Дисертації з теми "Free gold"
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1
Bawaked, Salem Mohammed. "Solvent free alkene oxidation using supported nano-gold catalysts." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55088/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Oxidation is an important route for the activation of chemical feedstock for the synthesis of chemical intermediates. Alkene epoxidation by the electrophilic addition of oxygen to a carbon-carbon double bond is a major challenge in oxidation catalysis. In particular it is important to use molecular oxygen as the oxidant to avoid the formation of reagent by products. Although molecular oxygen is the most environmentally benign oxidant in many cases, far more reactive forms of oxygen are required to achieve reaction, and this can lead to by-products with a heavy environmental burden with respect to their disposal. Free solvent selective epoxidation of cw-cyclooctene with air and small catalytic amount of radical initiator using supported nano-gold catalysts has been conducted in the liquid phase. Optimization of reaction conditions has been attempted to improve the selectivity by minimizing the background reactions of the support and radical initiator in the absence of the catalyst. Five different radical initiators were tested namely: di-/-butyl peroxide (DTBP), /-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and dibenzoyl peroxide (DBP). TBHP was selected for more detailed study as it combine the best activity and selectivity in the presence of the catalyst and minimum background reactions in the absence of the catalyst. The influence of the metal nano-particle support was also studied using six different supports. Use of graphite as a support was found to give the best combination of selectivity and conversion. In general the selectivity to the epoxide increased with reaction temperature from 60-80 C and was highest at 80 C. Other carbon supports, e.g. activated carbon and silicon carbide were found to be less effective. Au supported on TiO2, SiO2 and AI2O3 catalysts were also selective for the epoxidation reaction and the general order of activity was: graphite > SiC > TiO2 > SiO2 AI2O3 Ac. Extensive studies concerning the reusability of the gold/graphite catalyst was conducted as catalyst reusability is a key feature of green chemistry. The catalyst is found to be inhibited by the epoxide product but we demonstrate the effect of this is negligible for reused catalysts over a long reaction time. The observation of an induction period may in part be due to the adsorption of the radical initiator blocking surface sites as well as the establishment of the reactive species. The use of bimetallic catalyst, to be exact Au-Pd supported on graphite, shows significant effect on c/s-cyclooctene reactivity. The Au-Pd ratio has a major effect on the conversion with very low activities being associated with Au:Pd weight ratios of ca. 4:1 and 1:4 which may be associated with structured alloys that can be formed at these compositions. The molar Pd surface percentage were found to have dramatic effect on the conversion as low Pd surface would produce low activity and contrariwise. The selectivity to the epoxide is not affected by the Au:Pd ratio. Catalyst preparation method was also studied and sol immobilization method was found to be the most effective for gold catalyst, however, DP method was the preferred one in the bimetallic catalysts. The Au-Pd/graphite catalyst series has been further evaluated using crotyl alcohol (trans- but-2-en-l-ol) as starting material and using the same reaction conditions that had adopted for the epoxidation of c/s-cyclooctene. With crotyl alcohol, /-butyl hydroperoxide was not required for activity. In the absence of Pd, crotonaldehyde was formed, but the introduction of Pd leads to an isomerisation pathway to 3-buten-l-ol being favored over epoxidation and crotonaldehyde was a minor product. Dimerisation of crotonaldehyde and carbon carbon bond cleavage was observed with Au catalyst. However, with Pd catalysts Wacker-like oxidation of the isomerisation pathway was the major by-product.
2
Jansen, Wout A. T. "Gold free ohmic contacts for III-V MOSFET devices." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4100/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the past forty years the development of CMOS has been able to follow Moore’s law using planar silicon technology. However, this technology is reaching its limits as the density of transistors has a significant impact on the power dissipation in an integrated circuit. Alternative channel materials and device architectures will then be required in the future to reduce the power consumption of transistors. The development of CMOS technology with high mobility channel materials, specifically Ge for pMOS and III-V materials for nMOS, was the aim of the European Union FP7 funded Duallogic consortium, of which this project was part. The experimental work at the University of Glasgow was the III-V compound semiconductor MOSFET, in particular the study of Si processing compatible source/drain contacts to III-V MOSFET devices with InxGa1-xAs channel materials, which was an important aspect of this thesis. Another area investigated in this thesis is the impact of current crowding effects on source/drain contact resistance by aggressive scaling of devices. During this thesis, optimisation of a PdGe-based ohmic contact to buried channel device material with a In0.75GaAs channel led to a contact resistance of 0.15Ohm.mm compared to 1Ohm.mm in previous work by R. Hill. The PdGe-based contact also proved to be scalable in both vertical and lateral dimensions. This scaled structure was then integrated in a surface channel MOSFET device with 1μm access regions and gate lengths varying from 100nm to 20μm. The performance of the devices with 20μm gate lengths was then compared to devices with a NiGeAu based ohmic contact. An increase in RC, 1.82Ohm.mm vs. 0.94Ohm.mm, and Ron, 11.1Ohm.mm vs. 8.55Ohm.mm, was observed in the PdGe-based contact, which resulted in a decrease in gm, 92.3mS/mm vs. 103mS/mm, and Id,sat, 103mA/mm vs. 122mA/mm. However, further optimisation of the PdGe-based ohmic contact showed promising results with a contact resistance of 0.45Ohm.mm. The novel test structure is the first test structure, which makes direct contact to III-V material, with critical dimensions below the transfer length. This structure is able to experimentally observe the current crowding effects and allows for the extraction of the sheet resistance underneath the contact and a more accurate extraction of the specific contact resistivity. This offers a significant insight into the impact of the sheet resistance underneath the contact and the role it plays.
3
Snyder, Jeffrey G. "Venezuelan gold mining and the speculative nature of the free-standing company." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433294.
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4
Saiman, Mohd Izham Bin. "Heterogeneous gold and palladium based catalysts for solvent-free oxidation of toluene." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/35776/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Catalyzed oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular oxygen has been studied for several decades. For example, toluene can be converted into oxidation products such as benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and benzyl benzoate. At present, the principal industrial production of benzoic acid via the oxidation of toluene involves the use of homogeneous cobalt catalysts in an air pressurized aqueous acetic acid mixture in the presence of Mn ions. However, the use of solvent causes difficulties in the separation of catalysts and products, equipment corrosion, and due to the environmental hazards associated with the use of liquid acids as solvent. Developing solvent free toluene oxidation having great activity has attracted special attention as a promising environmentally friendly reaction. Recently, gold based supported catalyst have been found to be highly effective oxidation catalyst where a number of important discoveries have been made such as in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. As a proof of concept for the following studies, oxidation of toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons were carried out in round bottom flask with TBHP as oxidant. At mild condition (80 ºC), it was evident that Au-Pd supported catalyst is capable of oxidising aromatics C-H bonds on toluene and derivatives and TBHP as oxidant also have been discovered well in this thesis. The catalyst preparation method was shown to be very important in the formation of active site catalysts. The sol-immobilisation catalyst with a narrow distribution of small particles, was more active than Au-Pd alloy having Au-core palladium shell with PdO dominance on the surface via impregnation catalyst. In addition to that, the choice of support is crucial and this study discovered carbon as a preferred support give enhance on performance activity of toluene. At the same time, the distribution of products can be altered with the choice of preparation methods and support. The synergistic effect of Au and Pd was confirmed by superior catalytic activity compared to monometallic catalyst. Investigations of reaction conditions such as reaction time, reusability, pre-treatment conditions, metal ratio, and mass of catalyst were fully investigated. It was found that the activity and selectivity of the catalyst was highly dependent on these variables. Reaction mechanism was proposed and it was based on catalytic evaluation data. Even though, the proposed mechanism was contradicted by the EPR data study, it was believed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) was involved in the surface of catalyst and give effect of the catalytic activity. Overall, the oxidation of toluene was successfully studied by using Au-Pd supported catalyst and can not be denied that the importance of TBHP as oxidant involve in this process has been proven.
