in the major cities of West Africa were relatively high by developing world standards, less is known about income levels in the smaller urban settlements of the region. Using nominal wages and retail prices, this paper estimates welfare ratios in 49 urban centres in French colonial Dahomey, Niger, Soudan français, Haute-Volta and Guinée française for the dry season of 1948. It shows that there was considerable variation in nominal wages, real wages, and the price level across the territory of French West Africa. Coastal towns generally had higher real wages than the hinterland, though coastal Guinea was relatively poor. Real incomes tended to be higher in areas connected to a colonial railway and in areas with higher land productivity. There was an appreciable urban premium, with higher real wages in towns with larger populations.

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50

Mohammed, Jwan Adil. "The Roles of French and English Characters in Dickens's Representation of the French Revolution; ‘A Tale of Two Cities’." Journal of University of Human Development 3, no. 3 (August 31, 2017): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v3n3y2017.pp584-589.

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The novel, “A Tale of Two Cities” is the portrayal of dilemma of peasantry of France demoralised by the aristocracy of France in the year led to the revolution. The novel spotlights the unjust French culture against the fair English system that transforms the life of all characters (some belonging to England and others having their origin in France). The novel borrows the idea of French revolution to support the story. This paper consists of three sections; the first section is the core that holds critical analysis, arguments and assessments of the characters and their roles such as Charles Darnay, Dr. Alexandre Manette and some others. Next the paper presents the relations among the characters; how the characters tie together through the events that launch in the story. This section spots the themes that can be drawn out of the whole plot and the significance of characters can be drawn from there – tying characters into commonalities and meaningfully assigning the weight that Dickens has intended to grant each character with. In addition, the last section will shed light on the critical analysis of Charles Dickens “A Tale of Two Cities” with Rousseau. Finally, the paper ends with a brief conclusion and a list of references.

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