Дисертації з теми "French and Jordanian legislation"

La garde à vue est toujours un sujet d'actualité aussi, l'évoquer selon l'angle des garanties, permet d'exorciser ce que la notion par elle-même renferme d'obscurité et d'incertitude. Leur identification au travers du cadre juridique, puis envisagées relativement aux droits de la personne, a mis en relief les points communs mais plus encore, la différence entre les législations française et jordanienne. Pour la première, la caractéristique principale tient à son évolution, sous la pression des instances européennes, vers un procès plus équitable, les droits de la personne s'affermissant. La seconde, pèche par des règlementations insuffisantes, dominées par l'intérêt général et la manifestation de la vérité, au détriment des droits de la personne. Une protection efficace des garanties, pendant la mesure privative de liberté avant jugement, passe par l'examen de leur contrôle par des moyens humains et techniques, toujours en droit comparé. Deux mots résument les effets de ce contrôle, pour les deux droits, ils sont instables et théoriques. L'équilibre à trouver, entre les nécessités de l'enquête pour confondre les auteurs de l'infraction et la protection de la personne gardée à vue, s'avère complexe et fluctuant, quelquefois en fonction d'un contexte d'insécurité. Le droit français sans offrir la panacée absolue d'une législation importante sur la garde à vue devrait permettre de guider la réflexion jordanienne, à partir de ses réussites, mais aussi de ses manques vers une formalisation plus importante dans son Code de procédure pénale, et le souci d'une adaptation conforme à ses valeurs culturelles
Arrest is always a topical subject, so, to evoke it from the point view of public safety, makes it possible to eliminate the associated notions of darkness and uncertainty. Re-examining arrest through the legal framework and with respect to human rights has highlighted commonalities but, more importantly, differences between French and Jordanian legislation. For the former, the main characteristic is its evolution, under the pressure of European authorities, towards a fairer trial, with the rights of the individual being strengthened. The latter is characterised by insufficient regulation, dominated by the general interest and the manifestation of truth, to the detriment of human rights. Effective protection of public safety, during the deprivation of liberty before trial, requires the verification by human and technical means, always in comparative law. Two words summarize the effects of this control, in these two rights, they are unstable and theoretical. The balance to be found between, on the one hand, the needs of the investigation to confound the perpetrators of the offence and, on the other hand, the protection of the person in custody, is complex and fluctuating, sometimes depending on the context of insecurity. French law, without offering the absolute panacea of an important legislation on police custody, should help guide Jordanian reflection, based on its successes but also its shortcomings, towards becoming more formalized in its Code of Criminal Procedure, in the desire for an adaptation in conformity with its cultural values

This thesis analyses the crime of trafficking in persons under international law with a special focus on Jordanian legislation, arguing that efforts to address the crime of trafficking in persons require a holistic approach, but it will focus on questions of jurisdiction and legal definitions. After analysing the definitions, elements, forms, and typologies of the crime of trafficking in persons under the Trafficking in Persons Protocol (TIPP) as the main legal international instrument, this thesis further examines whether or not Jordanian legislation is in line with international standards. Then, under the holistic approach to addressing the crime of trafficking in persons, this thesis examines trafficking in persons as a transnational organised crime. Subsequently, it examines trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity by examining whether or not the International Criminal Court (ICC) might be regarded as an effective organ for addressing trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity. Later, the thesis examines the efforts made in Jordan to address the crime of trafficking in persons. Accordingly, this thesis concludes that trafficking in persons is a multi-dimensional problem and that long-term success will not be achieved by taking a disjunctive approach to addressing its many facets. Therefore, achieving a unified approach will lead to a permanent solution or will at least make a major contribution to addressing the problem.