5
Patrick, Scott R. "Synthesis and reactivity of novel (NHC)gold(I) complexes." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6302.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The fields of N-heterocyclic carbenes and homogeneous gold catalysis have experienced tremendous growth within the last two decades. In addition, the combination of these fields to give NHC-gold complexes has delivered superior stability and reactivity, allowing the isolation of new reactive species and a better understanding of the fundamental chemistry. The work presented in this thesis attempts to synthesise novel NHC-gold complexes and document their reactivities. The main themes discussed in this work are: (a) the understanding and avoidance of silver additives in gold-mediated transformations; and (b) the study of different NHCs to provide optimal sterics and electronics for a given application. In Chapter 2, the reported “Gold(I)-Mediated C-H Activation of Arenes” is investigated. The role of each additive is assessed, and in particular the reliance on silver salts is considered. An NHC ligand was used to stabilise reactive intermediates, which provided new insights into the function of the silver additive. Gold(I) hydroxides are repeatedly shown to be invaluable synthetic equivalents, as well as key intermediates in silver-free protocols. Chapter 3 details numerous attempts to synthesise [Au(OH)(NHC)] complexes that are stable, pure and in high yields. Chapter 4 documents the synthesis of gold species featuring the ITent family of NHC ligands. Their highly flexible steric bulk is investigated by crystallographic studies, and is believed to contribute to their relatively high stabilities. Chapter 5 describes the use of the newly synthesised [Au(OH)(NHC)] complexes to generate mono- and bifluoride species. The reaction conditions were then optimised in order to maximise yields and regioselectivities. Finally, Chapter 6 examines the use of NHC selenium adducts to measure the π-accepting ability of these ligands. These are then coordinated to gold, whereupon different geometries are observed depending on the nature of the NHC.
6
Xingwana, Lumkwana. "The impact of organisational culture on gold mining activities in the Free state." Thesis, Welkom Research Collection: CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, FREE STATE, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/216.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M. Comm.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2007From the Stone Age, each nation or group of people has had a distrust of those different from themselves. This is evidenced in various ways, for example, social welfare given to local residents only, scornful names given to foreigners and other ethnic groups and rituals designed to keep themselves separate from others. These incidents of diversity resulted into an unplanned and emergent set of norms, values and beliefs that exert enormous influence on the way in which an organisation operates, how organisational structure is developed, the integration and adaptation of internal and external relationships, as well as the orientation of the underlying values of the organisation. The main aim of changing culture is to improve organisational performance. To achieve this aim, it requires an understanding of the underlying assumptions and values that determine what is important in an organisation as well as assessment of the impact of culture on operational efficiency. The impact of organisational culture is identified through the negative and positive outcomes of mining activities, and is illustrated by employee satisfaction, job commitment, organisational loyalty, turnover, absenteeism and productivity. The aim of this research study was to identify the characteristics of organisational culture and evaluate the impact of organisational culture on gold mining activities in the Free State. The methodology used in this study comprises of empirical as well as a literature study. Questionnaires and interviews were used to gather information for the empirical study. The empirical study revealed that firstly, organisational culture is created partially by leaders, and that one of the most critical functions of leadership is the creation and the management of culture. Lastly, organisational culture emerges when employees think, believe and act according to the pressures and priorities of their environment. Unfortunately, employees do not set aside their cultural values and lifestyle preferences when they come to work. It is the responsibility of the management to create an environment that is conducive to a healthy working environment. This study established that the necessity to control the workforce productivity need not be accompanied by ruthless or aggressive exploitation of cultural management, but by reliance on employees’ capability to exercise judgement to cope effectively with environmental uncertainty. Rules, norms and strategies developed cannot “fit” every circumstance but encourage conformity rather than creativity, and compliance rather than commitment.
7
Xingwana, L. "The impact of organisational culture on gold mining activities in the Free State." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 6, Issue 2: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/411.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Published ArticleThe political and social transformation process in South Africa is forcing organisations to avoid the sensitive, unpleasant and potentially volatile behaviour at workplace that can arise when groups or individuals who differ work together or come into close contact with each other. Therefore, management developed a corporate culture which creates an environment that is conducive to performance improvement, shapes the way people act and interact, as a result, this culture influences how things get done. The corporate culture encompasses the organisation's goals, business ethics and dominant ideologies. Based on the results of this study, these cultural changes ought to be driven by the fact that employees respond to the way in which the organisation treats them. The research aims to investigate the impact of organisational culture on the gold mining activities. The impact of organisational culture is demonstrated through a sense of identity and unity of purpose by the members of the organisation, commitment of employees to their work and existence of strategies and programmes which provide guidance on what is expected. The premise is that organisational culture determines socialisation, power relationship, policies and procedures, reward systems, communication systems and ideology, all of which have a significant impact on the day to day experiences of all employees.
8
McGrath, Teresa Diane Hayward. "A study of the behaviour of free gold in flash flotation and gravity recovery." Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1772.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gravity and flash flotation are used to recover free gold within the milling circuit, however, this arrangement is poorly understood and consequently, it is difficult to predict circuit performance. Identifying the impact that changes in mineralogy, reagent use, operational factors, and physical variables (size, shape, surface area and elemental composition) will have upon the behaviour of free gold particles will lead to an improved understanding of the behaviour of free gold within the milling circuit.
