Дисертації з теми "Free French"

This study examines the extent to which the equivalency provision presented in the SPS agreement is able to foster trade negotiations between countries adopting different food safety measures. The study examines the role of scientific evidence as well as the political, economic, and cultural factors in impacting the national regulatory process and the international trade negotiations. It focuses on the limitations of science in allowing countries to reach consensus in contentious trade-related debates laden with risk uncertainty and missing data. The study consists of comparing the key components of the U.S. and French regulatory systems to identify the cultural basis for the differences in the perception of listeria risk and in preferences to control it. The stringent standards adopted in the U.S. and the preference for pasteurization are attributed to the complete separation of the regulatory functions form those of food production, the open style of decision-making which allows private citizens to review and comment on administrative actions, the unwillingness of U.S. regulators to expose vulnerable individuals to deadly pathogens, and the reliance on quantitative data to validate the effectiveness of pasteurization. The more flexible standards impacting listeria regulation in France are attributed to the the integration of regulatory functions with those of food production, the consumer preference for natural products, the public's trust in the government's regulatory decisions, and the belief that the determination of appropriate safety measures should be left up to the producers.
Master of Science

Les Termes de Choix Libre (TCLs) ont souvent été analysés comme des Termes à Polarité. On a souvent supposé, de ce fait, que leur distribution pouvait être analysée au moyen des conditions de légitimation ou d'anti-légitimation. En m'appuyant sur des données du français, du grec et de l'anglais, je soutiens l'hypothèse que cette approche n'est pas correcte. Les TCLs ont une s'emantique lexicale riche exprimant l'élargissement, l'indiscrimination, l'indifférence, l'ignorance, l'indistinction et la d'apréciation. Puisque toutes les valeurs des TCLs peuvent être pragmatiquement bloquées dans tout contexte, je propose que la distribution des TCLs est entièrement libre, sauf dans quelques cas où on a un blocage sémantique
It has often been argued that Free Choice Items (FCIs) are Polarity Items. Consequently, we have analyzed FCI distribution in terms of the conditions of licensing and anti-licensing. Based on French, Greek and English data, I defend the hypothesis that this approach is not correct. FCIs have a very strong lexical semantics. They express widening, indiscriminacy, indifference, ignorance, indistinguishability and low-level. Since all the readings of FCIs can be pragmatically blocked in all contexts, I propose that the distribution of FCIs is entirely free with the exception of certain cases in which we have semantic blocking

This thesis explores the relationship between the colour-blind public philosophy of republicanism and the French state's policies targeting the Roma. It addresses one core research question: how did political actors use neo-republican ideas to communicate and justify policies targeting the Roma? To do this, it examines the discourse of French and European Union (EU) actors involved in the formulation and implementation of polices targeting the Roma from 2010 to 2016. This discourse comprised political speeches, policy reports, memos, media clippings and 50 in-depth interviews with French and EU actors. Building on Christina Boswell and James Hampshire's theory of discursive strategies, this thesis focuses on the strategic deployment of republican ideas, notably the ways in which political actors were able to exploit their polyvalence. This thesis argues that political actors used four key republican ideas to communicate and justify policies targeting the Roma in France. First, a commitment to universalism allowed political actors to deny accusations of ethnic targeting while pursuing policies that disproportionally targeted Roma migrants. Second, political actors deployed the idea of a 'neutral' public sphere to justify the eviction and deportation of residents living in so-called Roma camps. Third, political actors used a logic of administrative selection to predetermine which evicted 'Roma' migrants were worthy of state support. Fourth, recipients of this support were subject to a state-led process of assimilation akin to a modern 'civilising mission', which political actors defended as a necessary step towards integration. This thesis concludes that it was precisely the polyvalence of republican ideas that allowed actors to deploy them to communicate and justify discriminatory policies. In doing so, it builds upon a growing literature on the role of republicanism in contemporary French politics and provides a rich empirical study that captures the influence of a general public philosophy on specific policy decisions. Additionally, it extends recent scholarship on the treatment of the Roma in Europe and contributes to debate about the challenges of free movement in an enlarged EU.

At first glance, the long tradition of Quebecois adaptations of Shakespeare might seem paradoxical, since Quebec is a francophone nation seeking political independence and has little direct connection to the British literary canon. However, it is precisely this cultural distance that allows Quebecois playwrights to play irreverently with Shakespeare and use his texts to explore issues of nation and gender which are closely connected to each other. Soon after the Quiet Revolution, adaptations such as Robert Gurik's Hamlet, prince du Quebec and Jean-Claude Germain's Rodeo et Juliette raised the question "To be or not to be free" in order to interrogate how Quebec could take action to achieve independence. In Macbeth and La tempete, Michel Garneau "tradapts" Shakespeare and situates his texts in the context of the Conquest. Jean-Pierre Ronfard's Lear and Vie et mort du Roi Boiteux carnivalize the nation and permit women to rise to power. Adaptations since 1990 reveal awareness of the need for cultural and gender diversity so that women, queers, and immigrants may contribute more to the nation's development. Since Quebec is simultaneously colonial, neo-colonial, and postcolonial, Quebecois playwrights negotiate differently than English Canadians the fine line between the enrichment of their local culture and its possible contamination, assimilation, or effacement by Shakespeare's overwhelming influence, which thus allows them to appropriate his texts in service of gender issues and the decolonization of the Quebec nation.

This essay compares the public debate in Sweden 1992 caused by the reforms introduced by the then government giving parents a free choice of schools for their children with the current debate in France about proposals for a similar law there. The study concentrates on the positions taken by the teachers trade unions, in Sweden Lärarförbundet and Lärarnas Riksförbund (LR) and in France SGEN-CFDT. To do so it is necessary also to study the arguments given for and against the proposals by the political parties.

Some of the differences between the debates can be attributed to different circumstances. The Swedish reform was related to the opening up of possibilities to run private schools, which previously had been rare in Sweden. The French debate has no such connections. The private schools, mostly Catholic, have a very stable share of the students and no side is openly arguing for a change of any sort. Other differences depend on the French adversity to liberalism, almost always conflated with neo-liberalism which makes market-oriented arguments much less common in French public debate.

Among the trade unions the big difference is between the two Swedish organisations, LR was overall positive to the proposals while Lärarförbundet opposed them. In France SGEN-CFDT takes a position strikingly similar to Lärarförbundets in Sweden 1992 seeing free choice as undermining the idea of a school system for all. In Sweden that idea is seen as a part of the welfare state, closely connected to the Social Democratic party. In France it is seen as a republican idea, connected to an idea of citizenship.

The trade unions of the teachers in both France and Sweden are also in similar positions as their role has become merely reactive. There seems to be little room left for them to formulate policy and push the educational systems in their prefered directions.

The hierarchical levels at which resource selection occurs can have important consequences for individual and population energy budgets and structure the impacts of a forager on its ecosystem. Assessing factors affecting resource selection of large marine herbivores across scales is important because of their potentially large impacts on seagrass community dynamics and historical and current changes in their population sizes and those of their potential predators. I explored the factors (predation risk, resource abundance, quality and identity) affecting resource use of large marine herbivores (green turtles, Chelonia mydas) from the scale of habitat patches to forage species within patches. I used a combination of in-water surveys, aerial drone video transects, baited camera surveys, and seagrass community and nutrient content analyses to provide insights into resource use by turtles in multiple ecological contexts. In Abaco, The Bahamas I found relatively intact shark populations, including apex predators, relative to other parts of the Caribbean. In the context of healthy predator populations in Abaco, I tested a priori predictions rooted in Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) theory. Green turtles off Abaco deviated from predictions of an IFD determined by the standing stocks of seagrass. Instead, distributions are consistent with predictions of the foraging arena hypothesis with turtles largely restricted to safe habitat patches and selecting locations within these where seagrass N content is relatively high. Marine invasive species can have detrimental effects on coastal ecosystems and economies. Therefore, understanding the effects of, and factors influencing the rate of spread of the invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea in the Caribbean is important. In the French West Indies (Guadeloupe, Martinique and St. Martin), I investigated foraging preferences for native versus invasive seagrass species and whether green turtles might facilitate or attenuate the invasion through their choice of habitats and feeding patterns. Green turtle distributions were correlated with native seagrass distributions. Also, despite similar nutrient contents, turtles preferred feeding on native seagrasses irrespective of their relative abundance within a patch. These results suggest that, as predicted by the Enemy Release Hypothesis, green turtles likely facilitate the invasion and spread of the invasive seagrass that may reduce energy flow into turtle populations.

Using three different models, we examine the determinants of average stock returns on the Stockholm Stock Exchange during 2012-2016. By using time-series data, we find that a Fama-French three-factor model (directed at capturing size and book-to-market ratio) functions quite well in the Swedish stock market and is able to explain the variation in returns better than the traditional CAPM. Additionally, we investigated if the addition of a Price/Earning variable to the Fama-French model would increase the explanatory power of the expected returns of the different dependent variables portfolios. We conclude that the P/E ratio does not influence the expected returns in the sample we used.

