Дисертації з теми "Fraction de gaz"

Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Fraction de gaz.

Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями

Оберіть тип джерела:

Ознайомтеся з топ-50 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Fraction de gaz".

Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.

Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.

Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.

1

Jannoun, Pascal. "Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation 0D/1D de la quantité de gaz résiduels dans un moteur à allumage commandé." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0010/document.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
La quantité de gaz résiduels présents dans le cylindre d’un moteur à combustion interne a une influence important sur son fonctionnement (combustion, rendement, émissions,..) particulièrement en allumage commandé. Aujourd’hui, il est possible de modifier cette quantité, notamment grâce à des systèmes de distribution variable. Cependant, la détermination expérimentale de la quantité de résiduels et l’estimation à partir de modèles numériques restent délicates. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer de nouvelles méthodologies pour traiter ces deux problématiques. Un point bibliographique est tout d’abord effectué pour dresser un état de l’art. Il recense les principaux paramètres influençant la quantité de résiduels, les effets des résiduels sur le fonctionnement du moteur, les moyens expérimentaux et les modèles disponibles pour en évaluer la quantité. Un système original est ensuite développé pour mesurer la quantité de résiduels à partir d’un prélèvement gazeux effectué dans le cylindre à la fin de la compression. Les résultats ainsi obtenus sur l’ensemble du champ de fonctionnement d’un moteur automobile atmosphérique à allumage commandé sont ensuite analysés en fonction du régime, de la charge et de la position du déphaseur installé sur l’arbre à came d’admission. Enfin, plusieurs modélisations de la phase de croisement des soupapes en approche 0D/1D sont évaluées. L’approche classique de mélange parfait n’étant pas satisfaisante, de nouvelles approches originales sont proposée et testées. Une approche hybride mêlant mélange parfait et déplacement parfait permet d’obtenir des résultats améliorés, après calibration d’un paramètre en fonction du régime et de la charge du moteur
The amount of residual gas trapped in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine has a huge influence on its behavior (combustion, efficiency, emission,..), in particular for spark ignition engines. Nowadays, it is possible to modify this amount, in particular with variable valve train. However, the experimental assessment of residual gas content and its evaluation with numerical simulation are still challenging. The objective of this study is to propose new methodologies to improve these two aspects. A bibliographical survey is first proposed to give state of the art. It gathers the main parameters influencing residual gas content, the effects of residual gas on engine behavior, experimental procedures and numerical models available for residual gas content estimation. An original system is then developed to measure the amount of residual gas with an in-cylinder gas sampling triggered at the end of compression stroke. The results, obtained on the whole operating map of a naturally aspirated automotive spark ignition engine, are analyzed with respect to engine rotation speed, load and cam phaser position (intake side). Finally, various modeling of valve overlap with a 0D/1D approach are assessed. The standard “perfect mixing” assumption is not fully satisfactory, so that new assumptions are proposed and tested. A hybrid approach combining “perfect mixing” and “perfect displacement” allows for improved agreement with experiments, after calibration of a model parameter with respect to engine rotation speed and load
2

Sportisse, RoyetT Myriam. "Modélisation des propriétés thermodynamiques des gaz à condensat : par représentation de la fraction lourde à l'aide de fonctions de distribution." Aix-Marseille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX22076.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Si, a l'heure actuelle, nous sommes capables de simuler de maniere quasi-predictive le comportement des huiles, aucune methode vraiment satisfaisante n'a encore ete developpee pour predire les proprietes des gaz a condensat. Pour ce type de fluides, l'ajustement des modeles thermodynamiques reste incontournable. Nous proposons une strategie d'ajustement basee sur la representation de la fraction lourde des gaz a condensat par des fonctions de distributions des trois familles chimiques suivantes: paraffines, monoaromatiques, polyaromatiques. Le probleme se ramene alors a la determination des parametres definissant ces fonctions afin de minimiser l'erreur sur la courbe de depot liquide a masse constante, que l'on obtient indirectement apres un certain nombre de calculs d'equilibre, couteux en temps calcul. Du fait de l'existence de nombreux minima locaux sur la fonction d'erreur a minimiser, un algorithme d'optimisation des parametres fonde sur une methode du simplex de nelder-mead couplee a une procedure de recuit simule a ete utilise. Les calculs des proprietes pvt sont effectues a partir de l'equation d'etat de peng-robinson (1978). Pour les polyaromatiques, des correlations simples pour la determination des proprietes des corps purs ont ete developpees, les correlations proposees par rogalski et neau (1990) etant utilisees pour les n-alcanes et les monoaromatiques. De bons resultats ont ete obtenus sur plus de 20 gaz a condensat d'origines geographiques diverses. De plus, notre methode predit les masses volumiques du liquide de stockage et de la fraction lourde avec une erreur moyenne de 1,2% et 3,6%. Les resultats satisfaisants pour les tests d'extrapolation en temperature demontrent la validite de notre methodologie dans un large domaine de pression et de temperature
3

Al-Khazraji, Hayder. "Influence of crack opening, aggregates size and volume fraction on hydro-mechanical properties of concrete in a Brazilian splitting test : 3D meso-macro scale modeling and experimental work." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4106/document.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
La perméabilité influe indirectement sur la durabilité des structures en béton. Elle gouverne le taux de pénétration des agents agressifs, responsables de dégradations, sous un gradient de pression. Ce travail a pour but l’étude des interactions entre l’ouverture des fissures et le transport des fluides dans le béton, soumis à un essai Brésilien de traction indirect par fendage. Cette étude est composée de deux parties : une numérique et une expérimentale. La première concerne la modélisation des matériaux hétérogènes, tels que le béton, et met en évidence ses deux particularités : l’aspect multiphasique du matériau et la propagation 3D de fissures. Ainsi, nous proposons un couplage entre l’ouverture de fissure et la perméabilité au gaz selon un modèle hydromécanique à l’échelle mésoscopique. L’objectif de la deuxième partie expérimentale est de fournir des données pour des modèles numériques et de les valider ainsi. Ce travail est réalisé sur des éprouvettes de mortier avec 3 différents tailles de granulat, soumises au transfert de gaz au cours du chargement par l’essai Brésilien. Le modèle numérique mésoscopique, employé dans cette étude, est basé sur une approche tridimensionnelle pour représenter l’hétérogénéité du matériau et les mécanismes de rupture du béton. Ce modèle considère le béton comme un matériau bi-phasique où les granulats sont fondus dans la pâte du ciment. Afin de pallier aux hétérogénéités du matériau et l’emploi du maillage non-adaptatif, une faible discontinuité a été introduite dans le premier enrichissement de la cinématique. Le deuxième enrichissement de la cinématique introduite ici est la discontinuité du déplacement (forte) afin de représenter l’ouverture de la fissure (champ du déplacement discontinu). Le modèle hydromécanique représente le transport du fluide (gaz) dans le béton par l’intermédiaire de la loi de Darcy pour la section non fissurée (porosité) et par la loi de Poiseuille pour la section fissurée (flux laminaire). Dans ce modèle, une interaction entre l’ouverture de fissure, obtenue par le modèle mécanique (mésoscopique), et la perméabilité du gaz est considérée. Le travail expérimental effectué est présenté pour la validation du modèle hydro-mécanique numérique proposé. Les résultats de simulations numériques sont en accord avec des travaux expérimentaux et théoriques précédents
Permeability is a parameter that may indirectly influence the durability of concrete structures by governing the rate of penetration of aggressive substances responsible for degradation under a pressure gradient. The aim of this thesis is to study the interaction between the crack opening and the transfer of fluids in concrete of the Brazilian splitting tensile test (BSTT). Herein, the influence of aggregates size and volume fraction on hydro-mechanical properties of concrete is investigated. This study consists of two parts: the numerical and the experimental one. The first one focuses on the meso-scale modeling of a heterogeneous material like a concrete, which may be characterized by two features: multi-phase behavior and 3D crack propagation. The numerical study deals therefore with the coupling between crack opening and gas permeability according to a developed hydro-mechanical model at a meso-scale. The objective of the second, experimental part, is to provide data for numerical models and to validate the latter. This work is carried out on mortar specimens with 3 different aggregate sizes, submitted to gas transfer during a BSTT. The numerical meso-scale model is based upon a 3D lattice approach to represent the heterogeneity of the material and the failure mechanism of concrete. This model considers concrete as a two-phases material in which aggregates melt within a cement paste. Because a non-adapted meshing process was used to mesh the microstructure, a weak discontinuity was introduced in the first enhancement of the kinematics. The second enhancement of kinematics introduced here is the displacement discontinuity (strong) to represent crack opening (discontinuous displacement-field). The hydro-mechanical model represents the transport of fluids (gases) through the concrete, depending on Darcy's law for a uncracked section (porosity) and Poiseuille's law for a cracked section (laminar flow). In this model, the interaction between the crack opening, obtained from the mechanical model (meso-scale), and the gas permeability is investigated. The experimental work is presented for the validation of the hydro-mechanical model. The numerical results show good agreement with some previous experimental and theoretical studies
4

Holzmann, Markus. "La transition de Bose-Einstein dans un gaz dilué." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011774.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Dans cette thèse je présente mes travaux sur la transition de Bose-Einstein dans un gaz dilué, où l'interaction entre les bosons est caractérisée par la longueur de diffusion a. Au début j'étudie la température critique de la condensation dans un gaz homogène. En mettant en oeuvre des approches diverses - analytiques et numériques —, je montre la linéarité en a de la correction dominante à la température critique du gaz parfait. En utilisant une approche perturbative dans un calcul de Monte-Carlo quantique, la valeur de la température critique est obtenue dans la limite d'un gaz très dilué. Ensuite je présente mes calculs de Monte-Carlo quantique adaptés à une situation expérimentale avec N = 10 000 atomes piégés dans un potentiel harmonique. Je détermine la fraction condensée et la fonction d'onde du condensat dans ce système inhomogène, partant du concept de l'ordre non-diagonal à longue portée. La comparaison quantitative du calcul de Monte-Carlo quantique avec des approximations simples montre les limites d'une approximation de champ moyen et permet d'estimer les effets de corrélation dans un gaz piégé.
5