9
Blamey, Nigel John Frederick. "The geology and evaluation of the "A"-reef at No.3 shaft, Western Holdings Mine, Welkom goldfield." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005569.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The "A" -Reef occurs within the Aandenk Formation of the Central Rand Group, Witwatersrand Supergroup, in the Welkom Goldfield. It comprises the Witpan and Uitsig Reefs which are both oligomictic conglomerates, and are exploited for their gold content by Anglo American Corporation. The main Witpan channel complex is orientated in a NW-SE direction and occurs close to No.3 Shaft of Western Holdings Mine where it is currently being mined. The Witpan Reef varies in thickness from 7-220cm, with lateral facies changes controlling the thickness. Within the reef, gold is associated with degradation surfaces, carbonaceous material, increase in pebble sphericity, and channel edges. Two channel edges have yielded the best gold values on No.3 Shaft although the potential for further payable gold lies in the recognition of sieve conditions. The potential also exists for extensions of the "carbon"-bearing Uitsig channel currently being mined on President Steyn Mine. The palaeo-environment proposed for formation of the Witpan Reef is a braidplain that was partly reworked by a brief transgression. Ore evaluation using geostatistics was considered a valid technique as the dataset is sufficiently well structured. Semi-variograms in the channel and across-channel directions differ markedly. It was found that variograms of gold in cmg/t lacked sufficient structure for modelling, however, log semi-variogram modelling followed by simple log-kriging and back-transformation, proved to be the most successful method. Owing to the morphology and distribution of gold within the reef, a geologically based geostatistical valuation method is proposed. The potential for further exploration of "A" -Reef depends on a substantially higher gold price. In this event, exploration of Uitsig Reef to the southwest of the current mining area is recommended as well as a new exploration strategy for Witpan Reef.
10
Dwyer, Gordon Bransby. "The geology of the Welkom Goldfield with special reference to the "A", "B" and Beatrix Reefs." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005575.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The first Witwatersrand gold deposits in the Orange Free State were discovered under younger cover rocks in the 1930's with the aid of drilling and geophysics. The Welkom gold deposits are found in the sedimentary rock sequences of the Central Rand Group, which represent unconformity bounded genetic packages. The structural configuration of the goldfield is one of a north to south trending synform that is split near it's axis by the De Bron and Homestead faults. The "B" Reef is a highly variable, erratically mineralised reef that lies on an unconformity at the base of the Spes Bona Formation. The "A" Reef Zone consists of several placers 1 including the "Reworked BPM" 1 the Witpan, the Uitsig, the Hanging Wall Grits and the Upper "A" Reef. The Beatrix Reef lies at the base of the Eldorado Formation on an unconformity surface overlying the Virginia Formation in the southern part of the Welkom Goldfield. The origin of gold in the Witwatersrand basin can be classified into the modified placer theory, the syngenetic theory and the epigenetic theory. From the distribution of basin edge unconformities it can be deduced that the Welkom fan depository was tectonically active on the western, southern and eastern margins during sedimentation. Palaeocurrent studies indicate that sediment was transported predominantly from the south and west. It is thought that the "B", "A" and Beatrix Reefs were all deposited in a braided stream environment. A multidisciplinary approach to ore evaluation of Witwatersrand deposits is considered to be the best method, where sedimentology, geostatistics and structural geology are used.
11
Kesavan, Lokesh. "Solvent-free oxidation of primary carbon-hydrogen bonds in toluene using supported gold palladium alloy nanoparticles." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55124/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Selective oxidation of primary carbon-hydrogen bonds with oxygen is of crucial importance for the sustainable exploitation of available feedstocks. To date, heterogeneous catalysts have either shown low activity and/or selectivity or have required activated oxygen donors. It is reported here that supported gold-palladium (Au-Pd) nanoparticles on carbon or TiO: are active for the oxidation of the primary carbon-hydrogen bonds in toluene and related molecules, giving high selectivities to benzyl benzoate under mild solvent-free conditions. Differences between the catalytic activity of the Au-Pd nanoparticles on carbon and TiC>2 supports are rationalized in terms of the particle/support wetting behaviour and the availability of exposed corner/edge sites. Further these catalysts have been tested for substituted toluene molecules and benzyl alcohol, as these substrates have similarity in their structural configuration. The results are discussed with regard to structure activity relationship.
12
Crites, Charles-Oneil. "Investigating the Interactions between Free Radicals and Supported Noble Metal Nanoparticles in Oxidation Reactions." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33404.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis studies the interaction between free radical species and supported noble metal nanoparticles (silver and gold) in the context of oxidation reactions. The peroxidation of cumene is the first reaction to be discussed and the difference in peroxidation product distribution using silver nanoparticles (AgNP) versus gold nanoparticles (AuNP) is examined. Specifically, cumyl alcohol is obtained as the major product obtained when using supported AuNP, whereas cumene hydroperoxide is favoured for AgNP. Such variations in product distribution are partially explained by the differences in the nanoparticle Fenton activity, where the TiO2 support was proposed to enhance such activity due to possible electron shuttling capabilities with the nanoparticle surface. Use of hydrotalcite as a support was found to minimize this characteristic, due to its insulator properties. The stability of hydroperoxide was tested in the presence of various others supports (activated carbon, Al2O3, ZnO, SiO2 and clays) with little success, with hydroperoxide exhibiting stability in the presence of HT. Using an oxygen uptake apparatus, the interaction of the cumyl peroxyl radical with the AuNP surface was demonstrated. Furthermore, this interaction promotes decomposition leading to the corresponding alkoxyl radical and subsequent hydrogen abstraction to form the observed cumyl alcohol product. The radical interaction with supported nanoparticles, and its reversibility appear different for gold and silver and accounts for a large part of the product distribution differences observed between AuNP and AgNP, as illustrated below.
The peroxidation of ethylbenzene and propylbenzene was studied and revealed the participation of a reactive surface oxygen species due to the decomposition of peroxyl radicals on the nanoparticle surface. The reactive oxygen species was found to be transient in nature in the case of AuNP . Furthermore, this surface species was found to be an important participant in hydrogen abstraction leading to peroxide product formation. Finally, supported nanoparticle catalyzed tetralin peroxidation was investigated to determine the influence of temperature on the peroxidation product distribution and how changes in the reaction temperature can effect the radical-nanoparticle surface interactions.
13
MEYER, FREDERICK JOHANNES. "THE PROVISION OF SUPPORT MATERIAL TO ASSIST FET PHASE ACCOUNTING EDUCATORS IN THE FREE STATE PROVINCE." Thesis, Welkom Campus: Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008This study primarily focuses on the factors that should be taken into account when developing Learning and Teaching Support Material (LTSM) to be used by FET Accounting educators to improve the results of their learners. In order to accomplish this aim, literature from published books, textbooks, guidelines and syllabi from the Department of Education, speeches and articles on the internet, interviews and questionnaires were used in capturing data to establish the essence of Accounting and Accounting principles, to determine the educational changes regarding the curriculum that were made and the influence of these changes on the Accounting syllabi for the FET phase, to identify the factors that hamper the improvement of FET Accounting results in schools and to identify, describe and analyse a curriculum and LTSM. A triangulation methodology was employed in this study where qualitative data (interviews) and quantitative data (questionnaires) were captured. Through the interviews with the Learning Facilitators of Accounting and questionnaires completed by Accounting educators, it became clear that a lack of LTSM exist in Accounting. Accounting educators indicated that they are in dire need of LTSM for the FET phase to be able to improve the results of their Accounting learners in tests and examinations.
