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1
Muylle, Koen. "Rapports: Belgium: Incompatible Offices in Belgium and France: A Comparison." European Public Law 6, Issue 4 (December 1, 2000): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/281226.
2
Le Cam, Florence. "Brazil, Belgium, and France: Avenues for Comparison Work." Brazilian Journalism Research 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 288–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/bjr.v15n2.2019.1237.
3
Bērziņa, Ieva, and Coline Jeancourt-Galignani. "Comparison of Emergency State Regulation Experiences in Latvia, France and Belgium." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 20 (2021): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.040-057.
Анотація:
The article analyses the legal framework of emergency state in three countries – Latvia, France and Belgium. The aim of the study is to identify problems thus to improve the national legal framework. Given that the concept of emergency state has gained its relevance in 2020 with the spread of the Covid-19 disease, it has been found that the Emergency State Institute and its legal framework is an important part of every country’s national legal system, as it is a mechanism that helps to strengthen national security in case of external and internal dangers. Analysis of the legal framework of emergency state in Latvia in the context of the selected legal framework of two other countries is an effective way to assess whether the national legal framework requires improvements. In the research such methods were used as cognition, monographic, historical, comparative and analytical method, as well as interpretation of legal provisions recognized in scientific law, which contributed to understanding of the scope of legal norms in national constitutions and other related legislation in the context of the topic. In the result of the study differences in national basic laws and special laws were mainly identified, including the aspect of restriction of human rights, thus contributing to reflection and drawing conclusions on the necessary changes to the national framework. Research also outlines functioning and competence of municipality work in an emergency state.
4
Schram, Wouter, Atse Louwen, Ioannis Lampropoulos, and Wilfried van Sark. "Comparison of the Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potential of Energy Communities." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 4440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234440.
Анотація:
In this research, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potentials of electric vehicles, heat pumps, photovoltaic (PV) systems and batteries were determined in eight different countries: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Also, the difference between using prosuming electricity as a community (i.e., energy sharing) and prosuming it as an individual household was calculated. Results show that all investigated technologies have substantial GHG emission reduction potential. A strong moderating factor is the existing electricity generation mix of a country: the GHG emission reduction potential is highest in countries that currently have high hourly emission factors. GHG emission reduction potentials are highest in southern Europe (Portugal, Spain, Italy) and lowest in countries with a high share of nuclear energy (Belgium, France). Hence, from a European GHG emission reduction perspective, it has most impact to install PV in countries that currently have a fossil-fueled electricity mix and/or have high solar irradiation. Lastly, we have seen that energy sharing leads to an increased GHG emission reduction potential in all countries, because it leads to higher PV capacities.
5
Gansbeke, Esmée Van, Patricia Everaert, Gerrit Sarens, and Ignace De Beelde. "Audit committees in listed companies: an international comparison of composition and meetings." Corporate Ownership and Control 5, no. 3 (2008): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i3p9.
Анотація:
This paper compares the number of audit committee (AC) members, meeting frequency and the presence of internal auditors at AC meetings of listed companies according to their country of domicile. We consider the USA, the UK, the Netherlands, France and Belgium. Hypotheses are developed based on differences in corporate governance codes. Data are gathered from annual reports of 100 listed companies in these countries. Our results indicate fewer AC members in the Netherlands, and a higher frequency of AC meetings in the UK and Belgium, countries where corporate governance codes do not proscribe a minimum number of meetings. The presence of an internal auditor at AC meetings was, on average, highest for firms listed in the USA.
6
POLLET, MARC. "Dolichopus nimbatus Parent, 1927 revisited, with two new synonyms (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)." Zootaxa 4238, no. 1 (March 2, 2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4238.1.12.
Анотація:
On the basis of comparison between the female holotype of Dolichopus nimbatus Parent and the female paratype of D. balius Meuffels, and comparison of a male paratype of D. balius with the description of D. thalhammeri Knézy, D. balius and D. thalhammeri are designated junior synonyms of D. nimbatus. Dolichopus nimbatus ranges from northern France and Belgium to southern Turkey. Ecological features might explain its rarity in collections.
7
De Wachter, Marcia, and Yolanda Somers. "Job Creation Programs in an International Comparison." Recherches économiques de Louvain 52, no. 3-4 (December 1986): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s077045180008297x.
Анотація:
INTRODUCTIONWith an election year in France and in the Netherlands, a national collective convention in Belgium and high unemployment rates in most European countries, an economic reflection on the effectiveness and efficiency of the pursued job creation policies is certainly meaningful.The main purpose of the job creation policies, as conceived in most European countries, is the promotion of an effective and fair fine tuning of supply and demand of labor.The instruments traditionally used, can be divided into five categories, namely :1. Wage-cost subsidies2. Educational and vocational measures3. Direct job creation measures4. Reduction of labor supply5. Promotion of entrepreneurship.
8
Doutreloup, Sébastien, Benjamin Bois, Benjamin Pohl, Sébastien Zito, and Yves Richard. "Climatic comparison between Belgium, Champagne, Alsace, Jura and Bourgogne for wine production using the regional model MAR." OENO One 56, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.3.5356.
Анотація:
In Belgium, vineyards have strongly increased over the last decades. Is it a trendy effect, or is Belgium becoming an increasingly favourable country for viticulture? A related issue is whether Belgium is similar to another French region from a climatic point of view. To address these questions, we use here the regional climate model MAR to provide high-resolution (5 km) climate information over the territory of Belgium and the north-eastern quarter of France. We first evaluate MAR outputs from a climate point of view against more than 150 weather stations and then from a viticulture point of view by computing bioclimatic indices, as well as key phenological dates and frost risk. The second step consists in comparing the four northernmost French wine regions (Champagne, Bourgogne, Jura and Alsace) with the Belgian wine region. MAR simulations are generally consistent with the observation, especially for the dates of the main phenological stages of the vine. Simulations of a frost risk in spring, heat stress in summer and Huglin’s heliothermal index show slightly more disagreement, but biases remain moderate. The Belgium wine region appears to be quite comparable to the Champagne and Jura regions, despite colder conditions that influence its bioclimatic indices. Under current climate conditions, the main risk for Belgian vines is frost after bud break.
9
Foblets, Marie-Claire. "THE ADMISSIBILITY OF REPUDIATION: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DUTCH, FRENCH AND BELGIAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW." Hawwa 5, no. 1 (2007): 10–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920807781787662.
Анотація:
AbstractThis article reports on the most recent developments in Dutch, French and Belgian private international law concerning the problem of the recognition of repudiation. The comparison among the three systems—Dutch, French and Belgian—points to a noticeable disparity: France and Belgium have recently opted to strengthen their treatment of foreign repudiation. In 2005 the Netherlands decided to take a less strict approach. We review here in turn the French, Belgian, and Dutch positions.
10
van Acker, Wouter. "Right-wing populist attitudes among European public servants – A cross-country comparison." Public Policy and Administration 35, no. 4 (September 18, 2019): 485–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952076719869789.
