Книги: "Forme verbale en ant"

1

Wylin, Koen. Il verbo etrusco: Ricerca morfosintattica delle forme usate in funzione verbale. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2000.

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2

Tufte, Edward R. Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative. 2nd ed. Cheshire, Conn: Graphics Press, 2000.

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3

Tufte, Edward R. Visual explanations: Images and quantities, evidence and narrative. 6th ed. Cheshire, Conn: Graphics Press, 2003.

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4

Tufte, Edward R. Visual explanations: Images and quantities, evidence and narrative. Cheshire, Conn: Graphics Press, 1997.

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5

Understanding contemporary Cuba in visual and verbal forms: Modernism revisited. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.

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6

Anyidoho, Love Akosua. Gender and language use: The case of two Akan verbal art forms. Austin: Universityof Texas at Austin, 1993.

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7

The language of jokes: Analysing verbal play. London: Routledge, 1992.

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8

Gīlānī, Jāmī Shakībī. Ka'rna'meye pa'rsik: A scientific study of the Persian verbal root forms and derivatives. Washington, D.C: J.S. Guilani, 1987.

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9

kesson, Joyce A. The complexity of the irregular verbal and nominal forms & the phonological changes in Arabic. Lund: Pallas Athena, 2009.

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10

Kowalewski, Michael. Deadly musings: Violence and verbal form in American fiction. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1993.

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11

Syntax of the modern Greek verbal system: The use of the forms, particularly in combination with ea and va. 2nd ed. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2003.

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12

A syntactical study of verbal forms affixed by -n(n) endings in classical Arabic, Biblical Hebrew, el-Amarna Akkadian, and Ugaritic. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1999.

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13

Benacchio, Rosanna, Alessio Muro, and Svetlana Slavkova, eds. The role of prefixes in the formation of aspectuality. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-698-9.

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One of the most widely debated topics in Slavic linguistics has always been verbal aspect, which takes different forms because of the various grammaticalization paths which led to its emergence. In the formation of the category of aspect in Slavic languages, a key role was played by the morphological mechanism of prefixation (a.k.a. preverbation), whereby the prefixes (which originally performed the function of markers of adverbial meanings) came to act as markers of boundedness. This volume contains thirteen articles on the mechanism of prefixation, written by leading international scholars in the field of verbal aspect. Ancient and modern Slavic varieties, as well as non-Slavic and even non-Indo-European languages, are represented, making the volume an original and significant contribution to Slavic as well as typological linguistics.

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14

Clancy, Tom. Fighter wing: A guided tour of an Air Force combat wing. New York: Berkley Books, 1995.

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15

Clancy, Tom. Fighter wing: A guided tour of an Air Force combat wing. New York: Berkley Books, 2004.

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16

Fighter wing: A guided tour of an Air Force combat wing. London: HarperCollins, 1995.

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17

The function and use of the imperfect forms with nun paragogicum in classical Hebrew. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1985.

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18

Cavicchio, Federica, and Emanuela Magno Caldognetto, eds. Aspetti emotivi e relazionali nell'e-learning. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-833-8.

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This book investigates the role of emotions and multimodal communication in face-to-face teaching and in e-learning, and assesses the incidence of these not merely verbal components on the cognitive processes of the student. It also presents certain types of man-machine interface that utilise natural language in written, vocal and multimodal form; the latter implement a new metaphor of interaction with the computer that is more human-oriented. This is, therefore, a new and interdisciplinary theme of research that highlights the technical and theoretical complexity that e-learning specialists and scholars of multimodal communication and emotions address in order to devise new systems of human-computer communication that are more natural and more motivating for learning.

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19

Kashaeva, Elena, and Ludmila Pavlova. Persuasive influence in business communication. 3rd ed. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/01907-8.

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The monograph analyzes the actual problems of persuasive influence in the field of business communication. The concepts of "persuasion", "persuasive communication" are characterized, the terms of belief are determined; ethical problems of persuasive communication are revealed; the logical foundations and psychological factors influencing the effectiveness of the persuasive influence are considered. Considerable attention is paid to rhetorical techniques of persuasion, communicative speechwriting techniques that ensure optimal interaction between the speaker and addressees, target audiences. The features of persuasion in oral and written forms of business communication are revealed. The importance of verbal means of persuasive influence is especially emphasized. The book is addressed to specialists in the field of business communication, employees of state and municipal authorities and administration, managers, entrepreneurs, as well as graduate students, masters and bachelors studying in the relevant specialties.