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Armstrong, John P. "Variations in silicate and sulphide mineral chemistry between free-milling metallic and refractory invisible gold ores, Con Mine, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ28472.pdf.
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Van, der Merwe Wendy A. M. "The development of an online amperometric technique to measure free and WAD cyanide in gold plant leach liquors and effluent streams." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12049.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes synopsis.Includes bibliographical references.
In 2004, Mintek recognised the gold mining industry‘s need for an online free and WAD cyanide measurement device and went about extending the existing free cyanide analyser,the Cynoprobe to include WAD cyanide measurement. The WAD cyanide analysis technique was to be based on ligand exchange, which required the selection of an appropriate reagent,with amperometric finish. Thereafter, the technique was validated in the laboratory to include the capabilities of the prototype instrument in terms of accuracy and precision (0.5-100 ppm WAD CN). Various local trials were conducted in order to validate the measurement and the robustness of the instrument in an industrial environment. Successful trials (<10% error with respect to laboratory analysis) led to international application and exposure to complex ore types and process solutions.
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Akurang-Parry, Kwabena Opare. "Missy Queen in her palaver says De Gole Cosse slaves is free, the British abolition of slavery/pawnship and colonial labor recruitment in the Gold Coast [southern Ghana], 1874-ca.1940." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0006/NQ43446.pdf.
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Watson, Charles Martin. "Surface Interactions of Mercury on Gold Foil Electrodes in Electrodeposition and Stripping and ; An Investigation of Free Thiolate Ions from Metal-Thiolate Chalcogenides." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/WatsonCM2003.pdf.
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Poignant, Floriane. "Physical, chemical and biological modelling for gold nanoparticle-enhanced radiation therapy : towards a better understanding and optimization of the radiosensitizing effect." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1160.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
En radiothérapie, les nanoparticules faites de métaux lourds telles que les nanoparticules l’or (AuNPs) ont démontré des propriétés radiosensibilisantes particulièrement prometteuses. Une augmentation de la dose et du nombre de radicaux produits, à échelle tumorale (effet photoélectrique) et à échelle sub-cellulaire (électrons Auger) pourraient être responsables d’une partie des effets pour les rayons X de basse énergie. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous proposons d'étudier ces mécanismes physiques et chimiques précoces par des outils de simulation, afin de mieux les quantifier et comprendre leur impact sur la survie cellulaire. Nous avons d’abord finalisé et validé une simulation Monte Carlo développée pour suivre les électrons jusqu’à très basse énergie à la fois dans l’eau (meV) et dans l’or (eV). Nous avons obtenu de bons résultats pour l’or en comparant nos données avec des données expérimentales de la littérature, en terme de production d’électrons et de perte d’énergie. Nous avons utilisé cet outil de simulation pour quantifier l’énergie déposée dans des nanocibles situées près d’une AuNP, qui est corrélée à la probabilité de générer des dommages. Cette étude a nécessité d’importantes optimisations, afin d’atteindre des temps de calculs raisonnables. Nous avons montré une augmentation significative de la probabilité d’avoir un dépôt d’énergie dans la nanocible supérieur à une énergie seuil, dans un rayon de 200 nm autour de la AuNP, ce qui suggère qu’une AuNP pourrait efficacement détruire des cibles biologiques situées dans sa périphérie. Nous avons ensuite utilisé la simulation pour quantifier des effets chimiques. A échelle macroscopique, nous avons estimé l'augmentation de la quantité de radicaux libres produits en présence d’une concentration d’AuNPs. Nous avons également comparé la distribution radiale des espèces chimiques d’une nanoparticule d’or ionisée, à celle d’une nanoparticule d’eau ionisée. Si le nombre total d'espèces chimiques par ionisation était en moyenne plus important pour l'or que pour l'eau, le nombre d’espèces chimiques produites en périphérie de la nanoparticule n’était pas systématiquement supérieur pour l’or par rapport à l’eau. Cela suggère que l’effet de la AuNP dans sa périphérie réside surtout dans l’augmentation de la probabilité d’avoir une ionisation. Nous avons également étudié plusieurs scénarios pour expliquer l’augmentation expérimentale inattendue de la production d’espèces fluorescentes lors de l’irradiation d’une solution d’AuNPs et de coumarine. Notre étude suggère qu’un scénario plausible pouvant expliquer les observations expérimentales est l’interférence entre une AuNP et une des molécules intermédiaires produites suite à la réaction entre la coumarine et le radical hydroxyle. Pour finir, nous avons injecté les résultats des simulations dans le modèle biophysique NanOx, développé à l’origine à l’IPNL pour calculer des doses biologiques en hadronthérapie, afin de prédire la survie cellulaire en présence de AuNPs. Nous avons aussi implémenté le Local Effect Model (LEM), principal modèle biophysique utilisé dans le contexte des nanoparticules. Pour le LEM, nous nous sommes appuyés sur plusieurs approches dosimétriques proposées dans la littérature. Pour un système simpliste où les AuNPs étaient distribuées de façon homogène dans la cellule, nous avons montré que, selon l’approche dosimétrique, les prédictions de survies du LEM étaient significativement différentes. De plus, nous avons obtenu une augmentation de la mort cellulaire avec NanOx qui était due uniquement à l’augmentation macroscopique du dépôt de dose. Nous n’avons obtenu aucun effet supplémentaire dû aux électrons Auger, en contradiction avec les prédictions du LEM. Cette étude suggère que les modèles actuels proposés pour prédire l'effet radiosensibilisant des AuNPs doivent être améliorés pour être prédictifs, en prenant par exemple en compte de potentiels mécanismes biologiques mis en évidence par l'expérienceIn radiation therapy, high-Z nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have shown particularly promising radiosensitizing properties. At an early stage, an increase in dose deposition and free radicals production throughout the tumour (photoelectric effect) and at sub-cellular scale (Auger cascade) might be responsible for part of the effect for low-energy X-rays. In this Ph.D work, we propose to study these early mechanisms with simulation tools, in order to better quantify them and better understand their impact on cell survival. We first finalised and validated Monte Carlo (MC) models, developed to track electrons down to low energy both in water (meV) and gold (eV). The comparison of theoretical predictions with available experimental data in the literature for gold provided good results, both in terms of secondary electron production and energy loss. This code allowed us to quantify the energy deposited in nanotargets located near the GNP, which is correlated with the probability to generate damages. This study required important optimisations in order to achieve reasonable computing time. We showed a significant increase of the probability of having an energy deposition in the nanotarget larger than a threshold, within 200 nm around the GNP, suggesting that GNPs may be particularly efficient at destroying biological nanotargets in its vicinity. The MC simulation was then used to quantify some chemical effects. At the macroscale, we quantified the increase of free radicals production for a concentration of GNPs. We also compared the radial distribution of chemical species following the ionisation of either a gold nanoparticle or a water nanoparticle. We showed that following an ionization, the average number of chemical species produced is higher for gold compared to water. However, in the vicinity of the nanoparticle, the number of chemical species was not necessarily higher for gold compared to water. This suggests that the effect of GNPs in its vicinity mostly comes from the increase of the probability of having an ionisation. We also studied several scenarios to explain the unexpectedly high experimental increase of the production of fluorescent molecules during the irradiation of a colloidal solution of GNPs and coumarin. Our study suggests that a plausible scenario to explain experimental measurements would be that GNPs interfere with an intermediate molecule, produced following the reaction between a coumarine molecule and a hydroxyl radical. During the last step of this Ph.D work, we injected our MC results in the biophysical model NanOx, originally developed at IPNL to calculate the biological dose in hadrontherapy, to predict cell survival in presence of GNPs. In addition, we implemented the Local Effect Model (LEM), currently the main biophysical model implemented for GNP-enhanced radiation therapy, to compare the NanOx and the LEM predictions with each other. In order to estimate cell survival with the LEM, we used various dosimetric approaches that were proposed in the literature. For a simple system where GNPs were homogeneously distributed in the cell, we showed that the LEM had different outcomes with regard to cell survival, depending on the dosimetric approach. In addition, we obtained an increase of cell death with the biophysical model NanOx that was purely due to the increase of the macroscopic dose. We did not obtain an increased biological effectiveness due to Auger electrons, which comes in contradiction with the LEM predictions. This study suggests that the current biophysical models available to predict the radiosensitizing effect of GNPs must be improved to be predictive. This may be done, for instance, by accounting for potential biological mechanisms evidenced by experimental works