Анотація:
Thus far, there has not been any investigation into the populist held beliefs and attitudes among public servants. These attitudes, given the considerable discretionary decision power of public servants, and their influence in policy-making processes, could have a significant impact on public policies. This paper investigates the populist attitudes of public servants, based on data that are retrieved from the European Social Survey. The paper compares public servants from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. The results show that public servants hold surprisingly similar populist views as compared with non-public servants, and that there are striking differences between countries. There are significant implications for the work public servants do, and the representativeness of the administration.
11
Helsen, S., and P. Kønigshof. "Conodont thermal alteration patterns in Palaeozoic rocks from Belgium, northern France and western Germany." Geological Magazine 131, no. 3 (May 1994): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800011122.
Анотація:
AbstractIn this paper thermal patterns based on conodont Colour Alteration Indices (CAI) have been studied in the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks from Belgium, northern France and western Germany. Four maps (with the exception of the southeastern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge) have been compiled for the investigated area: one for the Eifelian and Givetian, a second for the Frasnian, another for the Famennian and one for the Tournaisian and Viséan. Conodonts have not been found in Cambrian rocks from Belgium and northern France and as they are scarce in the Ordovician to Lower Devonian formations of this area, it was impossible to integrate these CAI data into an isograd map. In Germany (in the eastern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge) only a few CAI values for the Lower Devonian strata are available. In contrast to the Ardennes where in general conodonts show CAI values of 3.0–5.0, indices in areas adjacent to the Anglo-Brabant Massif, e.g. in the western Namur Synclinorium and in the Eifel Hills, range between 1.5 and 2.0. Slightly higher values occur in the Campine Basin north of the Anglo-Brabant Massif. By comparison with CAI data from Belgium, conodont colour alteration indices from the same stratigraphic horizons in some areas of the northern and eastern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge are up to one index higher. In most areas of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge the level of metamorphism corresponds to the anchizone. Regional variations in CAI data appear to be related to buried intrusions and associated hydrothermal activity. In the southeastern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge CAI data are not completely consistent but it is possible to discern an increase in coalification from the north to the south. High index values in the southern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge are believed to result from regional metamorphism and heating related to numerous intrusive bodies.
12
Van Hoye, Aurélie, Chantal Vandoorne, Gaetan Absil, Flore Lecomte, Catherine Fallon, Pierre Lombrail, and Anne Vuillemin. "Health enhancing physical activity in all policies? Comparison of national public actors between France and Belgium." Health Policy 123, no. 3 (March 2019): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.01.008.
13
Divišová, Vendula. "Bezpečnostní politika proti diváckému násilí v České republice ve srovnání s evropskými frankofonními zeměmi." Studia sportiva 9, no. 2 (December 21, 2015): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2015-2-4.
Анотація:
The paper deals with the security policy against spectator violence in the Czech Republic in comparison with selected Western European countries. For the purpose of comparison, French-speaking countries, whose security policy in the field is not much discussed, are chosen on purpose; these are France, Belgium and Switzerland. Attention is paid especially to measures targeted on individuals and their risk behavior rather than to relevant institutions in the field. The description of existing measures and the context of their adoption in the selected cases should lead to evaluation of the Czech security measures and to discussion whether it could be helpful to draw more inspiration in the foreign countries besides the countries typically serving as examples in the field, as England, Germany or Netherlands are.
14
Tsvetkova, Madlena. "Comparison between the geological settings of the Varbitsa (NW Bulgaria) and Bure (SE France) sites for geological disposal of radioactive waste." Geologica Balcanica 51, no. 1 (May 2022): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.51.1.57.
Анотація:
Geological settings are of major importance in selecting appropriate environment for disposal of high-level radioactive waste from nuclear power plants. Clay rocks are preferred in a number of countries as a suitable host rocks due to their insulating properties and ability to self- seal cracks and other disturbances. In Bulgaria, on the basis of multi-criterion comparative analysis, several prospective sites have been selected for further consideration. One of them is the Varbitsa site located in the Fore-Balkan Unit. The marls of the Sumer Formation are the host rock. Similar clay host rocks for high-level radioactive waste disposal have been extensively studied in France, Switzerland and Belgium. In this context, the experience gained in these countries is particularly valuable for the further development of the geological disposal in Bulgaria. The current paper presents a comparison between the geological settings of the Varbitsa site (NW Bulgaria) and the Bure site (SE France), whose argillites are similar to the Bulgarian marls. The outcomes of this comparison would be useful for planning and conducting future research activities, as well as for the public acceptance of the geological disposal.
15
Evrard, O., C. Heitz, M. Liégeois, J. Boardman, K. Vandaele, A. V. Auzet, and B. van Wesemael. "A comparison of management approaches to control muddy floods in central Belgium, northern France and southern England." Land Degradation & Development 21, no. 4 (June 8, 2010): 322–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.1006.
16
ZDOVC, Dejan, Katja VADNAL, and Katarina KOŠMELJ. "Comparative analysis of the crop insurance systems in Slovenia and in the European Union - member countries." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 79, no. 1 (May 15, 2002): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2002.79.1.15643.
Анотація:
Due to increasing environmental and economic hazards, risk management becomes an important managerial issue for farmers. As Slovene farmers have choice of technology and of insurance companies as tools of risk management only, research was aimed at the comparison of the crop insurance schemes in Slovenia, Belgium, France, Italy, Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. The crop insurance systems and their effectiveness were studied and compered by the insured perils as well as by the modes of crop insurance and by the hail insurance effectiveness indicators. The McNemar Test for a comparison of two dependent proportions, based on the loss ratios in hail insurance, disclosed that the potential for profit is significantly lower in Slovenia as it is with the compared group of countries. Guidelines for the improvement of crop insurance scheme in Slovenia are derived from comparative analysis of the selected insurance systems.
17
Bond, Stephen, Julie Ann Elston, Jacques Mairesse, and Benoît Mulkay. "Financial Factors and Investment in Belgium, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom: A Comparison Using Company Panel Data." Review of Economics and Statistics 85, no. 1 (February 2003): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003465303762687776.
18
Bumatay, Michelle. "Comics as commemoration?" Francosphères 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/franc.2021.5.
Анотація:
Drawing on previous research about the ubiquity of the Banania logo, this article considers the recent trend of commemorating the tirailleurs sénégalais via bandes dessinées through a chronological comparison of bandes dessinées produced in France and Senegal since 2003 about the tirailleurs sénégalais and World War I. As an important part of popular visual culture in France and Belgium, bandes dessinées have long been vehicles for teaching and disseminating mainstream values and dominant ideology, thus the choice of medium for recounting the tirailleurs’ history works against colonial-era caricatures. Though each of the bandes dessinées attempts to engender empathy in the reader while educating them about the tirailleurs, critical engagement with their legacy varies as a function of who produced the text. State-sponsored accounts avoid critiques of colonialism and its attendant violence in favour of honouring the tirailleurs’ courage and loyalty, which bolsters the continuity of republican values. Conversely, texts produced as a result of personal connections to the tirailleurs foreground their participation in colonial violence and demonstrate the psychological complexity of their experiences.