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20

Fighter wing: A guided tour of an Airforce Combat wing. New York: Berkley Books, 1995.

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21

Wylin, Koem. Verbo Etrusco: Ricerca Morfosintattica Delle Forme Usate in Funzione Verbale (Studia philologica). L'erma Di Bretschneider, 2000.

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22

Stefano, Agosti, and Convegno su Rimbaud (1991 : Rome, Italy), eds. Rimbaud: Strategie verbali e forme della visione. Pisa, Italia: ETS, 1993.

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23

Visual Explanations: Images and quantities, evidence and narrative. United States of America: Graphic Press, 1998.

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24

Hegedűs, Veronika. Particle-verb order in Old Hungarian and complex predicates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the distribution of verbal particles in Old Hungarian, and argues that despite the word order change from SOV to SVO in Hungarian, the particle-verb order did not change because the previous pre-verbal argument position was reanalysed as a pre-verbal predicative position where complex predicates are formed in overt syntax. Predicative constituents other than particles show significant word order variation in Old Hungarian, apparently due to optionality in predicate movement (while variation found with particle-verb orderings can be attributed to independent factors). It is proposed that after the basic word order was reanalysed as VO, internal arguments and secondary predicates could appear post-verbally and it was the still obligatory movement of particles that triggered the generalization of predicate movement, making all predicates pre-verbal in neutral sentences at later stages. This process involves a period of word order variation as predicate movement gradually generalizes to different types of predicates.

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25

Portner, Paul. Verbal mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547524.003.0002.

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Verbal mood is a linguistic category which marks how a clause is used in the computation of subsentential modal meaning. Most prominently exemplified by indicative and subjunctive verb forms, verbal mood has been the subject of much research in linguistics. This chapter outlines the key data showing how verbal mood functions in grammar and presents the most important theories of verbal mood. It evaluates these theories, formalizes and synthesizes their most significant insights, and identifies the most important central issues for future research on this topic.

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26

Kurebito, Megumi. Koryak. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.46.

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The present chapter focuses on verbal polysynthesis in Koryak, a member of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family and aims to show how a polysynthetic holophrase is formed in this language. The result of the examination reveals that the language owes the major driving force in promoting verbal polysynthesis to incorporation, especially noun incorporation (NI). In NI, polysynthetic incorporative stems are derived through NP incorporation, multiple nominal incorporation, double P-argument incorporation (though not always accepted), and adverbial incorporation. Denominal verbal affixes which express concrete verbal meanings such as ‘make’, ‘go gathering’, and ‘look for’ can also derive polysynthetic holophrases by (quasi)-incorporating one or more modifiers and adverbial stems. The polysynthetic stem thus formed is enclosed and shaped into a polysynthetic holophrase by verbal inflectional categories such as aspect, mood, and agreement in person and number with the core argument.

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27

Bergström, Ulf. Aspect, Communicative Appeal, and Temporal Meaning in Biblical Hebrew Verbal Forms. Penn State University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781646021895.

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28

J, Durlach Paula, and U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Simulator Systems Research Unit., eds. Coding verbal interactions in a prototype future force command and control simulation. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 2004.

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29

Stoll, Sabine, Balthasar Bickel, and Jekaterina Mažara. The Acquisition of Polysynthetic Verb Forms in Chintang. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.28.

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In first language acquisition research so far little is known about the affordances involved in children's acquisition of morphologies of different complexities. This chapter discusses the acquisition of Chintang verbal morphology. Chintang is a Sino-Tibetan (Kiranti) polysynthetic language spoken in a small village in Eastern Nepal by approximately 6,000 speakers. The most complex part of Chintang morphology is verbal inflection. A large number of affixes, verb compounding, and freedom in prefix ordering results in over 1,800 verb forms of single stem verbs and more than 4,000 forms if a secondary stem is involved. In this chapter we assess the challenges of learning such a complex system, and we describe in detail what this acquisition process looks like. For this we analyze a large longitudinal acquisition corpus of Chintang.