Wicker, Raphaël. "Baryons in galaxy clusters : astrophysical effects and cosmological constraints." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASP114.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Les amas de galaxies sont les objets gravitationnellement liés les plus massifs de l'univers, et l'histoire de leur formation est une conséquence directe de l'évolution des structures dans l'univers. Ainsi, leur étude permet de poser des contraintes cosmologiques. L'utilisation des amas en tant que sondes cosmologiques repose sur l'observation de leur contenu en matière, en particulier ordinaire, ou baryons. Ces derniers sont présents sous forme d'étoiles contenues dans les galaxies, et de gaz au sein du milieu intra-amas. Toutefois, les baryons dans les amas de galaxies sont sujets à des effets astrophysiques qui affecteront leurs propriétés. Ces effets doivent être étudiés en détail afin d'obtenir une bonne compréhension des amas et contraindre correctement les conditions ayant dicté leur formation, jusqu'à leurs propriétés actuelles.Je propose ainsi dans cette thèse une étude approfondie des baryons et de leurs effets dans les amas, des galaxies au gaz, à partir d'observations en millimétrique, optique, et rayons X.Une première partie de mon étude se concentre sur les galaxies et l'analyse de leurs propriétés à partir de données de spectroscopie optique, dans deux systèmes triples d'amas découverts par le satellite Planck. Je montre que ces deux systèmes n'apparaissent triples que suite à des effets de projection sur la ligne de visée, et sont en réalité constitués de plusieurs amas isolés se trouvant à plusieurs centaines de megaparsecs les uns des autres, exceptée une paire d'amas.De plus je montre que dans l'amas le plus distant, certaines galaxies forment encore des étoiles, contrairement aux galaxies dans les amas à plus bas redshift. Il est possible que cela marque la transition entre un régime d'intense formation stellaire dans les amas à haut redshift, et le régime de faible formation stellaire observé dans les amas à bas redshift.La suite de mon étude est dédiée à la fraction de gaz au sein des amas, en particulier afin de contraindre le biais découlant de l'hypothèse d'équilibre hydrostatique lors de la mesure de leur masse. Mal contraint, ce "biais hydrostatique", est responsable de contraintes cosmologiques biaisées à partir des amas. En utilisant des masses de gaz et des masses totales mesurées en rayons X sous l'hypothèse de l'équilibre hydrostatique, j'ai calculé la fraction de gaz de 120 amas, et ai étudié la valeur du biais hydrostatique et son évolution avec la masse et le redshift. Je montre que l'évolution du biais est dégénérée avec les paramètres cosmologiques, menant à des contraintes cosmologiques aberrantes en cas de mauvaise prise en compte de l'évolution du biais. Cependant, je montre que mes résultats dépendent de l'échantillon choisi, avec une évolution du biais différente suivant la sélection en masse et en redshift. Je montre toutefois que quelque soit la sélection de l'échantillon, mes résultats sont en accord avec un ensemble de mesures directes par d'autres méthodes, ainsi qu'avec les prédictions de simulations hydrodynamiques. Ces résultats sont néanmoins en désaccord avec la valeur de biais favorisée par des observations du fond diffus cosmologique combinées à des comptages d'amas.Enfin, j'ai combiné des données de fraction de gaz d'amas de galaxies avec des comptages réalisés à partir d'observations en ondes millimétriques. Cela m'a permis d'étudier les contraintes cosmologiques rendues possibles par cette combinaison, ainsi que les contraintes sur le biais hydrostatique. Je montre que l'ajout de données de fraction de gaz aux comptages d'amas permet de briser des dégénérescences existantes entre le biais hydrostatique et certains paramètres cosmologiques, sans a priori sur le biais.Mon travail a donc permis d'améliorer notre compréhension d'ensemble des propriétés astrophysiques des baryons dans les amas. J'ai notamment mis en évidence certains des liens entre effets astrophysiques et contraintes cosmologiques par les amas, permettant leur description fidèle et robuste
Galaxy clusters are the most massive gravitationally bound structures of the universe, and the history of their formation is a direct consequence of the evolution of the large scale structure of the universe. As a result, studying these objects allows to constrain cosmological parameters, which are at the core of the models describing the evolution of our universe. The use of galaxy clusters as cosmological probes relies on the observation of their matter content, and in particular their content in ordinary matter, or "baryons". Baryonic matter is mainly present under the form of stars in galaxies and of gas inside the intra-cluster medium. However, baryons in galaxy clusters are subject to astrophysical effects which will impact their properties. These effects need to be analysed in detail in order to obtain an in depth understanding of these objects and to properly constrain the conditions that dictated their formation, their assembly, and their current properties.I propose in this thesis a thorough analysis of baryons and of their effects in clusters, from galaxies to the gas, using observations in optical, X-ray, and millimeter wavelengths. A first part of my study is focused on galaxies and the analysis of their properties from optical spectroscopy, inside two triple-cluster systems discovered by the Planck satellite. I show that these two systems appear as triple only due to projection effects on the line of sight, and that they are actually constituted of isolated clusters lying at several hundreds of megaparsecs from each other, except for a cluster pair. I show in addition that inside the most distant cluster, several galaxies are still star-forming, contrary to the galaxies in lower redshift systems. This may be the sign of a transition between a regime of high star formation in high redshift systems and the low star formation regime which is observed in low redshift clusters.The remainder of my work is dedicated to the gas fraction in galaxy clusters, in particular to constrain the bias which appears following the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium when measuring cluster masses. This "hydrostatic bias", if poorly understood, is responsible for biased cosmological constraints from galaxy clusters. By using gas masses and total masses computed under the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium in X-ray observations, I computed the gas fraction of 120 galaxy clusters, and constrained the value of the hydrostatic bias, as well as its evolution with mass and redshift. I show that the evolution of the bias is degenerate with cosmological parameters, leading to aberrant cosmological constraints when assuming the wrong evolution for the bias. I however show that these results are dependent on the considered sample, with trends of the bias changing depending on the mass and redshift selection of the sample. In any case, whatever the sample selection I find that my results are in agreement with a collection of other measurements of the bias using other methods, as well as with predictions from hydrodynamical simulations. These results are nevertheless in tension with the value of the bias preferred by the combination of cosmic microwave background observations with galaxy cluster number counts.Finally I combined gas fraction data of clusters with cluster number counts from millimeter wavelengths observations. This allowed me to study the constraints on cosmological parameters that this combination allowed, as well as the constraints on the hydrostatic bias. I show that adding gas fraction to cluster counts allows to break degeneracies that exist between the hydrostatic bias and cosmological parameters, without any prior on the bias.My work thus allowed to improve the understanding of the astrophysical properties of baryons in galaxy clusters. I notably highlighted some of the links and correlations between astrophysical effects and cluster cosmology, allowing for an accurate and robust description of these objects
6

Durecu, Sylvain. "Biométhanisation des déchets d'élevage : approche de la solubilisation de la fraction solide et valorisation de sous-produits." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10304.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Afin d'améliorer les performances de la digestion mésophile du lisier de porc au temps de rétention défini de 10 jours, la solubilisation de la fraction solide, étape limitante de la biométhanisation, a été étudiée en digesteurs expérimentaux infiniment mélangés
To improve the performances of the mésophile digestion of pork's(pig) liquid manure in the time of retention defined of 10 days, the solubilization of the solid fraction, the limitante stage of the biomethanation, was studied experimental infinitely mixed digesteurs there
7

