Статті в журналах з теми "Formal firms"
Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Formal firms.
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 статей у журналах для дослідження на тему "Formal firms".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте статті в журналах для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
1
Yeh, I.-Jan, Ching-Liang Chang, Joe Ueng, and Vinita Ramaswamy. "Reducing Risk through Governance." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 3, no. 2 (April 2014): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2014040104.
Анотація:
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of formal governance policy. Many firms have a formal governance policy. Others, however, have no such a policy. This study examines what kind of firm's characteristics that encourage companies to adopt a formal governance policy. Data were collected from Corporate Library. A sample of 3,068 firms from the database of 2010 Corporate Library was analyzed. Results show that when firms have a better financial performance and better corporate governance practice, they are more likely to have a formal governance policy. Specifically, when firms have a better board rating, compensation policy, takeover defense strategy, and accounting practice, firms are more likely to have a formal governance policy.
2
O’Regan, Nicholas, and Abby Ghobadian. "Formal strategic planning." Business Process Management Journal 8, no. 5 (December 1, 2002): 416–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14637150210449102.
Анотація:
The literature contends that the lack of strategic business planning is a major drawback in the implementation of business process initiatives such as total quality management. In addition, it is evident that strategic planning firms achieve better performance than other firms. However, strategic planning often fails due to problems or barriers encountered at the implementation stage. It is unclear from the limited research carried out to date what actions, if any, firms can take to minimise or eliminate these barriers. This paper examines the concept of strategic planning and identifies the barriers to its implementation. It considers the suitability of formal strategic planning as the key to eliminating or reducing implementation barriers by comparing the extent to which the barriers are experienced in formal and non‐formal planning firms. The paper also examines the extent to which the barriers are experienced by high and low performing firms.
3
Kimseng, Tieng, Amna Javed, Chawalit Jeenanunta, and Youji Kohda. "Applications of Fuzzy Logic to Reconfigure Human Resource Management Practices for Promoting Product Innovation in Formal and Non-Formal R&D Firms." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6020038.
Анотація:
Human resource management (HRM) practices for promoting innovation tend to vary from one context to another. This leads us to investigate the configurations of internal HRM practices and supply chain collaborations that help firms to achieve high levels of product innovation or cause firms to achieve low levels of product innovation in formal R&D firms—firms which have actively engaged in systematic innovation, have established an R&D department, and/or have allocated budgets for R&D intention—and non-formal R&D firms. The data were collected during the period December 2016–February 2017 from manufacturing firms located in the Bangkok metropolitan area, Thailand. In total, 87 respondents were included for an empirical fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. The results indicate that, first, formal and non-formal R&D firms achieve high levels of product innovation by adopting internal HRM practices or collaborating with customers/suppliers. They also can achieve high levels of product innovation if they adopt both simultaneously. Second, formal R&D firms achieve high levels of product innovation if they adopt R&D personnel development; otherwise, they need to collaborate with customers and suppliers to achieve high levels of product innovation. Finally, miss-adopting R&D personnel development causes formal and non-formal firms to achieve lows levels of product innovation.
4
Pisani, Michael J. "Challenges to Formality from Formal Firms Behaving Informally: Evidence from Central America." Economía y Administración (E&A) 12, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/eya.v12i2.12974.
Анотація:
This research explores the competitive environment for urban formal sector firms competing against peer formal sector firms behaving informally in Central America. Explored is the upper bound of the formal-informal continuum in a regional economic environment of persistent and widespread economic informality where formal firms may employ informal tactics to gain competitive advantage versus their formal competitors. The 2010 World Bank Enterprise Surveys form the basis for empirical analyses. The results suggest formal firms utilizing informal practices is widespread and is influenced by firm maturity, firm location, industry sector, firm legal status, firm organization, ownership composition, regulatory environment, international quality certification, web presence, entry into global markets, and firm size.
5
Steijvers, Tensie, Nadine Lybaert, and Julie Dekker. "Formal human resource practices in family firms." Journal of Family Business Management 7, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfbm-07-2016-0016.
Анотація:
Purpose The importance of formal human resource (HR) practices is widely recognized in management literature, but under-researched in the small business and family firm domain. Previous research indicates that family firms rely more on informal HR practices, based on social networks. However, given the heterogeneity of family firms, one cannot assume that all family firms are reluctant to formalize their HR. As the CEO is the key decision maker who covers HR management in family firms, the effect of the CEO type on formal HR practices will be studied. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Based on a large-scale survey, resulting in a response of 532 family SMEs, the authors perform a hierarchical regression analysis studying the effect of a family/nonfamily CEO on the use of formal HR practices, introducing several moderating effects: CEO generational stage, tenure and education. Findings Results indicate that family firms with a family CEO have more formal HR practices than those managed by a nonfamily CEO due to higher levels of goal alignment and intentional trust between the owning family and family CEO. Moreover, family firms managed by first generation family CEOs and family CEOs with a higher education have more formal HR practices. Practical implications The findings suggest that family CEOs can be equally or even more able as nonfamily CEOs to run a family firm in a formalized/professionalized manner. Originality/value Given the scant amount of research on HR formalization in family firms, even though literature documents performance increasing effects, this study fulfils the need to study the effect of the CEO on HR formalization.
6
Samuelsson, Joachim, Jim Andersén, Torbjörn Ljungkvist, and Christian Jansson. "Formal accounting planning in SMEs." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 23, no. 3 (August 15, 2016): 691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-12-2015-0167.
Анотація:
Purpose – Several studies have highlighted the importance of management accounting practices such as formal short-term planning and formal long-term planning for SME performance. However, few studies have considered what actually explains differences in the use of formal planning (from a management accounting approach) in SMEs. Family ownership and EO are two plausible explanations for such differences. The purpose of this paper is therefore to examine how family ownership and EO are correlated to the use of formal short-term planning and formal long-term planning in SMEs. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, the authors examined how family ownership and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) affect the use of formal planning by analyzing a sample of 156 Swedish manufacturing SMEs, using multivariate regression analysis. Findings – As could be expected, the authors were able to validate the notion that family firms use less formal planning than non-family firms. However, in contrast to some previous studies, the authors found that there is a strongly positive relationship between EO and the use of formal short-term planning and long-term planning. Originality/value – Whereas many previous studies on family business have assumed that family firms use less formal planning than non-family firms, the present study is one of few to actually confirm this notion. Also, this study has provided strong evidence that EO is positively correlated to the use of formal planning, in the short term and in the longer term.