Doutoramento em Engenharia Alimentar / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa
Sustainability of the agri-food chain is on today’s agenda, whether through the use of industrial byproducts or the investigation of alternative sources of ingredients. The increasing number of individuals with gluten-related diseases, but also consumers following a gluten-free diet are the drivers for the continually growing number of gluten-free products launched in the market. However, in addition to their still limited commercial availability and high price compared to their wheat counterparts, gluten-free products show nutritional deficiencies. Following the current consumer trends for healthy foods with underlying sustainable principles (ingredients and processes), this thesis aimed the development of a gluten-free fresh pasta based on rice flour from broken grains and Psyllium husk, enriched with Arthrospira platensis, Laminaria ochroleuca and potato peel. Firstly, the gelatinisation (5 – 26%) of rice flour from broken rice (rice processing industry by-product) was performed to assess the optimum conditions for producing gluten-free pasta. Afterwards, the pasta formulation (50% gelatinised rice flour/rice flour) was successfully optimized, and its structure reinforced with 4% Psyllium husk gel. This gluten-free pasta was then enriched with bioactive compound sources (Arthrospira platensis, Laminaria ochroleuca and potato peel) incorporated as lyophilised biomass, gel or liquid extract obtained by subcritical water extraction (autohydrolysis), an eco-friendly technology. The pastas developed were characterized in terms of cooking quality parameters, texture, colour, rheology, nutritional composition, antioxidant activity, in vitro digestibility and sensory analysis. It was found that autohydrolysis was a suitable technology for the valorisation of distinct materials, namely marine and industrial. Pastas with Laminaria ochroleuca provided a high mineral and fibre contents, and low-fat content, so that could bear nutritional claims. On the other hand, Arthrospira platensis incorporation proved to have a positive effect on the pasta antioxidant activity and overall sensory analysis without affecting the in vitro digestibility. Pasta with potato peel extract presented a high total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. All formulations presented good overall cooking quality and texture and rheology properties
N/A

Cette recherche rend compte des difficultés de la diffusion des idées néo-libérales dans la vie politique française de 1974 jusqu’à 2012. Son premier apport consiste à démontrer – à travers un large panel de données sur les politiques publiques, l’opinion publique et les programmes des partis – qu’en France le succès des idées néo-libérales a été moindre par rapport aux autres pays européens. Son deuxième apport consiste à expliquer cette anomalie française, en contribuant plus généralement à la question de la diffusion des idéologies dans un système politique. La réponse se base sur une double étude : une analyse micro-historique centrée sur les acteurs (à partir d’entretiens et d’un travail sur les archives des organisations internationales de promotion du néo-libéralisme), couplée à une analyse macro-sociologique centrée sur les caractéristiques du contexte national. Il est montré que si la diffusion du néo-libéralisme a été moins importante en France par rapport à d’autres pays voisins, c’est en raison de la forte résistance de l’opinion publique à son égard. Celle-ci a restreint la fenêtre d’opportunité de ses partisans de manière directe en incitant les hommes politiques à ne pas mettre en œuvre des politiques publiques trop congruentes avec cette idéologie, et de manière indirecte, en exerçant une influence sur le discours économique et social des principaux partis politiques pouvant légitimer la mise en œuvre de mesures libéralisant les politiques publiques. De plus, la structure des institutions françaises a renforcé l’effet de « dépendance au sentier » dans la fabrique des politiques publiques en valorisant l’expertise d’État contre celle d’acteurs susceptibles de remettre en cause le consensus existant comme les universitaires et les think tanks. Enfin, à partir de la réalisation d’une socio-histoire inédite du mouvement néo-libéral depuis les années 1970, d’autres facteurs plus contingents sont identifiés. La fragmentation et la radicalité des partisans du néo-libéralisme, ainsi que la quasi absence d’entrepreneur politique susceptible d’incarner ces idées, ont contribué à la marginalité de ces idées dans le débat public
This thesis examines, and then explains, the relative lack of success in the dissemination and acceptance of neo-liberal ideas in French politics during the period from 1974 to 2012. Using a wide range of data on public policy, public opinion and political party platforms, it demonstrates that neo-liberal thought has had far less influence in France than in other European nations. It then accounts for this anomaly and contributes more generally to the understanding of how ideologies diffuse in a political system. The answer is derived from the combination of two perspectives. The first is a stakeholder-centered, micro-historical analysis based on interviews and on the archives of international organizations promoting neo-liberalism. This is coupled with a macro-sociological analysis focused on the characteristics of the French national context. The failure of neo-liberalism to propagate in France is shown to be mainly due to the strong resistance of public opinion towards it. This has restricted opportunities for its supporters, both directly, by discouraging politicians from implementing policies congruent with this ideology, and indirectly, by shrinking the policy window of acceptable economic and social discourse and thus limiting the options of the main political parties that might otherwise legitimize the implementation of neo-liberal public policies. In addition, the structure of French institutions has reinforced the effect of "path dependence" in the making of public policy by valuing state expertise above that of actors likely to question the existing consensus, such as academics and think tanks. Finally, we identify other more incidental factors: The fragmentation and radicalism of neo-liberalism's supporters, as well as the absence of any political actor who could effectively embody these ideas, contributed to their marginality in the public debate.This thesis examines, and then explains, the relative lack of success in the dissemination and acceptance of neo-liberal ideas in French politics during the period from 1974 to 2012. Using a wide range of data on public policy, public opinion and political party platforms, it demonstrates that neo-liberal thought has had far less influence in France than in other European nations. It then accounts for this anomaly and contributes more generally to the understanding of how ideologies diffuse in a political system. The answer is derived from the combination of two perspectives. The first is a stakeholder-centered, micro-historical analysis based on interviews and on the archives of international organizations promoting neo-liberalism. This is coupled with a macro-sociological analysis focused on the characteristics of the French national context. The failure of neo-liberalism to propagate in France is shown to be mainly due to the strong resistance of public opinion towards it. This has restricted opportunities for its supporters, both directly, by discouraging politicians from implementing policies congruent with this ideology, and indirectly, by shrinking the policy window of acceptable economic and social discourse and thus limiting the options of the main political parties that might otherwise legitimize the implementation of neo-liberal public policies. In addition, the structure of French institutions has reinforced the effect of "path dependence" in the making of public policy by valuing state expertise above that of actors likely to question the existing consensus, such as academics and think tanks. Finally, we identify other more incidental factors: The fragmentation and radicalism of neo-liberalism's supporters, as well as the absence of any political actor who could effectively embody these ideas, contributed to their marginality in the public debate

A partir d'un travail fondé sur des sources primaires inédites puisées aussi bien dans les archives de la DGSE (Services secrets français héritiers de certaines archives du BCRA gaulliste et de la DGER), des fonds britanniques de Kew (Intelligence Services), que dans celles du Service Historique de la Défense (SHD) à Vincennes et du musée de l'ordre de la Libération, cette thèse en forme de biographie a vocation à retracer, contextualiser et analyser pas à pas le parcours singulier de l'un des 1038 compagnons de la Libération du général de Gaulle : Adrien Conus, né à Moscou (Russie) en 1900, mort à Bangui (Centre-Afrique) en 1947. Si l'on peut considérer comme de nature pléonastique le fait de parler d'"itinéraire singulier ou atypique" à propos d'un compagnon de la Libération, le parcours de ce "Russe" ami de Kessel, guerrier et agent secret de la France Libre, fut si dense, intense et hors normes qu'il mérite bien de figurer sous cette classification. Des combats de Syrie, de Libye et de Tunisie à l'engagement sur le terrain (Vercors et Allemagne nazie) comme agent secret gaulliste formé par les services secrets britanniques, Adrien Conus offre un kaléidoscope de ce que furent les combats des Français Libres, puis de la France Combattante contre le nazisme dans une version que l'on nommerait aujourd'hui : "Actions spéciales". L'un des axes de recherche de cette thèse touche à ce que l'on nommait jadis "Histoire des mentalités" ; "mentalités" de ces "combattants indirects" de la Seconde guerre mondiale qui ont parfois connu une évolution du type de celle du héros de Roger Vercel : "Capitaine Conan". Il s'agit d'une des pièces, avec la biographie de Rudolf Hess, qui compose le dossier de la thèse sur travaux
From a work on French and English primary sources (Files from French and British Secret Services, French historical services of Defense and archives from the French Museum of the "Compagnons de la Libération"), this doctoral thesis is a biography of the Free French Adrien Conus (1900-1947). The thesis aims to recount, to contextualize, and to analyze step by step the out-of-ordinary trajectory of one of the 1038 Free French, De Gaulle's companion : Adrien Conus, born in Moscow (Russia) in 1900, deceased in Bangui (Central Africa) in 1947. The life journey of a "Russian", friend of Jospeh Kessel, of this warrior and secret agent of the Free France was so dense and intense that it well deserves to be classified as exceptionnel and out-of-the-ordinary. From battles in Syria, Libya and Tunisia to his engagement on the field (Vercors and Nazi Germany) as a Gaullist secret agent trained by the British services, Adrien Conus presents a kaleidoscope of what were the battles of Free French, the Fighting French against nazism in a version that could be labelled nowadays as "special operations". One of the key research angles of this doctorate deals with history of mentalities, at least the history of those informal soldiers of the Second World War who sometimes knew that kind of evolution like "Captain Conan", the hero of Roger Vercel's novel. This is one of the documents, with the biography of Rudolf Hess, which makes up the file of the thesis on works One of the key research angles of this doctorate deals with history of mentalities, at least the history of those informal soldiers of the Second World War who sometimes knew that kind of evolution like "Captain Conan", the hero of Roger Vercel's novel. This is one of the documents, with the biography of Rudolf Hess, which makes up the file of the thesis on works