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Bailey, Andrew Douglas. "An assessment of oxygen availability, iron build-up and the relative significance of free and attached bacteria, as factors affecting bio-oxidation of refractory gold-bearing sulphides at high solids concentrations." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21417.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bibliography: pages 121-132.Bacterial oxidation is currently finding significant application for the oxidative pretreatment of refractory gold-bearing sulphides. Plants processing sulphide concentrates have commonly been operated at solids concentrations of between 18 and 20 per cent (m/v) (Le 180 and 200 kg.m-3). At higher concentrations, a decline in the bio-oxidation rate has been observed. Other metallurgical processes, such as chemical leaching and cyanidation, are performed at higher solids concentrations of between 40 and 50 per cent (400 and 500 kg.m-3), providing an incentive to increase the solids concentration at which bio-oxidation plants are operated. A review of literature indicated the following factors to be potential causes of reduced bio-oxidation rates at high solids concentrations: oxygen and carbon dioxide mass transfer; a low bacteria-to-solids ratio; mechanical damage of the bacte.ria; and the build-up of inhibitory oxidation products. Interaction of these factors in the completely-mixed reactors that are commonly used for biooxidation, has confounded the interpretation of the effects of individual factors. Analysis of literature data revealed a link between the sulphide grade of a particular material and the highest solids concentration at which the bacterial oxidation rate was maximal. The oxygen demand is directly proportional to the sulphide concentration in the reactor. Correlations were used to predict the oxygen transfer potential in the experimental reactors and it was found that as long as the oxygen transfer potential exceeded the oxygen demand, the biooxidation rate was proportional to the solids concentration for a specific material. Wh~n the oxygen demand equalled or exceeded the oxygen transfer potential, then the bacterial oxidation rate was limited by oxygen availability. The sulphide grade is characteristic of a particular ore or concentrate and from the data analysis oxygen availabiiity appeared to be the underlying reason why low grade materials could be oxidised at the maximum specific bio-oxidation rate at far higher solids concentrations than high-grade f!laterials. Abstract ii The experiments performed in this study were designed to further investigate the apparent relationship, identified by analysis of literature data, between sulphide grade and the solids concentration at which the bacterial oxidation rate was maximal. The effect of both solids concentration and sulphide grade on the biooxidation rate was investigated and related to the oxygen availability in the reactor.
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Ögren, Anders. "Empirical studies in money, credit and banking : the Swedish credit market in transition under the silver and gold standards 1834-1913." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, EHFF - Stiftelsen för Ekonomisk-historisk och Företagshistorisk Forskning, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1876.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The empirical results reached in this thesis contradict the traditional theoretical view of money as being exogenously introduced into an economy as a medium of exchange intended to reduce the transactions costs associated with barter. Instead money was endogenously created in the form of credit. Thus, the long run neutrality of money also is called into question. The varying quality of different kinds of money reflects the demand for them. If legal tender was of higher quality than private promissary notes, it was because the former were in greater demand. Concisely put, the market determines the value, and therefore the quality, of various kinds of money. The principal problem addressed in this thesis is how, during the expansive nineteenth century, it was possible to satisfy the ever growing need for credit and means of payment without sacrificing the fixed exchange rate. Particular attention is paid to the private note issuing banks, the so called Enskilda banks, that dominated the Swedish banking system throughout the nineteenth century. In addition to their note issuing, the Enskilda banks were characterized by unlimited owner liability. An examination of the ongoing political process from a rational choice perspective, indicates that initially the concept of note issuing Enskilda banks enjoyed wide spread support. They were considered to be a reasonable response to the problem of establishing a commercial banking system in an illiquid economy. The distribution of political and economic power in favor of the Crown and the Nobility included their control over the issuance of bank charters. The monopolistic policy they followed in this regard, however, resulted in growing hostility towards these. As a result, starting in the middle 1860's, a more liberal attitude towards the establishment of banks began to prevail. By the end of the nineteenth century, various political interest were able to engineer the revocation of the Enskilda banks’ note issuing rights. The special characteristics of the Enskilda banks, the right to issue bank notes and the unlimited liability of their owners, have caused them to be perceived as outdated, at least once Joint Stock banks were introduced. In contrast to the Enskilda banks, these were unable to issue notes but instead provided their owners with limited liability. The thesis demonstrates that, given the initial illiquidity of the Swedish economy, the Enskilda banks actually were the more efficient alternative. Indeed, the note issuing privileges of the Enskilda banks became one of the principal factors behind the development of liquid domestic capital markets. An empirical study that includes the most basic constraints faced by the nineteenth century Swedish economy, the demands of the specie standard and the general shortages of reliable means of payment and of credit, reveals that the Enskilda bank system can not, strictly speaking, be considered an example of free banking. Instead of holding specie reserves, the Enskilda banks backed their notes with central bank (Riksbank) notes. This was not because the public preferred Enskilda bank to Riksbank notes. Rather it was the result of a monetary adverse selection process; Gresham’s Law. Previously utilized, lower quality, means of payment were replaced by Enskilda bank notes. By accepting some of the discount costs, the Enskilda banks made their notes circulate at par with Riksbank notes. Thus a domestic specie exchange system was created. The note issuance of the Enskilda banks paved the way for the deposit based commercial banking system that followed, and it was essential for the monetization of the economy that occurred during the late 1860's. The long run expansion of the money supply was unrelated to growth in Riksbank reserves, specie holdings or the monetary base. Other countries operating under the specie standard also experienced monetary growth, indicating that the specie standard actually was a system of credit. Money supply, as measured in terms of Riksbank and Enskilda bank notes held by the public, eventually reflected the level of output (GDP). VAR-tests indicated that annual changes in the level of Riksbank reserves preceded changes in the money supply which, in turn, preceded changes in the level of prices, thus supporting the price quantity theory. These results are summarized in a regression model that estimates domestic price movements as a function of current changes in international prices and GDP and of lagged changes in domestic prices and the money supply. The final chapter is an empirical analysis of the support provided to the Swedish banking system during the most severe financial crises of the nineteenth century. Maintaining the specie standard was over riding goal of the Riksbank. In times of crises, this concern prevented the Bank from supporting the banking system in accord with the classical lender of last resort recipe; to inject liquidity and briefly suspend convertibility. The thesis argues that in a transitional economy, such as that of nineteenth century Sweden, the fixed exchange rate makes it impossible in times of crisis to support the banks at all costs. Doing so might well convert a banking crisis into a currency crisis. Indeed, this is exactly what has happened in various countries on several occasions during the late twentieth century. Instead the appropriate procedure for acting as lender of last resort in a transitional economy is to initially support the banks, but only as long as central bank reserves are not exhausted. Should the seriousness of the crisis make this insufficient, the authorities should then proceed to import high powered money as a way of supplementing their reserves. The possibility that such action will be needed makes it particularly important that the country’s public finances be kept in good order.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2003. Sammanfattning på engelska
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Farghaly, Ahmed A. "Fabrication of Multifunctional Nanostructured Porous Materials." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4189.