Cenker, Emre. "Imaging measurements of soot particle size and soot volume fraction with laser-induced incandescence at Diesel engine conditions." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0049/document.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit concerne les mesures de taille de particule et de fraction volumique de suies dans des conditions moteur Diesel. Les techniques utilisées sont la laser-Induced incandescence (LII), la méthode d’extinction laser (LEM), la pyrométrie, et l’analyse d’images de microscopie électronique par transmission (TEM) d’échantillons prélevés in-Situ. Des stratégies de mesure de tailles de particules sont développées en se basant sur l’utilisation d’un modèle LII et en analysant la poly-Dispersion des tailles de particules, aussi bien à partir de signaux de LII résolu en temps (mesures ponctuelles) à pression atmosphérique, que d’informations résolues spatialement provenant d’images acquises a deux instants différents. Des mesures sont effectuées avec ces stratégies sur une flamme à pression atmosphérique et dans des conditions représentatives des conditions moteur Diesel pour évaluer leur applicabilité. Des mesures supplémentaires de température et de fraction volumique de suies sont aussi réalisés.Une nouvelle méthode, appelée two-Exponential reverse fitting (TERF) est introduite. Elle vise à extraire des informations sur la distribution de tailles de particules. Cette méthode est basée sur l’utilisation de fits mono-Exponentiel du signal de décroissance de LII à différents intervalles de temps. La distribution de tailles de particules est approximée par la combinaison de deux distributions de tailles de particules mono-Disperses : une petite et une large. Aucune hypothèse sur la forme de la distribution n’est nécessaire. La méthode permet aussi de fournir le ratio de la proportion respective des deux classes de particules. L’erreur systématique induite par la description mono-Exponentielle de la décroissance du signal de LII a été calculée et est inférieure à 2% pour des décroissances de signal de LII d’aggregats mono-Disperses avec des températures de chauffe pour lesquels la sublimation des suies est négligeable. La méthode a été appliquée à des données de LII obtenus sur une flamme laminaire atmosphérique éthylene/air à différentes hauteurs. Les résultats obtenus montrent un bon accord entre les tailles des grosses particules évaluées avec la méthode TERF et celle obtenue par analyse des images TEM. En revanche l’accord n’est pas obtenu pour les petites particules, ce qui est attribué à un manque d’information sur cette classe de particule dans l’analyse TEM.Des champs de fraction volumique de suies sont ensuite obtenus dans une cellule haute pression haute température dans les conditions opératoires du réseau ECN (Engine Combustion Network) par technique combinée de LEM et LII simultanées. Les mesures sont réalisées dans les conditions du spray A et incluent des variations paramétriques (température et dilution). La distance de Lift Off de la flamme est déterminée en parallèle par visualisation directe de la chimiluminescence OH. Des niveaux de fraction volumique maximale de 2-3ppm sont obtenus dans les conditions nominales du spray A (i.e. 900K), et peuvent atteindre 12 pmm à haute température (1030K). L’effet des variations de température et de concentration d’oxygène sur la formation et l’oxydation des suies et cohérente avec les résultats issus de la littérature.Une méthode d’imagerie de taille de particules est développée. Elle est basée sur l’acquisition de deux images de LII obtenues à deux instants différents après le pulse laser et l’analyse de ces images à l’aide de la simulation du signal LII pour déduire les tailles des particules à partir du rapport des images. Une stratégie basée sur une analyse par modèle LII est développée pour évaluer les incertitudes de mesure. La dépendance aux conditions limites de l’imagerie de taille de particule par LII est ainsi évaluée. [...]
This work focuses on measurements of soot particle size and volume fraction at Diesel engine conditions. A combination of laser-Induced incandescence (LII) imaging, line-Of-Sight laser extinction, soot pyrometry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements of thermophoretically-Sampled soot was used. Particle sizing strategies were developed with LII model for the analysis of particle-Size poly-Dispersity with time-Resolved LII signal that is suitable for point-Wise measurements at atmospheric pressure, and for spatially-Resolved characterization with two-Time-Step LII imaging. Measurements were performed with these strategies in a flame at atmospheric pressure and in Diesel engine combustion to investigate their applicability. Additional measurements were performed for temperature and soot volume fraction.A novel method, called two-Exponential reverse fitting (TERF), is introduced to extract information about the size distribution. The method is based on mono-Exponential fits to the LII signal decay at a delayed time. It approximates the particle-Size distribution as a combination of one large and one small mono-Disperse equivalent mean particle size and does not require a distribution assumption. It also provides a ratio of the contribution of both size classes. The systematic error caused by de-Scribing LII signals by mono-Exponential decays was calculated as less than 2% for LII signals simulated for mono-Disperse aggregated soot with heat-Up temperatures for which evaporation is negligible. The method was applied to LII data acquired in a laminar non-Premixed ethylene/air flame at various heights above the burner. The particle size of the large particle-Size class evaluated with the method showed good consistency with TEM results, however the size of the small particle-Size class and its relative contribution could not be compared due to insufficient information in the TEM results for small particles. Simultaneous line-Of-Sight laser extinction measurements and LII imaging were performed to de-Rive the soot volume fraction in a high-Temperature high-Pressure constant-Volume pre-Combustion vessel under the Engine Combustion Network’s (ECN) "Spray A" conditions with parametric variations of gas temperature and composition. Extinction measurements were used to calibrate LII images for quantitative soot distribution measurements. OH-Chemiluminescence imaging was used to determine the lift-Off length, and used to interpret the soot measurements. Maximum soot volume fractions around 2–3 ppm were obtained at the nominal ambient temperature defined for Spray A (i.e. 900 K) that rise to 12 ppm at elevated temperature (1030 K). Variations of ambient temperature and oxygen concentration were carried out showing effects on soot formation and oxidation that are consistent with the literature.The method for particle-Size imaging is based on evaluating gated LII signals acquired with two cameras consecutively after the laser pulse and using LII modeling to deduce particle size from the ratio of local signals. A strategy was developed with a model-Based analysis: the dependence of LII particle-Size imaging on the assumed boundary conditions was identified such as bathgas temperature, pressure, particle heat-Up temperature, thermal accommodation coefficients, and soot morphology. Various laser-Fluence regimes and gas pressures were considered. Effects of laser attenuation were evaluated. A combination of one detection gate starting with the particle-Heating and the other starting with 11 ns delay with twice as long gate width was found to provide the highest sensitivity for particle sizing at 60 bar. The optimum gate delays for different pressures were calculated. The effects of timing jitter for laser pulse and poly-Dispersity were investigated. Systematic errors in pyrometry imaging at 60 bar was evaluated. [...]
8

Mendes, Melchuna Aline. "Experimental study and modeling of methane hydrates cristallization under flow from emulsions with variable fraction of water and anti-agglomerant." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMSE0811/document.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
La cristallisation des hydrates pendant la production de pétrole est une source de risques, surtout liés au bouchage des lignes de production dû à l’agglomération des hydrates. Pendant l'extraction de pétrole, l'huile et l'eau circulent dans le pipeline et forment une émulsion instable. La phase eau se combine avec les composants d'hydrocarbures légers et peut former des hydrates. La cristallisation des hydrates a été intensivement étudiée, principalement à faible fraction d’eau. Cependant, lorsque le champ de pétrole devient mature, la fraction d’eau augmente et peut devenir la phase dominante, un système peu étudié concernant à la formation d'hydrates. Plusieurs techniques peuvent être combinées pour éviter ou remédier la formation d'hydrates. Récemment, une nouvelle classe d'additifs a commencé à être étudiée : Inhibiteurs d'Hydrates à Bas Dosage (LDHI), divisés en Inhibiteurs Cinétiques (KHI-LDHI) et anti-agglomérants (AA-LDHI).Ce travail est une étude paramétrique de la formation d'hydrates à partir de l'émulsion, en variant la fraction d’eau, le débit, en absence et en présence d’AA-LDHI. Les expériences ont été réalisées sur la boucle d'écoulement Archimède, qui est en mesure de reproduire les conditions de la mer profonde. L'objectif de cette étude est d'améliorer la compréhension de la formation d'hydrate et de comprendre comment l'additif dispersant évite l'agglomération. Pour ce faire, un modèle comportemental de la cristallisation pour les systèmes sans et avec additif a été développé. Il a également été proposé une technique pour déterminer la phase continue du système et un mécanisme d'action pour l'anti-agglomérant a été suggéré
Crystallization of hydrates during oil production is a major source of hazards, mainly related to flow lines plugging after hydrate agglomeration. During the petroleum extraction, oil and water circulate in the flow line, forming an unstable emulsion. The water phase in combination with light hydrocarbon components can form hydrates. The crystallization of hydrates has been extensively studied, mainly at low water content systems. However, as the oil field matures, the water fraction increases and can become the dominant phase, a system less known in what concerns hydrate formation. Actually, several techniques can be combined to avoid or remediate hydrate formation. Recently, a new class of additives called Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitor (LDHI) started to be studied, they are classified as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors (KHI-LDHI) and Anti-Agglomerants (AA-LDHI).This work is a parametric study about hydrate formation from emulsion systems ranging from low to high water content, where different flow rates and the anti-agglomerant presence were investigated. The experiments were performed at the Archimède flow loop, which is able to reproduce deep sea conditions. The goal of this study is enhancing the knowledge in hydrate formation and comprehending how the dispersant additive acts to avoid agglomeration. For this matter, it was developed a crystallization topological model for the systems without and with additive. A technique to determine the system continuous phase and a mechanism of the anti-agglomerant action from the chord length measurements were also proposed
9

Baur, Loïc. "Contributions expérimentales sur les écoulements à bulles en rotation." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL131N.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Bien que les écoulements diphasiques tourbillonnaires soient largement rencontrés dans les procédés et dispositifs industriels, ils n'ont fait l'objet que d'études limitées. Ce mémoire traite des contributions que nous avons apportées à la connaissance de tels écoulements sur le plan expérimental. La configuration d'étude concerne un écoulement à bulles ascendant en conduite cylindrique verticale, qui traverse une structure alvéolaire tournante. Dans un premier temps, la boucle d'essais spécifique à cette étude ainsi que les différentes techniques de mesures utilisées sont décrites. Les résultats obtenus en monophasique sont alors donnés afin de qualifier le dispositif. Le comportement de la phase gazeuse est ensuite analysé par visualisations à l'aide de cameras et par des mesures de taux de vide local par sonde optique. La migration des bulles vers le centre de la conduite conduit à la formation d'un cœur dont le taux de vide peut atteindre 70% sans pour autant provoquer un régime annulaire. Ce cœur est de stabilité variable suivant les vitesses débitantes des deux phases et la vitesse de rotation. Enfin, des résultats de mesure de la pression pariétale et des vitesses sont donnés. Une bi-sonde optique est utilisée pour la phase gaz tandis que la vitesse de la phase liquide est mesurée par film chaud. Cette étude a donc permis de décrire la structure de l'écoulement et a apporté les premières données locales en vue d'une modélisation future
10

Peytraud, Jean-François. "Étude de la tomographie électrique pour la mesure du taux de vide local en écoulements diphasiques." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0035.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
La modelisation des ecoulements diphasiques multidimensionnels se heurte a l'heure actuelle au probleme de la determination des phases en presence. On se propose ici d'etudier l'application d'une technique d'imagerie medicale, la tomographie electrique, a la determination de la distribution des phases en ecoulement diphasique. On montre, dans un premier temps, que la conception rationnelle du capteur tomographique ne peut etre envisage sans une etude approfondie du conditionnement numerique de l'algorithme de reconstruction. Ce dernier, developpe en geometrie bidimensionnelle, a pour objet de resoudre le probleme inverse de la determination des frontieres des phases en presence. Cet algorithme est base sur la methode iterative de newton-raphson. A chaque iteration le probleme direct est resolu par la methode des integrales de frontiere. L'etude du conditionnement de la reconstruction montre que pour des conditions compatible avec un ecoulement diphasique, il est deraisonnable de vouloir reconstruire plus de 2 frontieres d'inclusions. De plus, meme dans ce cas, les niveaux de precision des mesures ne peuvent etre atteint que si l'on maitrise les variations de temperature du milieu ainsi que des phenomenes d'impedance d'interface. L'apparition d'image fantome lors de la reconstruction de milieu 3d amene a penser que la solution pourrait etre l'utilisation d'un capteur 3d. Ceci augmente la complexite du systeme sans aucun gain au niveau du conditionnement rendant ainsi cette approche irrealiste. Cependant dans des cas simples (une frontiere), toutes les techniques mise en uvre ici permettent l'obtention d'une image precise de cette frontiere
11

Chopard, Fabrice. "Etude de la distribution d'un écoulement diphasique et de la condensation d'un fluide réfrigérant dans une conduite à section rectangulaire." Aix-Marseille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX11059.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
De nouvelles mesures de la perte de charge diphasique et du taux de vide local ont ete effectuees pour ecoulement diphasique adiabatique ou en condensation dans un canal de section rectangulaire (lisse, arrangement d'obstacles en ligne ou en quinconce). Des correlations du taux de vide et du coefficient diphasique de frottement sont developpees a partir des donnees. Des comparaisons entre la chute de pression et l'intensification du transfert thermique sont presentees. Les points experimentaux sont determines dans des conditions industrielles de fonctionnement. Des cartes experimentales de repartition de taux de vide donnent des informations sur la distribution d'un ecoulement diphasique dans un arrangement d'obstacles. Nous demontrons que l'etude de la fonction densite de probabilite des fluctuations du taux de vide peut etre utilisee comme un indicateur objectif pour determiner le type de l'ecoulement diphasique en presence: ecoulement a bulles, a bouchons ou annulaire
12