19
Radulovic, S., and S. Pepin. "Inter-comparison of parameters and exposure scenarios in risk-assessment methodologies for radiological and chemical soil contamination." Radioprotection 54, no. 3 (April 2, 2019): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2019009.
Анотація:
Various guidelines and models exist to assess the dose resulting from a radiological soil contamination. Analogous methodologies have been published to assess the chemical risk from non-radioactive pollutants present in soil. Although most of these methodologies insist on the need to use as much as possible site-specific parameters in the assessment-process, they also suggest a set of default or example parameters. In this study, we compare the suggested parameter values of four different national guidelines for risk-assessment of contaminated soil from France, Germany, Britain and Belgium. The Belgian methodology had been developed for the assessment of chemical risk while the three others are specifically dedicated to radiological risk. Significant discrepancies are found between the parameters of different national guidelines, which stresses the need for carefulness and sound expert judgment in the choice of the parameters of a risk-assessment process.
20
Douillet, Delphine, Jeremie Riou, Maximilien Thoma, Thomas Moumneh, Astrid Darsonval, Albert Trinh-Duc, Olivier Hugli, Anthony Chauvin, Andrea Penaloza, and Pierre-Marie Roy. "Thromboembolic risk stratification by TRiP(cast) score to rationalise thromboprophylaxis in patients with lower leg trauma requiring immobilisation: a study protocol of the casting stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e045905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045905.
Анотація:
IntroductionPatients with lower limb trauma requiring orthopaedic immobilisation may be at risk of venous thromboembolism but opinions differ about who may benefit from thromboprophylactic anticoagulant treatment.The aim of this CASTING study is to demonstrate the safety of thromboprophylaxis based on the Thrombosis Risk Prediction for patients with cast immobilisation (TRiP(cast) score with regards to the 3-month incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism events in low-risk patients not receiving thromboprophylaxis, as well as the usefulness of this strategy on the rate of patients receiving anticoagulant treatment in comparison to current practice.Methods and analysisCASTING will be a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled clinical trial, performed in 15 emergency departments in France and Belgium. With their informed consent, outpatients admitted to one of the participating emergency departments for a lower limb trauma requiring orthopaedic immobilisation without surgery will be included. All centres will begin the trial with the ‘observational period’ and, every 2 weeks, 1 centre will be randomly assigned to switch to the ‘interventional period’ and to apply the TRiP(cast) score, in which only patients with a score ≥7 will receive thromboprophylactic anticoagulant treatment. The primary endpoint is the rate of clinical thromboembolic events within 90 days following the inclusion of low-risk patients not receiving thromboprophylaxis.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol has been approved by the Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud I (Ethics Review ID-RCB: 2019-A01829-48) for France and the Comité d’éthique hôpital-facultaire Saint Luc (N° B403201941338) for Belgium. It is carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. The findings of this study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at scientific conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04064489.
21
Dufays, J. L. "What place for literature in the education of French-speaking countries? A comparison between Belgium, France, Quebec and Switzerland." L1 Educational Studies in Language and Literature 07, Running Issue, no. 1, Special Issue (May 2007): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17239/l1esll-2007.07.01.05.
22
Williams, Frank L’Engle, Katherine M. Lane, and William G. Anderson. "Comparison of maxillary first molar occlusal outlines of Neandertals from the Meuse River Basin of Belgium using elliptical Fourier analysis." Anthropological Review 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2017-0018.
Анотація:
AbstractSeveral Neandertals derive from the karstic caves of the Meuse river tributaries of Belgium, including Engis 2, Scladina 4A-4 and Spy 1. These may form a group that is distinct in maxillary first molar occlusal outlines compared to La Quina 5 from Southwest France. Alternatively, chronological differences may separate individuals given that Scladina 4A-4 from MIS 5 is older than the others from MIS 3. Neolithic samples (n = 42) from Belgium (Maurenne Caverne de la Cave, Hastière Caverne M, Hastière Trou Garçon, Sclaigneaux and Bois Madame) dated to 4.6–3.9 kyr provide a context for the Neandertals. Dental casts were prepared from dental impressions of the original maxillary molars. Crown and occlusal areas as well as mesiodistal lengths were measured by calibrated Motic 3.0 microscope cameras. Occlusal outlines of the casts were captured through photostereomicroscopy and non-landmark smooth tracing methods. Occlusal outlines were processed using elliptical Fourier analysis within SHAPE v1.3 which reduced amplitudes of the harmonics into principal components (PC) axes. The first two PC axes group the Neandertals, although Scladina 4A-4 falls nearly outside the convex hull for the Neolithic sample. Neandertals are imperfectly separated from the Neolithic sample on PC3 and PC4, and completely distinct on PC5 and PC6. Scladina 4A-4 differs from the other Neandertals on most PC axes. Chronology may best explain the separation of Scladina 4A-4 from the more recent fossils, and particularly Spy 1 and La Quina 5 which are the most similar in maxillary first molar occlusal outline shape.
23
Povero, Massimiliano, and Lorenzo Pradelli. "Comparison between traditional and goal directed perfusion in cardiopulmonary by-pass. Adaptation of a differential cost analysis." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 16, no. 1S (October 12, 2015): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v16i1s.1201.
Анотація:
BACKGROUND: A previous patient-level discrete event simulation (DES) model was developed to perform an economic evaluation of GDP strategy with respect to TP in US. Aim of this supplement is provide results of the adaptations of the differential cost analysis to Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, and UK. METHODS: A Discrete Event Simulation model was developed to compare TP and GDP strategy in patients undergoing CPB. National perspective was adopted to calculate costs associated to each event while GDP strategy was exploited the introduction of Sorin Heartlink (HL) Card/GDP Card and Sorin Connect (electronic data management system). RESULTS: GDP reduces the total cost with respect to traditional perfusion; furthermore the cost of GDP strategy (Sorin GDPTM Monitor and Sorin ConnectTM) is completely offset by the saving in hospital stay. CONCLUSION: GDP seems to improve significantly the main outcomes related to CPB surgery, when compared to TP techniques. Additional costs due to perform GDP strategy have no impact on the total cost since completely offset by the savings in hospital cost.
24
Sun, Heping, Houze Xu, B. Ducarme, and J. Hinderer. "Comprehensive comparison and analysis of the tidal gravity observations obtained with superconducting gravimeters at stations in China, Belgium and France." Chinese Science Bulletin 44, no. 8 (April 1999): 750–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02909719.
25
Baležentis, Tomas, and Daiva Makutėnienė. "ENERGY-RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AGRICULTURE: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT BENCHMARKING TECHNIQUES." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 38, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2016.15.