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Nanostructured porous materials generally, and nanoporous noble metals specifically, have received considerable attention due to their superior chemical and physical properties over nanoparticles and bulk counterparts. This dissertation work aims to develop well-established strategies for the preparation of multifunctional nanostructured porous materials based on the combination of inorganic-chemistry, organic-chemistry and electrochemistry. The preparation strategies involved one or more of the following processes: sol-gel synthesis, co-electrodeposition, metal ions reduction, electropolymerization and dealloying or chemical etching. The study did not stop at the preparation limits but extended to investigate the reaction mechanism behind the formation of these multifunctional nanoporous structures in order to determine the different factors controlling the nanoporous structures formation. First, gold-silica nanocomposites were prepared and used as a building blocks for the fabrication of high surface area gold coral electrodes. Well-controlled surface area enhancement, film thickness and morphology were achieved. An enhancement in the electrode’s surface area up to 57 times relative to the geometric area was achieved. A critical sol-gel monomer concentration was also noted at which the deposited silica around the gold coral was able to stabilize the gold corals and below which the deposited coral structures are not stable. Second, free-standing and transferable strata-like 3D porous polypyrrole nanostructures were obtained from chemical etching of the electrodeposited polypyrrole-silica nanocomposite films. A new reaction mechanism was developed and a new structural directing factor has been discovered for the first time. Finally, silver-rich platinum alloys were prepared and dealloyed in acidic medium to produce 3D bicontinuous nanoporous platinum nanorods and films with a nanoporous gold-like structure. The 3D-BC-NP-Pt displayed high surface area, typical electrochemical sensing properties in an aqueous medium, and exceptional electrochemical sensing capability in a complex biofouling environment containing fibrinogen. The 3D-BC-NP-Pt displayed high catalytic activity toward the methanol electro-oxidation that is 30 times higher that of planar platinum and high volumetric capacitance of 400 F/cm3. These findings will pave the way toward the development of high performance and reliable electrodes for catalysis, sensing, high power outputs fuel cells, battery-like supercapacitors and miniaturized device applications.
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Snyder, James Allen. "The origin of evil and free-will theism a view towards a non-reformed theodicy /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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Paudel, Nava R. "Nanoparticle-aided Radiation Therapy: Micro-dosimetry and Evaluation of the Mediators Producing Biological Damage." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1403142628.
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Collier, Jonathan. "The story of the Berlin Tunnel: What the operations narrative teaches us about covert conflict in an ongoing Cold War." Digital Commons @ Butler University, 2018. https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/grtheses/501.
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Operation Gold (1953-56) was a collaborative covert operation between the American CIA and British SIS. The two major objectives: firstly, rebalance the state of affairs in covert activity, which the KGB had been dominating heading into the 1950s. Secondly, gain more detailed, valuable information on the state of Soviet forces throughout Europe and gain prior warning of possible information. The technological nature of the operation marks it as the beginning of a move away from traditional espionage. Understanding the narrative of Operation Gold establishes a firm foundation on which to address the development of covert activity into the modern day. Key elements of the story of the Berlin Tunnel serve to tie this lesser known operation to modern concerns of privacy, personal data, and covert involvement in international affairs. While unravelling the truest narrative of the planning and implementation of the operation, this thesis integrates substantial events, groups and people which shape the role of the Berlin Tunnel in understanding covert conflict. Further consideration is also given to how this operations legacy unfolded and the role of the media in understanding events in this separate sphere. Lessons about the covert sphere not only address a sub-narrative of 1950s Cold War but reach conclusions pertinent to the 21st century.
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Larsen, James R. "When bad things happen to innocent people open theism and the problem of evil /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p001-1087.
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Case, Theresa Ann. "Free labor on the southwestern railroads the 1885-1886 Gould system strikes /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3077430.