Khan, Saad A. 1958. "Rheology of large gas fraction liquid foams." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15292.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE.
Bibliography: leaves 254-256.
by Saad Akhtar Khan.
Ph.D.
13

Zafarmand, Behrooz. "Simulation numérique des écoulements turbulents et à bulles dans un canal simple et dans un Té par la méthode des Vortex aléatoires." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL107N.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Ce travail est consacré à la simulation par la méthode des vortex aléatoires des écoulements turbulents et à bulles dans un canal et dans un Té. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l'écoulement monophasique. Pour l'écoulement entre deux plaques, nous avons calculé les grandeurs moyennes (vitesse, pression), les grandeurs statistiques concernant les fluctuations de vitesse et de pression, corrélations double, triple, spatio-temporelles de fluctuations de vitesse longitudinale, et la diffusion par la pression, et nous avons mis en évidence les structures cohérentes. Pour l'écoulement dans un Té, nous avons déterminé la vitesse et la pression moyenne, les fluctuations de vitesses proches de la jonction, les lignes de courant pour mettre en évidence les zones de recirculation. Dans l'écoulement à bulles nous avons déterminé les trajectoires de bulles et les profils de taux de vide dans un canal simple en écoulement ascendant et descendant. Dans le Té, les trajectoires instantanées de bulles et le taux de séparation ont été déterminés. Nous avons retrouvé que les deux phases ne se distribuent pas équitablement entre les deux branches de sortie du Té
14

Gezrok, Klaus. "Hydrodynamics of high phase fraction gas-liquid reactors." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518091.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
15

Waero, Rolf Rikard 1974. "The effect of spark timing on residual gas fraction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9056.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 37).
Residual gas tests were done on a 2.4 liter commercial engine to find a correlation for the effect on spark timing on residual gas fraction. The tests were done by sampling the charge mass during a non-firing cycle through a small hole into cylinder 4. The residual gas fraction was determined by measuring the CO2 content of the sample. The experiments were conducted for a variety of different spark timing and valve timing settings. Since the data was taken over a limited range, a physical basis for a correlation was developed. Following the approach used in a previous modeling effort, the residual gas fraction was modeled as the sum of two contributing factors: backflow from the exhaust port to the cylinder during valve overlap and gas trapped inside the cylinder at the time of intake valve open. Additionally, the phenomenon of choked backflow was introduced in the model. Based on the data, a correlation was developed that estimates the residual gas fraction as a function of: intake to exhaust pressure ratio (Pi/Pe), valve profile, engine speed, compression ratio, and spark timing.
by Rolf Rikard Waero.
S.M.
16

Al-Oufi, Fahd M. "An investigation of gas void fraction and transition conditions for two-phase flow in an annular gap bubble column." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8499.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Gas-liquid flow may be characterised in terms of the gas void fraction, α. This is an important variable in two-phase flow, used in predicting the occurrence of flow regimes, and the associated pressure drop, and mass and heat transfer. The gas void fraction transitions in a two-phase flow system from uniform bubble flow (homogeneous) to churn-turbulent bubble flow (heterogeneous) in an open tube bubble column (OTBC) and an annular gap bubble column (AGBC) have been investigated using a vertical column with an internal diameter of 0.102 m, containing a range of concentric inner tubes which formed an annular gap; the inner tubes had diameter ratios from 0.25 - 0.69. Gas (air) superficial velocities in the range 0.014-0.200 m/s were studied. Tap water and aqueous solutions of ethanol and isopropanol, with concentrations in the range 8 - 300 ppm by mass, were used as the working liquids. Experimental results are presented to show that there are very significant differences in the mean gas void fractions measured in the OTBC and the AGBC, when operated at the same gas superficial velocity using a porous sparger. The mean gas void fraction decreases with increasing ratio of the inner to outer diameter of the annular gap column and the transition to heterogeneous flow occurs at lower gas superficial velocities and lower void fractions. Two reasons are proposed and validated by experimental investigations: (i) the presence of the inner tube causes large bubbles to form near the sparger, which destabilize the homogeneous bubbly flow and reduce the mean void fraction; this was confirmed by deliberately injecting large bubbles into a homogeneous dispersion of smaller bubbles. Moreover, (ii) the shape of the void fraction profiles changes with gap geometry, which affects the distribution parameter in the drift flux model. Radial profiles of the local void fraction were obtained using a two- and four-point conductivity probe, and were cross-sectionally averaged to give mean values that were within 12% of the volume-averaged gas void fractions obtained from changes in aerated level. The presence of alcohol inhibited the coalescence between the bubbles, and consequently increased the mean gas void fraction at a given gas superficial velocity in both the open tube and the annular gap bubble columns. This effect also extended the range of homogeneous bubbly flow and delayed the transition to heterogeneous flow. Moreover, isopropanol results gave slightly higher mean void fractions compared to those for ethanol at the same mass fraction, due to their increased carbon chain length. It was shown that the void fraction profiles in the annular gap bubble column were far from uniform, leading to lower mean void fractions than were obtained in an open tube for the same gas superficial velocity and liquid composition. The chord length measurements in the OTBC for both the tap water and alcohol solutions exhibited two trends with respect to increasing j_g: (i) at low j_g, in the homogeneous flow, an increasing function was obtained; and (ii) with further increase in j_g, a reduction in the chord length was observed. In the presence of the orifice, the results concerning mean chord lengths show a decreasing function of the bubble size with increasing j_g; this was visually demonstrated using photographs. For the AGBC, the chord lengths obtained from the conductivity probe offered evidence of the bubble size decreasing as j_g increased in the heterogeneous regime, which agreed with the findings of the OTBC. This was also confirmed using the results obtained from photographs. A novel approach for bubble size transformation was implemented to process the conductivity probe measurements. An analytical method was used as a forward transform to predict the chord length distribution from the bubble size distribution and an optimisation approach was applied as a backward transform method to obtain the bubble size distribution from the chord length distribution. The challenge was to consider a variable aspect ratio, φ, for the bubble shape, which depended on their size. The model gave excellent and reasonable predictions for the bubble sizes as their trends were identical to the trend of the chord length, and to the bubble size obtained from photographs.
17

Davis, Michael S. "Evaluation of clinical methods of pulmonary gas exchange assessment in the standing horse." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01242009-063110/.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
18

Berthe, Christine. "Etude de l'environnement du vanadium dans les fractions lourdes du pétrole." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1983/Berthe.Christine.SMZ8308.pdf.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
19

Addali, Abdulmajid. "Monitoring Gas Void Fraction In Two-Phase Flow With Acoustic Emission." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4475.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
The two-phase gas/liquid flow phenomenon can be encountered over a range of gas and liquid flow rates in the chemical engineering industry, particularly in oil and gas production transportation pipelines. Monitoring and measurement of their characteristics, such as the gas void fraction, are necessary to minimise the disruption of downstream process facilities. Thus, over the last decade, the investigation, development and use of multiphase flow metering system have been a major focus for the industry worldwide. However, these meters suffer from several limitations in some flow conditions such as Slug flow regime. This research presents experimental results correlating Acoustic Emission measurements with Gas Void Fraction (GVF) in a two-phase air / water flow. A unique experimental facility was modified to accommodate an investigation into the applicability of the Acoustic Emission (AE) technology in monitoring two-phase gas\liquid flow. The testing facility allowed for investigations over a range of superficial liquid velocities (0.3 to 2.0 ms-1) and superficial gas velocities (0.2 to 1.4 ms-1). The influence of several variables such as temperature, viscosity and surface roughness were also investigated. Measurements of AE for varying gas void fractions were compared to conductive probe measurements and results showed a direct correlation between the AE energy and the gas void fraction. It is concluded that the GVF can be determined by measurement of Acoustic Emission and this forms the major contribution of this thesis.
20

Lawrence, Martin. "Development of the gas phase laser induced phosphorscence technique and soot measurements in flame using laser induced incandescence." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/10540.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Thermometry measurements were carried out using planar laser induced phosphorescence in conjunction with thermographic phosphors in heated turbulent jets and laminar flames in order to further develop the technique for usage in flames. Two dimensional thermometry measurements are essential to improve the understanding of combustion processes, as temperature governs soot pyrolysis, leading to soot formation. Two particular thermographic phosphors, BAM and YAG:Dy were tested and compared and it was found that they were unsuitable for gas phase flame thermometry measurements. Soot volume fraction measurements were carried out using planar two colour laser induced incandescence in gaseous and liquid fuel flames. The gas fuel flames were diluted with nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen individually and then with nitrogen and hydrogen together, as well as carbon dioxide and hydrogen together, separately. Results revealed the dilution effects of the gases on the soot formation process, where increasing nitrogen percentage in the flow decreased SVF, carbon dioxide reduced it further and hydrogen showed no marked difference. Biodiesels were compared with each other and with diesel in a wick burner in order to analyse their compositional effects on soot. Biodiesel composition was measured using gas chromatography. The sooting tendencies of the biodiesels were as expected, fuels with a longer average carbon chain length and a higher degree of unsaturation were found to produce more soot than shorter, more saturated fuels. Diesel was sootier than all of the biofuels tested, due to containing aromatics and a lower oxygen content. A pilot study was also done, where the performance and emissions of biofuels and biofuel-diesel blends were tested in a gas turbine engine, in order to relate the investigation to real world situations.
21