Les sociétés d'investissement participent au développement des marchés financiers nationaux et internationaux. Elles offrent, tant aux petits porteurs qu’aux investisseurs professionnels, un accès aux divers marchés de capitaux, peu important leur niveau de connaissance et d'investissement. Elles fournissent un investissement sain, basé sur la répartition des risques. Tout au long du processus d'investissement, les intérêts des investisseurs sont ainsi protégés et garantis, la société d'investissement agissant toujours dans le meilleur intérêt de ses actionnaires. Ce processus respecte une obligation dépassant la norme légale consistant à faire prévaloir l'intérêt commun de la société plutôt que l’intérêt personnel de chaque actionnaire. Cette obligation trouve son origine dans le type d'activité que les sociétés d'investissement exercent ainsi que dans le principe commun de la participation continue des actionnaires dans la performance de la société. Les actionnaires sont donc prêts à encourir des risques et des pertes plus importants. Les sociétés d'investissement exercent leurs activités d'investissement collectif en respectant un cadre réglementaire national, tout en tentant de minimiser les pertes et de maximiser les profits. Ce cadre réglementaire doit donc être efficace et répondre aux besoins des investisseurs, des actionnaires et du marché. Le cadre réglementaire jordanien des sociétés d'investissement à capital variable, malgré les récentes modifications, manque de mesures de protection concrètes pour les investisseurs et les actionnaires. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer l'étendue de la protection des intérêts des actionnaires et de sa viabilité à la lumière des approches françaises et européennes. Cette thèse procède à une évaluation juridique approfondie et à une analyse du cadre réglementaire existant des sociétés d'investissement à capital variable. Cette thèse interroge l'organisation de la société, les services d’investissement, la gouvernance d'entreprise, la structure de gestion, la responsabilité et la rémunération. En plus d'aborder le rôle des actionnaires dans la réalisation de leur propre protection et le rôle des autorités compétentes dans la protection du marché et de ses participants, le résultat de cette analyse est de vérifier si l'état actuel de la règlementation est suffisant et satisfaisant pour répondre aux défis de la protection des actionnaires et des exigences du marché ou si un mouvement législatif devrait être mis en place
Investment Companies participate in the development of national and international financial markets. They offer small and professional investors the access to various capital markets, in spite of their level of knowledge and investment awareness. They provide a healthy investment environment based on risk spreading. Throughout the investment process, investors’ interest remains at stake should be protected and secured. In the process of safeguarding this interest, the investment company acts in the best interest of its shareholders. A legally imposed obligation differing from the commonly acceptable obligation to prevail the common interest of the company rather than that of shareholders. The origin of this obligation finds its place in the type of activity investment companies perform in addition to, the common principle of shareholders’ continuous stake holding in company’s performance. Shareholders incur risks and losses further they share profits and benefits. The Investment Company performs its portfolio investment activities following a regulatory framework set nationally for this purpose while aiming to minimize the loss and maximize the profit. The regulatory framework should be effective and fulfill the needs of investors, shareholders and the securities market. The Jordanian regulatory framework of Open-end Investment Companies despite the recent amendments lack concrete investor and shareholders protective measures. The aim of this thesis is to assess the scope of protection of shareholders’ interest and its viability in the light of French and European approaches. This thesis conducts a thorough legal assessment and analysis to existing Open-End Investment Company regulatory framework. It asks questions relating to the organization of the company, financial services related conditions inter alia corporate governance, management structure, liability and remuneration. In addition to addressing the role of shareholders in achieving their proper protection and the role of competent authorities in protecting the market and its participants. The outcome of this analysis is to decide whether the current state of the world is sufficient and satisfactory in answering to challenges of shareholders protection and securities market requirements or a legislative movement should be put in place

The treatment of Internet jurisdiction ordinarily looks to how the laws of a local jurisdiction apply to the Internet. Less examined is the underlying jurisprudence that may create the basis for legitimate Internet jurisdiction in light of the ambiguity that the Internet creates for establishing sovereignty. This thesis thus takes recent decisions of the Quebec courts that apply the province's Charter of the French Language to the Internet as a point of departure for an in-depth analysis of the nature of sovereignty as an increasingly indeterminate principle of law in the emerging discipline known as Internet Law. Ultimately, the chaos that the Internet initially provoked may be resolved by the return to ethical principles based on the theoretical approach of legal pluralism and the philosophical treatment of ethical responsibility as proposed by Emmanuel Levinas' "humanism of the other".