Анотація:
The literature suggests different approaches towards modelling of the environmental impact caused by the production processes. The present paper attempts to establish a framework for multicriteria comparison of agricultural sectors of the European Union Member States and identify the performance gaps in terms of energy-related carbon dioxide emission. The research relies on the two approaches, viz. the by-production approach and the multi-criteria decision making approach. The environmental performance indicators were evaluated in regards to the desirable output (gross value added), inputs, and the undesirable output (carbon dioxide emission). The results indicate that Slovakia, Estonia, Lithuania, and Hungary should attempt to improve their carbon factors by implementing cleaner energy technologies. The combinations of by-production sub-indices suggest that productivity gains are more important for Sweden, Belgium, Poland, and France. Czech Republic, Latvia, and Finland are specific with low performance in terms of both the intended production and the undesirable output. The MCDM approach identified similar trends in performance as suggested by country ranking and correlation analysis.
26
Gouiaa, Raef, and Alexander Kostyuk. "Editorial: An international outlook of corporate governance research." Corporate Ownership and Control 17, no. 4 (2020): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i4editorial.
Анотація:
This issue of the journal “Corporate Ownership and Control” is absolutely unique from the point of view of the geodiversity of the research. Thus, having published 16 papers in this issue of the journal we can count the research on corporate governance in the USA, the UK, Norway, Australia, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Greece, Ireland, Poland, France, Brazil, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and others. This provides a very solid vision of the corporate governance national practices worldwide. This issue of the journal proves once again that corporate governance became a global subject for research during the last decade. Scholars from all the countries of the world try to deliver the new research results related to the national markets providing room for further comparison and research and we hope that the readers will enjoy the results of the recently published papers.
27
Chumpitaz, Ruben, and Nicholas G. Paparoidamis. "The impact of service/product performance and problem-solving on relationship satisfaction." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 33, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-11-2018-0266.
Анотація:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to merge service and product quality concepts as well as problem-solving capabilities and relationship satisfaction into an integrative model and empirically test it in business-to-business (B2B) context.Design/methodology/approachHypothesis testing was performed using a structural equation model based on a LISREL approach applied to a sample of 1,218 industrial buying centers producing and marketing food and beverage products for industrial use in Belgium, France and Holland.FindingsThe model allows a comparison between the relative efficacy of product quality, service and sales quality as well as problem-solving in driving relationship satisfaction. The results demonstrate the relative effectiveness of sales team quality while also emphasizing the importance of problem-solving in building relationship satisfaction.Originality/valueThis study makes theoretical and empirical contributions providing a better understanding of the impact of service/product quality and problem-solving in building relationship satisfaction in a B2B context.
28
Van Craenenbroeck, W., and J. Marivoet. "A Comparison of Simple Methods for Estimating the Mass Flow of Fluoride Discharged into Rivers." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1987): 729–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0252.
Анотація:
In order to follow the long term evolution of the pollutant discharge pattern, and to detect changes in the situation, information about the discharge mass flow is necessary. First, the paper deals with the behaviour of the fluoride concentration in the river Meuse. Data are presented for the stretch Remilly (France) to Keizersveer (Netherlands), and the evolution over the period 1970–1984 is described. Data from waste waters and tributaries are discussed, and a dominating fluoride source is identified. In the second part, a linear first order equation is proposed for fitting the C-Q data at Liège (Belgium). Five methods for estimating the mean fluoride mass flow of the discharge are compared and discussed. The weighted least squares method is proposed for further use. It makes use of data from a routine measuring station, and gives the possibility to estimate a natural concentration which is constant over the studied period 1970–1984. The thus obtained value of 0.19 mg/l is equal to the mean fluoride concentration upstream of the discharge point. The estimated discharge mass flow is about 6 t/d, and this value remained constant since 1979.
29
Staszczak, Dariusz. "CHANGES OF EU COUNTRIES POSITIONS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF MINERAL FUELS IN 2006–2015." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 16, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2017.16.4.54.
Анотація:
This paper analyzes changes of exports, imports and trade balance in mineral fuels, lubricants, and related materials (named fuels in this article) of EU member states in 2006–2015. Fuels are specific commodities because the most of the EU countries are dependent on fuel imports. Moreover, trade balance in fuels is important for EU countries because of its significant importance for trade balance in all goods. Author illustrated a dominating position of net importer of fuels in this period. There were the following most important net importers of fuels in 2015: Germany, France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, Belgium, Austria and Poland. In 2006, Germany was also the first net importer but Italy was the second one and France the third one. Poland obtained the ninth position in 2006. Denmark was the EU net exporter of fuels in the researched period. Moreover, trade deficit in fuels of most EU net importers improved, i.e. decreased in 2015 in comparison to the situation in 2006 because of the lower oil prices and undertaking of ecological innovations in production, including the agriculture. In the researched analyzed period, the biggest imports and trade deficits in fuels of the majority of EU countries were in 2008. Such a situation was connected with the third oil shock.
30
Pfennings, Lilian, Leo Cohen, Deborah Miller, Laurent Gerbaud, Luc Vleugels, Jenny Freeman, Didier Vernay, et al. "Using the Short Form-36 with Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Five Countries: A Cross-Cultural Comparison." Psychological Reports 85, no. 1 (August 1999): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.1.19.
Анотація:
Questionnaires measuring health-related quality of life are increasingly used in international studies of medical effectiveness. It is important to know if data from these instruments are comparable across countries. We initiated a collaboration among five research groups—from the USA, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, and the UK—in the field of health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis. All groups used the 36-item Short Form Health Survey. The goal of our study was to make a cross-cultural comparison. In the five countries under study the sample size varied from 50 to 134 patients with multiple sclerosis. The survey was completed by a total of 457 patients, who were heterogeneous in relation to age, duration of illness, severity and type of multiple sclerosis. There appeared to be major differences among the samples in scores on each of the eight scales. These findings may be influenced by differences in method of recruitment, demographic and disease-related characteristics, administration, and cultural factors. After having performed a number of analyses, it appeared that the differences were mainly attributable to sampling effects; however, cultural influences could not be excluded.
31
Matczak, P., J. Lewandowski, A. Choryński, M. Szwed, and Z. W. Kundzewicz. "Flood risk governance arrangements in Europe." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 369 (June 11, 2015): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-369-195-2015.
Анотація:
Abstract. The STAR-FLOOD (Strengthening and Redesigning European Flood Risk Practices Towards Appropriate and Resilient Flood Risk Governance Arrangements) project, funded by the European Commission, investigates strategies for dealing with flood risk in six European countries: Belgium, the UK, France, the Netherlands, Poland and Sweden and in 18 vulnerable urban regions in these countries. The project aims to describe, analyse, explain, and evaluate the main similarities and differences between the selected EU Member States in terms of development and performance of flood risk governance arrangements. It also discusses the scientific and societal importance of these similarities and differences. Attention is paid to identification and characterization of shifts in flood risk governance arrangements and in flood risk management strategies and to determination of triggering factors and restraining factors. An assessment of a change of resilience and appropriateness (legitimacy, effectiveness, efficiency) of flood risk governance arrangements in Poland is presented and comparison with other European countries is offered.