Tacconi, L. J., R. Genzel, A. Saintonge, F. Combes, S. García-Burillo, R. Neri, A. Bolatto, et al. "PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/627042.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
This paper provides an update of our previous scaling relations between galaxy-integrated molecular gas masses, stellar masses, and star formation rates (SFRs), in the framework of the star formation main sequence (MS), with the main goal of testing for possible systematic effects. For this purpose our new study combines three independent methods of determining molecular gas masses from CO line fluxes, far-infrared dust spectral energy distributions, and similar to 1 mm dust photometry, in a large sample of 1444 star-forming galaxies between z = 0 and 4. The sample covers the stellar mass range log(M-*/M-circle dot) = 9.0-11.8, and SFRs relative to that on the MS, delta MS = SFR/SFR (MS), from 10(-1.3) to 10(2.2). Our most important finding is that all data sets, despite the different techniques and analysis methods used, follow the same scaling trends, once method-to-method zero-point offsets are minimized and uncertainties are properly taken into account. The molecular gas depletion time t(depl), defined as the ratio of molecular gas mass to SFR, scales as (1 + z)(-0.6) x (delta MS)(-0.44) and is only weakly dependent on stellar mass. The ratio of molecular to stellar mass mu(gas) depends on (1+ z)(2.5) x (delta MS)(0.52) x (M-*)(-0.36), which tracks the evolution of the specific SFR. The redshift dependence of mu(gas) requires a curvature term, as may the mass dependences of t(depl) and mu(gas). We find no or only weak correlations of t(depl) and mu(gas) with optical size R or surface density once one removes the above scalings, but we caution that optical sizes may not be appropriate for the high gas and dust columns at high z.
22

Hardin, John Wesley. "Quantification of soluble organic fraction measurement variation in diesel particulate matter emissions." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=6007.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 135 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-53).
23

Ткачук, Юрій Якович, Юрий Яковлевич Ткачук, Yurii Yakovych Tkachuk, and M. V. Naida. "Antiturbulence influence of small fractions soluble gas in liquid." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31433.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
One of the most famous ways of increasing the oil pipe-line capacity and extension of common pipe-effective pipe-lining transport is usage of antiturbulence additive (ATA). ATA – antiturbulence additive – a reagent for the reduction of hydraulic resistance are some materials that are soluble in the following liquid, reducting stipulated with friction of loss pressure when liquid flows in channel or pipe-line. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31433
24

Melia, F. "Constancy of the cluster gas mass fraction in the Rh=ct Universe." The Royal Society, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615118.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
The ratio of baryonic to dark matter densities is assumed to have remained constant throughout the formation of structure. With this, simulations show that the fraction $f_{\rm gas}(z)$ of baryonic mass to total mass in galaxy clusters should be nearly constant with redshift $z$. However, the measurement of these quantities depends on the angular distance to the source, which evolves with $z$ according to the assumed background cosmology. An accurate determination of $f_{\rm gas}(z)$ for a large sample of hot ($kT_e> 5$ keV), dynamically relaxed clusters could therefore be used as a probe of the cosmological expansion up to $z< 2$. The fraction $f_{\rm gas}(z)$ would remain constant only when the ``correct" cosmology is used to fit the data. In this paper, we compare the predicted gas mass fractions for both $\Lambda$CDM and the $R_{\rm h}=ct$ Universe and test them against the 3 largest cluster samples \cite{1,2,3}. We show that $R_{\rm h}=ct$ is consistent with a constant $f_{\rm gas}$ in the redshift range $z\lesssim 2$, as was previously shown for the reference $\Lambda$CDM model (with parameter values $H_0=70$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$, $\Omega_m=0.3$ and $w_\Lambda=-1$). Unlike $\Lambda$CDM, however, the $R_{\rm h}=ct$ Universe has no free parameters to optimize in fitting the data. Model selection tools, such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayes Information Criterion (BIC), therefore tend to favor $R_{\rm h}=ct$ over $\Lambda$CDM. For example, the BIC favours $R_{\rm h}=ct$ with a likelihood of $\sim 95\%$ versus $\sim 5\%$ for $\Lambda$CDM.
25

Ivansson, Niklas. "Estimation of the Residual Gas Fraction in an HCCI-engine using Cylinder Pressure." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1925.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:

The residual gas fraction is an important parameter to get good performance with high efficiency and low emissions in the HCCI-engine.

The goal in this thesis is to formulate an algorithm for estimation of the residual gas fraction based on the cylinder pressure. The estimation is improved if also the exhaust gas temperature is used together with the cylinder pressure.

The formulated algorithm has then been tested on data from a single cylinder engine running in HCCI-mode during steady state conditions. An error of 4% was noted compared with the residual gas fraction obtained from simulations.

The thesis also investigates the effects of some possible error sources.

26

Kumar, Mithlesh. "Magnetic flux distorsion in two-phase liquid metal flow." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/15854/1/Kumar_1.pdf.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
A Generation IV Sodium cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) is being researched and developed at CEA, Cadarache France under the project named ASTRID. Monitoring gas presence in SFR is important with respect to its safe operation. In accordance with the principles of diversity, techniques based on different measurement principles have been proposed. This thesis concerns the detection and characterization of void using magnetic flux perturbation principle. An Eddy Current Flow Meter (ECFM) device is used for this purpose. From the technological point of view, the objective is to evaluate the feasibility of ECFM as a flow and/or void monitoring/characterizing device; and to determine which parameters are of interest and what are the precision of these measurements; and whether it is possible to measure the flow rate and void fraction simultaneously with the same ECFM device. From the physics point of view, the ECFM system involves the magnetic flux perturbation due to voids in the presence of Faraday induction and Lorentz force effects. Therefore ECFM integrated signal contains informations about the void, Faraday induction and Lorentz force effects based perturbation in magnetic flux and their couplings. Our objective is to understand the nature and extent of these couplings. Specific experiments have been developed to study the effects of flow velocity, void fraction and magnetic flux pulsations on the response of an ECFM. It consists in modeling the two-phase flow by a moving aluminium rod (plug flow) with holes and grooves to simulate voids. Flow velocity range of variation was 0
27

Prasser, H. M., M. Beyer, H. Carl, Issa S. Al, P. Schütz, and H. Pietruske. "Experiments on two-phase flow in a vertical tube with a moveable obstacle." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-28086.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
A novel technique to study the two-phase flow field around an asymmetric diaphragm in a vertical pipe is presented, that enables producing data for CFD code validation in complex geometries. Main feature is a translocation of the diaphragm to scan the 3D void field with a stationary wire-mesh sensor. Besides the measurement of time-averaged void fraction fields, a novel data evaluation method was developed to extract estimated liquid velocity profiles from the wire-mesh sensor data. The flow around an obstacle of the chosen geometry has many topological similarities with complex flow situations in bends, T-junctions, valves, safety valves and other components of power plant equipment and flow phenomena like curved stream lines, which form significant angles with the gravity vector, flow separation at sharp edges and recirculation zones in their wake are present. In order to assess the quality of the CFD code and their underlying multiphase flow and turbulence models pre-test calculations by ANSYS CFX 10.0 were carried out. A comparison between the calculation results and the experimental data shows a good agreement in term of all significant qualitative details of the void fraction and liquid velocity distributions. Furthermore, the report contains a method to assess the lateral components of bubble velocities in the form of a basic theoretical description and visualisation examples. The plots show the deviation of the flow around the obstacle in term of vectors represented the average velocities of the instantaneous cross-sections of all bubbles in the time interval when they pass the measuring plane. A detailed uncertainty analyse of the velocity assessments concludes the presented report. It includes remarks about the comparison with a second method for calculating bubble velocity profiles - the cross-correlation. In addition, this chapter gives an overview about the influence of acceleration and deceleration effects on the velocity estimation.
28

Schütz, H., P. Pietruske, A. Manera, H. Carl, M. Beyer, and H. M. Prasser. "Experiments on upwards gas/liquid flow in vertical pipes." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-28091.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Two-phase flow experiments at vertical pipes are much suitable for studying the action of different constitutive relations characterizing the momentum exchange at the gas/liquid interface as well as the dynamic behaviour of the gas/liquid interface itself. The flow can be observed in its movement along the pipe and, in particular, within the shear field close to the pipe wall over a considerable vertical distance and, consequently, over a comparatively long time without the immediate separation of gas and liquid characteristic for horizontal flows. Wire-mesh sensors, which were the working horse in the described experiments, supplied sequences of instantaneous two-dimensional gas fraction distributions with a high-resolution in space and time. This allows to derive from the data not only void fraction and bubble velocity profiles, but also bubble size distributions, bubble-size resolved radial gas fraction profiles as well as the axial evolution of these distributions. An interfacial surface reconstruction algorithm was developed in order to extract the extension of interfacial area from the wire-mesh sensor data. The sensors were upgraded to withstand parameters that are close to nuclear reactor conditions. Most of the experiments were performed for both air/water flow at ambient pressure and steam/water flow of up to 6.5 MPa at identical combinations of the gas and liquid superficial velocities. This offers excellent conditions for studying the influence of the fluid properties.
29

Prasser, H. M., M. Beyer, H. Carl, Issa S. Al, P. Schütz, and H. Pietruske. "Experiments on two-phase flow in a vertical tube with a moveable obstacle." Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 2007. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21633.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
A novel technique to study the two-phase flow field around an asymmetric diaphragm in a vertical pipe is presented, that enables producing data for CFD code validation in complex geometries. Main feature is a translocation of the diaphragm to scan the 3D void field with a stationary wire-mesh sensor. Besides the measurement of time-averaged void fraction fields, a novel data evaluation method was developed to extract estimated liquid velocity profiles from the wire-mesh sensor data. The flow around an obstacle of the chosen geometry has many topological similarities with complex flow situations in bends, T-junctions, valves, safety valves and other components of power plant equipment and flow phenomena like curved stream lines, which form significant angles with the gravity vector, flow separation at sharp edges and recirculation zones in their wake are present. In order to assess the quality of the CFD code and their underlying multiphase flow and turbulence models pre-test calculations by ANSYS CFX 10.0 were carried out. A comparison between the calculation results and the experimental data shows a good agreement in term of all significant qualitative details of the void fraction and liquid velocity distributions. Furthermore, the report contains a method to assess the lateral components of bubble velocities in the form of a basic theoretical description and visualisation examples. The plots show the deviation of the flow around the obstacle in term of vectors represented the average velocities of the instantaneous cross-sections of all bubbles in the time interval when they pass the measuring plane. A detailed uncertainty analyse of the velocity assessments concludes the presented report. It includes remarks about the comparison with a second method for calculating bubble velocity profiles - the cross-correlation. In addition, this chapter gives an overview about the influence of acceleration and deceleration effects on the velocity estimation.
30