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Nicholls, Jason A. "Omniscience in the divine openness a critical analysis of present knowledge in God /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
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Stemele, Bulumko Mollman. "Assessing good governance in procurement at the Lejweleputswa District Municipality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1880.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.The thesis evaluates the extent to which good governance has influenced the procurement process at the Lejweleputswa District Municipality. Under good governance, the manner in which goods are procured or disposed of, is supposed to be unproblematic and conducted with the highest integrity, taking into account both the costs involved in the process and the benefits of the delivery of the services. Good governance should act as a “decontaminator or antiseptic in a germ infested area” (Cloete 2006:6–19). To extend the analogy further, this process of disinfecting the wound definitely requires some form of expertise and knowledge, as well as the participation of different role players, such as doctors and nurses; in addition, certain utensils to clean and cover the wound would be needed. In the same way, the procurement process needs experts to handle and enforce correct procedure. The values of good governance alone are meaningless unless there are people who are willing and have the capacity to manage the required processes and procedures. In South Africa, a new procurement process was adopted in the public sector in 1994. To date it has been interpreted and implemented in favour of historically disadvantaged individuals, like black people, women and disabled people through a legislative framework, the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, 2000 (RSA, Act 5 of 2000) and the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, 2003 (RSA, Act 53 of 2003). It is crucial to point out, however, that the definitions given by these laws about black people differ or contradict each other. Challenges like this have turned the procurement process upside down. In an effort to attain uniformity in the procurement process in the local sphere of government, both National and Provincial Treasury Departments have instituted legislation and guidelines to steer the process. Despite all these efforts, municipalities are still associated with allegations of corruption and nepotism when awarding tenders to service providers. The Lejweleputswa District Municipality has not been spared from such accusations, as shown by the spate of riots that occurred in the Free State (Mail and Guardian 2007:6–12). This research has therefore been undertaken with the general objective of determining whether the values of good governance have managed to sustain a good procurement process in the municipality or whether the values are being ignored leading to procurement processes which do not fulfil the aims of the legislation and guidelines and remain open to allegations of corruption and maladministration. The specific objectives for the research were to investigate good governance in procurement in the municipality context and to make recommendations, if appropriate, on how to promote good governance in municipal procurement.
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Davidson, Catrin, and Abeysekera Denum Nimanthi. "The good and the gratis : A value aspect on free goods and services." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-66352.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thanks to the Internet, the consumers have access to a world of information and can easily compare the goods and services of one supplier to the other, and so be a part of the value creating process. Price is still key, but since producers are already pushing their costs to the limit, what Chris Anderson calls the “race to the bottom” they have to compete in other manners, meaning they have to dive deeper than lowest of prices. However these free goods and services must have a value even though they do not have a price tag attached. The respondents found two types of value, social/collective value and individual/emotional value and this also induces that value is relative. People are making choices to consume a good or service he or she has to prioritize these resources among the available time, money and even space, thus this prioritization is made even when the good is free. The price-quality relationship is prevailing, but not in the fields where distribution and replication is free.
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Studebaker, Steven M. "The doctrine of providence, foreknowledge, and free will in the theology of Jacob Arminius." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.
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Leach, Trenton Douglas. "On Alvin Plantinga's Molinist account of the compatability [sic] of divine foreknowledge and human freedom." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Skepple, Roger Whitfield Fitzgerald. "Of God, angels and men freedom of the will, a moral paradigm /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1991. http://www.tren.com.
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Pillai, Jessica D. "God's change of mind." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2004. http://www.tren.com.
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Hall, Lindsey Emma. "Are we free to reject God? : Richard Swinburne's hell and John Hick's universalism." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/108e9422-b2be-444c-b164-2ae0e37bee1a.
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Campbell, Travis J. "God only wise a Calvinist critique of freewill theism /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
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Wurster, Jessica Diane. "The logics of good exposure: empowerment, whore stigma, and free labor in SuicideGirls' social network porn." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107624.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
My dissertation examines the obscuring of models' labor on SuicideGirls.com, an "alternative" social network porn site. In the early 2000s, a moral panic arose about porn's widespread diffusion in North American culture. Just as these claims of "pornification" reached a critical mass, a different narrative emerged. I found in media accounts and in personal conversations an interest in the potential for a new kind of "alternative" porn. SuicideGirls was the most visible of these websites. The site became known for empowering its models by providing these women with a platform to express themselves as "authentic" subjects. While many feminists have argued that sex work has the potential to be empowering, what is novel about SuicideGirls is the way the site came to be perceived as actively producing porn that empowers women, in spite of site management's claims that SuicideGirls was not a porn site, but rather one that showcased pin-up imagery. This positioning attracted considerable media attention and no small share of controversy. While early accounts were often glowing, the tenor of media coverage shifted dramatically in 2005, when some thirty SuicideGirls models departed the site and went to the press to publicize their issues with sexual harassment, pay scale, and contractual disputes over ownership of their images, as well as the site's censorship of their complaints. My dissertation arises directly from these labor complaints. My analysis positions the site in relation to both pro-sex and anti-porn feminisms, as well as to emerging scholarship on new media labor practices, in order to articulate how SuicideGirls framed its models' participation as something other than work. I position my work in relation to recent scholarship that attempts to critically examine and engage with these arguments about appropriate feminine sexuality and online labor, with the hope that my contribution to these debates will be directly applicable to "real world" situations such as the working conditions of SuicideGirls models.Ma thèse examine l'occultation du travail des modèles sur le site SuicideGirls.com, un portail pornographique de réseautage social "alternatif". Au début des années 2000, une panique morale est survenue autour de la question de la diffusion généralisée de la pornographie dans la culture nord-américaine. Au moment où ces affirmations de "pornification" atteignaient leur masse critique, une interprétation différente a émergé. J'ai remarqué dans les explications des médias, ainsi que des échanges personnels, un intérêt dans la possibilité d'un nouveau type de pornographie "alternative". SuicideGirls était le plus visible de ces sites internet. Le site a été reconnu pour le pouvoir dont il dote les femmes qui y sont présentées, en plus de fournir une plateforme pour qu'elles puissent s'exprimer en tant que sujets "authentiques". Alors que plusieurs féministes ont soutenu que le travail du sexe peut conférer un certain pouvoir aux femmes, la nouveauté de Suicide Girls réside dans la manière dont le site en est venu à être perçu comme produisant activement de la pornographie conférant un tel pouvoir et ce, malgré les affirmations de la direction du site selon lesquelles SuicideGirls n'était pas un site pornographique, mais plutôt un site montrant des images de pin-up. Cette position a attiré une attention médiatique considérable et une part remarquable de la controverse. Alors que les premiers comptes-rendus étaient élogieux, la teneur de la couverture médiatique s'est transformée dramatiquement en 2005 quand une trentaine de modèles de SuicideGirls ont quitté le site et ont faire part à la presse des problèmes de harcèlement sexuel, d'échelle salariale et de disputes concernant les contrats et les droits sur leurs images, en plus de la censure que le site maintenait au sujet de leurs plaintes. Ma thèse émerge directement de ces plaintes concernant le travail. Mon analyse pose le site vis-à-vis tant les pro-sexes que les féministes s'opposant à la pornographie, de même que certains domaines d'études émergents sur les nouvelles pratiques médiatiques du travail, dans le but d'articuler comment SuicideGirls a construit la participation de ses modèles en tant que quelque chose qui n'est pas du travail. Je situe mon propos en relation avec des études récentes qui tentent d'examiner et d'investir de manière critique des arguments relatifs à une sexualité féminine appropriée et le travail en ligne, dans l'espoir que ma contribution à ces débats sera directement applicable à des situations concrètes comme celles des conditions de travail des modèles de SuicideGirls.
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Speratos, Jason G. "God's omnipotence in freewill and process theism." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
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Seibt, Christopher R. "Evil and the human will an examination of Plato and Aristotle on whether human beings knowingly will evil /." Washington, DC : Catholic University of America, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.029-0730.