32
Camenisch, Chantal, and Melanie Salvisberg. "Droughts in Bern and Rouen from the 14th to the beginning of the 18th century derived from documentary evidence." Climate of the Past 16, no. 6 (November 12, 2020): 2173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2173-2020.
Анотація:
Abstract. Droughts derive from a precipitation deficit and can also be temperature driven. They are dangerous natural hazards for human societies. Documentary data from the pre-modern and early modern times contain direct and indirect information on precipitation that allow for the production of reconstructions using historical climatology methods. For this study, two drought indices – the drought index of Bern (DIB) and the drought index of Rouen (DIR) – have been created on the basis of documentary data produced in Bern, Switzerland, and Rouen, France, respectively for the period from 1315 to 1715. These two indices have been compared to a third supra-regional drought index (SDI) for Switzerland, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Belgium that was synthesised from precipitation reconstruction based on historical climatology. The results of this study show that the documentary data from Bern mainly contain summer droughts, whereas the data from Rouen rather allow for the reconstruction of spring droughts. The comparison of the three above-mentioned indices shows that the DIB and the DIR most probably do not contain all of the actual drought events; however, they detect droughts that do not appear in the SDI. This fact suggests that more documentary data from single locations, such as historical city archives, should be examined in the future and should be added to larger reconstructions in order to obtain more complete drought reconstructions.
33
Lelyuhina, A. M., М. V. Litvinenko, and O. V. Miklashevskaya. "Comparative analysis of the real estate taxation basics in the Russian Federation and foreign countries." Geodesy and Cartography 941, no. 11 (December 20, 2018): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2018-941-11-61-64.
Анотація:
The current issues of reforming the current tax system in the Russian Federation in the context of the transition to determining the amount of real estate taxes based on the cadastral value of real estate objects are discussed. The decision on adopting elements of a tax system in practice should be scientifically and methodologically based. The rational construction of the tax system of Russia contributes to the study of foreign tax systems’ models. In the article, the systems for calculating real estate tax established in the foreign countries under consideration are highlighted. Everything is based on analyzing the practice of real estate valuation in the UK, France, Belgium, Latvia, Finland, USA and Chile. A comparison is made of the grounds for calculating the property tax, their distinctive features. The main approaches to determining the cadastral value taking place in the cadastral systems of foreign countries are summarized. The conducted studies provide grounds for identifying trends in real estate valuation, which are being introduced into modern Russian cadastral valuation practice.
34
STREEL, Maurice, Frédéric BOULVAIN, Michiel DUSAR, Stanislas LOBOZIAK, and Philippe STEEMANS. "Updating Frasnian miospore zonation from the Boulonnais (Northern France) and comparison with new data from the Upper Palaeozoic cover on the Brabant Massif (Western Belgium)." Geologica Belgica 24, no. 1-2 (May 20, 2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.024.
Анотація:
Accurate palyno-analysis by S. Loboziak (from 1980 to 1983) of 28 samples from the Upper Givetian to the Middle Frasnian Blacourt, Beaulieu and Ferques Formations and of 44 samples of the Upper Frasnian to the Lower Famennian Hydrequent Formation are re-evaluated. Chelinospora concinna, Verrucosisporites bulliferus, Cirratriradites jekhowskyi, Lophozonotriletes media first occurrences are major criteria for Lower and Middle Frasnian, well calibrated by conodonts. Cymbosporites acanthaceus, Rugospora bricei, Grandispora gracilis, Diducites plicabilis, Corbulispora vimineus first occurrences allow to subdivide the Upper Frasnian where conodonts are poorly present. Samarisporites triangulatus versus Auroraspora pseudocrista taxonomy and stratigraphic significance are discussed. The reconnaissance borehole Nieuwkerke-De Seule (95W152), near the limit of the Upper Palaeozoic subcrop on the Brabant Massif (West Flanders, Belgium, 75 km east of the Boulonnais), which has intersected conodont-dated Givetian/Frasnian boundary at the transition between the Bois de Bordeaux and Bovesse Formations, contained poorly preserved miospores attributed to the triangulatus–concinna (TCo) Oppel Zones. In the nearby Nieuwkerke-Noordhoek borehole (95W153), strata also assigned to the Bovesse Formation yielded better preserved miospores which demonstrate a close succession of triangulatus–concinna (TCo) and bulliferus–jekhowskyi (BJ) Oppel Zones at the transition Lower–Middle Frasnian, also known in the Beaulieu Formation in the Boulonnais. Samples from the Heuvelland groundwater monitoring well (95W175), 10 km north of Nieuwkerke, contain the bricei-acanthaceus (BA) Oppel Zone suggesting a late Frasnian age, also known in the Hydrequent Formation in the Boulonnais area and in the Booischot Formation in the Booischot borehole (59E146) from the Campine Basin (Belgium). International correlation using Frasnian miospore zonation is attempted between the Pripyat Depression in Belarus, the Timan–Pechora province in Russia and North-West China.
35
Gutsalenko, L. V., and D. O. Mokiienko. "Modern remuneration system in foreign country." Bioeconomics and Agrarian Business 11, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/bioeconomy2020.01.040.
Анотація:
The article describes the formation features of modern remuneration systems, taking into account the main aspects and methods of labour organization in foreign countries. It also determines the requirements for compulsory salary increase in certain foreign countries. The article focuses on the observers’ forecast of remuneration level changes and the formation of five trends in employee salary and additional payments, such as: regular bonus payments for performance; transparent remuneration; more employees will receive bonuses; analysis of equity aimed at remuneration payments; the formation by states of their own minimum wage policy. It notes that there has been a positive economic change and an increase in demand among states due to increased political influence on the establishment of minimum wages. The data on the minimum wage for January 2020 has been studied and it was pointed that in 2020 Ukraine took the fifteenth place out of 54 countries in the growth rating of minimum wages in the world. Moreover, the main components of the system used at enterprises to provide incentives and increase productivity of employees have been determined. It is also noted that in some foreign countries there is a tendency to regulate and establish maximum wages of intellectual workers. The article gives a comparative analysis of wages of intellectual workers versus manual workers; and it indicates that the wages of intellectual workers are on average higher than wages of manual workers: in Germany – by 20%; in Italy and Denmark — by 22 %; in Luxembourg — by 44 %; in France and Belgium — by 61 %. In comparison with qualified workers, craftsmen earn more: in Germany – by 15%; in the Netherlands — by 23 %, in France— by 30 %, in Belgium — by 40 %. In the United States, lower-level executives (craftsmen, group and sector leaders) have an annual income on average 1.5 times higher than an annual income of manual workers. The article points out that foreign countries tend to use and combine various remuneration systems, each of which consists of two parts: basic (permanent) and additional (variable). It has been suggested to improve and develop new approaches to provide incentives for employees of domestic enterprises that will have a positive impact on their performance.