Lo scopo di questo elaborato era valutare l’efficacia di un trattamento di pastorizzazione adottato su pasta fresca ripiena gluten-free, in modo da garantirne la sicurezza e la qualità microbiologica durante la conservazione. Questo prodotto è ottenuto a partire da una miscela di farine diverse dal frumento e presenta valori di attività dell’acqua mediamente più alti rispetto ad altri prodotti commercializzati che non rientrano nella categoria gluten-free. Tali valori di aw (compresi tra 0.94 e 0.98) permettono lo sviluppo di molti microrganismi, anche patogeni. Inoltre la presenza nel ripieno di sostanze grasse (carne, formaggio) può ridurre l’efficacia del trattamento termico al cuore del prodotto, poiché ostacolano la penetrazione del calore. La sperimentazione è stata divisa in diverse fasi, ognuna delle quali ha previsto l’inoculo di un microrganismo target sul prodotto fresco per valutarne il destino durante la pastorizzazione e conservazione. Sono stati utilizzati surrogati di microrganismi patogeni ed in particolare Listeria innocua, Clostridium sporogenes e Staphylococcus epidermidis. Le analisi hanno mostrato che i trattamenti adottati sono efficaci verso le specie non sporigene inoculate mentre, come prevedibile, non incidono sul contenuto di C. sporogenes, che però non cresce in maniera significativa durante la conservazione. Tuttavia è emerso che le condizioni di produzione non garantiscono una riduzione di aw tale da far ricadere il prodotto nei requisiti merceologici richiesti per le paste fresche ripiene. Inoltre la pastorizzazione del prodotto confezionato comporta un’eccessiva condensa di acqua sulla superficie interna del packaging, con conseguente aumento del valore di aw. Quindi, anche se i trattamenti termici apportati sono efficaci, un’eventuale presenza di microrganismi degradativi o di patogeni sporigeni può comportare un rischio anche molto elevato per la stabilità commerciale ed igienico-sanitaria di questo prodotto.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2009.
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As propriedades nutricionais da microalga Spirulina têm sido relacionadas com possíveis propriedades antioxidantes, caracterizando-a no âmbito dos alimentos funcionais. Os antioxidantes são compostos que atuam inibindo e/ou diminuindo efeitos desencadeados pelo estresse oxidativo, conservando a harmonia entre a produção fisiológica de radicais livres e sua detoxificação. Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial antioxidante da microalga Spirulina e seu principal pigmento, a ficocianina, em situações de estresse oxidativo induzido. Foram realizados estudos com células da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, submetidas a estresse oxidativo pela adição de 1,1´-dimetil-4,4´-bipiridilo (paraquat) nas concentrações 0, 10 e 15 mM, avaliando o potencial antioxidante da Spirulina através da sobrevivência celular (plaqueamento) e da lipoperoxidação (índice de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, TBA). Também foi avaliado o efeito protetor da Spirulina e/ou da ficocianina em córtex cerebral de ratos submetidos a estresse oxidativo por administração de glutamato monossódico ou por situação de pânico. No córtex dos animais foram avaliados os índices de TBA e a atividade específica das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT). O uso do herbicida paraquat nas concentrações 10 mM e 15mM, diminuiu a sobrevivência celular da levedura em relação ao controle (39,4 % e 17,1%, respectivamente) e aumentou significativamente a lipoperoxidação (p≤0,05). O agente estressor glutamato monossódico provocou aumento significativo (p≤0,05) da lipoperoxidação e diminuição significativa (p≤0,05) das atividades específicas das enzimas SOD e CAT no córtex cerebral dos ratos. O estresse por situação de pânico também provocou alterações significativas (p≤0,05) no córtex dos ratos, aumentando a peroxidação lipídica e a atividade da enzima SOD e diminuindo a atividade da enzima CAT. O uso da Spirulina, bem como da ficocianina, atenuaram os efeitos deletérios decorrentes do estresse oxidativo induzido em células de leveduras e em córtex de ratos, mantendo os parâmetros dos grupos tratados com estressor e antioxidante estatisticamente iguais aos do grupo controle. Estes resultados contribuem com a caracterização da microalga no âmbito dos alimentos funcionais antioxidantes.
The nutritional properties of the microalgae Spirulina have been related with possible therapeutical properties, characterizing it in the scope of functional and nutraceutical foods mainly had its antioxidant potential. The antioxidant substances are composites that act inhibiting and/or decreasing the effect unchained of oxidative stress, conserving the balance between physiological production of free radicals and its detoxification. It was objectified to evaluatethe antioxidant potential of the microalgae Spirulina and its main pigment, the phycocyanin, in situation of oxidative stress induced. studies whit cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast had been carried, submitted oxidative stress for the addition of 1,1´-dimetil-4,4´-bipiridilo (paraquat) in concentrations 0, 10 and 15 mM, evaluating the antioxidant potential of the Spirulina throught the cellular survival and reactives substances index to the tiobarbituric acid (TBA). Also was evaluated the protective effect of the Spirulina and phycocyanin, in cerebral cortex of rats submitted to oxidative stress induced for glutamate monosodic administration or panic situation. In the cortex of animals the TBA index, and activity of enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) had been evaluated. The use of paraquat in concentrations 10 mM and 15mM, decreased yeast cellular survival in relation to the control (39.4% and 17.1%, respectively) and increased the lipoperoxidation significantly (p≤0,05). The estressor agent glutamate monossodic provoked significant increase (p≤0,05) in lipoperoxidation and significant reduction (p≤0,05) of enzymes SOD and CAT in the cerebral cortex of the rats. The oxidative stress for panic situation also provoked significant alterations (p≤0,05) in the cortex of the rats, increasing the lipidic peroxidation and the activity of enzyme SOD and diminishing the activity of enzyme CAT. The use of the Spirulina, as well as phycocyanin, had attenuated the decurrent deleterious effect of oxidative stress induced in cells of yeast and in cortex of rats, keeping the parameters of the groups dealt with statistical equal stressor and antioxidant substance to the ones of the group has controlled. These results contribute with the characterization of the microalgae in the scope of antioxidant functional foods.

La Alta Presión Hidrostática (APH) es una tecnología no térmica capaz de extender la vida útil de los alimentos al mismo tiempo que mantiene sus características nutricionales y organolépticas. El queso fresco es una variedad no madurada, de coagulación enzimática o ácida, y que generalmente es consumido poco después de su elaboración. El queso fresco tradicional es obtenido por coagulación enzimática y es un medio ideal para el crecimiento bacteriano, ya que en su fabricación no se utilizan fermentos lácticos, posee una elevada actividad de agua y un alto contenido en proteína y grasa. El principal objetivo de esta tesis fue evaluar el efecto de la APH para extender la vida útil de un queso fresco tradicional obteniendo un producto de alta calidad. Para este propósito, se realizó un estudio preliminar con quesos comerciales de pequeño formato (80 g) a nivel de planta piloto con el fin de determinar la capacidad de la APH para inhibir el crecimiento de microorganismos causantes de deterioro. Los quesos fueron tratados a 300 y 400 MPa (5 min a 6°C) y se evaluaron diferentes parámetros microbiológicos, de de composición y físico-químicos durante su almacenamiento en frío. Los resultados mostraron que la APH no modificó la composición del queso fresco y produjo sólo pequeños cambios en el color (más amarillo) y la textura (más firme), cuando se comparó con un queso no tratado. Además, la aplicación de 300 y 400 MPa aumentó la vida útil de los quesos a 14 y 21 días, respectivamente. La siguiente fase fue determinar la vida útil de un queso comercial (250 g) tratado a 500 MPa (5 min a 18°C) bajo condiciones industriales siguiendo también su evolución microbiológica, de composición, físico-química y sensorial durante 21 días de almacenamiento en frío. En este caso, los quesos presurizados alcanzaron una vida útil de entre 19 y 21 días al compararlos con los quesos no tratados que fue de entre 7 y 8 días. Sin embargo, el tratamiento de 500 MPa afectó significativamente a las características de color, textura, microestructura y sensoriales del queso, pero no así su preferencia por parte de un panel de catadores. Es importante destacar que la APH fue capaz de mantener las características de aroma del queso a lo largo de su vida útil, retrasando la formación de compuestos volátiles responsables de sabores extraños. Adicionalmente, se realizó un ensayo de inoculación con Listeria spp. con el fin de evaluar la efectividad de la APH (300-600 MPa durante 5 min a 6°C) para asegurar la inocuidad alimentaria. Se seleccionaron tres cepas bacterianas (L. monocytogenes Scott A y CECT 4031, y su marcador, L. innocua CECT 910) para estudiar la inactivación y la generación de daño sub-letal después del tratamiento y su evolución durante 15 días de almacenamiento a 4°C. Con el tratamiento de 300 MPa no se consiguió inactivar ninguna de las cepas inoculadas. Sin embargo, tanto los tratamientos de 500 MPa y 600 MPa se lograron importantes reducciones de Listeria spp. Por otra parte, la presurización del queso fresco entre 300-600 MPa no produjo significativamente daño sub-letal, apreciándose diferencias en el comportamiento entre las cepas estudiadas. Así, se observó que L. monocytogenes CECT 4031 fue la más sensible a la APH y Scott A la más resistente. En los quesos tratados el crecimiento de esta bacteria durante el almacenamiento en frío no fue inhibido. Los recuentos en los quesos tratados a 300 MPa no fueron distintos a los del queso control para todas las cepas y nivel de inoculo utilizados.
High pressure processing (HPP) is a non-thermal technology able to extend the shelf-life of a number of food products while maintaining their sensory and nutritional quality. Fresh cheese is unripened rennet or acid-coagulated type and is usually consumed after manufacturing. Traditional fresh cheese is obtained by rennet coagulation and it may serve as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation, since no starter culture is added, and considering its high water activity and its high protein and fat contents. The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of HPP technology for extending the shelf-life of a starter-free fresh cheese, and in order to obtain a high quality product. For this purpose, a preliminary study at pilot plant scale using small commercial cheeses (80 g) was carried out with the aim to determine the HPP capacity to inhibiting the outgrowing of spoilage microorganisms. In this sense, cheeses were treated at 300 and 400 MPa (5 min at 6ºC) and their microbiological, compositional and physico-chemical evolution during cold storage was evaluated. Results indicated that HPP did not affect cheese composition and provoked only little changes in colour (more yellow) and textural (firmer) properties of fresh cheese when compared with untreated cheese. Besides, 300 and 400 MPa were able to extend fresh cheese shelf-life to 14 and 21 days, respectively. The next step was to determine the shelf-life of commercial fresh cheeses (250 g) treated at 500 MPa (5 min at 18ºC) at industrial scale, by following their microbiological, compositional, physico-chemical and sensorial evolution during cold storage of 21 days. This time, pressurised cheeses achieved a shelf-life of about 19-21 days compared to 7-8 days of the untreated cheese. However, 500 MPa significantly affected colour, microstructural, textural and sensory characteristics, but the preference for the treated cheese was not affected. It is also worth noting that HPP was able to maintain the aroma characteristics of cheese throughout its shelf-life, leading to a delay in the formation of volatile compounds responsible for off-flavours. Additionally, an inoculation study with Listeria spp. was carried out in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the HPP (300-600 MPa for 5 min at 6°C) to assure food safety. Three bacterial strains (L. monocytogenes Scott A and CECT 4031, and its surrogate L. innocua CECT 910) were selected to study the initial inactivation achieved, the sublethal damage generated and microbial growth during 15 days of storage at 4°C. Treatment at 300 MPa did not inactivate any of the strains inoculated. Conversely, 500 and 600 MPa were effective to achieve significant reductions of pathogen counts in fresh cheese. On the other hand, treatment of fresh cheese within the range of 300-600 MPa did not produce significant sublethal injury. Regarding behaviour differences among Listeria strains, it was observed that L. monocytogenes CECT 4031 was the most sensitive and L. monocytogenes Scott A the most resistant to HPP. Finally, growth during cold storage was not prevented since viable cells remain after the treatment. Counts of cheeses treated at 300 MPa were not different from untreated cheese counts, for all strains and inocula level used. On the other hand, differences in rate of growth among strains were observed. Scott A strain showed the lowest rate for all conditions studied. These results confirm that the fresh cheese, due to their characteristics of pH and aw, is able to support growth of Listeria spp.