As governments have grappled with the demands of cost containment policies in health care, a series of challenges have arisen to the 'privileged' position of medical professionals in public health care systems. Hospital managers and administrators have contested medical control of the health policy agenda and the allocation of resources. This managerial challenge raises important questions about how new groups or lobbies have emerged in health policy-making, and about the capacity of governments to induce change within professional policy networks. The thesis explores these issues by analysing the development of French hospital management policy from initial measures towards cost containment launched in 1976 to the complete re-writing of previous legislation on public hospitals in 1991. The policy networks shaping hospital management policy have been transformed by the development of the French corps of public hospital directors and its largest trade union, the Syndicat National des Cadres Hospitaliers (SNCH). Through the 1980s, the SNCH evolved its own programme for hospital management reform, and its members rose to occupy pivotal positions during the decision-making process which led to the 1991 Hospital Law. The thesis highlights the role of politicians in transforming policy networks by making top-down changes in the regulation and financing of policy systems, and by fostering bottom-up changes in the balance of influence between professional groups and in the local management of hospitals. In addition to political influence and contingent professional changes, the study examines how policy systems can have their own logic of development, which powerfully shape long-run patterns of change in the health policy sector.

The principal questions addressed in this portfolio of eleven publications concern the reforms to French justice at the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first centuries. The portfolio is accompanied by a supporting statement explaining the genesis and chronology of the portfolio, its originality and the nature of the submission's distinct contribution to knowledge. The thesis questions whether the reforms protect the rights of the defence adequately. It considers how the French state views its responsibility to key figures in criminal justice, be they suspected and convicted criminals, the victims of offences or the professionals who are prosecuting the offences. It reflects upon the role of the examining magistrate, the delicate relationship between justice, politics and the media, breaches of confidentiality and the catastrophic conditions in which suspects and prisoners are detained in French prisons. It then extends its scope to a case study of the prosecution of violent crimes before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and discovers significant flaws in procedures even at international levels. In concluding, it asks whether, given the challenges facing the French criminal justice system, French courts are adequately equipped to assure justice when suspects charged with the most serious international crimes appear before them under the principle of universal jurisdiction. The research, carried out over a number of years, relies predominantly on an analysis of French-language sources and represents a unique contribution to the understanding and knowledge of French justice for an English-speaking public at the turn of the twenty-first century.

Tropical deforestation is singled out as one of the more critical issues facing African countries during the last few decades. In discussing causes of forest depletion, local farmers are often the first to be identified. However, these local farmers have been living in legal, political, social, and economic environments that have had tremendous effects on the system of natural resources management in Africa as well as elsewhere in the tropics.This research project was designed to generate testable hypotheses evaluating the effectiveness of forest policies dating from 1985 in Francophone West Africa including Mali., Senegal, Niger, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Benin, and Togo. Since 1985, because of factors such as the droughts of the 1970s and the 1980s, the growing pressure of humans on forest resources, the failure of six decades of centralized forest management policies, and the influence of the international community, national authorities have undertaken a series of reforms of their forest policies to adopt a decentralized management of forest resources. This decentralized forest management policy is aimed at involving local people in the development and the management of their forest resources, promoting local governance, increasing revenues, and achieving sustainable forest management. The actual situation is that new policies have been or are being implemented throughout the region, but until now an inability to evaluate their effectiveness for sustainable forest management exists. The purpose of this research was to identify ways to overcome this problem.The research was limited to reviewing written information on forest policies and legislation, conventions and programs that are related to forest management, to interviewing knowledgeable persons based in Washington, DC, who are interested in forest policy in Africa, and to personal and professional observations in the United States and in Africa. From the review and interviews, a conceptual analysis of key components of forest policies was made to highlight their meanings and usefulness in evaluating decentralized forest management policy. This analysis led to the formulation of hypotheses about decentralized forest management and the enumeration of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management to measure the effectiveness of new forest policies dating from 1985 in Francophone West Africa.
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management