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Harold, Godfrey. "An evangelical discourse on God’s response to suffering: A critical assessment of Gregory Boyd’s open theism." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5065.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThis research project makes a contribution to the discourse on the theodicy problem by examining the position adopted by Gregory Boyd known as open theism. Boyd would argue that an open view of God is in a better position to deal with the problem of evil because the traditional understanding of God’s attributes fails to vindicate God of guilt or responsibility for evil and should, therefore, be abandoned in favour of the attractive openness model. Boyd claims that God cannot be held responsible for evil and suffering because the future cannot be known to God. He articulates this perspective from the process thought position that the future is not a reality therefore, cannot be known. Thus, God took a risk when he/she created human being with free will because any free will future actions and thoughts cannot be known by God. God is therefore surprised by the actions and sufferings of human being and therefore has to change his/her plans to meet with the free will actions of human beings. Boyd in articulating his open theism theodicy does so by reconstructing the classical understanding of the attributes of God namely: God’s omniscience, immutability, and omnipotence to give an answer to the theodicy problem. Evangelicals understand the attributes of God to be part of God nature, therefore any changes in the attributes of God means changes to God him/herself. Because of Boyd’s claim to be an evangelical, this project examines the attributes of God as reflected in the works of the early church father to the reformers and influential evangelical scholars in contrast with the work of Boyd. In presenting an evangelical understanding on God and suffering this study concludes that the position adopted by Boyd is a radical departure from evangelicalism and orthodoxy faith and is more consonant of a deistic presentation of God in his/her relation to the world.
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Odom, Stuart A. "The inconsistency of John Sanders' open theism with aspects of evangelical bibliology." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Hanshew, Daniel S. "Ordained to eternal life? exegesis of Acts 13:48 /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p014-0140.
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Wellunscheg, Mike. "An examination from a Johannine perspective the paradox of the sovereignty of God and the free will of man at the point of conversion /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.
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Madlem, Mark Allen. "Divine sovereignty and human responsibility a defense of compatibilism /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 1999. http://www.tren.com.
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Reeves, Harold Smith. "Praemotio physica and the problem of human freedom." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2002. http://www.tren.com.
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Ozturk, Tacettin. "The Use Of Gold And Silver Nanoparticles For Surface Enhanced Fluorescence Of Dyes." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612389/index.pdf.
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This study focuses on preparing surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF) substrates for use in the enhancement of the emission signal of rhodamine B and fluorescein dyes.
Fluorescence spectroscopy has been widely utilized owing to its high sensitivity. SEF is a process where the interactions of fluorophores with the localized surface plasmons of metal nanoparticles results in fluorescence enhancement, increased photostability and rates of system radiative decay which leads to a decreased lifetime. One of the most important factors of SEF studies is to provide a uniform distance between fluorophore and metal nanoparticle in a controlled mannerotherwise, Fö
rster resonance energy transfer takes place from fluorophore to metal nanoparticle and emission intensity of fluorophore is quenched. The spherical gold and silver nanoparticles were prepared using the well known and straightforward chemical reduction method, in which sodium citrate acted both as a reducing agent and a stabilizer around the formed nanoparticles. Silver and gold were chosen because of their high plasmon field enhancement. Since plasmon field strongly depends on the shape and size of the nanoparticles, the prepared nanoparticles were characterized using absorption spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Prior to deposition of silver or gold nanoparticles on glass slides, the slides were derivatized by immersing them into an aqueous solution of 3-Aminopropylethoxysilane (APTES). Following derivatization, silver or gold nanoparticles were deposited by immersing the slides into the colloid mixture. Metal nanoparticle coated slides were characterized using absorption spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements were carried out to observe the plasmon efficiency of the deposited nanoparticles. The SERS measurements were repeated for the duration of two weeks in order to check the stability of the plasmon efficiency. In this study, different types of materials (silica, zinc oxide, gold, stearic acid.) were employed as spacers to observe their effects on fluorescence enhancement. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film deposition techniques were used for the formation of the spacer within the substrate. Fluorescence enhancement of rhodamine B and fluorescein was observed on the prepared SEF substrates. Obtained enhancement factors indicate that SEF substrates have the potential for sensitivity improvements of fluorescence sensing in many fields.
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Kooy, Brian Keith. "Between Being and Nothingness: The Metaphysical Foundations Underlying Augustine's Solution to the Problem of Evil." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11302007-134955/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Timothy M. Renick, committee chair; Tim O'Keefe, Louis A. Ruprecht, Jr., committee members. Electronic text (110 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Jan. 18, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-110).
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Mesaros-Winckles, Christy Ellen. "Only God Knows the Opposition We Face: The Rhetoric of Nineteenth Century Free Methodist Women’s Quest for Ordination." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1342832308.
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Muleba, William. "The good, the bad, and the framed : A study of behavioral economics and the framing effect on tobacco free snus." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79798.
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This study sets out to explore attitudes and intentions towards nicotine product goods and how it is affected by the goal framing effect. The presence of this effect has been shown in the advertising of both green products and everyday products. The aim of this research is to explore whether or not this also holds true when it comes to unhealthy products, more precisely tobacco free all white nicotine products. A quasi experimental study was conducted with the use of a fictitious brand of All-white tobacco. All 63 participants in the three different experimental groups of the study met the mandatory age requirement. One of the three groups received a positively framed advert, another received a negatively framed advert, whereas the last group acted as the control group and therefore received a neutral advertisement stimuli. All participants submitted their answers on a questionnaire created for this study, which was validated using Cronbach’s alpha and factor analysis. The results suggest that the use of goal framing is beneficial when advertising nicotine product goods. Both positive and negative goal-framing showed a greater effect on purchase intention and product attitude than the control group. The negative goal-framing advert proved to be statistically different than the control group when measuring product attitude. Furthermore, the positively framed advert showed a statistically significant difference in effect on both product attitude and purchase intention compared to the control group. The findings suggest that positively framed goal-framing has an effect on both attitudes and purchase intention, compared to the neutral stimuli. The negatively framed goal-framing had an effect on attitudes, compared to the neutral stimuli. The practical implication of this study could possibly be that when constructing advertisements for tobacco free snus products, it could be preferable to make use of the positive goal-framing effect in order to affect the consumers purchase intention and attitude towards the product. This study has confirmed to some extent that the framing effect is a factor prevalent in the advertising of tobacco free products. For further research it would be highly interesting to delve deeper in comparing positive and negative goal-framing in order to find further evidence of which one has greater effect on consumers.
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Pottinger, Derek Miles. "God's foreknowledge are the objections presented by the Open View grounds for denial? /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1999. http://www.tren.com.
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Toney, Kimberly M. ""In consideration of divers good causes" the development and persistence of a free black community in West Laurel, Delaware 1800-1900 /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 155 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885589981&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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