Cette thèse est une biographie de l’amiral Georges Thierry d’Argenlieu (1889-1964), en religion le père Louis de la Trinité de l’ordre des Carmes déchaux.Entré à l’Ecole navale en 1906, il sert d’abord au Maroc où il rencontre Lyautey, puis en Méditerranée pendant la Grande Guerre. À l’issue du conflit, il quitte la Marine pour entrer au Carmel, aboutissement d’un cheminement débuté avant le conflit. Provincial de son ordre en 1932, ce catholique intransigeant, un temps séduit par les thèses de l’Action française, est l’un des principaux artisans du renouveau connu par l’ordre dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Mobilisé en 1939, il est fait prisonnier lors de la reddition de Cherbourg. Il s’évade et rallie le Royaume-Uni dès la fin juin 1940. De Londres à Dakar et du Gabon à la Nouvelle-Calédonie, il est aux avant-postes de la France Libre. Premier chancelier de l’Ordre de la Libération, ce très proche du général de Gaulle devient un amiral incontournable dans la Marine. En août 1945, il est nommé haut-commissaire de France en Indochine. Son mandat est marqué par l’impossibilité de parvenir à un accord avec Hô Chi Minh et par le déclenchement du conflit. Rappelé en 1947, il renouvelle ses vœux, puis reprend une existence monastique.Fondée entre autres sur les papiers inédits de Georges d’Argenlieu, cette thèse à la croisée de l’histoire navale, religieuse, politique et coloniale, ambitionne de retrouver l’unité d’un homme et l’intransigeance d’une vie. Elle permet d’interroger les rapports politico-militaires, l’acculturation des officiers à la République, la place des chrétiens dans la Cité, mais aussi la vision et les pratiques coloniales de la France de la Libération
This dissertation is a biography of French Admiral Georges Thierry d’Argenlieu (1889-1964), whose religious name was Father Louis de la Trinité, of the Order of Discalced Carmelites.After joining the École Navale in 1906, he took part in the campaign in Morocco and served in the Mediterranean during the First World War. After the conflict, he left the Navy and entered the order of the Discalced Carmelite Friars; this was the consequence of a personal evolution that had started before the war. In 1932, he was elected Provincial Superior of the Order. He was one of the main contributors to the renewal of the Order between the wars. He was mobilised in 1939 and captured during the defence of Cherbourg, but he escaped shortly after and joined De Gaulle in London. From London to Dakar and from Gabon to New Caledonia, he held major positions in the Free French Forces. As the first Chancellor of the Order of the Liberation and a close friend of Général De Gaulle, he had a prominent status in the Navy. In August 1945, he was appointed High Commissioner in Indochina. His mandate was marked by the impossibility to reach an agreement with Hô Chi Minh and the beginning of the First Indochina War. He was recalled to France in 1947 and resumed religious life.This dissertation is notably based on Georges d’Argenlieu’s unpublished personal papers; it aims to provide consistency to the itinerary of a complex man who led an uncompromising life. It explores politico-military relations, the role of Christians in secular society, the relations between senior officers and the French Republic as well as the colonial vision and mores of France at the time of the Liberation

Le sujet de cette thèse, traite des engagements du général Koenig (1898-1970) en tant que militaire, homme politique et militant pour la cause israélienne et l‟amitié avec le peuple juif. Natif de Caen, Pierre Koenig eut dès son enfance une vocation affirmée pour la carrière militaire. Engagé volontaire pendant la première guerre mondiale, il servit ensuite en Silésie, en Allemagne et pendant une longue période au Maroc dans la Légion étrangère. Au début de la 2e guerre mondiale, il participa en 1940 à la campagne de Norvège et se rallia en juin au général de Gaulle dont il fut un des plus fidèles compagnons. Sa carrière se poursuivit en Afrique : Gabon, Levant, Libye et Tunisie. C‟est en Libye en juin 1942 à Bir-Hakeim que Koenig et ses troupes en résistant pendant plus de dix jours aux forces germano-italiennes du maréchal Rommel, ont signé un des plus grands succès des armes françaises pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale. Après la campagne de Tunisie, Koenig fut appelé par le général de Gaulle à occuper des postes importants faisant appel à ses qualités de diplomate et de négociateur : état-major d‟Alger, représentant du Gouvernement provisoire de la République Française auprès du commandement interallié et chef des Forces Françaises de l‟intérieur. Á la Libération, il fut nommé Gouverneur militaire de Paris et ensuite commandant de la zone d‟occupation française en Allemagne avec les pouvoirs civils et militaires. [etc.]
This thesis deals with the engagements carried out general Koenig (1898-1970) as a soldier, a politician and a fighter for the Israeli cause and friendship with the Jewish people. Pierre Koenig was born in Caen (France). Since childhood he had inclined always strongly to a military career. He was a volunteer during the First World War, then he served in Silesia, in Germany and in the Foreign Legion in Morocco for a long period of time. When the Second world war began, he took part in the Norway campaign early in 1940, then in June he joined General de Gaulle and became one of his most faithful companions. His career went on in Africa : Gaboon, the Levant, Libya, Tunisia. In Bir-Hakeim in Libya in June 1942, Koenig and his troops held out against Marshal Rommel‟s German and Italian forces for over ten days, thus achieving one of the greatest successes for french arms during the Second world war. After the Tunisia campaign, Koenig was called by General de Gaulle to high appointments summoning his qualities as a diplomat and negotiator. Posted first at the Algiers Headquarters, he was then the Representative of the provisional government of the French Republic next to the S.H.A.E.F. and later on chief of the Home French Forces. After the liberation of France he was appointed as “Military governor” in Paris, and afterwards commander-in-chief for the French occupation zone in Germany with civilian and military powers [etc.]

Dans cette thèse, nous visons à étudier la complexité syntaxique de la Langue des Signes Française (LSF). Nous commençons par le cas bien étudié (dans d'autres langues des signes) des stratégies de relativisation, qui instancient à la fois la subordination et l'enchâssement récursif. On a maintes fois fait valoir que ces propriétés sont au cœur des langues humaines ; par conséquent, les clauses relatives sont le porte-drapeau de chaque langue sous-étudiée visant à faire reconnaître son statut. En ce qui concerne la LSF, nous décrivons deux marqueurs manuels que nous analysons comme des pronoms relatifs de type D, ainsi qu'une stratégie alternative non marquée manuellement, et nous montrons que la LSF a des clauses relatives à la fois à tête interne et externe. Nous montrons que, selon le pronom relatif utilisé, les propositions relatives instancient différentes propriétés sémantiques. Nous intégrons nos résultats dans le cadre formel de la grammaire générative. Nous étudions également le traitement des propositions relatives sujet et objet dans cette langue, à travers l'adaptation d'un paradigme bien connu d'occulométrie. À travers cette étude expérimentale, nous trouvons l'existence d'un avantage Sujet en LSF. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous étudions plusieurs phrases complexes : constructions temporelles, fausses questions et compléments sentenciels. Bien que nous sachions, d'après les recherches sur les langues parlées, que les constructions temporelles émergent à travers une variété de stratégies syntaxiques telles que la subordination, la juxtaposition ou la coordination, trouver leur équivalent dans les langues des signes est souvent un défi en raison de l'absence de complémentizers et autres mots fonctionnels tels que les conjonctions de coordination. Cette thèse explore les constructions temporelles dans la LSF et les inscrit dans une large perspective typologique. Nous montrons que les clauses temporelles en LSF sont très différentes de celles trouvées en Langue des Signes Italienne (LIS). En particulier, les constructions LSF utilisent deux clauses coordonnées, et le marqueur temporel fait partie de la seconde conjonction. En ce qui concerne les paires de questions-réponses (QAP), une littérature de plus en plus abondante sur les langues des signes décrit cette construction particulière, qui ressemble à une question suivie d'une réponse fragmentaire, mais qui n'est pas interprétée comme telle. Dans Kimmelman et Vink (2017), les auteurs proposent l'existence d'un processus de grammaticalisation, commençant par des questions de recherche d'information et se terminant par une composante question-réponse, créant un pont entre deux des principales analyses qui ont été proposées dans la littérature pour prendre en compte ces constructions dans les langues des signes. Nous démontrons, sur la base d'une description détaillée des propriétés des QAP en LSF, que l'échelle de grammaticalisation proposée dans Kimmelman et Vink (2017) doit être développée davantage pour intégrer les relatives sans tête comme point final. Enfin, nous présentons une étude assez approfondie des compléments sententiels en LSF, qui montre que, dans leur grande majorité, ils sont subordonnés au verbe principal qu'ils suivent. Nous montrons également que la LSF présente différents types de compléments, qu'ils soient finis ou non finis, ou introduits par un complémenteur
In this dissertation, we aim at investigating the syntactic complexity of LSF. We start with the well studied (in other sign languages) case of relativization strategies, which instantiates both subordination and recursive embedding. These properties have repeatedly been argued to be at the heart of human languages; hence, relative clauses are the flag holder of every understudied language aiming at seeing its status recognized. Regarding LSF, we describe two manual markers that we analyze as d-like relative pronouns, as well as a non-manually marked alternative strategy, and we show that LSF has both internally and externally headed relative clauses. We show that, depending on the relative pronoun used, the relatives instantiates different semantic properties. We integrate our findings in a generative formal framework. We also investigate the processing of subject and object relative clauses in this language, through the adaptation of a well-known eye-tracking paradigm. Through this experimental study, we find the existence of a Subject advantage in LSF. In the second part of the dissertation, we investigate several complex sentences: temporal constructions, question-answer pairs and sentential complements. While we know from spoken languages researches that temporal constructions surface through a variety of syntactic strategies such as subordination, juxtaposition or coordination, finding their equivalent in sign languages is often a challenge due to the absence of overt complementizers and other function words such as coordinators. This dissertation explores temporal constructions in LSF and frames them within a broad typological perspective. We show that LSF temporal clauses are very different from those of LIS. In particular, LSF constructions use two coordinated clauses, and the temporal marker is part of the second conjunct. Regarding Question Answer Pairs (QAP), a growing literature has emerged on sign languages describing this particular construction, which looks like a question followed by its fragment answer, but which crucially is not interpreted as such. In Kimmelman and Vink (2017), the authors propose the existence of a grammaticalization process, starting with information-seeking questions and ending with a question-answer constituent, creating a bridge between two of the main analyses that have been proposed in the literature to account for these constructions across sign languages. We demonstrate, based on an extensive depiction of LSF QAP properties, that the grammaticalization scale proposed in Kimmelman and Vink (2017) has to be further developed to integrate free relatives as its ending point. Finally, we provide a rather extensive investigation of sentential complements in LSF, showing that, in their vast majority, they are subordinated to the main predicate. We also show that LSF displays various types of complements, either finite, non-finite, or introduced by a complementizer