7
Li, Yi, and Lin Cui. "The Influence of Top Management Team on Chinese Firms’ FDI Ambidexterity." Management and Organization Review 14, no. 3 (May 7, 2018): 513–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2017.47.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTStrategic ambidexterity has been under researched in the context of Chinese outward foreign direct investment (FDI). An ambidextrous FDI, balancing between exploratory and exploitive activities, is strategically desirable but managerially challenging. We examine the role of top management team (TMT) functional diversity in influencing Chinese firms’ degree of FDI ambidexterity, and its boundary conditions in relation to the informal and formal institutional environments within which the TMT operates. Based on a panel of Chinese outward-investing manufacturing firms, our empirical analyses show that a marginal positive effect of TMT functional diversity on a firm's FDI ambidexterity is strengthened by the social faultline presence in the firm's TMT, but is weakened by the development of formal institutions in the firm's external environment.
8
Du, Xingqiang, and Jin-hui Luo. "Political Connections, Home Formal Institutions, and Internationalization: Evidence from China." Management and Organization Review 12, no. 01 (March 2016): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2015.40.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTThis study draws on the resource dependence theory and institution-based view to examine political connections in the home market and home formal institutions for their impact on the internationalization of emerging market firms in the context of China. The results suggest that political connections at home may prevent emerging market firms from implementing internationalization strategies by reducing the dependence constraints imposed by local governments and foreign firms, whereas home formal institutional development may promote the strategy transition of emerging market firms from building political connections to international expansion and also reduce the negative impact of political connections. Overall, our findings indicate that political connections and formal institutions at home play an important role in shaping emerging market firms’ strategies of outward internationalization.
9
La Porta, Rafael, and Andrei Shleifer. "Informality and Development." Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.3.109.
Анотація:
In developing countries, informal firms account for up to half of economic activity. They provide livelihood for billions of people. Yet their role in economic development remains controversial with some viewing informality as pent-up potential and others viewing informality as a parasitic organizational form that hinders economic growth. In this paper, we assess these perspectives. We argue that the evidence is most consistent with dual models, in which informality arises out of poverty and the informal and formal sectors are very different. It seems that informal firms have low productivity and produce low-quality products; and, consequently, they do not pose a threat to the formal firms. Economic growth comes from the formal sector, that is, from firms run by educated entrepreneurs and exhibiting much higher levels of productivity. The expansion of the formal sector leads to the decline of the informal sector in relative and eventually absolute terms. A few informal firms convert to formality, but more generally they disappear because they cannot compete with the much more-productive formal firms.
10
Alidarous, Manal, and Fouad Jamaani. "The Concurrent Effects of IFRS Mandate and Formal Institutional Quality on the Aftermarket Performance of IPO Firms in Emerging Countries." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n3p320.
Анотація:
This paper provides the first empirical investigation seeking to find whether International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) mandate, changes in the quality of formal institutions, or, the concurrent effect of these two elements can explain the ongoing phenomenon of the aftermarket performance difference of Initial Public Offerings (IPO) firms. We perceive little awareness of the concurrent effect of IFRS mandate and the quality of formal institutions in emerging countries, although these nations account for more than half of the IFRS mandating countries. We employ numerous Difference-in-Differences (DiD) models utilizing reliable IPO and formal institutional data for Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2017. Our empirical results show that the absence of IFRS influence in the aftermarket performance of IPO firms led us to posit that the quality of formal institutions is the key player in influencing long-term performance of IPO firms in Saudi Arabia. We uncover evidence showing that an improvement in formal institutional quality increases the long-term performance of IPO firms. We find no evidence of a concurrent effect of changes in formal institutional quality and IFRS mandate on the aftermarket performance of IPO firms. Our results show that what does really matter in relation to the aftermarket performance of IPO firms in Saudi Arabia, are the enhancements in the level of formal institutional quality. Our results provide some important implications for IFRS-IPO research.
11
Pimentel, Duarte, and André Pedra. "Primary Psychopathy in Formal Leaders and Job Satisfaction Levels of Employees Working in Family and Non-Family Firms." Administrative Sciences 13, no. 8 (August 21, 2023): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci13080190.
Анотація:
This paper aims to explore differences in personality traits, focusing on the levels of primary psychopathy, between formal leaders of family and non-family companies as well as assessing differences in the job satisfaction levels of their employees. Moreover, we assess the relationship between the employees’ perception of their formal leader’s primary psychopathy levels and their job satisfaction levels in family firms. The empirical evidence is provided by a sample of 95 Portuguese employees, who responded to a questionnaire that included their perceptions of their formal leader’s primary psychopathy level and job satisfaction measures. All respondents work in small and medium-sized private companies with no management responsibilities and under formal hieratical supervision. The initial idea that family firms’ employees perceive lower levels of primary psychopathy in their formal leaders than non-family firms’ employees was confirmed. However, employees of family and non-family firms did not differ in their job satisfaction levels. The results also support the notion that perceived levels of primary psychopathy in formal leaders are negatively associated with the employees’ job satisfaction levels. These findings contribute to the research literature by addressing two aspects under-addressed in the comparison between family and non-family firms, while offering insights on the relationship between primary psychopathy in formal leaders and job satisfaction levels of employees working in family firms.
12
Taymaz, Erol. "Informality and Productivity: The Sources of Productivity Differentials between Formal and Informal Firms." Ekonomik Yaklasim 34, no. 129 (2023): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ey.29001.
Анотація:
The informal sector constitutes a large share of employment and output in all developing countries. Although the informal sector is regarded by many researchers and policy makers as a source of employment developing countries desperately need, there is ample evidence that documents that informal firms are less productive, employ unskilled labor, and pay lower wages. This study analyzes the sources of productivity difference between informal and formal firms in Turkey. We estimate and compare productivity levels of informal and formal firms by taking into account the endogeneity of the choice between formal and informal operation. Our findings indicate that there is a significant productivity gap between informal and formal firms. More educated and experienced entrepreneurs move to the formal sector, and this process of self-selection contributes to widen the productivity gap between informal and formal firms. Life-cycle and learning theories are also supported by our findings. Even after controlling for all these factors (self-selection, differences in endowments, and learning), the productivity gap does not disappear. The findings suggest that there is a substantial untapped potential to increase productivity through formality. However, a large number of informal firms would not survive if they are forced to operate formally.
13
Chrisman, James J., Jess H. Chua, Isabelle Le Breton-Miller, Danny Miller, and Lloyd P. Steier. "Governance Mechanisms and Family Firms." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 42, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042258717748650.
Анотація:
Governance, along with goals and resources, is a key determinant of the distinctiveness and heterogeneity of family firms. Our introduction discusses formal and informal governance mechanisms that emanate from inside and outside the firm and then reviews, integrates, and extends the contributions to this topic of the six articles and four commentaries in this special issue. Building and reflecting on these contributions, we suggest that although formal governance mechanisms inside family firms have unique characteristics, informal governance mechanisms may be equally important, and external mechanisms, both formal and informal, can also profoundly influence the behavior and performance of family firms.