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30

Bricker, Andrew Benjamin. Libel and Lampoon. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846150.001.0001.

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Legal pressures fundamentally shaped English satire during the long eighteenth century. Rather than being purely repressive, however, the law often encouraged authors and their booksellers to find creative ways to write and publish satire to circumvent both the authorities and the courts. As part of their strategy, satirists developed verbally evasive forms of satire, producing coyly ironic, densely allegorical, and circumlocutory rhetorical styles markedly unlike the seventeenth century’s most bald-faced manuscript lampoons. Shifty printers and booksellers also complicated the mechanics of detection and prosecution through a host of publication ruses. In effect, the elegant insults, comical periphrases, and booksellers’ tricks that came to typify eighteenth-century satire were a way of writing and publishing born of legal necessity. Early on, these emergent satiric practices stymied the authorities and the courts. But they also eventually led to new legislation and innovative courtroom procedures that targeted satire’s most routine evasions. Especially important were a series of eighteenth-century rulings that increased the legal liabilities of printers and booksellers and that expanded and refined doctrines for the courtroom interpretation of verbal ambiguity, irony, and allegory. By the mid-eighteenth century, satirists and their booksellers faced a range of newfound legal pressures. Rather than disappearing, however, personal and political satire began to migrate to dramatic mimicry and caricature. Such acoustic and visual forms relied less on verbal ambiguity and were therefore not subject to either the provisions of preperformance dramatic licensing or courtroom interpretive procedures that had earlier enabled the prosecution of printed satire.

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31

Just Read the Label: Understanding Nutrition Information in Numeric, Verbal and Graphic Forms. Bernan Press, 1992.

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32

Stern, Daniel N. What Implications do Forms of Vitality Have for Clinical Theory and Practice? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199586066.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 discusses the implications that forms of vitality have for clinical theory and practice. It includes the roles played by vitality forms in psychotherapy – vitality forms and spontaneous talking, dynamic forms of vitality as paths to memory, vitality dynamics as a path to ‘reconstructed’ phenomenal experience, vitality forms and imagined movement, including verbal descriptions, vitality forms and the ‘local level’, vitality forms and intersubjectivity, vitality forms in identification, authenticity, and aliveness.

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33

Rumsey, Alan. Monologue and Dialogism in Highland New Guinea Verbal Art. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190652807.003.0004.

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The term “dialogism” as used by Mikhail Bakhtin refers not to dialogue in the ordinary sense but to the intermingling of distinct social voices in given stretches of discourse. For Bakhtin, the novel represented the pinnacle of development of such dialogism, whereas epic was the prototypical “monologic” genre. Here I compare what Bakhtin had to say in this respect with recent findings concerning epic-like genres of oral, sung narrative which are found across much of Highland Papua New Guinea. I show that the regional genres that are the most dialogic in the ordinary sense are the least dialogical in Bakhtin’s sense, and vice versa. Contrary to simplistic views of monologic “epic” as the canonical narrative genre in “oral cultures,” the three cases discussed here show how widely even oral genres which are similar in other ways can differ regarding the canonical forms of dialogism and monologism that one finds in them.

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34

Salanova, Andres. Ergativity in Jê languages. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.43.

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Ergativity in Jê languages is generally associated to nominal or adjectival forms of the verb, strengthening the proposed link between nominalizations and ergativity (cf. Alexiadou 2001). Jê languages differ from some of the better-known languages with ergative nominalizations by the extent to which nominal forms of predicates are used in the former. In addition to being required in all contexts of subordination (i.e., finite subordination is virtually absent in the family), they are governed by a number of verbal modifiers, among which might be negation, manner predicates, and most aspectual auxiliaries. The present chapter explores this general pattern and describes in some detail the various modifiers that govern nominal forms of the verb, with particular attention to Mẽbengokre, a language from the northern branch of the family, spoken in the Brazilian Amazon. Cases of "insubordination" of nominal forms are also discussed.

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35

Clüver, Claus. Ekphrasis and Adaptation. Edited by Thomas Leitch. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331000.013.26.