La milice, dans l’ensemble de l’empire français, s’érige comme une institution coloniale originale, s’éloignant de ces modèles métropolitains, tout en demeurant sous l’influence du pouvoir souverain. Des premiers rassemblements d’hommes armés à une institution fortement ancrée, la milice s’uniformise progressivement dès la fin du XVIIe siècle. Pourtant des résistances locales au pouvoir unificateur s’enracinent dans des contextes particuliers notamment dans la constitution des sociétés. D’une institution militaire, en particulier dans les premiers temps de la colonisation, elle élargit ses fonctions, et apparaît à la fin de l’Ancien Régime comme une auxiliaire de la défense, mais surtout comme un acteur central dans la sûreté intérieure, la police des habitants ainsi que des esclaves dans le cadre du quartier. Une large part de la société masculine des colonies sert dans les milices coloniales. Tous les hommes de quinze à cinquante-cinq ans sont soumis à ce service même si quelques exempts évitent ce service, notamment les officiers de justice, favorisant ainsi une délimitation plus nette entre les deux institutions durant le XVIIIe siècle. Les officiers de milice, choisis parmi l’élite locale, constituent un échelon central des sociétés coloniales. Le service des milices s’organise essentiellement autour des revues, exercices et gardes dont les fréquences, très irrégulières, s’espacent au cours de la période. Le poids du service bascule alors sur d’autres groupes par l’intégration et la militarisation des libres de couleur ainsi que des esclaves à la fin de l’Ancien Régime
The militia, throughout the French empire, emerged as a new colonial institution, moving away from these metropolitan models, but under the influence of sovereign power. From the first gatherings of armed men to a strongly established institution, the militia gradually became uniform from the end of the 17th century; although local resistance to unifying power is rooted in particular contexts, notably in the constitution of societies. From a military institution, especially in the early days of colonisation, it broadened its functions, and appeared at the end of the Ancien Régime as an auxiliary to defence, but above all as a central player in internal security, policing the inhabitants as well as the slaves in the quartiers. A large proportion of colonial male society served in colonial militias. All men between the ages of fifteen and fifty-five were subject to this service. A few exempt men avoided service as officers of the law, thus creating a clearer demarcation between the two institutions during the 18th century. Militia officers, chosen from the local elite, constituted a central level of colonial society. The militia service was mainly organized around reviews, exercises and guards, the frequency of which was very irregular and became less frequent over time. The burden of the service then shifted to other groups through the integration and militarisation of free people of colour and slaves at the end of the Ancien Régime

La prise en compte de l'heterogeneite spatiale des milieux et la necessite de comprendre les processus lies au maintien ou a l'extinction des especes dans leur milieu a pris une grande importance tant en biologie de la conservation qu'en ecologie et en evolution. Le concept de metapopulation s'est avere essentiel pour aborder ces problemes et a souligne le role clef de la dispersion. Dans ce travail, en integrant une approche a l'echelle de la metapopulation, nous nous interessons principalement au determinisme de ce trait d'histoire de vie puis aux consequences de la dispersion sur la diversite genetique et la dynamique des populations. Une approche a la fois theorique et experimentale dans des populations de frenes a fleurs situees dans la region de montpellier est menee. D'une part, dans ces populations de frenes a fleurs, nous nous interessons a l'aptitude a disperser des samares relativement a l'age des populations et a l'age des individus. Nous montrons que, dans ces populations, le comportement de dispersion est plutot de nature plastique. D'autre part, pour aborder les consequences de l'impact du processus de colonisation sur la structuration de la diversite genetique, nous etudions la diversite genetique presente dans ces populations de frenes a fleurs a l'aide de marqueurs microsatellites. Nos resultats montrent qu'il existe un fort niveau de diversite genetique dans ces populations et une faible differenciation entre populations, ce qui va dans le sens d'autres etudes experimentales et theoriques mais ne permet pas de conclure sur l'hypothese de plasticite. Enfin, nous nous interessons aux consequences ecologiques de la dispersion en etudiant a l'aide d'un modele theorique les conditions de maintien et d'extinction d'une metapopulation dans son habitat ou paysage. En developpant une approche analytique, nous abordons l'influence de la structure du paysage et les consequences d'une modification du paysage sur la dynamique de la metapopulation.

In 2008, the Supreme Court announced its decision in the landmark Second Amendment case, D.C. v. Heller. In its decision, the Court construed the scope of the right to bear arms for the first time. To that end, the Court found that the right to arms is an individual right, unconnected with military service. In this essay, I use the opinion of the Court and the dissents thereto as a lens by which to view the history and historiography of the right to bear arms, as well as the Supreme Court's jurisprudence on the subject. In the course of this analysis, I argue that there are numerous problems with the Court's reasoning, as well as that of the dissents. Further, complications and ambiguities in the historical record have contributed to the misunderstanding of the original meaning of the Second Amendment and its appropriate interpretation as part of the Constitutional text. I argue that the proper interpretation of the Second Amendment is one that construes the right as robust and individual, worthy of its place in the Bill of Rights, but certainly subject to reasonable regulation.

O Estado Independente do Congo foi reconhecido internacionalmente em 1885 como resultado da ação de representantes europeus em obter tratados de cessão de soberania junto às autoridades e chefes africanos da região da bacia do Congo. No entanto, a implantação de uma missão civilizadora, em consonância com os interesses comerciais do monarca belga Leopoldo II, não se deu sem conflitos, embates e resistências. A crueldade e a arbitrariedade que marcaram tal processo ecoaram na opinião pública internacional, gerando movimentos de denúncias sobre as violências que vitimaram as populações africanas. Este trabalho busca analisar as reações e acomodações ocorridas a partir da situação colonial que se impôs frente a um contexto no qual se faziam presentes múltiplas e variadas formas de organização política das sociedades africanas da região.
The Congo Free State was internationally recognized in 1885 as a result of the action of European representatives in obtaining sovereignty transfer treaties with the African authorities and leaders of the Congo Basin region. However, the implementation of a \"civilizing mission\" aligned to the commercial interests of the Belgian king Leopold II, has not been without conflicts, struggles and resistances. The cruelty and arbitrariness that have marked this process echoed on the international public opinion, generating movements of complaints about violence toward the African populations. This work seeks to analyze the reactions and accommodations that followed the colonial situation that was imposed in a context in which were present multiple and varied forms of political organization of African societies in the region.

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O frete marítimo tem sido um componente cada vez mais relevante na economia mundial, provocando alterações no comércio internacional, principalmente no transporte de longa distância. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento do mercado de frete de cargas a granel de grandes navios através de um modelo de previsão de preços para o período 2008-2012. Os resultados sugerem uma forte redução dos preços nos próximos anos, influenciada pelo vigoroso crescimento na produção de novos navios na China.

Au tournant de 1942 et de 1943, les premiers maquis virent le jour en France occupée. Principalement constitués de jeunes gens qui refusaient la conscription de travailleurs au service de l’Allemagne et trouvaient refuge dans les bois et les montagnes, les maquis connurent une progressive militarisation. Le souvenir de leurs combats à la Libération a largement éclipsé l’histoire de leurs relations avec la France libre et ses Alliés britanniques et américains. Pourtant, dès 1943, Londres, Alger et Washington discutèrent l’intégration des maquis aux plans de guerre, créant même des structures ad hoc. Sans ignorer les désaccords politiques, stratégiques et diplomatiques qui accompagnèrent ces discussions, cette recherche entend retrouver la coopération entre maquis français, France libre et Alliés. Elle s’intéresse aux individus qui, au sein des institutions britanniques et américaines comme de la France libre, s’investirent dans la cause des maquisards et tissèrent des réseaux qui permirent de leur apporter de l’aide. Des difficultés multiples se posèrent aux services de renseignement chargés de cette tâche : leurs communications sporadiques avec la France occupée, la mobilité des maquis et la réticence des états-majors réguliers n’étaient pas des moindres. Ils parvinrent cependant à faire entendre la voix des maquis au sommet des états-majors et des États alliés, permettant leur prise en compte progressive dans les plans d’ensemble, alors même que la coordination entre armées régulières et maquisards représentait un défi stratégique presque dénué de précédent. En étudiant, depuis les états-majors et jusque sur le terrain, les individus qui portèrent cette coopération, ce travail interroge les identités de combattants divers réunis par les hasards de la guerre. Chemin faisant, il explore l’expérience de la guerre et de la répression commune aux maquisards et aux envoyés de Londres et d’Alger qui les rejoignirent dans la clandestinité, développant avec leurs nouveaux compagnons d’armes de fortes solidarités. Il intègre la progressive libération du territoire français et la concurrence des pouvoirs qui l’accompagna, courant jusqu’en 1945 pour intégrer les sorties de guerre de ces différents combattants et un peu au-delà, pour évoquer les mémoires diverses qui en sont nées
Between the end of 1942 and 1943, the first maquis came into existence in occupied France. While their members were mainly young people who refused to be sent as workers to Germany and sought refuge in the woods and the mountains, during the war the maquis turned into military formations. The memories of their fight during Liberation has largely overshadowed the history of their relationship with Free France and its British and American allies. However, as early as 1943, London, Algiers, and Washington discussed the integration of the maquis into their war plans, even creating the necessary structures. While taking into consideration the political, strategic, and diplomatic disagreements that were part of the discussions, this study intends to bring back the cooperation between the maquis, Free France, and the Allies into the narrative of the war. It looks at individuals who, within British and American institutions as well as Free France structures, dedicated their efforts to work alongside the maquisards, and built networks to assist them. Numerous obstacles came in the way of intelligence services when they took on that task: sporadic communication channels with occupied France, the maquis’ mobility, and the reluctance of regular military headquarters — among other problems. They managed, however, to carry the voice of the maquis back to the head of regular armies and Allied States, allowing them to be progressively taken into account in general war planning, even as coordination between maquisards and regular forces constituted an almost unprecedented strategic challenge. From military headquarters to the realm of clandestine operations, this study takes interest in the people who found themselves involved in this common fight, addressing the identities and fighting experiences of different individuals brought together by the fortunes of war. It also explores an experience of war and repression shared by the maquisards and the London and Algiers envoys who met them in their clandestine life, together building strong ties of solidarity. It follows them through the progressive liberation of the French territory, on the stage of its competing powers, reaching until 1945 to follow those fighters during their transition from war to peacetime, and beyond that year — shining a light onto the memories and narratives that ensued