14
TANAKA, KIYOYASU. "Formal Registration and Informal Firms in Cambodia." Asian Development Review 40, no. 01 (March 2023): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110523500038.
Анотація:
Encouraging informal firms to register with the government is a key policy issue for developing economies. However, the impact of formal registration on firm performance remains inconclusive. This paper constructs a nationally representative panel data set on registered and unregistered establishments in Cambodia by using the Economic Census in 2011 and the Inter-censal Economic Survey in 2014; the Economic Census surveyed all nonfarm establishments and enterprises without any establishment-size threshold, which served as a credible sample frame for the Inter-censal Economic Survey. To mitigate selection bias, I employ a difference-in-differences method combined with propensity-score matching and a propensity-score-weighted regression method. My results show that formalization has a significantly positive impact on sales, value added, and regularly employed workers, but yields little effect on labor productivity. While formal registration alone may not boost productivity, it can encourage the business growth of formalized firms by hiring more formal workers.
15
Qi, Guoyou, Hailiang Zou, Xie X.M., and Saixing Zeng. "Firms’ reaction to threats from informal firms: exploring the roles of institutional quality and technical gap." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 35, no. 11 (April 20, 2020): 1887–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-07-2019-0346.
Анотація:
Purpose Threats from the informal sector have become an important concern among formal firms. As a response to these threats, formal firms can adopt product innovation (PI) and marketing innovation (MI) strategies to differentiate themselves. The purpose of this paper is to examine how firm-level technical capability and external institutional quality affect firms’ reactions to the threats from informal firms by adopting innovative activities. Design/methodology/approach Based on attention-based view (ABV), an empirical study is conducted by using firm-level data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey in 2013. Findings The findings indicate that when faced with competition from informal firms, formal firms will intensify their innovation activities in both MI and PI, and their technical capability mitigates the competitive threats from informal sectors and thus weakens the impact of informal competitors on the level of product and marketing innovations. Moreover, it is found that the improvement of institutional quality reduces formal firms’ urgency to introduce new products when facing informal competitors. However, this improvement strengthens the impact of informal rivalry on formal firms’ innovation in marketing methods. Originality/value Previous studies that investigate the influence of informal threats are focused on technological innovation (e.g., PI and process innovation) strategies, but little knowledge is provided on non-technological innovative strategies, such as marketing strategies (e.g., MI and organizational innovation). This study contributes to the innovation literature by delving into the circumstances under which PI and/or MI is adopted to counter informal rivals. The findings enrich ABV by investigating how inter-firm resource similarity and marketing commonality strengthen top managers' attention to competition from informal firms.
16
Abdallah, Gorah Kassim. "Differences between firms from the formal sector and the informal sector in terms of growth." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 9, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-05-2015-0033.
Анотація:
Purpose Small businesses growth has become an important area of study in the field of entrepreneurship. This paper aims to extend the inquiry by investigating whether there is a significant difference in growth between firms from the formal sector and the informal sector in the least developing countries (LDCs), particularly Tanzania. Design/methodology/approach A survey strategy as well as non-probability sampling are used. The sampling included 50 formal and 61 informal small businesses from the furniture industry. Data collected were evaluated using chi square and compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) techniques. Findings The results indicate that firms from the formal sector do not grow faster than firms from the informal sector. on the contrary, our tests reveal that firms from the informal sector predominantly grow faster than firms from the formal sector. Research limitations/implications The study was conducted in Tanzania which is just one of the 48 LDCs in the world. Second, the literature that is used predominantly applies to developed countries. Third, the field work dependent on the respondent’s perception. Finally, change of measurement scale from five to three is ought to have contributed to mixed findings. Practical implications The overall implications are that external factors like inadequate regulatory tax systems may affect growth of formal small businesses and thus influence market opportunities for informal small businesses. Further, internal factors like inefficiencies of workers from formal enterprises may affect growth and therefore create more opportunities for informal enterprises. Originality/value Exploring differences between firms from the formal sector and the informal sector, and the way five scales were aggregated into three scales in the methodology.
17
Robbins, Peter, and Colm O’Gorman. "Innovation processes: do they help or hinder new product development outcomes in Irish SMEs?" Irish Journal of Management 35, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijm-2016-0006.
Анотація:
AbstractSmall- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make a considerable contribution to the development and diffusion of innovation as well as accounting for the bulk of economic activity and employment in Ireland. A formal process for managing the stages of innovation projects is generally cited as a key component of best practice in new product development (NPD). Successfully managing innovation is an important business objective for SMEs, and yet, relatively little is known about how innovation-active firms approach innovation and, specifically, whether firms use formal processes to manage their NPD activities. This study of innovation-active Irish SMEs finds that three quarters of firms report that they do not operate a formal innovation process, yet this is not associated with poorer performance in terms of revenues from new products and services; and there are few differences between firms with formal innovation processes and firms with informal innovation process across each stage of the Innovation Value Chain. Having a more formal innovation process is, however, associated with success at bringing novel products to market. This study contributes to our understanding of the management of innovation in SMEs and to the emerging literature on SMEs that has emphasised both the prevalence and the effectiveness of informal management processes.
18
Panagiotakopoulos, Antonios. "Exploring the link between management training and organizational performance in the small business context." Journal of Workplace Learning 32, no. 4 (March 28, 2020): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jwl-10-2019-0121.
Анотація:
Purpose This study aims to explore the impact of management training on organizational performance in the small business context to evaluate whether formal management learning interventions bring organizational benefits to small enterprises. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was adopted consisting of 100 interviews with small firm owners/managers and employees working in 50 Greek small enterprises operating in the manufacturing and services sectors. Participant firms consisted of 25 small enterprises (9 manufacturing firms and 16 firms in the services sector) whose owners/managers have completed various formal training interventions (i.e. accredited seminars and workshops, business and management courses, etc.,) and 25 small enterprises (16 manufacturing firms and 9 firms in the services sector) whose owners/managers have not completed any sort of formal business training and have never attended formal management courses. Findings The findings revealed that management training in small businesses had a positive impact on organizational performance. In particular, those respondents that completed formal training interventions argued that their firms achieved increased profitability during 2017 and 2018; improved staff productivity; very low staff turnover rate; and enhanced staff satisfaction and motivation compared with the less-trained owners of small firms in the same sector. The participants pointed out that their formal education in business and management has enabled them to realize the importance of employee learning and job design for staff motivation, whereas it has helped them to manage change more effectively. Practical implications The present findings have major implications for practitioners (i.e. small firm owners/managers), as they point to a positive link between management training and organizational performance, thus encouraging them to invest in their self-development. Originality/value The existing evidence around the impact of management training on firm performance has been based mostly on quantitative research in large organizations. However, the available empirical studies fail to explore in-depth how formal management training can help smaller enterprises achieve improved organizational performance. Against this background, the present study sheds new light on this area.