This thesis is a study of royal acts printed in French before 1601. The kingdom of France is a natural place to begin a study of royal acts. It possessed one of the oldest judicial systems in Europe, which had been established during the reign of St Louis (1226-1270). By the sixteenth century, French kings were able to issue royal acts without any concern as to the distribution of their decrees. In addition, France was one of the leading printing centres in Europe. This research provides the first detailed analysis of this neglected category of texts, and examines the acts’ significance in French legal, political and printing culture. The analysis of royal acts reveals three key historical practices regarding the role of printing in judiciary matters and public affairs. The first is how the French crown communicated to the public. Chapters one and two discuss the royal process of dissemination of edicts and the language of royal acts. The second is how printers and publishers manoeuvred between the large number of royal promulgations and public demand. An overview of the printing industry of royal acts is provided in chapter three and the printers of these official documents are covered in chapter four. The study of royal acts also indicates which edicts were published frequently. The last two chapters examine the content of royal decrees and discuss the most reprinted acts. Chapter five explores the period before 1561 and the final chapter discusses the last forty years of the century. An appendix of all royal acts printed before 1601, which is the basis of my research for this study, is included. It is the first comprehensive catalogue of its kind and contains nearly six thousand entries of surviving royal acts printed before 1601.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar as leis relativas à propriedade fundiária votadas sob a República jacobina (2 de junho de 1793 - 27 de julho de 1794). Durante o período em que estiveram no poder, os jacobinos promoveram uma reforma do instituto da propriedade que levaria, por um lado, a uma reconstrução da propriedade individual tal como ela era concebida pelo direito romano e, por outro, a um esforço de democratização do acesso à terra e de reforço da pequena propriedade camponesa. O objetivo desta dissertação é o de relacionar o conjunto da legislação produzida no período com o modelo social pregado por Robespierre e seus seguidores, um ideal que parecia apontar para uma sociedade de pequenos produtores independentes.
The aim of the present work is to study the laws concerning territorial property that were voted under the Jacobin Republic (june 2nd, 1793 - july 27, 1794). During the time they were in power, the jacobins promoted a legal reform of property that would lead, on the one hand, to a reconstruction of individual property as it was conceived by ancient Roman law and, on the other hand, to an effort of democratization of land access and strengthening of small peasant property. This dissertation\'s main objective is to establish a link between the legislation produced during that period and the social model preached by Robespierre and his followers, an ideal that seemed to point to a society of small independent producers.

L’architecture théâtrale en France de la Révolution au Second Empire :théorie, innovation, réglementation, réalisationsA l’avènement de la Révolution, la France connait en termes d’architecture théâtrale une période particulièrement foisonnante. L’impulsion donnée sous Louis XV au théâtre porte ses fruits et la société manifeste pendant les dernières décennies du XVIIIe siècle, et ce malgré l’opposition de l’église, un engouement prononcé pour le spectacle, appelé plus tard théâtromanie. Tout au long du XIXe siècle, le théâtre occupe une place privilégiée dans la vie culturelle et sociale de la France. L’édifice théâtral sert alors à cristalliser les aspirations des différents publics qui le fréquentent et fait l’objet de multiples réflexions, aussi bien du point de vue théorique que dans le domaine de l’innovation. Etant parmi les rares bâtiments civils à accueillir un public aussi nombreux et diversifié, il devient également un lieu privilégié d’expérimentation, en termes de salubrité et de systèmes techniques.Les nuisances qui accompagnent son implantation dans la ville et les multiples incendies qui détruisent différents théâtres à travers l’Europe conduisent aux instances au pouvoir à réglementer, de plus en plus, le fonctionnement des théâtres jusqu’à émettre des préconisations qui ont à trait à la configuration même de son cadre bâti.Ainsi, l’architecture théâtrale de la première moitié du XIXe siècle revêt plusieurs facettes qu’il était nécessaire d’explorer afin de comprendre ce qui contribue à modeler l’image du théâtre « à la française » dont l’Opéra de Paris devient le plus haut représentant en France comme à l’international
Theatre architecture in France fromFrench Revolution to Second Empiretheory, innovation, legislation, constructionAt the dawn of the Revolution, a vague of theatrical constructions embraces France. The impulse which had been given under Louis XV to theatres bear now fruit. Furthermore, despite the opposition of the Church, the French society expresses a real enthusiasm for spectacles that one will later call “theatremania”. During the whole nineteenth century, theatres occupy a privileged position in the cultural and social life in France. The theatrical buildings contribute to crystallize the ambitions of the attended public. By consequence, theatres are an object of thinking, weather it is on the level of architectural theory, or on the level of innovation. Representing a typology of public buildings which host a very numerous and a very diversified public, the theatre becomes a privileged space of experimentation, in terms of public health as well as in terms of techniques. The noise pollution which accompanies its integration within the city, and the numerous fires that destroy a lot of theatres across Europe, lead the public administration to regulate more and more the functioning of theatres, to a point that these new regulations have an enormous impact on the architectural development of theatres.In this context, the theatrical architecture of the first half of nineteenth century takes several aspects which this work explores in order to illuminate the rise of the so-called theatre « à la française », of which Garnier’s Opéra de Paris will become the most prominent example