Schütz, H., P. Pietruske, A. Manera, H. Carl, M. Beyer, and H. M. Prasser. "Experiments on upwards gas/liquid flow in vertical pipes." Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 2007. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21637.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Two-phase flow experiments at vertical pipes are much suitable for studying the action of different constitutive relations characterizing the momentum exchange at the gas/liquid interface as well as the dynamic behaviour of the gas/liquid interface itself. The flow can be observed in its movement along the pipe and, in particular, within the shear field close to the pipe wall over a considerable vertical distance and, consequently, over a comparatively long time without the immediate separation of gas and liquid characteristic for horizontal flows. Wire-mesh sensors, which were the working horse in the described experiments, supplied sequences of instantaneous two-dimensional gas fraction distributions with a high-resolution in space and time. This allows to derive from the data not only void fraction and bubble velocity profiles, but also bubble size distributions, bubble-size resolved radial gas fraction profiles as well as the axial evolution of these distributions. An interfacial surface reconstruction algorithm was developed in order to extract the extension of interfacial area from the wire-mesh sensor data. The sensors were upgraded to withstand parameters that are close to nuclear reactor conditions. Most of the experiments were performed for both air/water flow at ambient pressure and steam/water flow of up to 6.5 MPa at identical combinations of the gas and liquid superficial velocities. This offers excellent conditions for studying the influence of the fluid properties.
31

Yesuf, Hassen M., K. Decker French, S. M. Faber, and David C. Koo. "Molecular gas during the post-starburst phase: low gas fractions in green-valley Seyfert post-starburst galaxies." OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625482.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Post-starbursts (PSBs) are candidate for rapidly transitioning from starbursting to quiescent galaxies. We study the molecular gas evolution of PSBs at z similar to 0.03-0.2. We undertook new CO (2-1) observations of 22 Seyfert PSB candidates using the Arizona Radio Observatory Submillimeter Telescope. This sample complements previous samples of PSBs by including green-valley PSBs with Seyfert-like emission, allowing us to analyse for the first time the molecular gas properties of 116 PSBs with a variety of AGN properties. The distribution of molecular gas to stellar mass fractions in PSBs is significantly different from normal star-forming galaxies in the CO Legacy Database (COLD) GASS survey. The combined samples of PSBs with Seyfert-like emission line ratios have a gas fraction distribution that is even more significantly different and is broader (similar to 0.03-0.3). Most of them have lower gas fractions than normal star-forming galaxies. We find a highly significant correlation between the WISE 12 and 4.6 mu m flux ratios and molecular gas fractions in both PSBs and normal galaxies. We detect molecular gas in 27 per cent of our Seyfert PSBs. Taking into account the upper limits, the mean and the dispersion of the distribution of the gas fraction in our Seyfert PSB sample are much smaller (mu = 0.025, sigma = 0.018) than previous samples of Seyfert PSBs or PSBs in general (mu similar to 0.1-0.2, sigma similar to 0.1-0.2).
32

Brini, Ahmed Salem Kalifa. "A study of gas lift on oil/water flow in vertical risers." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8507.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Gas lift is a means of enhancing oil recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Gas injected at the production riser base reduces the gravity component of the pressure drop and thereby, increases the supply of oil from the reservoir. Also, gas injection at the base of a riser helps to mitigate slugging and thus, improving the performance of the topside facility. In order to improve the efficiency of the gas lifting technique, a good understanding of the characteristics of gas-liquid multiphase flow in vertical pipes is very important. In this study, experiments of gas/liquid (air/water) two-phase flows, liquid/liquid of oil/water two-phase flows and gas/liquid/liquid (air/oil/water) three-phase flows were conducted in a 10.5 m high 52 mm ID vertical riser. These experiments were performed at liquid and gas superficial velocities ranging from 0.25 to 2 m/s and ~0.1 to ~6.30 m/s, respectively. Dielectric oil and tap water were used as test fluids. Instruments such as Coriolis mass flow meter, single beam gamma densitometer and wire-mesh sensor (WMS) were employed for investigating the flow characteristics. For the experiments of gas/liquid (air/water) two-phase flow, flow patterns of Bubbly, slug, churn flow regimes and transition regions were identified under the experimental conditions. Also, for flow pattern identification and void fraction measurements, the capacitance WMS results are consistent with those obtained simultaneously by the gamma densitometer. Generally, the total pressure gradient along the vertical riser has shown a significant decrease as the injected gas superficial velocity increased. In addition, the rate of decrease in total pressure gradient at the lower injected gas superficial velocities was found to be higher than that for higher gas superficial velocities. The frictional pressure gradient was also found to increase as the injected gas superficial velocity increased. For oil-water experiments, mixture density and total pressure gradient across the riser were found to increase with increasing water cut (ranging between 0 - 100%) and/or mixture superficial velocity. Phase slip between the oil and water was calculated and found to be significant at lower throughputs of 0.25 and 0.5 m/s. The phase inversion point always takes place at a point of input water cut of 42% when the experiments started from pure oil to water, and at an input water cut of 45% when the experiment’s route started from water to pure oil. The phase inversion point was accompanied by a peak increase of pressure gradient, particularly at higher oil-water mixture superficial velocities of 1, 1.5 and 2 m/s. The effects of air injection rates on the fluid flow characteristics were studied by emphasizing the total pressure gradient behaviour and identifying the flow pattern by analysing the output signals from gamma and WMS in air/oil/water experiments. Generally, riser base gas injection does not affect the water cut at the phase inversion point. However, a slight shift forward for the identified phase inversion point was found at highest flow rates of injected gas where the flow patterns were indicated as churn to annular flow. In terms of pressure gradient, the gas lifting efficiency (lowering pressure gradient) shows greater improvement after the phase inversion point (higher water cuts) than before and also at the inversion point. Also, it was found that the measured mean void fraction reaches its lowest value at the phase inversion point. These void fraction results were found to be consistent with previously published results.
33

SILVA, RAIMUNDO D. da. "Medida de fracao de vazio em escoamento bifasico, gas-agua, em tubos verticais usando absorcao gama." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1985. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9853.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:32:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02297.pdf: 1929315 bytes, checksum: 1f3c8c5cb4048eb63b32ec185d9f1b49 (MD5)
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
34

Räbiger, Klaus Edmund. "Fluid dynamic and thermodynamic behaviour of multiphase screw pumps handling gas-liquid mixtures with very high gas volume fractions." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10265/561.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
35

Sjölander, Johan. "Prediction of ignition limits with respect to fuel fraction of inert gases. : Evaluation of cost effective CFD-method using cold flow simulations." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-109094.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Improving fuel flexibility for gas turbines is one advantageous property on the market. It may lead to increased feasibility by potential customers and thereby give increased competiveness for production and retail companies of gas turbines such as Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery in Finspång. For this reason among others SIT assigned Anton Berg to perform several ignition tests at SIT’s atmospheric combustion rig (ACR) as his master thesis project. In the ACR he tested the limits for how high amounts of inert gases (N2 and CO2) that the rig, prepared with the 3rd generation DLE-burner operative in both the SGT-700 and SGT-800 engine, could ignite on (Berg, 2012). Research made by Abdel-Gay and Bradley already in 1985 summarized methane and propane combustion articles showing that a Karlovitz number (Chemical time scale/Turbulent time scale) of 1.5 could be used as a quenching limit for turbulent combustion (Abdel-Gayed & Bradley, 1985). Furthermore in 2010 Shy et al. showed that the Karlovitz number showed good correlation to ignition transition from a flamelet to distributed regime (Shy, et al., 2010). They also showed that this ignition transition affected the ignition probability significantly. Based on the results of these studies among others a CFD concept predicting ignition probability from cold flow simulations were created and tested in several applications at Cambridge University (Soworka, et al., 2014) (Neophytou, et al., 2012). With Berg’s ignition tests as reference results and a draft for a cost effective ignition prediction model this thesis where started. With the objectives of evaluating the ignition prediction against Berg’s results and at the same time analyze if there would be any better suited igniter spot 15 cold flow simulations on the ACR burner and combustor geometry were conducted. Boundary conditions according to selected tests were chosen with fuels composition ranging from pure methane/propane to fractions of 40/60 mole% CO2 and 50/75 mole% N2. By evaluating the average Karlovitz number in spherical ignition volumes around the igniter position successful ignition could be predicted if the Karlovitz number were below 1.5. The results showed promising tendencies but no straightforward prediction could be concluded from the evaluated approach. A conclusion regarding that the turbulence model probably didn’t predict mixing good enough was made which implied that no improved igniter position could be recommended. However by development of the approach by using a more accurate turbulence model as LES for example may improve the mixing and confirm the good prediction tendencies found. Possibilities for significantly improved ignition limits were also showed for 3-19% increase in equivalence ratio around the vicinity of the igniter.
36

Egeness, Mari Jystad. "Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography: method development and verification by characterisation of petroleum fractions." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for kjemi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16799.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
AbstractComprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography is a multidimensional separation technique. A sample is separated by two properties on two different columns, typically by carbon number and polarity. The two columns are connected by a modulator. The modulator is responsible for collection of three to four fractions of each 1st column separation peak, condensation of the fractions, and introducing them as a sharp narrow band onto the 2nd column. It is a continuous process of condensation of succeeding 1st column fractions and transfer to the 2nd column. The individual separations are “sewn” together by the software to produce a two-dimensional chromatogram. The abscissa displays the carbon number separation and the ordinate axis show the separation of polar compounds.Pre-set parameters such as carrier gas, gas velocities, detector temperatures, and column set were kept on recommendation by the installation contractors. Method development and optimisation was performed by exploring injection volume, oven temperature programs, and modulator time parameters. Hydrocarbon standards and petroleum fractions were analysed for determining the optimal parameter values. The result was two methods, one recommended for atmospheric gas oil (AGO) analyses and another for vacuum gas oil (VGO) analyses. Injection volumes of 0.015 to 0.002 µL gave low risk of column overload while still maintaining the abundance of compounds of low concentration. Temperature programmes of constant ramps gave good separation. A compromise between excellent separation and time of analysis resulted in using temperature ramps of 4.5 oC/min with a start and final temperature of 50 oC and 340 oC, respectively, for AGOs, and 3.5 oC/min with a start and final temperature of 150 oC and 340 oC, respectively for VGOs. A modulation time of 8000 ms and a hot jet duration of 500 ms proved to give good correlation between the 1st separation’s peak widths and the time needed for 2nd dimension separation. Straight run and processed petroleum fractions were analysed by the optimised methods. Constructed templates for dividing the sample’s polarity distribution into groups gave a distribution of volume response of all the compounds within the defined groups. The hydrocarbon analyses of the petroleum fractions were straight forward; volume responses were directly proportional to weight percent of the sample. The hydrocarbon standards gave approximately the same response factor. The same did not apply for sulphur analysis. The standards’ responses were not very reproducible, and the response factors were not similar for the polarity classes. Identification of sulphur compounds in AGOs and VGOs is possible although quantification is not recommended at the present. The methods showed to give good separation of both AGOs and VGOs. Although further optimisation especially of sulphur analysis, is highly encouraged.
37