19
LONG, TRINH QUANG, PETER JOHN MORGAN, and MINH BINH TRAN. "HETEROGENEOUS EFFECTS OF CREDIT ACCESS ON FORMAL AND INFORMAL FIRM GROWTH: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM." Singapore Economic Review 65, no. 05 (February 19, 2020): 1185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590819500723.
Анотація:
This paper examines the causal effect of credit access on firm growth (measured by employment growth), using a unique micro-, small-, and medium-sized firm-level data collected every two years in Vietnam from 2005 to 2013. The results obtained from fixed-effects (FE) and FE with instrumental variable estimators show that firms with credit access experience a higher growth than firms without credit access. We also find that access to credit is positively associated with both formal and informal firm growth, but the results for formal firms seem to be driven by some high growth firms (and rapidly shrinking firms). The effect of credit access on firm growth is also heterogeneous by firm size and firm age in both types of firms.
20
Gutierrez, Emilio, David Jaume, and Martín Tobal. "Do Credit Supply Shocks Affect Employment in Middle-Income Countries?" American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 15, no. 4 (November 1, 2023): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210354.
Анотація:
This paper studies the effect of bank credit supply shocks on formal employment in Mexico using a proprietary dataset containing information on all loans extended to firms by commercial banks during 2010–2015. We find large impacts on the formal employment of small and medium firms: a positive credit shock of 1 standard deviation increases yearly employment by 1.4 percentage points. The shares of uncollateralized credit and credit received by family firms, younger firms, and firms with no previous bank relationships also increase, suggesting that credit shocks may play a more prominent role for employment creation in credit-constrained settings. (JEL D22, G21, G32, J23, L25, M51, O16)
21
GANS-MORSE, JORDAN. "Demand for Law and the Security of Property Rights: The Case of Post-Soviet Russia." American Political Science Review 111, no. 2 (February 20, 2017): 338–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055416000691.
Анотація:
Studies of property rights overwhelmingly focus on whether states expropriate or protect property, overlooking the crucial issue of whether private sector actors willusestate institutions. By contrast, I argue that the “supply” of formal legal institutions often fails to ensure firms will rely on the state for property rights protection. Instead, firms frequently avoid formal legal institutions and turn to illegal strategies based on violence or corruption. Whether firms adopt legal strategies depends on: (1) firm-level practices and beliefs that impede the use of law, (2) the effectiveness of illegal strategies, and (3) coordination problems resulting from firms’ expectations about each other’s strategies. Drawing on interviews with firms, lawyers, and private security agencies, as well as an original survey of Russian enterprises, I illustrate how “demand-side” factors led to a surprising increase in Russian firms’ reliance on formal legal institutions over the past two decades. The findings suggest that comprehensive understanding of property rights and the rule of law requires not only attention to state institutions’ effectiveness, but also to private actors’ strategies.
22
Kussudyarsana, Kussudyarsana, Soepatini Soepatini, Muhammad Halim Maimun, and Ram Vemuri. "Examining formal and relational governance in family small medium enterprises." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 12, no. 2 (September 18, 2019): 231–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-10-2018-0108.
Анотація:
Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate factors that influence the application of governance mechanism in family small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach This study used multiple regression analysis to examine the hypothesis. For data collection, questionnaires were distributed to 337 owners and managers of SMEs around 7 districts in Java Island in Indonesia. Findings The result indicates that uncertainty influences the application of formal governance in family SMEs in Indonesia. Meanwhile, asset specificity has impact on both formal and relational governance in the context of firms. Financial and non-financial objectives did not impact both formal and relational governance. Research limitations/implications Though this research was carried out in a particular cultural context, this study was not specifically designed to examine the interaction between cultural variables and family corporate governance variables. In the future, there is need for a study that examines how culture can influence the practice of formal and relational governance in family business. Practical implications The study will give guidance to owners or managers of family business in terms of governance mechanism when uncertainty increases. This evidence suggests that family firms need to adopt formal governance within family firms when uncertainty exists. Social implications The research finding indicated that uncertainty influenced the application of formal governance in family SMEs in Indonesia. This research finding suggests that family firms need to adopt formal governance when uncertainty exists. The adoption of formal governance, however, may implicate to some others organizational areas in family firms such as leadership, recruitment and selection and corporate culture. Originality/value This study is one of the few on family SMEs, which applied the transaction cost theory. Most of the studies use agency theory for investigating governance mechanism in the family business. This study is one of the few on family SMEs, which applied the transaction cost. This study provides an explanation about a factor that influences a family firm to choose formal and relational governance within the firm.
23
Pérez, Jorge A. Heredia, Xiaohua Yang, Ou Bai, Alejandro Flores, and Walter Heredia Heredia. "How Does Competition By Informal Firms Affect The Innovation In Formal Firms?" International Studies of Management & Organization 49, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2019.1608402.
24
Viator, Ralph E. "An Analysis of Formal Mentoring Programs and Perceived Barriers to Obtaining a Mentor at Large Public Accounting Firms." Accounting Horizons 13, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.1.37.
Анотація:
One way for firms to promote the mentoring of employees is to establish formal programs that match employees with potential mentors. Whether employees are satisfied with such formal mentoring is an empirical question. This paper examines that issue as well as whether formal mentoring programs serve to reduce perceived barriers to obtaining a mentor. The study is based on survey data obtained from 723 respondents currently working at the major public accounting firms. The study found that certain methods for matching potential mentors and prote´ge´s, as well as certain formal structures (e.g., meeting regularly and setting goals and objectives), are associated with greater mentorship satisfaction by employees. Also, the study found evidence that employees exposed to formal mentoring programs perceive no more barriers to obtaining a mentor than employees who develop informal mentoring relationships. No evidence was found suggesting that female employees, compared to males, perceived greater barriers to obtaining a mentor, or were more likely to leave the firm. These results suggest that formal mentoring programs may be associated with a changing social structure at the large public accounting firms.
25
Kong, Ming. "Religious Climate and Corporate ESG Performance." Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences 6, no. 3 (March 28, 2024): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/0bg7de86.