En France, à la suite de précédentes constitutions, la Constitution de la Ve République consacre l’état de siège (art. 36) ; à l’étranger, de nombreux pays l’ont adopté. Ce constat laisse béant un paradoxe suivant : si la France adopte, la première, une législation d’exception, elle n’offre pas pour autant de réflexion approfondie sur ce qu’est l’état d’exception. L’étude des origines et de l’histoire de l’état de siège met au jour les raisons d’un tel paradoxe.L’état de siège est originellement une disposition technique du droit militaire (loi des 8-10 juillet 1791), qui prévoit que, dans certaines circonstances, l’ordre public et la police passent de l’autorité civile, compétence par principe, à l’autorité militaire. Ainsi, la loi prévoit le renversement du principe selon lequel l’autorité civile prime sur le militaire. Au cours de la Révolution, cette disposition est utilisée afin de réprimer les troubles violents qui se multiplient à l’intérieur du territoire. Durant le XIXe siècle, les régimes successifs y recourent également, jusqu’à ce que la Cour de cassation, en 1832, donne un coup d’arrêt à cette pratique. Le législateur est donc contraint d’adopter un texte – la loi du 9 août 1849 – qui encadre précisément son usage. Cette loi est, véritablement, une législation d’exception, au sens où elle contrevient à un principe consacré par l’ordre constitutionnel, en fonction de circonstances déterminées, pour un temps et un lieu circonscrits. Elle accorde également à l’autorité militaire des pouvoirs étendus qui restreignent les libertés publiques, et consacre la compétence des juridictions militaires pour juger les non-militaires
In France, following previous Constitutions, the state of siege gained acceptance under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic (art. 36); many countries abroad adopted it. This fact leaves a gaping paradox: even if France adopts the first emergency legislation, it does not mean that it provides an in depth reflection on what is the state of emergency. The study of the genesis and history of the state of siege reveals the reasons for such a paradox. Originally, the state of siege was a technical measure of military law (law of July 8-10, 1791), which provided that in certain circumstances, public order and police would transfer from the civil authority, competent on principle, to the military authority. Thus, law foresaw the reversal of the principle according to which the civil authority takes precedence over the military. During the Revolution, this measure was used to suppress the violent unrest that became more frequent inside the territory. Throughout the nineteenth century, successive governments had also recourse to it until the Supreme Court put an end to this practice in 1832. Consequently ,the legislator was forced to pass a bill - the Law of August 9, 1849 - which would frame precisely its use. This law truly is an emergency law, which means that it contravenes a principle enshrined in the constitutional order, depending on specific circumstances, for a circumscribed time and place. It also gives to the military authority enlarged powers which restrict civil liberties, and establishes the jurisdiction of military courts to judge non-military courts