Spilker, Justin S., Rachel Bezanson, Daniel P. Marrone, Benjamin J. Weiner, Katherine E. Whitaker, and Christina C. Williams. "LOW GAS FRACTIONS CONNECT COMPACT STAR-FORMING GALAXIES TO THEIR z ∼ 2 QUIESCENT DESCENDANTS." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622458.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Early quiescent galaxies at z similar to 2 are known to be remarkably compact compared to their nearby counterparts. Possible progenitors of these systems include galaxies that are structurally similar, but are still rapidly forming stars. Here, we present Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) observations of the CO(1-0) line toward three such compact, star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at z similar to 2.3, significantly detecting one. The VLA observations indicate baryonic gas fractions. greater than or similar to 5 times lower and gas depletion timescales. greater than or similar to 10 times shorter than normal, extended massive SFGs at these redshifts. At their current star formation rates, all three objects will deplete their gas reservoirs within 100 Myr. These objects are among the most gas-poor objects observed at z > 2, and are outliers from standard gas scaling relations, a result that remains true regardless of assumptions about the CO-H-2 conversion factor. Our observations are consistent with the idea that compact, SFGs are in a rapid state of transition to quiescence in tandem with the buildup of the z similar to 2 quenched population. In the detected compact galaxy, we see no evidence of rotation or that the CO-emitting gas is spatially extended relative to the stellar light. This casts doubt on recent suggestions that the gas in these compact galaxies is rotating and significantly extended compared to the stars. Instead, we suggest that, at least for this object, the gas is centrally concentrated, and only traces a small fraction of the total galaxy dynamical mass.
38

Almabrok, Almabrok Abushanaf. "Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Up and Down Vertical Pipes." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8447.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Multiphase flows occurring in pipelines with a serpentine configuration is an important phenomenon, which can be encountered in heat exchangers used in a variety of industrial processes. More specifically, in many industrial units such as a large cracking furnace in a refinery, the tubes are arranged in a serpentine manner and are relatively short. As flow negotiates round the 180o bend at the ends of the tubes, the generated centrifugal force could cause flow maldistribution creating local dry spots, where no steady liquid film is formed on the adjacent straight sections of the pipe. As a result, events including coking, cracking and overheating of heat transfer surfaces may occur and lead to frequent shutdown of the facilities. Consequently, this could increase operating costs and reduce production revenue. Thus, it is desirable to know the effect that the bends exert on the flow in the straight part of the pipe. Apart from this, knowledge of the bend effects on the flows in the pipeline could also be important for the design of other pipelines for gas/liquid transport, e.g. offshore gas and oil pipelines. Quite a large number of studies have been found in the literature. The majority of them were for two-phase flow with small diameter pipes (i.d. ≤ 50 mm). However, studies with large diameter pipes (i.d. ≥ 100 mm), have increasingly been considered in recent years as problems related to large diameter vertical pipes are being encountered more and more often in industrial situations. This thesis studies the effect of 180o bends on the characteristics and development of gas-liquid two-phase flows in large diameter downward and upward pipes. The study particularly focuses on the influence of serpentine configuration on flow structure, cross-sectional void distribution and circumferential liquid film profiles and their development along the downward and upward sections. It was found that both the top and bottom bends have considerable impacts on flow behaviour, although to varying degrees. These impacts were highly dependent on the air and water flow rates. For sufficient flow rates, the bends were observed to create flow maldistribution in the adjacent straight section, due to the effects of centrifugal force. The air moved towards the inner zone of the bend and the water towards the outer zone, while a lesser quantity of water was identified on the other surfaces of the pipe. Investigation of the film thickness development in the downward and upward sections showed that, the liquid film behaviour close to the bends was significantly different from those located further away. This can be attributed to the centrifugal force of the bends. Examination of the power spectral density (PSD) along the downward and upward sections showed that, the shape of PSD located in the adjacent section to the bends, was substantially different from those located further away. Furthermore, several flow regime maps were generated which showed that, in addition to bubbly, intermittent and annular flows, unstable flows existed along the upward section, particularly for low gas and water flow rates. In this study it was found that, the lower bend was periodically blocked by the liquid and then blown through by the accumulated air. The data obtained from this study were compared with different theoretical correlations found in the existing literature. Some discrepancy between the results of the current study and those of previous published materials was noted. Updated correlations were presented which provided well results when they applied for the data obtained from the current study and previous studies.
39

Capasso, Raffaella. "The gas mass fraction and the dynamical state in x-ray luminous clusters of galaxies at low redshift." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7913/.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Gli ammassi di galassie sono le strutture gravitazionalmente legate con le più profonde buche di potenziale, pertanto è previsto che questi contengano una frazione di barioni non molto diversa da quella cosmologica. Con l’introduzione di modelli sempre più accurati di fisica barionica all’interno di simulazioni idrodinamiche è stato possibile predire la percentuale cosmica di barioni presente negli ammassi di galassie. Unendo questi modelli previsionali con misure della frazione di gas in ammassi e informazioni sulla densità di barioni dell’Universo si può ottenere una stima della densità di materia cosmica Ωm. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro di Tesi è la stima di Ωm a partire dalla frazione di gas osservata in questi sistemi. Questo lavoro era stato già fatto in precedenza, ma tenendo in considerazione solo gli ammassi più massivi e dinamicamente rilassati. Usando parametri che caratterizzano la morfologia della distribuzione di brillanza superficiale nei raggi X, abbiamo classificato i nostri oggetti come rilassati o disturbati, laddove presentassero evidenze di recenti attività di interazione. Abbiamo dunque valutato l’impatto degli oggetti disturbati sulla stima del parametro cosmologico Ωm, computando il Chi2 tra la frazione di massa barionica nell’Universo e quella da noi ricavata. Infine abbiamo investigato una relazione tra il valore della frazione di gas degli ammassi rilassati e quello dei disturbati, in modo da correggere quindi questi ultimi, riportandoli nei dintorni del valore medio per i rilassati e usarli per ampliare il campione e porre un vincolo più stringente su Ωm. Anche con il limitato campione a nostra disposizione, è stato possibile porre un vincolo più stretto su Ωm, utilizzando un maggior numero di oggetti e riducendo così l’errore statistico.
40

Beyer, M., D. Lucas, J. Kussin, and P. Schütz. "Air-water experiments in a vertical DN200-pipe." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-74486.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
The extensive experimental results presented in this report provide a high-quality database for air-/water flows in a vertical pipe with a nominal diameter of 200 mm. This database can be used for the development and validation of CFD-like models for two-phase flows, e.g. for bubble coalescence and fragmentation. In particular, the investigations aim on the evolution of the two-phase flow along the pipe height. Therefore, up to 18 single measurements with varying distances between the gas injection and measurement plane were realised for each of the 92 combinations of gas and water flow rates. The pressure at the position of the activated gas injection was kept constant at 0.25 MPa(a). This boundary condition has the advantage that the measured data represent exactly the evolution of the flow along the pipe, i.e. they reflect a configuration at which the gas injection is at a fixed height position, while the measurement plane varies. Important results of this test series are time averaged radial profiles of the gas fraction, and the gas velocity, as well as the time and cross-section averaged bubble size distributions. Furthermore, gas fraction data resolved regarding the bubble size and spatial distribution are presented. As in previous test series, flow patterns were analysed, whereby the classification results from the bubble size. A substantial part of these new air/water experiments were quality and plausibility checks of the measured data. In the result, a clear and consistent trend regarding their evolution with increasing distance from the position of the gas injection was found. Comparisons of the trend of time and cross section averaged gas volume fraction along the pipe height with the theoretically expected values were carried out. The influence of the orifice diameter of the gas injection on flow patterns is also discussed in the report.
41

Beyer, M., D. Lucas, J. Kussin, and P. Schütz. "Luft-Wasser Experimente im vertikalen DN200-Rohr." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-74508.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Die im Rahmen dieser Versuchsserie erzielten umfangreichen experimentellen Ergebnisse bilden eine hochwertige Datenbasis für Luft-Wasser-Strömungen in einem vertikalen DN200-Rohr, die für die Entwicklung und Validierung von CFD-Modellen, beispielweise bzgl. Blasenkoaleszenz und -fragmentierung, genutzt werden können. Besonderes interessant ist die Untersuchung der Entwicklung der Zweiphasenströmung über der Rohrhöhe. Aus diesem Grund wurden für jede der 92 betrachteten Kombinationen aus Gas- und Wasser-Volumenstromdichten bis zu 18 Messungen mit variablen Abständen zwischen Gaseinspeisung und Messebene durchgeführt. Dabei wurde der Druck an der Gaseinspeisestelle konstant auf 0,25 MPa(a) gehalten. Diese Randbedingung bietet den Vorteil, dass die so gemessenen Daten die Entwicklung der Strömung über der Rohrhöhe widerspiegeln, d.h. eine Konfiguration beschreiben, bei der das Gas an einer festen Höhenposition eingespeist wird und die Messungen in verschiedenen darüberliegenden Ebenen erfolgen. Wesentliche Ergebnisse dieser Messserie sind radiale zeitgemittelte Profile für den Gasgehalt und die Gasgeschwindigkeit sowie zeit- und querschnittsgemittelte Blasengrößenverteilungen. Außerdem liegen blasengrößen- und ortsaufgelöste Gasgehaltsdaten vor. Wie bereits bei früheren Versuchsserien wurden auch in diesem Fall die Strömungsformen analysiert, wobei die Klassifizierung anhand der Blasengröße erfolgte. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil dieser neuen Luft/Wasser-Versuche war die Qualitäts- und Plausibilitätsprüfung der Messdaten. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Daten einen eindeutigen, widerspruchsfreien Trend bzgl. ihrer Entwicklung mit zunehmendem Abstand von der Gaseinspeisung aufweisen. Zur Plausibilitätsprüfung wurden Vergleiche des Gasgehaltsverlaufes über der Rohrhöhe mit theoretisch zu erwartenden Kurven durchgeführt. Zusätzlich zu diesen Ergebnissen enthält der Bericht eine Einschätzung des Einflusses des Bohrungsdurchmessers an der Gaseinspeisung auf die sich einstellende Strömung.
42