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In discussing word-and-image interactions, ekphrasis and adaptation are frequently cited as major instances of intermedial transposition. Ekphrasis, redefined as “the verbal representation of real or fictive configurations composed in a non-kinetic visual medium,” can occur in literary and non-literary texts and represent two- and three-dimensional images. Some ekphrastic texts can be read as fully developed intermedial translations; others may render readers’ encounters with visual images that the text does not actually transpose at all. Ekphrasis is a descriptive monomedial mode of intermedial reference. In contrast, adaptations incorporate transmedial elements of the source texts transposed into a new medium. Verbal texts are most frequently adapted to plurimedial media, but also to such mixed-media forms as the comic book. Novelizations of films or videogames exemplify adaptation to the verbal medium. More common is the adaptation to literary texts of structural devices employed in other media, as in the musicalization of fiction.

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36

Kowalewski, Michael. Deadly Musings: Violence and Verbal Form in American Fiction. Princeton University Press, 1993.

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37

Kowalewski, Michael. Deadly Musings: Violence and Verbal Form in American Fiction. Princeton University Press, 1993.

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38

Camp, Elisabeth. Insinuation, Common Ground, and the Conversational Record. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0002.

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Most philosophical and linguistic theorizing about meaning focuses on cooperative forms of communication, and for good reasons. However, a significant amount of verbal communication involves parties whose interests are not fully aligned, or who do not know their degree of alignment. Such strategic contexts are theoretically revealing because they lay bare minimal conditions on communication that can be occluded in more fully charitable contexts. In such contexts, speakers sometimes turn to insinuation: the communication of beliefs, requests, and other attitudes ’offrecord’, so that the speaker’s main communicative point remains unstated in away that permits deniability. I argue that insinuation is a form of speaker’s meaning in which speakers communicate potentially risky attitudes and contents without adding them to the conversational record, or sometimes even to the common ground.

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39

Raymer, Anastasia M., and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Aphasia Syndromes: Introduction and Value in Clinical Practice. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.20.

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Neurologic damage affecting the left cerebral hemisphere leads to impairments in comprehension and expression of language in the verbal modality (aphasia) and in the written modality (dyslexia and dysgraphia). Impairment patterns take various forms, differing in the fluency/nonfluency of verbal output and integrity of auditory comprehension, repetition, and word retrieval abilities. The divergent classifications of aphasia allow reflection on neural and psychological correlates of specific aspects of language processing in verbal and written modalities. Neurologic damage affecting the right cerebral hemisphere can lead to changes in social and prosodic communication, speaking to the role of the right hemisphere in language processing. Patterns of language breakdown following neurologic injury have implications for assessment and intervention for affected individuals. Whereas perspectives vary on interpretation of the language breakdown across disciplines, this volume’s purpose is to facilitate interactions across disciplines to improve the lives of those with aphasia and related communication disorders.

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40

Freeden, Michael. 9. Stimuli and responses: seeing and feeling ideology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192802811.003.0009.

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Ideology has been dealt with as it is found in written and spoken languages but in ‘Stimuli and responses: seeing and feeling ideologies’ three further themes are introduced. Firstly, ideology appears in many non-verbal forms. Second, even as textual discourse, ideology includes metaphors and stories that are not directly decodable as political language. Third, ideology concerns not only the rational and the irrational, the cognitive and the unconscious, but the emotional as well. Over the last century, with the advent of film and television, as well as the mass production of art and advertising, the virtual messages of ideology have been conveyed in new forms.

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41

McPherson, Laura. On (Ir)realis in Seenku (Mande, Burkina Faso). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0013.

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This article explores the cyclic interplay of documentation and linguistic theory, focusing on the case study of Southern Seenku (Gbene Ku) verbal morphology. Southern Seenku is a hitherto undocumented Mande language of Burkina Faso. Preliminary fieldwork on the language revealed that all verbs have two stem forms, each used in a variety of constructions. It was hypothesized that this division is based on an irrealis/realis distinction. Theoretical predictions of where realis and irrealis forms should be found were tested in subsequent fieldwork, and it is shown that the results of this fieldwork uphold the original analysis. The chapter concludes by considering how the Seenku data patterns fit into the broader context of Mande verbal morphology and the typology of (ir)realis.