36
Wollast, Robin, Mathias Schmitz, Alix Bigot, and Olivier Luminet. "The Theory of Planned Behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of health behaviors between Belgian and French residents." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): e0258320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258320.
Анотація:
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a global crisis and authorities have encouraged the population to promote preventive health behaviors to slow the spread of the virus. While the literature on psychological factors influencing health behaviors during the COVID-19 is flourishing, there is a lack of cross-national research focusing on multiple health behaviors. The present study overcomes this limitation and affords a validation of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a conceptual framework for explaining the adoption of handwashing and limitation of social contacts, two health behaviors that highly differ in their nature. Specifically, we compare TPB model on these two protective behaviors among people living in Belgium (N = 3744) and France (N = 1060) during the COVID-19 sanitary crisis. Data were collected from March 18 until April 19, 2020, which corresponds to the spring lockdown and the first peak of the pandemic in these countries. Results indicated that more positive attitudes, greater social norms, increased perceived control and higher intentions were related to higher adherence to handwashing and limitation of social contacts, for both Belgian and French residents. Ultimately, we argued that the TPB model tends to manifest similarly across countries in explaining health behaviors, when comparing handwashing and limitation of social contacts among individuals living in different national contexts.
37
Wall, Irwin M., and Abraham Boxhoorn. "The Cold War and the Rift in the Governments of National Unity: Belgium, France, and Italy in the Spring of 1947; A Comparison." American Historical Review 100, no. 2 (April 1995): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169054.
38
Luickx, Patrick J., Lieve M. Helsen, and William D. D’haeseleer. "Influence of massive heat-pump introduction on the electricity-generation mix and the GHG effect: Comparison between Belgium, France, Germany and The Netherlands." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12, no. 8 (October 2008): 2140–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.01.030.
39
Karabay, Gülseren, and Kazım Sarıçoban. "Research on Competitiveness in Technical Textiles: Comparison of Countries Having the Lion’s Share of Technical Textile World Exports and Turkey." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 29, no. 6(150) (December 31, 2021): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2718.
Анотація:
After the end of quotas in 2005, Turkey and many other countries confronted fierce competition from countries having cheap labour. Producing technical textile products that require high technology and skilled labour is one way to cope with this competition. The degree of specialisation (comparative cost advantage) and export competitiveness of Turkey in technical textiles is gaining significance. Therefore, this study aims to examine comparatively the level of specialisation and export competitiveness of Turkey and the countries with the lion’s share in world exports of technical textiles in the period 2008-2019. Technical textile products are not coded under a specific category in the HS system, thus Turkey’s technical textile product groups, which are reported by the exporters’ association, were examined in this research. In this context, there are a total of 39 technical textile product groups consisting of 4-digit and 6-digit product groups. In this study, in which the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) method was used, Relative trade advantage (RTA), net export advantage (NEI), and relative export advantage (RXA) analyses were performed for technology classification. Considering the RTA results, the number of product groups in which China, Korea, USA, Turkey, Japan, Italy, Germany, France, Belgium, Vietnam and Mexico gained a competitive advantage is 33, 23, 23, 22, 22, 21, 20, 16, 14, 11 and 10, in sequence. Under the NEI results, which measure the country’s own commercial performance, the number of product groups that China, Korea, Germany, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Turkey, USA, France, Vietnam and Mexico specialised in is 38, 22, 22, 22, 22, 19, 18, 17, 15, 11 and 10, respectively. According to the results, Turkey has high positive NEI (close to +1) and RTA values especially in the product groups of 540219 (high tenacity yarn other than textured yarn/sewing thread, of nylon/other polyamides, not put up for retail sale), 540600 (man-made filament yarn (other than sewing thread)), and 630533 (sacks & bags of the kind used for the packing of goods, of polyethylene/polypropylene strip/the like). Turkey specialised in these products above the world average (RTA) and in the export of them from the domestic market (NEI). On the contrary, both NEI (close to -1) and RTA values are negative in the product groups of 540220 (high tenacity yarn other than textured yarn/sewing thread, of polyester.), 6113 (garments, knitted or crocheted, rubberised or impregnated, coated or covered with plastics or other materials), 540211 (tenacity yarn other than textured yarn/sewing thread, of aramid.), and 540310 (high tenacity yarn other than sewing thread, of viscose rayon.). Turkey specialised in these products below the world average and in the import of these products to the domestic market. In the RXA analysis conducted according to the technology classification for technical textile exporting countries, it was determined that other countries except Turkey specialised in R&D-based product groups above the world average and had gained a competitive advantage.
40
Bykov, O. M. "Problems on the path of formation of local self-government in France." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 79 (October 9, 2023): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.79.1.20.
Анотація:
The article is devoted to defining the peculiarities of the genesis of local self-government in France. The peculiarities of the formation of local self-government in the countries of continental law, in particular France and Ukraine, are determined. A superficial comparative analysis of the implementation of the powers of local self-government bodies in Ukraine and France at various stages of the countries’ development was conducted. The article states that the then French system of local self-government did not fully implement the principle of electability of all bodies and officials of local self-government, and at the end of the XIX century. this criterion was considered the main characteristic of administrative decentralization and began to be applied even to departmental self-government. It was noted that French society actively discussed the issue of the direction of the further development of the local self-government system. The scientific article contains information about forms of self-government similar to France in Belgium and Italy; in comparison with England, the state system of France should be considered not a democracy, but a bureaucracy. The article mentions the French revolution, the struggle against regionalism, the elimination of provinces and the creation of a new system of districts. The strengthening of the regionalization process, which went into decline only by the middle of the 20th century, is analyzed. The constant interest in the system of local selfgovernment in France, especially the period of the French Republic, when a model of local self-government with broad representation, based on secret, universal, equal suffrage, was first proposed (during the 19th - early 20th centuries in Europe) is emphasized. The article states that the attitude towards the French model of local self-government depended on the perception of France itself, which sometimes led to a distorted perception of its organization of local self-government. The tendency is especially noticeable in the works of German political scientists and legal scholars. It was determined that the concepts of local self-government and decentralization of power were not distinguished and detailed in France, so due to the confusion of terms during administrative decentralization, the development of the system of self-government as a political institution of language in France was somewhat behind. It was established that the negative attitude towards the French system of local government, which developed during the period of the second monarchy and was supported by German jurists and political scientists, persisted even after the reform of 1871.
It was concluded that the development and formation of local self-government in France had its own problems, but this did not prevent it from arriving at an effective both legislative and practical model of the exercise of powers by local self-government bodies.
41
Auvray, Françoise, W. Th Nuninga, D. J. Verheij, C. Kahn, and C. Borucki. "Chances as Legally Protected Assets." European Review of Private Law 28, Issue 2 (May 1, 2020): 375–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2020018.