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los factores que influyeron en el incremento de las exportaciones de uvas frescas de la región de Ica bajo el TLC Perú-China del periodo 2008-2019. Donde se investigó, como esta integración comercial benefició al Perú para generar una mayor exportación en sus productos agropecuarios, en este caso la uva. En el primer capítulo, se presentan los antecedentes; bases teóricas de internacionalización, negociación internacional, factores determinantes de empresas exportadoras y la descripción de la uva. En el segundo capítulo, se muestra el análisis del contexto de la investigación y se plantea el problema, los objetivos y las hipótesis. En el tercer capítulo, se describe la metodología, la cual es mixta, también se menciona los perfiles de empresas exportadoras de uvas y se encuentra la relación entre las variables de cada factor. Para ello, se entrevistó a empresas exportadoras de uvas de Ica. En el cuarto capítulo, se presenta la aplicación, estructura y análisis de las encuentras elaboradas a expertos y especialistas en comercio internacional y en exportación de uvas. Así mismo, se analizan los resultados obtenidos del SPSS. En el quinto capítulo, se validan las hipótesis planteadas para esta investigación. Finalmente, en el sexo capítulo, se describe las conclusiones y recomendaciones de los resultados elaborados en este estudio.
This research aims to analyze the factors that influenced the increase in exports of fresh grapes from the Ica region under the Peru-China FTA of 2008-2019. Where it was investigated, how this commercial integration benefited Peru to generate a greater export in its agricultural products, in this case the grape. In the first chapter, the background is presented; theoretical bases of internationalization, international negotiation, determining factors of the exporting companies and the description of the grape. In the second chapter, the analysis of the research context is shown and the problem, objectives and hypotheses are presented. In the third chapter, the methodology is described, which is mixed, the profiles of the grape exporting companies are also mentioned and the relationship between the variables of each factor is found. To do this, Ica grape exporting companies were interviewed. In the fourth chapter, its application, structure and analysis are presented to experts and specialists in international trade and export of grapes. Likewise, the results obtained from the SPSS are analyzed. In the fifth chapter, the hypotheses proposed for this investigation are validated. Finally, in the sex chapter, the conclusions and recommendations of the results elaborated in this study are described.
Tesis

L'organisation des genes codant pour les arn ribosomiques nucleaires et plus particulierement de l'espaceur intergenique est etudiee chez deux especes du genre fraxinus: f. Excelsior l. Et f. Oxyphylla bieb. Les cartes physiques des deux especes sont construites pour les endonucleases bamhi, ecori, ecorv et saci a l'aide de sondes heterologues. Un type d'unite apparait uniquement chez f. Oxyphylla, il porte un site de restriction ecori supplementaire situe dans l'espaceur intergenique et permet de differencier les deux especes. Chaque type d'unite montre des variations de longueur. La taille de l'unite d'adnr est determine par l'endonuclease ecorv. Elle varie de 11 kb a 14,5 kb. Une region de 6,8 kb (clone pe1g12) correspondant a l'espaceur intergenique (igs) de f. Excelsior a ete isolee et partiellement caracterisee. Nous observons la presence de deux familles de sous unites repetees delimitees par des sites de restriction pour l'enzyme haeiii. Ces sous unites de 33 bp et 40 bp ont ete sous clonees et sequencees. Les deux familles partagent une sequence commune de 23 bp. Elles representent environ 70% de l'igs. Une organisation de l'igs de f. Excelsior est proposee. La combinaison enzyme/sonde, ecori/pe1g12 permet de differencier chaque espece par un profil autoradiographique propre. Nous avons utilise ces profils espece-specifique comme references pour comparer des frenes d'une zone ou les deux especes f. Excelsior et f. Oxyphylla coexistent. Nous revelons des cas d'introgression du genome de f. Oxyphylla chez f. Excelsior qui ne sont pas detectables par l'utilisation des caracteres morphologiques. Les sous unites repetees de l'igs de f. Excelsior sont utilises comme sonde et mettent en evidence des homologies de sequences entre l'igs de f. Excelsior et celui de f. Oxyphylla. Mais non avec ceux de f. Ornus ou f. Americana

Actuellement les boisements feuillus post-culturaux se developpent rapidement dans les zones ou l'agriculture et l'elevage sont en repli. Dans les alpes ce phenomene a ete peu etudie. L'approche proposee s'articule autour de trois etudes complementaires: 1 une analyse de la ressource existante dans quelques regions forestieres a partir des donnees de l'inventaire forestier national, 2 une analyse structurale des boisements de maurienne et tarentaise a partir des donnees dendrometriques recueillies sur le terrain, 3 une analyse de la place de ces formations feuillues dans le processus de succession vegetale. En fait, la dynamique de ces formations apparait etre le reflet des interactions locales entre l'action de l'homme, le climat et les conditions de milieu. Ainsi d'une region a l'autre la repartition des trois especes etudiees (frene, erable et merisier) peut varier considerablement, depuis une dispersion dans des peuplements forestiers occupant de larges surfaces jusqu'a la concentration sur de petites surfaces, sans oublier le developpement de vrais peuplements feuillus post-agricoles occupant les adrets des alpes intermediaires. Une telle diversite de situations a des consequences pour la gestion. En fait, ces peuplements peuvent, selon les circonstances, presenter un avenir sylvicole, accroitre la biodiversite, ameliorer le cadre de vie, seule une connaissance a la fois ecologique et sylvicole de ces boisements doit permettre d'optimiser leur utilisation dans la gestion de l'espace rural

La tesis aborda el tema de la participación e influencia de coaliciones sociales críticas en procesos de liberalización comercial desde la década del noventa en América Latina. A partir de ese momento, la globalización capitalista neoliberal produce transformaciones que llevan a una reestructuración en el campo de la economía y la política internacional. Sin abandonar la instancia multilateral, Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea optan por la vía de un nuevo regionalismo orientado a la decisión estratégica de ampliar mercados. Por su parte, diversos países de América Latina adoptan la vía del regionalismo abierto como estrategia de inserción en el mercado internacional. En consecuencia, estas transformaciones pautan un tipo política comercial asimétrica que relaciona a economías nacionales y bloques regionales de disímil tamaño. El planteamiento general de esta tesis suscribe la propuesta que sostiene que el movimiento de liberalización de los mercados genera como consecuencia una contramovimiento social. La investigación se enfoca en los casos de la Red Mexicana de Acción frente al Libre Comercio (RMALC) frente al TLCAN y de la Alianza Chilena por un Comercio Justo y Responsable (ACJR) frente al Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) Chile-Estados Unidos. También de ambas coaliciones frente al TLC que México y Chile firman con la Unión Europea en el marco de los más amplios Acuerdos de Asociación. A pesar de sus particularidades, estas coaliciones comparten un conjunto de características, objetivos y ciertos elementos propios del contexto estatal y regional en el que surgen y se desarrollan lo cual nos habilita a abordarlas como un objeto delimitado de estudio. Por cierto, su configuración y actuación se produce en el marco de un doble proceso de transición y/o liberalización de los regímenes políticos y de aplicación del modelo económico neoliberal en sendos países. Como objetivo general, la investigación propone contribuir a identificar los factores que pueden explicar la participación e influencia de estas coaliciones en las negociaciones de los TLC. Los objetivos más específicos son: identificar los factores institucionales de nivel nacional o internacional que promueven u obstaculizan la participación e influencia de las coaliciones críticas; describir y analizar las estrategias de actuación y las temáticas que integraron la agenda de las coaliciones críticas; especificar los discursos y marcos interpretativos favorables y los críticos acerca de los beneficios y/o perjuicios que suponen los TLC. Teniendo en cuenta el planteamiento general y los objetivos se asume para el análisis una perspectiva crítica neo-gramsciana (parte de la Economía Política Internacional, EPI) y se recurre a categorías teóricas de la sociología política y del campo de estudios de la acción colectiva contemporánea. La metodología corresponde a un estudio de caso comparado y utiliza instrumentos de investigación cualitativa. Las líneas de hipótesis del estudio plantean que los factores que contribuyen a explicar la capacidad de influencia de las coaliciones críticas se relacionan con el contexto ideológico discursivo, el tipo de sistema político y de medios de comunicación (estructura de oportunidad política doméstica y mediática), la gobernanza regional (oportunidades regionales/internacionales) y los repertorios de actuación. La investigación demuestra que las reivindicaciones de las coaliciones críticas abarcan desde la transparencia de las negociaciones hasta la implementación de cartas o cláusulas sociales específicas, de difícil logro. También demuestra que se ha conseguido construir una posición contrahegemónica orientada a alertar y agendar las amenazas que implica el libre comercio, realizar acciones de monitoreo y elaborar propuestas alternativas
This thesis addresses the issue of participation and influence of critical social coalitions on trade liberalization processes since the 1990s in Latin America. From that period on, neoliberal capitalist globalization has caused transformations leading to a restructuring in the fields of economy and international politics. While not disregarding the multilateral path, the United States and the European Union have followed the path to new regionalism oriented to the strategic decision of market expansion. In turn, several Latin American countries have adopted open regionalism as their foreign market entry strategy. Consequently, these transformations have led to an asymmetric trade policy relationship between national economies and regional blocks of different sizes. The general approach of this thesis supports the argument that the market liberalization movement generates a social counter-movement. This research work focuses on the cases of the Mexican Action Network on Free Trade (RMALC) against NAFTA and of the Chilean Alliance for Fair and Responsible Trade (ACJR) against the United State-Chile Free Trade Agreement. In addition, it addresses the case of both coalitions against the FTA signed by Mexico and Chile with the European Union within the framework of broader Partnership Agreements. Despite their singularities, these coalitions share a set of characteristics, objectives and certain elements inherent to the state and regional context from which they have emerged and where they operate, which enables us to analyze them as a clearly defined object of study. It should be highlighted that they have been created and they operate within the framework of a double process entailing both the transition and/or liberalization of political regimes and the application of the liberal economic model in both Mexico and Chile. The general objective of this study is to contribute to the identification of factors that might explain these coalitions’ participation in and influence on FTA negotiations. Specific objectives include: to identify national or international institutional factors which may either promote or hinder the participation and influence of critical coalitions; to describe and analyze action strategies and the topics included in the agenda of critical coalitions; to specify favorable and judgmental discourses and interpretation frameworks in relation to the benefits and/or harms that FTA may entail. Considering the general approach and objectives of this work, a neo-Gramscian critical perspective (part of the International Political Economy) is adopted for the analysis and theoretical categories taken from the fields of political sociology and contemporary collective action are used. The methodology consists of a comparative case study and uses quantitative research tools. The hypothesis of this study is that the factors that might explain the ability of critical coalitions to exert influence are related to the ideological discursive context, the kind of political system and media (domestic political and media opportunity structure), regional governance (regional/international opportunities) and action repertoires. The results of this research indicate that the claims made by critical coalitions range from transparency in negotiations to the implementation of specific letters or social clauses, all of them difficult to achieve. They further show that these coalitions have been able to build a counter-hegemonic position aimed at alerting on and keeping track of the threats posed by free trade; taking monitoring measures; and devising alternative proposals.