Анотація:
Religion, as an important part of China's history and culture, plays an important role in economic and social life. In the context of China's reality, which emphasizes high-quality development, this study aims to explore the impact of the informal institution of religious atmosphere on the environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance of firms. Through empirical research, this paper finds that: the stronger the religious atmosphere of a firm's location, the better its ESG performance; further, this paper examines the path of the influence of religious atmosphere on firms' ESG performance. The results show that religious atmosphere promotes the ESG performance of firms through two paths: suppressing managers' self-interested and short-sighted behaviors and creating an ethical environment. Meanwhile, the weaker the degree of marketization (formal system) in the region, the more obvious the role of religion (informal system) in promoting firms' ESG performance, which suggests that there is a certain substitution relationship between religious traditions and formal system. In addition, family business can further enhance the role of religion in promoting firms' ESG performance. Finally, this paper segments different religions and finds that Taoism's emphasis on man and nature makes it better than Buddhism in promoting ESG performance, especially in environmental performance. This study not only provides empirical evidence for the use of ESG at the micro level, but also provides empirical evidence for the high-quality development of firms in the context of Eastern religions in China.
26
Dutta, Meghna, and Niladri Sekhar Dhar. "Credit constraint and intra-country production reorganization – Evidence from the unorganized textile industry in Maharashtra." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 2 (April 4, 2020): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-09-2018-0307.
Анотація:
PurposeEvidence suggests that unorganized manufacturing units are extremely credit-starved. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of such credit unavailability for small firms, and to see if it has altered the erstwhile production organization in a way which has led to the withdrawal of the small firms from both input and output market, leading to increased production outsourcing between the formal and informal firms.Design/methodology/approachBased on data collected from two textile clusters in Maharashtra, India, the study shows that credit unavailability has led small firms to increasingly work for bigger firms as outsourced units. The paper uses a measure of technology and productivity to undertake logistic regression and sub-sample regressions to confirm production reorganization resulting from credit unavailability. This would provide additional insights for standard measures of intra-country intra-industry tradeFindingsThe exclusion of the unorganized production units from the formal lending process has, over the years, led to a reorganization of the existing production structure, whereby the small firms are forced to work for bigger formal firms on piece-rate basis. To circumvent their credit issues, the small unorganized sector firms have increasingly started to work for bigger firms as outsourced units.Originality/valueThis is an original research work. The paper fulfils the identified need of addressing how the plaguing social issue of financial exclusion of unorganized firms has led to production reorganization.
27
Graddy-Reed, Alexandra. "Do Hybrid Firms Out-Provide Traditional Business Structures? An Examination of Prosocial Behavior in North Carolina Firms." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 47, no. 6 (July 12, 2018): 1223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764018786468.
Анотація:
With the rise of social enterprises has come a push for formal hybrid legal forms. Hybrid structures formalize a for-profit model with a social mission but carry no tax benefits. Using the case of North Carolina, this article examines a sample of formal hybrid firms and variation in their prosocial practices compared with informal social enterprises and traditional for-profit and nonprofit entities. Using firm-level survey data, Poisson estimations reveal that formal hybrid firms are associated with additional production-related prosocial practices as compared with traditional for-profits, informal social enterprises with both for-profit and nonprofit structures, and traditional nonprofits. This study contributes to the literatures on organizational identity and prosocial behavior as well as to the field of social enterprise by offering a comparison of formal and informal hybrid identification with a relatively large sample quantitative analysis.
28
Yang, Kun (Michelle), and Michael J. Pisani. "When informality meets formality: evidence from China." Chinese Management Studies 12, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-03-2017-0055.
Анотація:
Purpose This study aims to explore “what impact does competition from informal enterprises have on formal firms” within the Chinese economic and business environment. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an exploratory study utilizing the cross-sectional survey data “2012 China Enterprise Survey” conducted by the World Bank. The survey is composed of approximately 200 business-related questions across the spectrum of business operations. In all, 2,700 privately owned Chinese firms are included in the logistic regression analysis. Findings Results show the impact of informal firm competition upon formal firms in China are influenced by geographical location, industry sector, ownership profile, governmental ownership, online presence and the extent of obeying labor regulations or the time spent in handling the governmental regulatory environment. There is a competitive and complementary simultaneous intertwined relationship between formal and informal economy. It occurs in a formal economy not fully divorced from the structural inertia of the planned economy as it transitions to a market-based economy. Practical implications This paper extended the assumption of institutional theory and presented it as a dynamic view of the evolution of organizations. It contributes by offering a simultaneous dual relationship between the formal and informal economy. It also adds one more potential feature of populations in the population ecology theory. Originality/value This exploratory paper empirically examines the impacts of informal sector enterprises on formal sectors firms in China and proposes a dual force effect of the informal economy to the formal economy given the current Chinese institutional environment. The study also provides a platform for further research on the interactions between the formal and informal sectors in emerging markets.
29
Ecuru, Julius, Peter O. Lating, and Lena Trojer. "Innovation characteristics of formal manufacturing firms in Uganda." African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 6, no. 5 (September 3, 2014): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2014.970434.
30
Kwabena Anin, Emmanuel, Dominic Essuman, and Kwame Owusu Sarpong. "The Influence of Governance Mechanism on Supply Chain Performance in Developing Economies: Insights from Ghana." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 4 (March 15, 2016): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n4p252.
Анотація:
Drawing on the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and taking the perspective of a developing economy, the study examined the impacts of governance mechanisms (GM-formal control and social control) on supply chain (SC) performance (operational efficiency and service & market performance). Data were collected using questionnaires from 152 firms operating in the most industrialized regions of Ghana. Structural equation modelling technique (using LISREL 8.5) was employed in estimating the study’s model. The study finds significant positive associations between formal control and operational efficiency; and between social control and service & market performance. The study also finds that within the research context, social control is antecedent of (adherence to) formal control; and that the effect of social control on operational efficiency is fully channelled via formal control. These findings imply that firms’ ability to institute and implement GMs would present them opportunities to enhance the performance of their SCs. Theoretically, the results suggest the potential mediating role of formal control in the link between social control and SC performance; which means that having in place formal controls is necessary for firms in this part of the world (who mostly rely on social control) to better experience benefits arising out of social relationships.
31
Olawumi, Ojo Rufus, and Sola Ogungbenle. "A Dynamic Panel Analysis of Drivers of Output Growth in the Nigerian Manufacturing Firms." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 19 (July 31, 2018): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n19p222.