Анотація:
The doctrine of loss of a chance has been deployed by courts jurisdictions in cases presenting causal uncertainty for over a century. In both the civil and common law jurisdictions where it is applied, however, there is debate as to the precise rationale and scope of application of the doctrine. In this working paper we compare theories, cases and practices from four Western European jurisdictions: France, Belgium, the Netherlands and England & Wales. Our methodology departs from a more traditional institutional comparison. We move towards an argument for a version of the theory of loss of chance that could work across jurisdictions. First, we briefly outline the application of the doctrine in the four jurisdictions. Subsequently, we present a typology of current practical application across jurisdictions. Finally, we present a theory of loss of a chance that reduces it to its (logical) core: for a chance to be lost, itmust have been possible for the claimant to ‘possess’ thechanceandthedefendant must have made him lose this chance. Hence, we argue that mere ex post uncertainty on the existence of causation is not sufficient to justify application of the doctrine of loss of chance.
42
Marysyuk, Kostyantyn B., Mykhailo V. Huzela, Nataliia D. Slotvinska, Ivo Svoboda, and Igor G. Kudrya. "Racial and Religious Determinants of Terrorism in Western Europe." Cuestiones Políticas 39, no. 71 (December 25, 2021): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3971.02.
Анотація:
The gradual rapprochement between peoples, cultures, beliefs involve numerous conflicts with indigenous peoples on ethnic or religious grounds. These conflicts tend to turn into articulation of radical positions and extremist activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the current state of terrorist acts and identify the determinants of terrorism on racial and religious grounds in Western Europe. The statistical method, comparison, graphic analysis, analysis of the Global Index of Terrorism; The European Union reports on the situation and trends of terrorism, as well as the research on terrorism-related issues for 2011-2021, were used as empirical research methods. It is determined that the UK, France, Germany, Greece, Belgium, Spain, Italy, and Sweden are subject to the highest risk of terrorist acts. It was proved that the determinants of terrorism are localized in relation to key issues related to the state of the economic sphere, social development, as well as the spiritual and cultural sphere. Emphasis is placed on the need to overcome the problems associated with terrorist activities by formulating a policy of national means of resolving ethnic and racial issues and active international cooperation. Further research will identify key determinants of terrorism in Eastern Europe.
43
Caestecker, Frank. "Red Aid, a Non-Accommodating NGO Challenging the Power of West-European States to Deny Protection to Undeserving Refugees, 1933–1935." Journal of Migration History 5, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 304–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00502005.
Анотація:
This article outlines how a refugee policy took shape in the liberal countries bordering Nazi Germany during the first half of the 1930s. In Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia and Switzerland, immigration policy had become much more restrictive by 1933 when the refugees from Germany applied for asylum and the necessity for a ‘side entrance’ for asylum seekers to these countries became apparent. The focus here is on the role of the Communist aid organisation, the Red Aid, in this endeavour. In comparison to the social-democratic aid organisations, the Red Aid was deficient, but most importantly it was an outsider to the political regime, while the Social-Democrats were part of the political regime. Still the authorities in all countries conceded by 1935 that German Communist refugees were more deserving than other unwanted immigrants who were expelled without much ado. This article argues that the campaigns of the Red Aid in the rather limited liberalisation of policy towards Communist refugees by 1935 did have some effect since their denouncement of the inhumane treatment of Communist refugees led these liberal polities to restrain themselves in their treatment of these most ‘undeserving’ of refugees.
44
Campbell, Elizabeth. "Claiming National Heritage: State Appropriation of Nazi Art Plunder in Postwar Western Europe." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 4 (April 27, 2020): 793–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009419893737.
Анотація:
In the wake of the Second World War, cultural officers from the western Allied powers recovered several million objects plundered by the Nazis – works of art, Judaica, fine furniture, collectible books and archive collections. Recent books and films have popularized the history of the heroic art recovery effort, but less well-known is the story of what happened to objects that were never returned to rightful owners. In France, Belgium and the Netherlands, postwar governments selected the best of the unclaimed objects and distributed them to public museums, ministries, embassies and other state buildings. This public use of recovered art quietly endured until the 1990s, when heightened awareness of Holocaust-era assets led to greater public and press scrutiny and an increase in restitution claims. This article examines the origins of postwar art custodianships in a comparative analysis of French, Belgian and Dutch restitution policies. The comparison reveals national differences in the scope of looting operations and postwar restitution policies, yet the broad contours of each government’s approach to ownerless art are remarkably similar. In all three cases the custodianships continued the long-term dispossession of Jewish owners wrought by the Nazis and their collaborators.
45
Bouteiller, Xavier P., Frédéric Barraquand, Pauline Garnier-Géré, Noémie Harmand, Yec’han Laizet, Alexandre Raimbault, Raphaël Segura, et al. "No evidence for genetic differentiation in juvenile traits between Belgian and French populations of the invasive tree Robinia pseudoacacia." Plant Ecology and Evolution 151, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2018.1403.
Анотація:
Background – The role of evolution in biological invasion studies is often overlooked. In order to evaluate the evolutionary mechanisms behind invasiveness, both quantitative and population genetics studies are underway on Robinia pseudoacacia L., one of the worst invasive tree species in Europe.Methods – A controlled experiment was set up using 2000 seeds from ten populations in Southern France and ten populations in Belgium. Seedlings were cultivated in two climatic chambers set at 18°C and 22°C. Early development life history traits (e.g. seedling phenology) and functional traits (e.g. growth rates) were monitored. Genotyping using SNP markers was used to evaluate the genetic differentiation among the populations and a QST – FST comparison was done in order to test for the role of selection.Results – Populations exhibited a strong plasticity to temperature for all measured traits, the warmer environment being generally more suitable, irrespective of their origin. No significant departure from neutral evolution was evidenced by the QST – FST comparisons, although we found a slightly significant differentiation at the molecular level. Conclusion – Plasticity for the functional and life history traits was evidenced but no genetic interaction suggesting no possible evolution of plasticity at those traits. Moreover, no support for genetic differentiation and local adaptation was found among studied populations within invasive range, raising two main questions: first, what is the role of selection on functional and life-history traits; and second, is the elapsed time since first introduction sufficient to allow evolution and local adaptation?
46
Kachanov, Andrey Borisovich, Yulia Alexandrovna Pavlova, and Alexander Vladimirovich Vokhmyakov. "Topical administration of Oftaquix® and Tobrex® in refractive surgery." Ophthalmology journal 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ov2013255-59.