Avancer que le texte littéraire a joué un rôle dans l’évolution des pratiques d’enseignement / apprentissage du FLE peut paraître une évidence. Pourtant, la place accordée aux textes littéraires diffère dans le temps. Or, c’est à un moment où les manuels de cours se détournaient le plus de ces textes que des didacticiens spécialistes du FLE se sont servi presque paradoxalement de la littérature pour élaborer de nouvelles activités qui devaient révolutionner la façon d’enseigner et d’apprendre la matière. Élaborées dans la période des années post soixante-huit, ces activités ont modifié à la fois le rôle de l’enseignant et la place de l’apprenant dans la classe. À l’instar de la littérature qu’il enseignait jusqu’alors, le premier perdait de son influence et se muait en animateur bienveillant. Quant au second, il devenait désormais actif et gagnait en autonomie. Libérées des méthodes du passé, les deux parties poussées à plus d’investissement personnel, devaient également trouver plus de plaisir dans leurs nouveaux rôles.Les littératures à l’origine de ce bouleversement sont dites « créatives ». Leurs modes de production reposent soit sur des techniques visant à libérer les auteurs des règles enclavant leur inventivité, soit sur des contraintes favorisant la production d’énoncés répondant à des modèles préétablis. Il va sans dire qu’appliquées dans les cours de FLE, les deux façons de procéder devaient conduire les apprenants à produire des textes dits créatifs à leur tour. La présente recherche porte sur les textes littéraires utilisés et les exercices qu’ils ont engendrés
To advance that the literary text has always played a part in the evolution of the practices of teaching/training of French as Foreign Language (FFL) is an obviousness. The place granted to it differs of course in time. However, it is at the moment when the handbooks were turning away from these texts that the didacticians, specialists in FFL, made use of the literature to work out new activities. The latter were to revolutionize the way of teaching and learning the matter. Worked out during the years of post-68, these activities modified the role of the teacher as well as the place of the learner in the class. Following the example of the literature which he taught hitherto, the first lost of its influence and turned into a benevolent instructor. As for the second, from then it became active and gained in autonomy. Released from the methods of the past, the two thorough parts with more personal investment were to also find more pleasure in their new roles.The literatures at the origin of this upheaval are known as «creative». Their modes of production rest either on techniques aiming at releasing the authors of the rules wedging their inventiveness or on constraints supporting the production of types based on prerequisites. It goes without saying that, applied to the FFL courses, the two ways of proceeding should lead learners in turn to produce texts known as «creative». The present research relates to the various literary techniques used and the exercises which they generated

Cette recherche a pour titre Fonctionnement du triangle de la subjectivité intériorisée dans le roman moderne. Elle a pour but d’étudier la parole et les pensées intérieures du sujet de l’énonciation dans des œuvres romanesques souvent marquées par le décrochage et le "brouillage" des pistes énonciatives. Les trois procédés discursifs et narratifs ciblés sont le monologue intérieur (MI), le discours indirect libre (DIL) et le point de vue (PDV). L’examen des trois piliers du langage intérieur prend appuie sur les apports de la linguistique de l’énonciation, de la polyphonie et de la pragmatique. Cette recherche cible neuf œuvres romanesques que nous plaçons sous l’étiquette de "roman moderne". Ces romans appartiennent à trois auteurs français qui ont développé des récits dont la source locutrice et énonciatrice pose problème. La difficulté de traiter de l’énonciation romanesque dans un corpus choisi en l’occurrence est due essentiellement à l’effacement des frontières entre discours citant et discours cité. Marcel Proust, Claude Simon et Nathalie Sarraute n’appartiennent certes pas aux mêmes courants esthétiques et idéologiques, mais ils ont ceci de commun qu’ils offrent une configuration romanesque qui conduit à s’interroger sur le statut du locuteur et de l’énonciateur dans une forme d’expression qui n’est pas toujours verbalisée
This research is entitled Functioning of the Triangle of Internalized Subjectivity in the Modern Novel. It aims at studying the speech and the inner thoughts of the subject of enunciation in fiction often marked by the "interference" in enunciation tracks. The three targeted discursive and narrative processes are internal monologue (MI), free indirect speech ( DIL) and the point of view (PDV) . The examination of the three pillars of the inner language relies on the contributions of linguistics of enunciation, of polyphony and pragmatic. This research targets nine novels that we can classify as belonging to the "modern novel" category. These novels belong to three French authors who have developed narratives in which the source of speaker and enunciator is a cause of ambiguity. The difficulty of dealing with the novelistic enunciation in a textual corpus chosen in this case is mainly due to the blurring of boundaries between reporting speech and reported speech. Marcel Proust, Claude Simon and Nathalie Sarraute do not belong to the same aesthetic and ideological trends, but what they have in common is that they all offer a novel configuration that makes us raise questions about the status of the speaker and the enunciator in a form of expression that is not always verbalized

La presente investigación busca determinar los factores que influenciaron en la evolución de las exportaciones de arándanos peruanos a Países Bajos durante los años 2012 - 2017. En el primer capítulo, se abordarán conceptos relacionados al comercio exterior, desde teorías de liberalización hasta acuerdos comerciales; actores como Perú y Países Bajos; aspectos relacionados al arándano y además de revisar qué son los factores críticos de éxito, internos y externos. Asimismo, en el segundo capítulo se expondrá el planteamiento de la investigación tanto como el problema, hipótesis y objetivos principales y específicos. En el tercer capítulo se explicará el método de investigación utilizado a partir del cual se determinará la muestra, categorías, procedimiento, procesamiento de los resultados y la clasificación de las categorías. En el cuarto capítulo se presentan los hallazgos de la investigación en relación con las entrevistas realizadas a cada participante. Se analizó la información y se plasmó en tablas de acuerdo con el número de menciones por factor para determinar a los que tuvieron mayor influencia en la evolución de las exportaciones. Finalmente, en las conclusiones se presenta el factor que tuvo mayor impacto para luego determinar si se cumplieron los objetivos de la investigación y la hipótesis.
This research seeks to determine the factors that influenced the evolution of exports of Peruvian blueberries to the Netherlands during the years 2012 - 2017. In the first chapter, concepts related to foreign trade will be addressed, from liberalization theories to commercial agreements; actors such as Peru and the Netherlands; aspects related to blueberry and reviewing what are the critical success factors, internal and external. Likewise, in the second chapter, the research approach will be exposed as well as the main and specific problem, hypothesis and objectives. In the third chapter the research method used will be explained, from which the sample, categories, procedure, processing of the results and the classification of the categories. In the fourth chapter the findings of the research are presented in relation to the interviews made to each participant of the different segments. The information was analyzed and expressed in tables according to the number of mentions per factor to determine those that had the greatest influence on the evolution of exports. Finally, the conclusions show the factor that had the greatest impact and then determine if the objectives of the research and the hypothesis were met.
Tesis

This thesis grapples with questions surrounding representation, mourning, and responsibility in relation to two literary representations of the ZONG massacre of 1781. These texts are M. NourbeSe Philip’s ZONG! and Fred D’Aguiar’s FEEDING THE GHOSTS. The only extant archival document—a record of the insurance dispute which ensued as a consequence of the massacre—does not represent the drowned as victims, nor can it represent the magnitude of the atrocity. As such, this thesis posits that the archival gaps or silences from which the captives’ voices are missing become spaces of possibility for additive representation. This thesis also examines the role voice and sound play in these literary texts and the deconstructive-ethical philosophies of Jean-Luc Nancy and Jacques Derrida. This thesis argues that these texts invoke the sonic materiality of voice in the service of responding to the disremembered dead through mourning and acknowledgment.