Анотація:
Regardless of the efforts of government to revamp the manufacturing sector in Nigeria, the sub-sector has remained ineffective with dwindling output and there have been consistent fluctuations in the share of the manufacturing sub-sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Nigeria. This study therefore examines the determinants of output growth in the Nigerian formal manufacturing sub-sector. The study made use of fifty (50) formal manufacturing firms listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange Data for the formal manufacturing firms were sourced from the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) Fact Book and the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin 2014. The estimated models in the study were specified following the works of Sangosanya (2011). The study employed the dynamic panel data analysis (the dynamic models of the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the Systemic Generalized Method of Moments (SYSGMM)) for the Nigerian formal manufacturing sub-sector. The study showed that the coefficient of operating efficiency in the GMM&SYSGMM estimate, i.e. -0.0349214 and -0.0199787 respectively showed a negative relationship between OPREF and firms’ growth. This implied that information supplied by firms about their growth indicators is at variance with their performance. This further speaks volume of the weakness of regulatory agencies to effectively monitor the performance of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Also, the study showed that exchange rate, bank efficiency and managerial efficiency have significant positive relationship with output growth of firms. Also variables such as degree of financial development, energy infrastructural facilities and government regulations and policy have significant negative impact with output growth of firms in Nigeria. Findings revealed that all the explanatory variables identified in the study are strong determinants of firm growth in the Nigerian manufacturing sub-sector. The study recommended among others that government should formulate and implement policies that would hinder formal manufacturing firms from publishing fake report of their growth. Also, government should formulate and implement policy measures that would make imported goods more expensive and appropriate monetary policies that would make the cost of borrowing from banks (interest rate) affordable should be priotised in Nigeria.
32
Mišovič, Milan. "Registration of an enterprise information system development by formal specifications." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, no. 6 (2006): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654060125.
Анотація:
The economical view from the Enterprise process sets ERP, SCM, CRM, BI, … to a functionality and Enterprise Information System structure by informaticians is demonstrable reality. A comprehensive Enterprise Information System software solution, that respects the mentioned economical platform by large software firms, has got required attributes of a data, process and communication integrity but there is not financially sustainable for small enterprises. These enterprises are predominantly oriented to progressive computerization of enterprise processes and rather gradually buy application packages for individual process sets. Large and small software firms provide needed partial solutions, nevertheless small firms solutions are connected with the data, process and communication disintegration. Since the compatibility requirement is not generally accepted, finding of an EAI solution have become one of the main System Integration tasks. This article provides one specific style for a complex or partial Enterprise Information System solution. This solution is founded on formal and descriptive specifications that can sustain required data, process and communication integration among packages of applications. As a result, this style provides the new view for the effectiveness of the associated process of information modeling.
33
Khanh Nguyet, Cao Thi. "Why do Small and Medium Enterprises Need to Access Informal Credit? The Case of Vietnam." International Finance and Banking 1, no. 2 (November 27, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ifb.v1i2.6695.
Анотація:
For Vietnamese SMEs, the informal credit channel is still the most familiar financing source despite government’s efforts to widen access to formal credit. The present paper attempts to seek out new evidence to determine why SMEs’ access the informal credit market after excluding firms that consider family as the most important informal source out of sample. The empirical results strongly support three following hypotheses: (1) Firms that cannot be satisfied through formal credit market choose to access informal credit; (2) Firms access informal credit, in part, to reduce application cost and to provide immediate access to credit to seize investment chances; (3) Good business environment enables SMEs to decrease their reliance on informal credit. Moreover, we found that small firms, and firms located in rural areas were more likely to use informal credit than others. Furthermore, a higher age of owner and a good business performance both help firms decrease their reliance on informal credit.
34
Wang, Haifeng, Yapu Zhao, Beilei Dang, Pengfei Han, and Xin Shi. "Network centrality and innovation performance: the role of formal and informal institutions in emerging economies." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 1388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-09-2017-0228.
Анотація:
Purpose The impact of network centrality on innovation performance is inconclusive. The purpose of this paper is to examine how formal and informal institutions affect the influence of network centrality on firms’ innovation performance in emerging economies by integrating social network theory and institutional theory. Design/methodology/approach Multisource and lagged data from 234 technology-based entrepreneurial firms listed on the Chinese Growth Enterprise Market were leveraged to test a proposed research model. Findings Results suggest that formal institutions (marketization) positively moderate the relationship between network centrality and innovation performance, whereas informal institutions (social cohesion) negatively moderate this relationship. Moreover, formal and informal institutions have a strong joint impact on such relationship, that is, the effect of network centrality on innovation performance is most positive when marketization is high and social cohesion is low. Originality/value This empirical research provides new insights into whether and how firms can grasp the innovation benefits of network centrality by exploring institutional contingencies. It further sheds on light the scope of the network centrality–innovation issue by extending its research context to Chinese entrepreneurial firms.
35
Kahn, Kenneth B. "NPD process formality across global regions." International Journal of Innovation Science 11, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijis-02-2018-0024.
Анотація:
Purpose The paper aims to address the issue of generalizability by examining process formality across the global regions of North America, Europe and Asia. A common prescription in the new product development (NPD) discipline is to employ a formal process. Because generalizability of this prescription has not been fully investigated across global regions, the present manuscript addresses the issue of generalizability by examining process formality across the global regions of North America, Europe and Asia. Design/methodology/approach Recently made available to researchers, data of the Product Development and Management Association’s 2012 Comparative Performance Assessment Study (CPAS) were analyzed. The uniqueness of the 2012 CPAS data set is its global composition with sizable samples from North America, Europe and Asia. Chi-square tests and multivariate analysis of variance were applied. Findings Results support use of a formal process, as companies with a formal NPD process perceived higher performance than companies with no standard process. Process formality appears to differ across regions and be influenced by innovation strategy. European firms tended to not use a formal process when pursuing radical innovation, and these firms perceived higher performance. North American firms tended to not use a formal process when pursing incremental innovation, but these firms perceived lower performance. Practical implications Having some NPD process is generally better than not having any process at all. Process differences across regions appear to exist when pursuing radical innovation or incremental innovation. Originality/value This is one of few studies comparing global regions to examine generalizability of a best practice prescription, namely, the extent to which a formal process should be implemented.
36
Bryson, Alex, and Michael White. "HRM and Small-Firm Employee Motivation: Before and After the Great Recession." ILR Review 72, no. 3 (May 3, 2018): 749–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793918774524.
Анотація:
A long-running debate in the small-firms’ literature questions the value of formal human resource management (HRM) practices, which have been linked to high performance in larger firms. The authors contribute to this literature by exploiting linked employer–employee surveys for 2004 and 2011. Using employees’ intrinsic job satisfaction and organizational commitment as motivational outcomes, the authors find the returns to small-firm investments in HRM are U-shaped. Small firms benefit from intrinsically motivating work situations in the absence of HRM practices and find this advantage disturbed when formal HRM practices are initially introduced. Firms can restore positive motivation when they invest intensively in HRM practices in a way that characterizes high performance work systems (HWPS). Although the HPWS effect on employee motivation is modified somewhat by the Great Recession, it remains robust and continues to have positive promise for small firms.