Анотація:
Background: Due to the growing resistance of causative microorganisms to previous generations of antibiotics and to the risk of post-op infectious complications associated with it, an efficacy and safety assessment of modern fluoroquinolones’ prophylactic topical administration appears to be reasonable. Purpose: To investigate the efficacy and safety of levofloxacin 0.5 % ophthalmic solution (Oftaquix®, Santen, Finland) topical use in modern excimer laser refractive surgery (LASIK). Material and methods: Patients were randomized into two treatment groups: Thirty two patients (64 eyes) were treated with levofloxacin 0.5 % ophthalmic solution (Oftaquix®, Santen, Finland) b.i.d. and thirty patients (60 eyes) received tobramycine 0.3 % eye drops (Tobrex®, Alcon-Couvreur, Belgium) q. t.d., both during first 7 days post-op. LASIK procedure using excimer laser MEL-80 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) and mechanical microkeratome LSK Moria Evolution-2 (Moria, France) was performed in all patients for myopia from –1.0 to –12.0 D. Patient’s age varied from 18 to 40 years (mean age 28.4±7.8). Results: During topical application of Oftaquix® and Tobrex® in our refractive surgery patients there were no topical, or systemic adverse reactions, or allergic reactions. Oftaquix® and Tobrex® had good topical tolerability. Therapeutic dosage regimen, sufficient in terms of anti-infective prophylaxis, in case of Oftaquix® was twice as low in comparison to Tobrex®. Tear film break-up time (TFBUT) preand post-op was comparable between groups. In both groups, TFBUT post-op was significantly lower compared to pre-op values (p < 0.01). Tear production (Shirmer-I test) in both groups remained almost the same (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Oftaquix® (Santen, Finland) ophthalmic solution is effective and safe for prevention of infectious complications after LASIK and appears to be a rational alternative to tobramycine 0.3 % eye drops (Tobrex®, Alcon-Couvreur, Belgium).
47
Kokko, Sami, Leena Martin, Susanna Geidne, Aurelie Van Hoye, Aoife Lane, Jeroen Meganck, Jeroen Scheerder, et al. "Does sports club participation contribute to physical activity among children and adolescents? A comparison across six European countries." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 47, no. 8 (July 12, 2018): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818786110.
Анотація:
Aims: Insufficient physical activity (PA) is one of the largest public health challenges of our time and requires a multisectoral public-health response. PA recommendations state that all children and adolescents should accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) daily and carry out vigorous PA (VPA) three times weekly. While participation in sports club activities is known to enhance the probability of reaching the recommended overall PA level, less is known about the contribution of sports club participation to VPA, and few cross-national comparisons have been carried out. The purpose of this paper is to study whether participation in sports club activities is associated with meeting the overall PA and VPA recommendations among children and adolescents across six European countries, namely Belgium (Flanders), Czech Republic, Finland, France, Ireland and Sweden. Methods: Analyses were carried out on existing self-reported national data sets using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: Results indicate that approximately two-thirds of children and adolescents take part in sports club activities in the given countries. Sports club participants were more likely to meet the overall PA recommendations (OR 2.4–6.4) and VPA recommendation (OR 2.8–5.0) than non-participants. Conclusions: The extent to which overall PA and/or VPA is gained through sports club participation versus other settings needs to be further studied. Nonetheless, it can be argued that sports clubs have an important position in PA promotion for younger populations.
48
Havlíček, Jaroslav, Ludmila Dömeová, Luboš Smutka, Helena Řezbová, Lucie Severová, Tomáš Šubrt, Karel Šrédl, and Roman Svoboda. "Efficiency of Pig Production in the Czech Republic and in an International Context." Agriculture 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120597.
Анотація:
This study presents a comparison of the performance and the ranking of pork producers in 16 countries over the period 2012–2017. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to make the ranking and identify the best practices among the involved countries (“peers”). For the DEA analysis, the output is aggregated into the category Carcass meat production in sow/year/kg, the inputs into Feed costs, Other variable costs, Labor costs, Depreciation and finance costs. In the first round of evaluation, only Brazil, the USA and The Netherlands were designated as peers. Significant differences between the highest-ranking values (1) and the lowest-ranking values (0.709) showed greater differences between European and non-European pork manufacturers. To get more European countries among the peers, non-European countries the USA and Brazil were excluded from the second round of evaluation. The second round of evaluation indicated that Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain are efficient producers with regard to the given inputs. The ratings of Germany, Italy and France are close to one (with differences of less than 4%); therefore, these countries can also be classified as efficient units. The identification of peers among selected EU producers represents “best practices” in the field.
49
Karimova, Madina. "A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NOTARY INSTITUTION OF THE ROMANO-GERMANIC AND ANGLO-SAXON LEGAL FAMILIES." Review of Law Sciences 5, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.rols.2021.5.1./pccg1119.
Анотація:
The public notary is, in principle, a public institution that certifies transactions and gives legal effect to various documents. However, is the institution of the public notary treated equally in different states? The article is devoted to a comparative legal analysis of the institution of notaries of some developed countries of the Romano-Germanic (continental) and Anglo-Saxon legal families, including the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author drew a parallel with the legal phenomena and significant differences of the institute of notaries of such countries as the Republic of Uzbekistan, the United States, Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, France, and Belgium. The article analyzes the current situation of the notary in the above-mentioned countries, focusing on differences and similarities in law enforcement practice. The author applied both empirical (comparison) and theoretical (analysis) research methods in order to maximize the study of aspects and phenomena of the institution of notaries. In the course of the study, a number of drawbacks and specific features of the notarial system of each states were identified. The considered analysis and research could be applied to improve the institution of notaries, the implementation of law enforcement practices and the elimination of deficiencies that may hinder the development of this phenomenon as an independent body in the legal sphere of activity.
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Lotan, Yair, Georgios Gakis, Matteo Manfredi, Juan Morote, Hugh Mostafid, Francesco Porpiglia, Cedric Poyet, et al. "Alternating Cystoscopy with Bladder EpiCheck® in the Surveillance of Low-Grade Intermediate-Risk NMIBC: A Cost Comparison Model." Bladder Cancer 7, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/blc-211528.
Анотація:
BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer surveillance is invasive, intensive and costly. Patients with low grade intermediate risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) are at high risk of recurrence. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this model is to compare the cost of a strategy to alternate surveillance with cystoscopy and a urine marker, Bladder EpiCheck, to standard surveillance. METHODS: A decision tree model was built using TreeAge Pro Healthcare to compare standard surveillance (Standard) with a modified surveillance incorporating Bladder EpiCheck. The model was based on 2 years of surveillance. Outcomes were obtained from literature. Costs were obtained from US and 9 European countries. Sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: The efficacy of the model was equivalent in terms of recurrence for each arm with median recurrence rate of 22%. When setting marker price at 200 local currency, the marker arm was less expensive in the USA, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Italy, Austria and UK by 154€ to 329£ per patient, for a 2-year period. Cost was higher in France, Spain, and Germany by 33–103€. Cost parity was achieved with marker price between 148€ and $421. Marker cost and specificity have the greatest impact on the overall model cost. CONCLUSIONS: A strategy alternating the urine marker Bladder EpiCheck with cystoscopy in the surveillance of patients with low grade intermediate risk bladder cancer is cost equivalent in the US and European countries when the marker is priced 148€ –$421, as a result of the marker’s high specificity (86%). Prospective studies will be necessary to validate these findings.