Le droit de la propriété industrielle peut apparaître comme un droit assez récent dans le pay-sage juridique français, mais ce présupposé n’est qu’un leurre. Sa présence est attestée dès le commencement des pratiques artistiques et artisanales pendant l’Antiquité. La prise de conscience de son existence et de son utilité au sein de la société a toutefois été exacerbée au XVIIIe siècle, notamment lors de la révolution française de 1789, moment de sa construc-tion et de sa reconnaissance juridiques.Le droit de la propriété industrielle, à partir des événements révolutionnaires devient en effet l’enjeu d’une élaboration aussi bien intellectuelle que juridique. De nombreux débats de la part des créateurs et inventeurs font rage auprès des institutions politiques afin que ce droit soit reconnu et normalisé. L’aboutissement de ces combats intellectuels, grâce aux multiples ré-flexions de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence transforme le droit de la propriété industriel en un droit normatif s’inscrivant dans l’ordonnancement juridique.Au-delà de cette organisation législative, le droit de la propriété industrielle est également le sujet de nombreuses interrogations quant aux circonstances politiques et économiques qui ont permis son éclosion. Le droit de la propriété industrielle se module selon l’ensemble des lois, des jurisprudences, de la doctrine, de la politique et de l’économie qui tente de lui donner des structures juridiques stables. Il s’affirme comme un droit protéiforme, dont la portée na-tionale relative aux inventeurs et aux créateurs dans la reconnaissance de leur droit, prend une dimension internationale, aspirant à organiser et harmoniser les relations économiques des Nations
: The right of the industrial property seems like a recent right in the French legal landscape, but this assumption is wrong. Its presence was confirmed as of the beginning of the artistic and artisanal practices during the Antiquity. The awakening of its existence and its utility wi-thin the company however was intensified at the XVIIIth century, in particular at the time of the French revolution of 1789, during the moment of its legal construction and its recognition.The right of the industrial property, starting from the revolutionary events became the chal-lenge of an intellectual development as well as a legal development. Many debates on behalf of the creators and inventors show rage regarding the political institutions, so that this right is acknowledged and standardized. The result of these intellectual combats, thanks to the mul-tiple reflections of the doctrines and jurisprudence transforms the patent right into a normative right falling under legal scheduling.Next to this legislative organization, the right of the industrial property is also the subject of many interrogations as for the political and economic circumstances, which allowed it's blos-soming. The right of the industrial property modulated according to the whole set of laws; ju-risprudences; the doctrines; politics and economics, tries to give him stable legal structures. He affirms himself as a protean right, whose national range relating to the inventors and the creators in the recognition of their right, takes an international dimension, trying to organize and harmonize the economic relations of the Nations

Le Concordat, qui permet le retour à la paix civile et le rétablissement du culte, est accueilli avec soulagement dans un diocèse de Nantes durement éprouvé par la décennie révolutionnaire. Il instaure un régime neuf dans lequel la religion catholique, de même que les autres cultes reconnus, est protégée et financée par l'État mais également placée sous la surveillance du pouvoir civil. Les édifices et les objets religieux nationalisés en 1789 sont mis à la disposition du clergé et des fidèles mais demeurent des propriétés publiques. L'affectation exclusive à l'exercice du culte place néanmoins l'Église dans un rôle qui lui permet de faire prévaloir les besoins religieux sur le droit de propriété ou sur les considérations archéologiques qui apparaissent au cours du XIXe siècle. Le système concordataire crée les conditions d'une transformation spectaculaire des édifices religieux, agrandis, modifiés ou remplacés pour répondre aux besoins du culte, laissant peu de place à la conservation des monuments anciens et prenant dans le diocèse de Nantes le caractère d'unevéritable table rase. L'Église semble pourtant adhérer au mouvement général de reconnaissance des monuments religieux, apportant son concours aux politiques publiques et contribuant aux initiatives du milieu érudit. Cette participation reste cependant superficielle et révèle des motivations inconciliables avec les préoccupations archéologiques. L'engouement pour un passé monumental largement idéalisé provoque, au lieu de la conservation de ses vestiges matériels, la naissance d'une architecture et d'un art religieux nouveaux, inspirés des formes médiévales mais répondant aux besoins contemporains du culte et à des constructions symboliques propres à l'Église du XIXe siècle