37
Pisani, Michael J. "From informal to formal: an exploration of firm-level sectoral change in El Salvador." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 32, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-03-2018-0071.
Анотація:
Purpose Enterprises in developed and developing world environments often begin life in the informal sector operating outside the purview of government oversight. Sectoral firm change, however, from the informal to the formal sector is not well studied. The purpose of this paper is to answer the following research question: “What firm-level markers help explain the movement of firms from the informal to the formal sector?” Design/methodology/approach Data from 719 urban formal enterprises included in the 2016 El Salvador Enterprise Survey undertaken by the World Bank forms the basis of the empirical analyses. The survey questionnaire comprehensively encompasses business practices and performance and the overall business environment. Findings Multivariate results reveal location, firm maturity, problems with land acquisition, a line of credit or active business loan, extortion by street gangs and practices of informal competitors increase the odds of informal firms becoming formal enterprises. Lessening the odds of once informal firms moving to the formal sector include the lack of access to public utilities, visitation by tax officials, formation as a corporation, bank accounts, number of employees and time spent focused upon government regulations. Originality/value Contextualized within the national setting of El Salvador, the integration of informal enterprises into the formal economy and related public policy implications of informal firm regularization are discussed.
38
Kirby, David A., and Thomas J. Lee. "Research Note: Succession Management in Family Firms in Northeast England." Family Business Review 9, no. 1 (March 1996): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1996.00075.x.
Анотація:
Much emphasis is placed on family firms' need to plan well in advance for succession and to adopt such formal procedures as advisory councils and written succession plans. A study of 35 family firms in the North East of England suggests that few firms neither believe in the efficacy of such plans nor plan the succession process beyond five years. Since these companies have an average age of 60 years and are being run chiefly by CEOs from the second or subsequent generations of family membership, perhaps a formal management of the succession process is not as critical to business success as some have suggested.
39
Lu, Hualiang, Jacques Trienekens, Onno Omta, and Shuyi Feng. "The role of guanxi networks and contracts in Chinese vegetable supply chains." Journal on Chain and Network Science 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2007): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2007.x082.
Анотація:
This paper investigates the effect of personal relationships (called guanxi in China) and contractual governance on compliance with channel requirements and on market performance for both vegetable farmers and processing and exporting firms in China. A survey of 167 farmers and 84 firms in Jiangsu Province, P.R. China provides the data for empirical study based on a structural model. The results demonstrate that guanxi networks in China significantly improve small-scale farmers' compliance with buyers' delivery requirements based on formal contracts, which eventually improves farmers' market performance. Vegetable firms, on the other hand, place more emphasis on formal contracts in order to improve suppliers' compliance with delivery requirements and thereby improve their own profitability. The results reveal that personal relationships and contracts have different impacts on farmers and firms.
40
Singh, Prakash, and Dibyendu Maiti. "Sources of Finance, Innovation and Exportability in Asia: Cross-country Evidences." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 1, no. 1 (April 2019): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684618821486.
Анотація:
Sunk costs determine the level of productivity and exportability of a firm according to the modern trade theory. While productivity rise requires finance for innovation and technology adoption from external sources, this article attempts to argue that sources of finance would be detrimental to the innovation ability of firms. Although formal banking finance suffers from asymmetric information, it is less risky to invest on R&D compared to that of non-banking sources and capital market. In other words, the fund received from formal banking source raises innovation, and, thereby, exportability of firms and financing from other sources involve higher cost and limit innovation capacity and exportability. Analysis of firm-level database provided by the World Bank Enterprise Survey confirms that firms depend more on formal banking source for investment in innovation, and this is found to be significant in explaining innovation and exportability. JEL Codes: F20, F36
41
Pisani, Michael J. "Contemporary Female Entrepreneurship in Nicaragua." AD-minister, no. 33 (December 12, 2018): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17230//ad-minister.33.1.
Анотація:
Women are important entrepreneurial actors within the Nicaraguan economic ecosystem. Majority fe-male-owned firms comprise 32.7% of all urban Nicaraguan formal enterprises; these ownership rates far exceed the regional (21.8%) or global averages (14.5%). Within Nicaragua, self-employment rates for women (43.3%) surpass that of men (28.3%). This article describes the contemporary Nicaraguan entrepreneurial landscape for female-owned enterprises using the 2016 Nicaraguan Enterprise Survey of 333 formal sector urban-based firms conducted by the World Bank. Principal multivariate results include the concentration of female top management with majority female-ownership, the role of the informal sector in spawning formal female enterprises, and size constraints of female-owned enterprises.
42
Morales, Leonardo Fabio, and Carlos Medina. "Assessing the Effect of Payroll Taxes on Formal Employment: The Case of the 2012 Tax Reform in Colombia." Economía 18, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 75–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.31389/eco.52.
Анотація:
In 2013, Colombia implemented a tax reform that reduced payroll taxes by a total of 13.5 percentage points of wages. This paper evaluates the effects of this component of the 2012 Colombian tax reform on firms’ formal employment and average wages. We construct a panel of firms based on their employees’ administrative records. To account for the endogeneity of the treatment, we use an instrumental variables technique that exploits the exogenous variation from the decisions of firms that are similar to each other in several dimensions, but belong to different economic sectors. Based on our preferred specification, we estimate a positive and significant increase in formal employment, as a result of the implementation of the reform, of approximately 213,000 jobs in existing pre-reform firms. In the long run, these effects will increase to more than 600,000 jobs. The effect of the reform on the average wages paid by firms was also found to be positive for some sizes of firms, but the overall effect in the short run is rather small.
JEL Codes: E62, H25, J21, J3
43
Chao, Emmanuel, and Mushumbusi Paul Kato. "FORMAL CONTRACTUAL AGREEMENTS: AN EXPLORATORY ASSESSMENT OF TRANSACTION COST THEORY FROM EMERGING MARKETS PERSPECTIVE." Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 04, no. 04 (June 11, 2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20140404a02.
Анотація:
This study aimed at exploring how formal contractual agreements are predicted by Transaction Cost Analysis (TCA) theory using firms from emerging markets. The setting of this study was Tanzania. Dependent variable was formal contractual agreement, while performance ambiguity and buyer asset specificity were used as key predictor variables. The study was conducted through surveying, which included small, large and medium enterprises. N = 150 firms involved and all of them were engaging in to business-business relations (buyer-seller relations). The response rate was about 65%. Data analysis used ordinary least square regression analysis. This study found out that asset specificity still had strong determination on formal contractual agreement. Performance ambiguity itself found not to have significant positive effect on formal contractual agreement but its effect was dependent on asset specificity i.e. the interaction between asset specificity and performance ambiguity influence positively on formal contractual agreement. These findings do not contradict with other empirical studies from developed economies. This suggests the possibility for extending TCA theoretical predictions to firms in emerging markets, especially at this time when there is growing need for outsourcing in these markets. Again this has to take into account other variables like nature of firm, institutional and cultural differences. Such variables have not been used in this exploratory study.