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42

Dworkin, Steven N. Inflectional morphology of medieval Hispano-Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.003.0003.

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This chapter describes the inflectional nominal, pronominal, and verbal morphology of Old Spanish, a language whose texts show a great deal of formal variation. It first deals with nominal gender and plural marking before going on to describe the morphology of articles, demonstratives, and possessives. Attention next turns to the forms of subject and object pronouns, indefinite, interrogative, and relative pronouns, negators, and adverbs. The rest of the chapter deals with inflectional verbal morphology. It opens with a survey of the three conjugation classes, the relevant past participles, and morphophonological alternations involving monophthongs and diphthongs in verb stems, before examining for each synthetic and analytic tense the wide range of relevant verbal suffixes or endings and instances of stem alllomorphy in both the indicative and subjunctive.

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43

Spevak, Olga. Nominalization in Latin. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866011.001.0001.

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Abstract This book is devoted to verbal nouns, defined as nouns which have a systematic correspondence with a clause structure. The book aims to contribute to the much-debated question of ‘abstract nouns’ in general and ‘verbal derivatives’ in particular by showing that syntactic parameters are useful for a better classification of what are traditionally called nomina actionis. It adopts a descriptive approach and it provides methods and criteria for identifying these nouns which retain some verbal properties and for distinguishing them from nouns with concrete reference. This distinction is important for a better understanding of Latin texts and for the presentation of these words in dictionaries. The book investigates the use of verbal nouns in various text types: narrative texts and technical treatises (rhetoric, architecture, and legal texts). It shows that verbal nouns, as well as gerunds, gerundives, participles in participial clauses, and also, partly, infinitives, are competing expressions with a low ‘sententiality’ that serve, to different extents, to condensate clausal expressions. They form a system in which the elements are partly overlapping and partly complementary. The fact that Latin does not have a verbal noun available for every verb should not be viewed as a ‘deficiency’, but as a facet of this complex system.

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44

Frog, Satu Grünthal, Kati Kallio, and Jarkko Niemi, eds. Versification: Metrics in Practice. SKS Finnish Literature Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/sflit.12.

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Versification describes the marriage of language and poetic form through which poetry is produced. Formal principles, such as metre, alliteration, rhyme, or parallelism, take precedence over syntax and prosody, resulting in expressions becoming organised as verse rather than prose. The aesthetic appeal of poetry is often linked to the potential for this process to seem mysterious or almost magical, not to mention the interplay of particular expressions with forms and expectations. The dynamics of versification thus draw a general interest for everyone, from enthusiasts of poetry or forms of verbal art to researchers of folklore, ethnomusicology, linguistics, literature, philology, and more. The authors of the works in the present volume explore versification from a variety of angles and in diverse cultural milieus. The focus is on metrics in practice, meaning that the authors concentrate not so much on the analysis of the metrical systems per se as on the ways that metres are used and varied in performance by individual poets and in relationship to language.

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45

Lewis, Cara L. Dynamic Form. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749179.001.0001.

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This book traces how intermedial experiments shape modernist texts from 1900 to 1950. Considering literature alongside painting, sculpture, photography, and film, the book examines how these arts inflect narrative movement, contribute to plot events, and configure poetry and memoir. As forms and formal theories cross from one artistic realm to another and back again, modernism shows its obsession with form—and even at times becomes a formalism itself—but as the book states, that form is far more dynamic than we have given it credit for. Form fulfills such various functions that we cannot characterize it as a mere container for content or matter, nor can we consign it to ignominy opposite historicism or political commitment. As a structure or scheme that enables action, form in modernism can be plastic, protean, or even fragile, and works by Henry James, Virginia Woolf, Mina Loy, Evelyn Waugh, and Gertrude Stein demonstrate the range of form's operations. Revising three major formal paradigms—spatial form, pure form, and formlessness—and recasting the history of modernist form, the book proposes an understanding of form as a verbal category, as a kind of doing. It thus opens new possibilities for conversation between modernist studies and formalist studies and simultaneously promotes a capacious rethinking of the convergence between literary modernism and creative work in other media.

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46

Graves, Margaret S. Material Metaphors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695910.003.0005.