Les biens d'usage public sont la catégorie centrale de la construction du droit administratif des biens. L'absence d'une analyse d'ensemble de la catégorie, en droit colombien, pousse à revoir les bases sur lesquelles elle repose et ses conséquences. Plus que toute autre catégorie juridique, les biens d'usage public sont tributaires de leur histoire, c'est dans l'étude de cette dernière que se trouvent les clés d'interprétation de tout le système. Le modèle utilisé par le code civil colombien a été calqué sur la division des biens publics, opérée par le droit espagnol colonial – inspirée à son tour du droit romain. Une mise à jour s'avère nécessaire. À partir de la notion de propriété publique, et de son régime constitutionnel, il est possible de construire une définition matérielle des biens d'usage public, permettant de comprendre les caractéristiques de l'usage public. Cela implique, aussi, une révision complète du régime juridique à la lumière de l'exploitation sociale et économique – valorisation – de la propriété publique. À une triple protection, celle de la propriété publique, du bien d'usage public et de l'usager, s'ajoute une nouvelle approche des occupations privatives. Cette idée d'exploitation sociale et économique anime un nouveau régime des titres habilitant l'occupation privative, des redevances pour occupation des biens d'usage public et des droits réels administratifs
Regulation of public property available for public use is at the core of administrative law. The Colombian Civil Code has copied colonial Spanish law in the matter, which in turn was inspired by Roman law. However, the absence of an exhaustive and coherent regulation in Colombia has forced the interpreter to study its foundation and further developments to interpret it. An update of this legal system is, therefore, imperative. Beginning with the concept of public property and its constitutional regulation, it is poss ible to analyze the elements of its public use, which will allow proposing a definition of those assets. It is necessary to analyze the regulation of these public properties under the light of their social and economic value. The protection granted by the law to the concepts of public property, public use and public user, has to be assessed under the new approach of the administrative authorizations pertaining to such public property. This notion of social and economic value will also allow scholars/people to have a new vision of the regulation of administrative authorizations, the exclusive rights (in rem) they confer and the income they produce

碩士
淡江大學
歐洲研究所
89
The administration elites of the European Union and member states celebrate the achievement of the European integration in the early years of the 1990s, however, the public opinion still query it highly. The key point was that the EU legislation and decision-making monopolized by " Brussels " technical bureaucrat lacked of the effective democratic balance, which resulted in an apparent gap between "Europe of elites" and "Europe of citizens". In the beginning, the national parliaments excluded from the EU might the "necessary wicked", however, this is true that a contradiction for the various European countries cherishing the parliamentary democracy. In order to correct this malpractice, in the 1980s national parliaments made lots of reforms to break through the "shackles", and intervened positively in the European affaires. National parliaments found the new localization in the European stage, and "supervised EU legislation" connected with the national parliaments and European integration. The political status of the French Parliament was weakened by the Fifth Republic Constitution. Traditionally the European affaires were regarded as "diplomatic affaires" which have belonged to the Executive powers. The French Parliament in this issue reveals "unable" and "unwilling". With the changes of the political climate, the French Parliament set up the "EU Delegation" as the core of the parliamentary surveillance mechanism, and intervened in the EU legislation affaires under the article 88-4 of Constitution. The keynote of the thesis is to discuss the French Parliament’s role in EU legislation though the European level and the national level. This thesis adopts "Historical-institutionalist research" and divides into seven chapters as follows：ChapterⅠ：Introduction; Chapter Ⅱ：The national parliaments’ status in the EU; Chapter Ⅲ：The French Parliament’s restrict situation in processing the European affaires by the traditional approach; Chapter Ⅳ：The establishment, the organization and the constitution foundation of the "EU Delegation" ChapterⅤ：The operation of the parliamentary supervised mechanism, and it’s influence and the perspectives; Chapter Ⅵ：The interactions among the French Parliament, the European parliament and other national parliaments in EU; ChapterⅦ：Conclusion.

This work focuses on changes in teaching foreign languages and on new requirements for education and training of foreign language teachers after 1989, including a brief survey of the history of foreign language teaching and the development of teacher training. It observes changes in the area of learning objectives, changes in the teacher - pupil relationship, changes in work methods. It deals with a new approach to the selection and use of teaching materials and the inclusion of new technologies in teaching. It discusses the implementation of both the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the European Language Portfolio. The work presents in the form of interviews also personal experience with teaching foreign languages and possible ways to achieve the required qualification.