44
Kolade, Oluwaseun, Demola Obembe, and Samuel Salia. "Technological constraints to firm performance." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 26, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-01-2018-0029.
Анотація:
Purpose Manufacturing and services SMEs in Africa face challenges and constraints exacerbated by ineffectual government policies, environmental turbulence and the near absence of institutional support. The purpose of this paper is to investigate if informal linkages and formal cooperation are helping firms to overcome constraints to uptake of technological innovations in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on quantitative data obtained from structured interviews of 631 Nigerian firms. These firms were selected using stratified random sampling from a total population of 18,906 manufacturing and services companies in the national database obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics. Findings The result of the binary logistic regression indicates that while informal linkages appear to be insignificant, formal inter-firm cooperation is an effective moderator of barriers to technological innovations. Research limitations/implications The paper focusses only on technological, rather than non-technological, innovations. Practical implications The paper recommends that, in addition to other interventions to promote diffusion of technological innovations, governments should give priority to interventions that support formal cooperation among SMEs. Originality/value Previous studies have generally looked at the impact of cooperative networks on firms’ innovation uptake. This paper provides original insights into the “how” of cooperative impact, specifically with respect to helping SMEs to overcome constraints. The paper also delineates formal cooperation from informal linkages.
45
Kotey, Bernice, and Peter Slade. "Formal Human Resource Management Practices in Small Growing Firms*." Journal of Small Business Management 43, no. 1 (January 2005): 16–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2004.00123.x.
46
Amin, Mohammad, and Cedric Okou. "Casting a shadow: Productivity of formal firms and informality." Review of Development Economics 24, no. 4 (July 17, 2020): 1610–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12697.
47
Ooi, Shu Geok, and Ei Yet Chu. "CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND CULTURE IN MALAYSIA: A STUDY FROM ETHNICITY AND RELIGION PERSPECTIVES." International Journal of Industrial Management 8 (December 1, 2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijim.8.0.2020.5763.
Анотація:
Conceptualization from New Institutional Economics of Williamson (2000), the study looked at the issue of formal and informal institutional factors on financial decision making. This study first investigated the informal embedded culture such as “ethnicity and religion” that could influence the decision in a firm's capital structure. Secondly, the influence of culture informal institutions such as “Shariah and Non-Shariah compliant firms on capital structure decisions was investigated. Previous observations showed Chinese have high individualism and low uncertainty avoidance. Whereas, the Malay has low individualism and high uncertainty. These dimensions affect firm’s decision behaviour towards capital structure decision. This study aimed to confirm whether culture could explain trade-off and pecking order theory of capital structure decision. The study adopted a New Institutional Economics framework to understand how cultural divergence rationality interferes on caporal structure decision, where traditional finance only emphasises on economic responsibility that strives resources maximization. The study applied a longitudinal approach, where 187 sample firms of data covering a sample period from 2015 to 2019. The firms consisted of Bursa 90 best corporate governance firms awarded by Minority Shareholders Watch Group (MSWG) in 2017 and 2018; also randomly selected 97 PLCs of non-winner firms where both panels data balance in term of Board independence and Number of Shariah Compliance PLCs. A secondary data collection approach was adopted to obtain the CEO’s ethnicity and religion. Data from the extract of an annual report and Shariah-compliant list were adopted. This study made significant contributions to explain the relationships of informal (culture as ethnicity and religion) on capital structure; formal institution (policies as firm’s shariah compliance) on capital structure decision.
48
Vivatsurakit, Tanthaka, and Jessica Vechbanyongratana. "Education–Occupation Mismatch and Its Wage Penalties in Informal Employment in Thailand." Asian Development Review 38, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00160.
Анотація:
This study examines the incidence of vertical mismatch among formal and informal workers in Thailand. Using the 2011, 2013, and 2015 Thailand Household Socio-economic Surveys, the study analyzes the relationship between vertical mismatch and wage penalties and premiums across four types of workers: formal government, formal private firm, informal private firm, and informal own-account workers. The incidence of overeducation is modest among the oldest cohort (8.7%) but prevalent among the youngest cohort (29.3%). Government employees face the highest overeducation wage penalties (28.2%) compared to matched workers, while in private firms, informal workers have consistently higher overeducation wage penalties than formal workers. Educated young workers are increasingly absorbed into low-skill informal work in private firms and face large overeducation wage penalties. The inability of many young workers to capitalize on their educational investments in Thailand's formal labor market is a concern for future education and employment policy development in Thailand.
49
BLACKMAN, ALLEN, JHIH-SHYANG SHIH, DAVID EVANS, MICHAEL BATZ, STEPHEN NEWBOLD, and JOSEPH COOK. "The benefits and costs of informal sector pollution control: Mexican brick kilns." Environment and Development Economics 11, no. 5 (October 2006): 603–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x06003159.
Анотація:
In developing countries, the rapid proliferation of informal firms – low-technology unlicensed micro-enterprises – is having significant environmental impacts. Yet environmental management authorities typically ignore such firms. This paper estimates the annual net benefits (benefits minus costs) of controlling particulate emissions from a collection of informal brick kilns in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico and from two of the city's leading formal industrial polluters. We find that the annual net benefits of controlling brick kiln emissions are substantial – in the tens of millions of dollars – and exceed those for the two formal industrial facilities by a significant margin. These results suggest that, in some cases, the conventional allocation of pollution control resources across formal and informal polluters may be suboptimal.
50
Schwenk, Charles R., and Charles B. Shrader. "Effects of Formal Strategic Planning on Financial Performance in Small Firms: A Meta-Analysis." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 17, no. 3 (April 1993): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879301700304.
Анотація:
Researchers have been examining the effects of formal strategic planning on small firm financial performance for more than twenty years. Reviewers of prior studies have drawn differing conclusions as to whether formal planning improves small firm performance. We have applied meta-analysis for the first time to the results of previous studies on formal strategic planning and small firm performance. The results suggest that even though the size of the effects for planning for individual studies Is not large, the overall relationship between formal planning and performance across studies Is positive and significant. Much of the variance in the size of the effects, however, Is not explained by sampling error, Indicating the potential for other variables to moderate the effects of planning on the performance of small firms. It is concluded, in general, that strategic planning is a beneficial activity for small firms.