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Tracing parallels between material and verbal poetics, this chapter makes particular reference to changing conceptions of metaphor and imagery during the florescence of medieval Arabic literary theory. It uses textual sources as well as artifacts to demonstrate the intertwining of verbal, visual, and material realms. The first section expands an allegorical framework in medieval Arabic and Persian literary criticism that aligns poetry with manual crafts. Following this, two discrete groups of objects in the form of domed buildings are contextualized and considered as materialized metaphors. First, cast-metal incense burners of the eighth or ninth centuries are placed into an expanded context of eastern Mediterranean portable arts and architectural components. The second group, lanterns from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, reflect a later period when the central-plan domed monument had been fully assimilated into Islamic architectural practice as a standard form of commemorative architecture.

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47

Hodges, John R. Testing Cognitive Function at the Bedside. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0005.

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This chapter explores the second component of assessment in patients with suspected cognitive dysfunction: testing cognitive function at the bedside. The first part of the examination should assess distributed cognitive functions, notably orientation and attention, episodic and semantic memory, and frontal executive function (initiation in the form of verbal fluency, abstraction, response inhibition, and set shifting); deficits in these indicate damage to particular brain systems, but not to focal areas of one hemisphere. The second part of the assessment deals with localized functions, divided into those associated with the dominant (i.e. the left side, in right-handers) and non-dominant hemispheres. The former relates largely to tests of spoken language with supplementary tests of reading, writing, calculation, and praxis when applicable. Testing right hemisphere function focuses on neglect (personal and extrapersonal), visuospatial and constructional abilities, and the agnosias including object and face agnosia.

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48

Hu, Xuhui. Non-canonical objects, motion events, and verb/satellite-framed typology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0007.

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Based on the Synchronic Grammaticalisation Hypothesis and the theory of the syntax of events, this chapter explores the syntactic nature of the Chinese non-canonical object construction. The object in this construction is introduced by a null P, which is incorporated into the verbal head position, and a lexical verb serves as a functional item, vDO. This account is extended to the analysis of the motion event construction in Chinese. It involves the incorporation of a P into the verbal head position filled with a vDO in the form of a lexical verb. The only difference is that this P is phonologically overt. Therefore, the [V+Path] chunk in Chinese is a single lexical item. This means that the Chinese motion event construction by nature patterns with its counterpart in verb-framed languages, a conclusion that goes against the common assumption that Chinese is a satellite-framed language.

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49

Parnas, Josef, and Annick Urfer-Parnas. The ontology and epistemology of symptoms: The case of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0026.

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We present a phenomenological account of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in schizophrenia. We examine the mode of articulation of AVH, their spatial and temporal characteristics, and their relation to self-alienation, reflecting an emergence of otherness (alterity) in the midst of the patient’s self. This process of self-alienation is associated with the emergence of a different reality, a new ontological framework, which obeys other rules of causality and time. Patient becomes psychotic not because they cannot distinguish AVH from mundane perception, but because they are in touch with an alternative form of reality. A characteristic feature of schizophrenia is the coexistence of these incompatible realities. AVH are radically different from perception, and associated delusions stem from a breakthrough to another ontological framework. Thus, the current definition of AVH seems incorrect: The symptom is ontologically complex, involving first- and second-person dimensions, relations to the structure of consciousness, and other psychopathological phenomena.

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50

Davis, Wayne A. Implicature. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935314.013.21.

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Implicature for speakers is meaning one thing by saying something else. Semantic implicatures are part of sentence meaning, whereas conversational implicatures depend on the utterance context. Conventional forms of conversational implicature include figures and modes of speech like irony and relevance implicature. A sentence has an implicature when speakers conventionally use sentences of that form with the corresponding implicature. Speakers implicate things for many reasons. Some apply to saying (communication, self-expression, record creation), others do not (verbal efficiency, misleading without lying, veiling, good social relations, style, and entertainment). A sentence has an implicature today because that use became self-perpetuating. The dependence of implicature on intention and convention, and the variety of conflicting goals implicature serves, show that implicatures cannot be derived from conversational principles. Interpreting implicatures is largely the automatic exercise of a competence acquired with one’s native language rather than calculation.

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