Dean, Cory. "A study of the fractional quantum hall energy gap at half filling." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40784.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
A complete understanding of the the ν = 5/2 fractional quantum hall effect (FQHE) continues to be among the most exciting problems in semiconductor physics. It is widely believed that this unique electron state is described by the Moore-Read Pfaffian wavefunction, resulting from a BCS-like pairing of composite fermions. In recent years this wavefunction has received special interest owing to its non-abelian quantum statistics which underlies a new paradigm for fault tolerant quantum computation. However, in spite of several theoretical advancements, an unequivocal experimental verification of the Moore-Read description is still missing. We studied the 5/2 state in a very high quality 2DEG sample with the lowest electron density reported to date, by nearly a factor of two. We demonstrate that large discrepancies between experimentally measured values of the 5/2 energy gap, and theoretical calculations based on the Moore-Read theory, can not be trivially attributed to disorder as has conventionally been assumed. Using a tilted field geometry, we investigated the effect of applying an in-plane magnetic field on the 5/2 state. We observe the 5/2 energy gap to collapse linearly with the in-plane field, whereas the neighbouring 7/3 shows a strong enhancement. The opposite behaviour between the two states is in startling contrast to theory which predicts both gaps should be similarly suppressed. Since the early theoretical foundation in support of the Moore-Read interpretation presumed the two states should behave the same, our experimental finding of opposite behaviour may necessitate a fundamental rethinking of the nature of the 5/2 FQHE. A crucial step towards verifying the Moore-Read description of the ν = 5/2 FQHE will be an unambiguous measurement of its spin state. In an effort to measure the 5/2 spin directly, we implemented a resistively detected nuclear magnetic resonance (RDNMR) technique. I report on our detailed study of the anomalous RDNMR lineshape ar
Une compr\'ehension compl\`ete de l'effet Hallquantique fractionnaire (EHQF) \`a $\nu = \frac$ continue \`afaire partie des probl\`emes les plus passionnants de la physiquedes semi-conducteurs. On estime g\'en\'eralement que cet \'etat\'electronique unique est d\'ecrit par la fonction d'onde deMoore-Read connue sous le nom de ``Pfaffien'', r\'esultant d'unappariement de type BCS de fermions composites. Cette fonctiond'onde a r\'ecemment suscit\'e un int\'er\^et tout particulier enraison de ses statistiques quantiques non-ab\'eliennes quisous tendent un nouveau paradigme pour le calcul quantique insensibleaux d\'efaillances. En d\'epit de plusieurs avanc\'ees th\'eoriques,il manque toutefois une v\'erification exp\'erimentaled\'efinitive de la description Moore-Read.Nous avons \'etudi\'e l'\'etat $\frac$ dans un gaz\'electronique bidimensionnel de tr\`es haute mobilit\'e ayant laplus faible densit\'e d'\'electrons report\'ee \`a ce jour, cecide par un facteur proche de deux. Nous d\'emontrons que lesimportants \'ecarts entre les valeurs du gap d'\'energie \`a$\frac$ mesur\'ees exp\'erimentalement et les calculsth\'eoriques bas\'es sur la th\'eorie Moore-Read ne peuvent pas\^etre uniquement attribu\'es au d\'esordre, comme cela atraditionnellement \'et\'e propos\'e. En utilisant un champ \`ag\'eom\'etrie inclin\'ee, nous avons \'etudi\'e l'effet del'application d'un champ magn\'etique dans le plan sur l'\'etat$\frac{5}{2}$. Nous observons une d\'ecroissance lin\'eaire du gapd'\'energie \`a $\frac$ en fonction du champ magn\'etiquedans le plan, tandis que le gap d'\'energie d'\'etat fractionnairevoisin $\frac{7}{3}$ exhibe une forte augmentation. Lecomportement oppos\'e des deux \'etats est en contraste avec lath\'eorie qui pr\'evoit que les deux gaps doivent \^etresupprim\'es par l'application d'un champ magn\'etique dans le plan, ce quin\'ecessite un nouvel examen de la nature de l'EHQF$\frac$.Une \'etape cruciale vers la v\'erificati
43

Koelliker, Delgado Jorge. "Amount of carbon dioxide fraction determination by TDLAS evidences for a potential primary method directly applied in gas analysis /." kostenfrei, 2006. http://www.digibib.tu-bs.de/?docid=00000059.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
44

Nwaboh, Javis Anyangwe [Verfasser], and Karl-Heinz [Akademischer Betreuer] Gericke. "Absolute Laser Spectrometric Amount Fraction Measurements: Impact to Traceable Breath Gas Analysis / Javis Anyangwe Nwaboh ; Betreuer: Karl-Heinz Gericke." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1175825077/34.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
45

Meyer, Jason Andrew. "Innovations in Representation and Calibration of Residual Gas Fraction and Volumetric Efficiency in a Spark Ignited, Internal Combustion Engine." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1211990310.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
46

Aliyu, A. M. "Vertical annular gas-liquid two-phase flow in large diameter pipes." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9848.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Gas-liquid annular two phase flow in pipes is important in the oil and gas, nuclear and the process industries. It has been identified as one of the most frequently encountered flow regimes and many models (empirical and theoretical) for the film flow and droplet behaviour for example have been developed since the 1950s. However, the behaviour in large pipes (those with diameter greater than 100 mm) has not been fully explored. As a result, the two- phase flow characteristics, data, and models specifically for such pipes are scarce or non-existent such that those from smaller pipes are extrapolated for use in design and operation. Many authors have cautioned against this approach since multiphase pipe flow behaviour is different between small and large pipes. For instance the typical slug flows seem not to occur in vertical upwards flows when the pipe diameter exceeds 100 mm. It is therefore imperative that theoretical models and empirical correlations for such large diameter pipes are specifically developed.
47

LAZZATI, ZELDA. "Speciation of particulate matter's organic fraction and its mechanis of action on human health." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/7466.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Three main researches have been employed for the implementation of a protocol analysis for the characterization and quantification of the lignin fraction in the particulate matter at the concentration matrix level; the implementation of different methods of analysis of the toxic interesting pollutants, Oxy-PAHs; Nitro-PAHs and the Bisphenol A, that together with the large set of performed analysis, allowed the characterization of some PM fractions in relation with Indoor and Outdoor concentrations, human exposure and Urban – Rural – Remote sites composition. At last an in silica method was developed for the research of the proteins involved in the interaction with the pollutants of interest, optimized on Bisphenol A because of its history and recent interaction study with the Nuclear Receptors. From the involved pathway the Blood Serine Proteases are used to test the accuracy and reproducibility of obtained Autodock4.0 and Dock4.0 data. The method results useful for research on the biological mechanism of action in relation with both matrix concentrations and in vivo and in vitro studies. The data predicted will be confirmed by NMR analysis. The newest docking program gives more and more reproducible data, accurate and empirically shaped on the domain problem, at last the experimental data had to confirm or not confirm the predictions.
48

Wang, Wen-Bohr. "Optimization of expander plants /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1985. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8520757.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
49

Qiu, Junting. "Modeling, Simulation and Control of Long and Short Route EGR in SI Engines." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-120369.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
Modern engines are faced with increasingly stringent requirements for reduced fuel consumptionand lower emissions. A technique which can partly be used to reduce emissionsof nitrogen oxides is recirculation of combusted gases (Exhaust Gas Recirculation, EGR). Ingasoline engines, it also has the advantage that it can save fuel by reducing pumping losses.To large mixture of EGR in the air to the cylinders will however affect the combustion stabilitynegatively. To investigate EGR rate and dynamics with respect to different actuatorinputs, the thesis develops an engine model that includes EGR. The model focus on the airflow in the engine and extends an existing mean value engine model. Two types of EGRsystemare investigated. They are short-route EGR which is implemented between intakemanifold and exhaust manifold and long-route EGR which is implemented between compressorand turbine. The work provides a simulation study that compares both stationaryand transient properties of the two EGR-systems, such as fuel consumption, maximum EGR,and rise time with respect to different actuators.
50

Beyer, M., D. Lucas, J. Kussin, and P. Schütz. "Air-water experiments in a vertical DN200-pipe." Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 2008. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A22143.

Повний текст джерела
Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.
Анотація:
The extensive experimental results presented in this report provide a high-quality database for air-/water flows in a vertical pipe with a nominal diameter of 200 mm. This database can be used for the development and validation of CFD-like models for two-phase flows, e.g. for bubble coalescence and fragmentation. In particular, the investigations aim on the evolution of the two-phase flow along the pipe height. Therefore, up to 18 single measurements with varying distances between the gas injection and measurement plane were realised for each of the 92 combinations of gas and water flow rates. The pressure at the position of the activated gas injection was kept constant at 0.25 MPa(a). This boundary condition has the advantage that the measured data represent exactly the evolution of the flow along the pipe, i.e. they reflect a configuration at which the gas injection is at a fixed height position, while the measurement plane varies. Important results of this test series are time averaged radial profiles of the gas fraction, and the gas velocity, as well as the time and cross-section averaged bubble size distributions. Furthermore, gas fraction data resolved regarding the bubble size and spatial distribution are presented. As in previous test series, flow patterns were analysed, whereby the classification results from the bubble size. A substantial part of these new air/water experiments were quality and plausibility checks of the measured data. In the result, a clear and consistent trend regarding their evolution with increasing distance from the position of the gas injection was found. Comparisons of the trend of time and cross section averaged gas volume fraction along the pipe height with the theoretically expected values were carried out. The influence of the orifice diameter of the gas injection on flow patterns is also discussed in the report.