Under traditional International relations theory, diplomacy relates to relations between sovereign nations. There have been two broad schools of thought on the dynamics behind these relations: the ‘realist’ school, which tends to consider power and conflict as the major lens through which such should be viewed, and the ‘idealist’ school which tended to focus on cooperation rather than conflict. Between these two extreme views, a third school, the English School of International Relations, also known as the British Institutionalists, provides somewhat of a compromise view, acknowledging the merit of both realism and idealism, by accepting that power remains an important element but also advocating that acceptance of common norms and institutions plays a significant role in determining relations, or the International Society between states. In 1977 Hedley Bull offered the following definition of International Society when he stated that International Society … exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions. This thesis is not specifically related to International Relations theory, which deals with inter-state relations. Whilst inter-state conflict and international relations remain important drivers of foreign and military policy, there is a growing recognition that it is intra-state conflict avoidance and post-conflict reconstruction which increasingly mitigate the risk to the safety, security, peace and prosperity of nations and regions. Much of this disquiet has its roots in maladministration, poor governance and a lack of justice. These are areas in which traditional approaches to foreign intervention via trade, aid and military force have limited effect, and in which effective consent-based policing and justice can play a significant part in building sustainable and peaceful outcomes. This thesis discusses the role played by a non-traditional actor in the international arena, the police, specifically the Australian Federal Police (AFP), in addressing some of these intra-state justice and governance issues in a constantly changing, unstable and unpredictable global and regional environment. The thesis is intended to outline the diversity and versatility of AFP activities and to contextualise them in terms of non-traditional New Diplomacy. The aspects of diplomacy of most significance relate to diplomatic qualities or traits of the individual police officer, diplomatic behaviours of these members, and diplomatic outcomes of their activities. As such the thesis does not relate directly to International Relations theory or to International Society, as espoused by Hedley Bull. There are, however, some interesting intersections which are worthy of note. There are some critics of the English School who argue that it is Eurocentric. Today’s International Relations originated in the 19th century when a number of European nations formed a club of ‘civilised’ states bound by international law, which expanded around the globe to involve all nations. This concept has been used to explain the lack of imperative for a supra-state or world government to maintain orderly inter-state relations, as the force which binds them is consent to agree to common interest and values within a global rules-based order. In terms of policing on an international scale, global government is simply too unwieldy. There are a number of global, consent-based institutions such as the United Nations and INTERPOL, which fulfil this requirement to a certain extent. The AFP has had long involvement with both of these global institutions, as well as several regional policing institutions. In terms of conflict-oriented ‘realism’ and cooperative ‘idealism’, policing walks both sides of the street. As this thesis will discuss, the whole posture of liberal-democratic policing is conflict prevention, and the means by which such police carry out their daily duties is by cooperation. This is the context in which replication or expansion of International Society should be considered in relation to the activities of the AFP internationally and regionally. This thesis is by definition Eurocentric, or more specifically Anglo-centric, due to the historical fact that the AFP draws all of its principles from Australia’s British antecedents and adheres to a largely ‘western’ or European notion of human rights values. This thesis explores the role of the AFP as an international actor. The thesis asserts that effective international policing has never been more important in linking the international with the domestic. The way the AFP operates in a landscape where traditional policing paradigms are rapidly changing, due to ever-changing, political, diplomatic, and transnational issues, is examined in the context of the ‘globalisation paradox’, of both needing and fearing, global governance simultaneously, as raised by Anne-Marie Slaughter in her book, A New World Order. The way the organisation has evolved from its origins, based on Western liberal-democratic policing values, approaches and skills, to an organisation involved in international policing and diplomacy at the highest levels, while still retaining its liberal-democratic credentials is explained. It is argued that in the contemporary international and Australian context, the AFP is an effective and experienced agency. It is further argued that this is a distinctive form of new diplomacy, appropriate to an increasingly globalised world. The AFP has established an extensive international network in more than 30 countries, has been a consistent contributor to national security, has participated in numerous international deployments over half a century, and continues to play a meaningful role in Australian foreign policy efforts. The thesis provides evidence to show how AFP officers exhibit diplomatic qualities similar to those listed by Daryl Copeland in his book Guerrilla Diplomacy , as well as those mentioned by Christopher Meyer in his book Getting Our Way. In all of its international endeavours, AFP members have demonstrated, in varying degrees, the three enduring elements of diplomacy as outlined by Jonsson and Hall in their book The Essence of Diplomacy. They have communicated and negotiated in some very challenging circumstances and they are representatives of the Australian Government and its humanitarian values. The AFP, as part of broader efforts with institutions such as the UN, have not so much sought a replication of international society, as mentioned by Jonsson and Hall, but have provided a supplement to international society, by effective networking, thereby addressing in large part, Slaughter’s ‘globalisation paradox’. It is not so much universal police homogeneity which is sought by such endeavours, as a balance between it, and the heterogeneity which is inevitably associated with cultures transitioning from custom and tradition, to 21st century expectations of nationhood. The way the AFP’s transnational operations, activities, and deployments, not only serve perceived national interests, but result in more effective regional governance, is identified as ‘diplomacy by default’, because formal Track I diplomacy is not their primary objective. It will be demonstrated how international diplomacy, while generally conducted with perceived national interests as its primary goal, has a secondary benefit, good international citizenship, and that the AFP has a credible history of serving both. It is argued that the AFP is well positioned within government, law and intelligence and security circles, in the Australian and international contexts, through an extensive liaison officer network in South-East Asia, the South-West Pacific as well as more broadly. It will be demonstrated how the AFP has shown itself as capable and ready to respond effectively to extant and emerging challenges, and as such, has earned a place in foreign policy discussions and considerations at the highest diplomatic levels, including the UN. The AFP provides a distinctive and direct link between the global, the regional, and the domestic, which matches the rapidly globalised community it represents. The thesis confirms that international policing acts as a distinctive aspect of Australian ‘firm’ diplomacy, and supplements the more traditional elements of international engagement, between the ‘soft’ or traditional diplomacy, and the ‘hard’ form of military intervention. The evidence provided shows how it is by this form of whole-of-government activity, inclusive of policing, that stability and security are enhanced, and peace and prosperity are encouraged. Overall, the thesis affirms the AFP as a transnational agency, which is well placed to link the international with the domestic, the contextual with the aspirational, and the theoretical with the practical, in a period of strategic uncertainty in international affairs at the dawn of the Third Millennium.

My dissertation “Aspirations and Ambivalences of New Woman: French and Chinese Women’s Press and Fiction, 1900-1930” seeks to foster a global understanding of the dilemmas faced by “New Woman” in France and China in the early twentieth century. The thesis operates on two levels: press and fiction, and focuses on three central aspects of women’s lives: heterosexual love, professionalization, and singlehood. It is the first book-length project on the topic in which the East and West converge.

Studying feminist periodicals, I investigate two opposing discourses in the first chapter: the nationalist and anti-nationalist feminisms. I argue that both French republican feminism and Chinese nationalist feminism appropriated motherhood to defend women’s rights to education and women’s status at home. Along the anti-nationalist axis, I identify the anarcho-feminism in France and China, which remains understudied in current scholarship. I observe that Chinese anarcho-feminism is deeply influenced by French individualist anarchism through the bridge of Chinese anarchists in Paris. Together, they contributed to the plurality and complexity of first-wave feminism and challenged the nationalist feminist discourse.

Chapter two shifts from studying periodicals to the textual analysis of fiction centered on heterosexual relations. Informed by psychoanalysis, this chapter frames free love discourse as synonymous with the free expression of individuality. Departing from previous scholarship, I highlight the violent and exclusionary nature of free love, which leads to heroines’ death and rejection of other forms of love. Meanwhile, I propose that French protagonists embrace a new philosophical model of love based on preserving one’s individuality instead of the age-old love model of “merging," which obscures women's identity.

Chapter three employs sociological theories of professionalization to analyze women’s unique challenges and solutions to negotiating family and career. I argue that the female Bildungsroman in the early twentieth century exhibits narrative features different from its nineteenth-century predecessors: the trajectory of girls' development is expanded to include schools and workplaces; love ceases to be the only theme dominating women’s narratives; supportive female communities populate women’s fiction.

The fourth chapter highlights the singlehood that Chinese and French heroines both embrace as a valid life alternative. I investigate the motivations behind singlehood as well as its social stigmatization. Whereas heroines consider singlehood a valid option, their choice imposes a tremendous emotional and social price. I argue that the ideological tension between single women and the larger society lies mainly in contrasting views about female singlehood: it is conceived by female protagonists as a sign of independence and a means of self-preservation, but as a radical renunciation of femininity by society.

Free Jazz/ Black Power was written by French journalists Philippe Carles and Jean-Louis Comolli, and published in 1971 in France. It offers a post-colonialist Marxist critique of African American free jazz of the 1960s and presents the argument that the existence of free jazz and its musical characteristics are a result of the long history of oppression that African Americans have faced in the United States. The present work presents the first English language translation of the Introduction and Part III of the book. The introduction to the translation looks at the history of jazz in France and particularly the French critical response to free jazz in the 1960s. The translation of the Introduction and Part III of Free Jazz/ Black Power immediately follows an extended essay on linguistic, historical, and cultural problems encountered in the process of translation.

For a variety of historical, cultural and political reasons, the Islamic headscarf has become an increasingly controversial matter in Europe. This is particularly the case in France, where the Parliament passed, in March 2004, a piece of legislation that prohibits students from wearing the Muslim veil—together with any other ‘conspicuous’ religious sign—in the classroom. Although Statute 228/2004 proved highly controversial and attracted unprecedented media attention, it was overwhelmingly supported by French MPs as a response to popular opposition towards religious insignia at school and was heralded as a ‘liberating’ piece of legislation that faithfully reasserted the beloved French principle of laïcité. Overseas, the new law was less favourably perceived and was often accused of being discriminatory and of violating the students’ freedom of religious expression. This thesis compares the French and American attitudes towards religious symbolism in general and the Islamic veil in particular. As in other matters, at first sight these two countries seem to adopt a very different—if not opposite—approach to religion and the Muslim veil, and so much so that their positions are often described as ‘irreconcilable’. This thesis will argue that this is hardly the case. Indeed, it will show that, at least before the passage of Statute 228-2004, the French and American legal systems adopted a substantially similar approach that appeared respectful of a veiled student’s right to wear religious insignia. This, the work will also suggest, is not surprising, for contrary to popular belief, the American conception of secularism is in many respects stricter than the French idea of laïcité, with the result that French ‘exceptionalism’ on matters of religion is hardly a convincing ground for justifying the new piece of legislation. The fundamental value of a Franco-American comparison, this work will suggest, ultimately lies with the fact that such a comparison demolishes a good portion of the popular myths surrounding the affaire des foulards: that the French legal system is fiercely secular; that the American one is strongly ‘religious’; and that France was, in 2004, confronted with a veritable ‘veil emergency’ that rendered the passage of the new statute all but inevitable.

碩士
大葉大學
生物產業科技學系
100
Fresh meats and meat products result in quality decreasing by microorganism growth, but traditional microbiology testing doesn’t provide food raw material’s information immediately. Before laboratory builded a quality testing index. It was electrical conductivity. Food placed different storage environment. Microorganism growth leaded to electrical conductivity increasing. Electrical conductivity and microorganism were positive related. Previous studies indicated microorganism growth. Which cause could change food structure, and the porosity or water structure were mutated, which cause bound water transferred free water. The changes resulted in electrical conductivity increasing. However, no studies were conducted to verify microorganism growth leading to porosity and free water ratio variation. The study’s purpose are measuring free water ratio and porosity variation of meats and meat products in different storage environment. Data with previous laboratory’s total viable count and electrical conductivity data were compared. In the study. Three fresh meats and three meat products samples were stored in the room temperature or wet environment for total 72 hours. Both free water ratio and porosity were measured. Regression analysis of free water ratio, porosity and total viable count, electrical conductivity data were conducted. The results show when samples placed in different environments, the total viable count varied with the time during storage. The porosity decreased, but the free water ratio didn’t. Fresh meats’ free water ratio and porosity varied with the total viable count. The pork and beef samples’ porosity increased with microorganism growth. Both free water ratio and porosity increased in the fish samples. It showed high relativity with electrical conductivity. Because meat products were restructure food, water had been changed into free water during processing. The porosity decreasing resulted from soiled materials. For fresh meats, the fish sample’s pulp is tenderer than pork and beef samples, this results in change of bound water to free water during microorganism growth. All meats samples’ porosity increased, because the structures were destroyed in microorganism growth.

The thesis analyses a dispute of two anarchist movements promoting Anarcho-Capitalism and an automated non-monetary economy. It asks the question whether the dispute can be explained in terms of paradigm conflict and not exclusively in political terms . The goal is to search for signs of scientific paradigm in an apparently ideological dispute. The thesis also examines the reasons why did the debate deteriorate into a personal and moral conflict of the representatives. The method of analysis is Grounded Theory, with reference to authors who interpret Kuhn's paradigm conflict as the consequence of an unconscious language barrier. Paradigm was operationally defined as a hierarchy of concepts with physical reference, theoretical network of the concepts and the scientific field objectives. The field objectives are the only reliable reference points between paradigms. The thesis sums up the debate between Anarcho-Capitalists and proponents of Resource-Based Economy and recovers the scientific answers and field objectives which were demanded yet missing in the debate. The thesis concludes that the debate can legitimately continue and that the ideological differences were mostly caused by a different scope of technical instruments and their describing paradigms, regardless of historical origin and...